Chapter 32

HAWKE, Admiral, development of naval warfare identified with name of, 4; uplifted the navy, 6; off Toulon, 29, 39, 40; his capture of the Spanish vessel, _Poder_, 40; his birth and parentage, 77; his promotion to post-captain, 78; appointed to the _Berwick_, 79; sails for the Mediterranean, 79; loses his political influence, 79; war against Spain declared, 80; sails for West Indies in _Portland_, 80; war of Austrian succession, 80; before Toulon, 81; his exceptional conduct in battle, 81; is complimented by Rear-Admiral Rowley, 84; effect of the battle on his fortunes, 84; the king takes knowledge of him, 84; becomes a rear-admiral, 85; hoists his flag, 85; cruises in the Bay of Biscay, under Sir Peter Warren, 85; joined to Warren in command, 86; goes to sea in command, 86; subordinates pecuniary to military considerations, 88; descries the enemy off La Rochelle, 89; overhauls fleet of French merchantmen convoyed by Commodore L'Etenduère, 89; orders general chase, 90; overtakes the French rear, 90; his brilliant victory, 91; his report of the engagement, 92; calls a council of war, 93; displeased with Capt. Fox, 93; actually commander in battle with L'Etenduère, 97; given Order of the Bath, 98; now known as Sir Edward Hawke, 98; promoted to rank of vice-admiral, 98; in dock yard command, 98; most illustrious naval officer, 100; revolutionizes naval ideas, 100; his part in arbitrament with France, 103; again in command of a fleet, 103; sails against French, 104; seizes 300 trading vessels, 104; supersedes Byng, 105; reaches Gibraltar, 105; sends Byng home, 105; institutes inquiry into conduct of Byng's captains, 105; denies allegations of Pitt in House of Commons, 105; disliked by Pitt, 106; returns to England, 106; recaptures British supply vessel in Spanish port, 107; his characteristic independence illustrated, 107; his service henceforth confined to Channel fleet, 108; maintains blockade of French ports, 108; his expedition against Rochefort, 111; controversy concerning it, 111; his maxim concerning pilots, 112; his surprise at Basque Roads, 112; characterization of that harbor, 112; his coolness, 113; his self-assertion, 113; his bold disregard of pilotage difficulties at Quiberon, 114; declines to attend a council of war, 115; reaches Spithead, 115; resents language of Pitt, 116; his service against French squadron, 1758, 116; his failure to destroy French squadron through defective equipment, 117; practically supplanted by Howe, 118; abandons his command in an indignant note, 118, 119; his anger in some respects justified, 119; is summoned to the Admiralty, 121; defends his action, 121; his position strengthened, 121; accompanies Anson as second in command, 122; culminating epoch in career of, 122; his triumph at Quiberon Bay, 122; his capacity as a seaman proved, 122; his efficient blockade of Brest, 122; is burned in effigy, 124; operations at Brest, 126; his double duty there, 126; his difficulties, 126; opposes Conflans, 126; his method at Quiberon analyzed, 127-130; assures the Admiralty, 131; his great tact in correspondence, 132; discharges a mutinous surgical officer, 132; defends his act, 132; his liberality toward subordinates, 132; watches French ships at Cadiz, 134; sends ships to reinforce light squadron, 134; recalls ships-of-the-line, 134; anchors in Torbay, 135; receives news of French fleet, 135; crowds all sail for Quiberon, 136; sights the French fleet, 136; gives pursuit, 136, 137; opens fire, 137; his orders to his sailing master, 138; is overtaken by night, 139; follows French fleet round The Cardinals, 139; sinks two French ships, 140; cows the French navy, 141; his losses at Quiberon, 141; his feat at Quiberon analyzed, 142; returns to England, 143; is succeeded by Boscawen temporarily, 143; received with honors, 143; denied a peerage, 143; his indifference to self-advancement, 143; his independence in professional conduct, toward superiors, 143, 144; hauls down his flag, 144; becomes first Lord of the Admiralty, 144; made vice-admiral of Great Britain, 145; the peerage conferred, 145; his advice to Geary, 146; his death, 146; his distinctive glory, 146; his opinion of Howe, 262; 273.

_Hawke_, schooner, 170, overhauled by Spanish coast guard vessels, 170; taken to Cartagena, 171.

Hayti, 231; 236.

_Hector_, ship, 240.

_Hermenegildo_, ship, 417; 420; remarkable loss of, 420.

Hohenlinden, 413.

Holland, Great Britain declares war against, 217; 390.

HOOD, Sir Samuel, strength of his powers, 74; made second in command to Rodney, 220; arrives at West India station, 221; his disagreement with Rodney, 221; gives battle to De Grasse, 222; urges Rodney to effect a coalition of forces, 223; joins Rodney at St. Kitts, 228; criticises Rodney's movement against De Grasse at Tobago, 229; defends St. Kitts, 234; urges Rodney to more energetic action, 243; criticises Rodney, 244-246; his comment on Rodney, 252; in command of Mediterranean fleet, 299; anchors off St. Christopher, 394; appoints Saumarez to command _Russell_, 395.

Horn, Cape, 260.

HOSTE, Paul, historian of achievements of Tourville, 13.

HOWE, Lord, his important mission, 176; his return from America, 182; his character and temperament, 183, 184; anecdote of, recorded by Sir Byam Martin, 250; 254; his especial claim on esteem of Americans, 254; respect in American colonies for his elder brother, 254-256; succeeds to the peerage held by his brother, 256; character compared with that of his brother, 256; his early service, 259; enters the navy, 259; embarks for Pacific in Anson's squadron, 259; serves in West Indies, 260; his part in Seven Years War, 260; his friendship with Wolfe, 262; characterization of, by a French pilot, 262; Hawke's opinion of, 262, 263; his taciturnity, 263; receives the Duke of York, 263; his coolness and self-possession, 263; anecdotes of, 264, 265; his composure under suspense, 266, 267, 268; his campaign against D'Estaing, 268; contrasted with Jervis, 270, 271; at Quiberon, 273; in House of Commons, 274; becomes rear-admiral, 274; in confidence of Hawke, 274; appointed to command squadron, 274; vice-admiral, 275; commander-in-chief of North American station, 275; given treaty powers, 275; addresