Chapter 33

Quiberon Bay, Hawke's disregard of pilotage difficulties at, 114; Hawke's triumph at, 122; France determines to invade England, 124; location of, 125; Hawke crowds all sail for, 136; islands of, cultivated as kitchen gardens, 141; Howe at, 273; 460.

_Ramillies_, ship, 60, 61.

_Real_, ship, 41, 44.

_Real Carlos_, ship, 417; 420; remarkable loss of, 420.

Red Sea, 403.

_Réunion_, frigate, quits Cherbourg, 399; meets British frigate _Crescent_, 399; action of, with _Crescent_, 399, 400.

_Revenge_, ship, 59; 60; 62.

Rhode Island, Saumarez sent to, 387; British retreat to, 387.

Richelieu, river, 433; 434.

ROBESPIERRE, orders of, to Admiral Villaret-Joyeuse, 301.

Rochefort, Hawke's expedition against, 111; Conflans's vessels escape to, 141.

Rochetts, country seat of Lord St. Vincent, 380.

RODNEY, Admiral, development of naval warfare identified with name of, 4; uplifted the navy, 6; before Havre, 126; succeeds Hawke, 145; his descent, 148; his father in command of the royal yacht, 148; George I. his sponsor, 148; given the name of the king, 148; his advancement, 148; contrasted in temperament with Hawke, 152; presented at Court, 153; complimented to the king, 153; appointed Commodore, and commander of Newfoundland station, 154; letter to, from Earl of Sandwich, 154, 155; the Earl's confidence in, 155; returns to England, 156; elected to Parliament, 156; no connection with Minorca incident, 156; breaks with tradition, 156; accompanies Rochefort expedition under Hawke, 157; commands ship-of-the-line under Boscawen, at Louisburg, 157; again returns to England, 157; promoted to rear-admiral, 158; operates against Havre and Brest, 158; again elected to Parliament, 158; appointed to Leeward Islands station, 158; sails for his new post, 158; begins operations against Martinique, 158; begins hostilities against Spain, 159; receives intelligence of approach of Brest fleet, 160; gives pursuit, 160; hastens to succor of Jamaica, 160; takes the responsibility, 162, 163; his bitter disappointment, 164; ordered to join expedition under Pocock, 164; his letter to Earl of Sandwich, 164; goes to Martinique, 166; at fall of Havana, 166; active service in Seven Years War terminated, 166; returns to England, 1763, 166; made a vice-admiral of the Blue, and vice-admiral of the Red, 167; appointed commander-in-chief at Jamaica, 167; governor of Greenwich hospital, 167; his report concerning free-ports, 169, 170; was a pronounced Tory, 170; demands of governor of Cartagena delivery of captured war schooner _Hawke_, 171; disturbs British ministry by _Hawke_ incident, 172; Sandwich's cautionary letter to, 172, 173; his act justified by government, 174; Sandwich reassures him, 174; his hopes for a colonial appointment, 174; Jamaica his first choice, 174; Sandwich's renewed assurances, 175; is superseded, 175; has permission to remain at Jamaica, 175; lands in England, 175; lacked influence to obtain preferment, 175; settles in Paris, 175; becomes pecuniarily involved, 175; applies to Admiralty for employment, 176; his application disregarded, 176; admiral of white squadron, 177; declaration of Sandwich concerning, in House of Lords, 178; Richard Cumberland's remark concerning, 178; detained in France by creditors, 179; Lady Rodney's efforts to release, 179; Maréchal Biron makes advance to, 179; demands of creditors of, satisfied, 179, 180; repays Biron, 180; returns to England, 180; appointed to command Leeward Islands station, 185; analysis of his powers in 1782, 186; Sandwich urges him to sea with all despatch, 187; sails from Plymouth, 187; captures a Spanish convoy, 188; sights Spanish fleet, off Cape St. Vincent, 188; is congratulated by Sandwich, 190; letter of latter to, 191; letter to, from Lady Rodney, 191; his reply, 192; his report of battle, 192; Sandwich's letter to, 193; England's joy over achievement of, 193; reaches St. Lucia, 194; place of, among naval chiefs, 196; follows De Guichen's sailing from Martinique, 197; overtakes French fleet, 197; attacks the enemy, 198; criticises misconduct of his officers, 204; his stern discipline, 206, 207; makes suggestions to the Admiralty, 209; sails for North American coast, 211; anchors off Sandy Hook, 211; his coming a grievous blow to Washington, 211; disclaims intention of offending Arbuthnot, 213; lands at New York, 214; returns to West Indies, 216; destruction of Langara's fleet by, 216; reaches Barbados, 217; vessels lost in hurricane, 217; ordered to proceed against Dutch shipping, 217; captures St. Eustatius island, 218; captures Dutch fleet of merchant ships, 218; author criticises hampering of Hood, 222; writes to Admiral Parker, 225; is advised of approach of French fleet, 225, 226; devotes himself to supervision of St. Eustatius island, 226; his error, 227; sends small force against De Grasse, 229; forced to retire, 230; his return to England, 232; again afloat, 232; sails for his station, 232; reaches Barbados, 234; learns of capitulation of St. Kitts, 235; takes united fleet to Santa Lucia, 235; is assailed in Parliament, 235; follows French fleet from Martinique, 236; pushes reinforcements to Hood, 237; battle with De Grasse, 238-242; his victory, 242; moves toward Jamaica, 243; is criticised for lethargic action, by Hood, 244; his defence, 244, 245; analysis of character as shown in battle with De Grasse, 248, 249, 250; his professional career ends, 251; is superseded, 251; succeeded by Pigot, 251; leaves Jamaica and lands at Bristol, 251; Hood's comment on, 252; receives thanks of Parliament, 252; advanced to the peerage, 252; is voted a pension, 252; his other honors, 253; made vice-admiral of Great Britain, 253; his troublous later years, 253; death of, 253; in accord with Lord Sandwich, 287.

RODNEY, Lady, goes to England to obtain pecuniary relief for husband, 179; her letter to husband concerning victory off Cape St. Vincent, 191, 192.

ROOKE, Admiral, his movements off Malaga, 15.

ROWLEY, Rear-Admiral, off Toulon, 21, 28; compliments Hawke, 84.

Royal, Fort, 235.

_Royal George_, ship, 140; loss of, 290; 393.

_Royal Savage_, schooner, 438.

_Russell_, ship, Saumarez appointed to command, 395; 396.

Russia, Sweden at war with, 421; breach of, with Napoleon, 422; fleet of, takes refuge in Gulf of Finland, 425.

Russia, Czar of, 421.

_St. Antoine_, ship, 420.

St. Christopher, island, 394.

St. Eustatius, island, captured by Rodney, 217, 218; recaptured by French, 233; Rodney assailed in Parliament for acts at, 235.

_St. George_, ship, 351; two seamen of, condemned for infamous crime, 360; outburst of crew of, 360; execution of seamen of, 361.

St. Johns (Canada); 434, 435; 437.

St. Kitts, 163; 165; 228; is besieged by French, 234; capitulates, 235.

St. Lawrence, river, 433; 434.

St. Vincent, Cape, captured by British, 159; Spanish fleet sighted by Rodney, off, 188; battle off, 190; victory of Jervis at, 345; 353; 355; Jervis's battle off, 352-357; Saumarez at battle off, 400.

ST. VINCENT, Earl, declines a command, 286; denounces ministry to George III., 287; Admiral Jervis created, 356; 359; 360; 361; 362; 364; 367; 368; 370; 372; 373; 374; 375; 376; 377; 379; 380; 381; 401; assumes command Channel fleet, 411; complimentary note of, to Saumarez, 411, 412; his praise of Saumarez, 412, 413; recognizes ability of Pellew, 460, _see also Jervis_.

SAINTE-ANDRÉ, Jean Bon, 312.

SANDWICH, Earl of, letter from, to Rodney, 154,155; his confidence in Rodney, 155; his cautionary letter to Rodney, 172, 173; disregards Rodney's application for employment, 176; his remark concerning Rodney in House of Lords, 178; urges Rodney to sea with all despatch, 187; congratulates Rodney, 190; private letter from, to Rodney, 193; character of, 285, 286.

Sandy Hook, Rodney anchors off, 211.

San Fiorenzo Bay, 333; 348.

_San Josef_, ship, 355.

_San Nicolas_, ship, 355.

Santa Lucia, island, captured by British, 159; 228; French proceed against, 229; failure of attack on, 229; Rodney takes united fleet to, 235; 245; 248.

Santo Domingo, 244.

Saratoga, 276; 441; 442.

Sardinia, Lord Exmouth demands peace for, 463.

SAUMAREZ, Admiral, 382; birth of, 383; his mastery of French language, 383; lineage of, 383; contrasted with Nelson, 383; early taste of, for navy, 383; begins career at early age, 383, 384; goes afloat at thirteen, 384; cruises in Mediterranean, 384; follows Nelson in pursuit of Bonaparte's fleet, 384; return of, to England, 384; examined for promotion to lieutenancy, 384; appointed Master's Mate, 384; owes advancement to Admiral Keppel, 384, 385; sails in squadron commanded by Commodore Sir Peter Parker, 385; offered commission by Lord Cornwallis, 385; meeting of, with Cornwallis subsequently, 385; arrives off Charleston, 386; aids in attack on Fort Moultrie, 386; courage of, in action, 387; promotion of, to lieutenancy, 387; in command of a galley, 387; is sent to Rhode Island, 387; stationed at Seakomet, 388; returns to England, 388; his lot thrown with line-of-battle force, 388, 389; in action with Dutch off Dogger Bank, 391, 392; again promoted, 392; made commander of _Tisiphone_, 392; on the tide which leads to fortune, 393; reaches Barbados, 394; joins fleet, 394; encounters French fleet under De Grasse, 394; effects brilliant manoeuvre, 394; ordered to England, 395; Hood substitutes another officer, 395; appointed to command _Russell_, 495; an acting post-captain, 395; bravery of, in Rodney's renowned battle, 395, 396; engages De Grasse's flag-ship, 396; brilliant manoeuvre of, 396; promoted and returns to England, 397; in retirement, 397; marries, 398; makes trip to France, 398; at beginning of work on Cherbourg breakwater, 398; receives attention from Louis XVI., 398; appointed to command _Crescent_, 399; intercepts French frigate _Réunion_, 399; analysis of action between _Crescent_ and _Réunion_, 399; is knighted for victory, 400; appointed to ship-of-the-line _Orion_, 400; captures three French ships, 400; at battle off Cape St. Vincent, 400; blockades Cadiz, 400; operates off Toulon, 400; inferior to Troubridge in eyes of St. Vincent and Nelson, 401; given equal command with Troubridge, 402; his attack upon French fleet before Toulon, 402; as a letter writer, 402; his record of pursuit of French fleet, 402; favors seeking enemy off coast of Egypt, 404; reaches Alexandria, 404; returns westward, 404; again sights Alexandria, 404; despondency of, 405; learns of proximity of enemy in Aboukir Bay, 405; share of, in battle of the Nile, 405; wounded, 407, 409; unfortunate remark of, to Nelson, 407, 408; losses of, at battle of Nile, 409; convoys prizes to Gibraltar, 409; ordered to home station, 409; impatient at delays, 410; reaches England, 410; appointed to command the _Cæsar_, 410; at blockade of Brest, 411; St. Vincent's flattering note to, 411, 412; importance of situation of, off Brest, 412; St. Vincent's praise of, 412, 413; Napoleon threatens flank of, 414; given command of a squadron, 414; now a rear-admiral, 414; ordered to blockade Cadiz, 414; sails on his mission, 415; arrives off Cadiz, 415; learns of French vessels at Algeciras, 415; starts for Algeciras, 415; finds French fleet moored at, 415; steers to engage French, 415; failure of wind interferes with plans of, 415; disaster to two ships of, 416; withdraws to Gibraltar, 416; failure of, 416; confident despatch of, to Admiralty, 417; fresh opportunity of, 417; learns of approach of Spanish fleet, 417, 418; sails in pursuit of Spaniards, 418; gives battle off Algeciras, 420; St. Vincent's praise of, 421; St. Vincent eulogizes, in House of Lords, 421; eulogized by Nelson, in House of Lords, 421; never again engaged in serious encounter with enemy, 421; commander-in-chief at Channel Islands, 421; insures Swedish neutrality, 422; maintains importance of Baltic, 421; disturbs commerce between nations on the Baltic, controlled by Napoleon, 422; succeeds to diplomatic situation, 424; success of, 425; praise of, by Swedish statesman, 425; follows Russian fleet in Gulf of Finland, 426; retires from service, 427; later life at Guernsey, 427; receives peerage from William IV., 427; death of, 427; 476; 477.

SAUMAREZ, Lord de, 427.

SAUMAREZ, Philip, 385.

SAUNDERS, Captain, his conduct in battle off La Rochelle, 92.

SAUNDERS, Sir Charles, associated with Jervis, 325; 328.

SCHANK, Admiral, 435.

SCHUYLER, General, 442.

Scilly, Howe encounters allied fleet off, 288.

_Sérieuse_, frigate, 406.

Seven Years War, contrasted with American revolution, 102; result of, in North America and India, 102; finds Rodney a captain, 156; Rodney's career in, terminated, 166; Howe's part in, 260.

Siberia (on French coast), 411.

Sicily, 403; 404.

Smuggling, in West Indies, 168, 169.

Sorel, town of, 433.

South African war, contrasted with American revolution, 101.

Spain, refuses to surrender British supply vessel captured by the French, 106; Great Britain begins hostilities against, 159; increases custom-house force in West Indies, 169; seeks a quarrel with Great Britain, 171; embittered by loss of Havana and Manila, 171; near verge of rupture with Great Britain, over Falkland Islands incident, 172; declares war, 185; fleet of, enters English Channel, 185; navy of, concentrated at Cadiz, 414.

Spanish colonies, in West Indies, their geographical relation to Jamaica, 168; smuggling in, 168.

Stamp Act, discontent over, in American colonies, 172.

_Stanislas_, frigate, 442; goes aground off Belgian coast, 442, 443.

STEWART, Colonel, 446.

_Superb_, ship, 417; 419; 420.

Sweden, British fleet supports, 421; 424; forced by Napoleon to declaration of war, 424.

TAGUS, river, 351.

TERNAY, Admiral, 212; 214.

_Terrible_, ship, 91.

_Thésée_, ship, 140.

Ticonderoga, 433; 441; 442.

Tilsit, agreements at, 421.

TIPPOO SAIB, 403.

_Tisiphone_, ship, 392; 393; 395.

Tobago, attack on, 229; Drake meets De Grasse, off, 230; surrenders to De Grasse, 230.

_Tormant_, ship, 90, 91.

Torbay, British fleet leaves, 128.

Toulon, Admiral Mathews off, 5, 20; engagement off, 21, 22; description of action off, 30, 31; movements of fleet criticised, 33, 34; 346; 348; Saumarez operates off, 400; 403; 414; 415.

TOURVILLE, characterization of, 13; his death, 14.

Trafalgar, 422; 461; 476.

Transvaal, war in, some lessons from, 18.

_Trident_, ship, 60, 61, 64, 91.

Tripoli, agrees to treat captives as civilized countries, 463; releases Christian slaves, 474.

TROUBRIDGE, Captain, 353; gallantry of, at battle off Cape St. Vincent, 353; 355; 401; 402.

Tunis, agrees to treat captives as civilized countries, 463; delivers up Christian slaves, 474.

Turkey, troops of, slaughter coral fishermen on Algerine coast, 464.

UNITED STATES, Navy of, _see Navy of United States_.

Ushant, island, Howe encounters French fleet off, 302; Jervis in battle off, 331.

VALCOUR Island, 436; 437.

_Vengeur_, ship, 314; 315; loss of, 316.

_Victory_, ship, 293; 354.

Vilaine, river, 141, 143.

VILLARET-JOYEUSE Admiral, orders of Robespierre to, 301; encounters fleet under Howe, 302; 306; attacked by Howe in force, 310; record of, 312.

_Ville de Paris_, flag-ship of De Grasse, collides with _Zélé_, 238; strikes her flag, 242; 363; 369; 373.

WALPOLE, on the Colonies, 101.

WARDE, Captain Charles, instructions of Lord Exmouth to, 466; examines defences and soundings in port of Algiers, 466.

WASHINGTON, George, Rodney's coming to American coast a grievous blow to, 211; 214; concerning letter of Howe to, 276; 279; comment of, on arrival of D'Estaing, 280; letter, of, concerning movement against Rhode Island, 282.

West Indies, smuggling in, 168; Arbuthnot ordered to send ships to, 210; conditions in, 1780, 210 Rodney returns to, 216; 392; 393.

WHITE, sailing-master, commended by Jervis, 342, 343.

WHITSHED, Admiral Sir James, 266; his anecdote of Lord Gardner, 266.

WILLIAM III., King of England, grantor of peerage to grandfather of Lord Howe, 256.

WILLIAM IV., King of England, a midshipman at taking of Spanish convoy, 188; confers a peerage on Admiral Saumarez, 427.

WOLFE, General, Howe's friendship with, 262; intimacy of, with Admiral Jervis, 325, 326; anecdote concerning, 326; message of, by Jervis, to Miss Lowther, 326.

YORK, Duke of, received on shipboard by Howe, 263; holds reception, 263, 264.

Yorktown, 393.

_Zealous_, ship, 350.

_Zélé_, ship, 238; collides with flag-ship _Ville de Paris_, 238.

* * * * *

_Works by Captain A. T. Mahan_.

THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON HISTORY. 1660-1783.

THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND EMPIRE. TWO vols.

THE LIFE OF NELSON, THE EMBODIMENT OF THE SEA POWER OF GREAT BRITAIN. TWO vols.

THE LIFE OF NELSON. _Popular edition_. One vol.

THE INTEREST OF AMERICA IN SEA POWER, PRESENT AND FUTURE.

LESSONS OF THE WAR WITH SPAIN, AND OTHER ARTICLES.

THE PROBLEM OF ASIA AND ITS EFFECT UPON INTERNATIONAL POLICIES.

TYPES OF NAVAL OFFICERS, WITH SOME REMARKS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL WARFARE DURING THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.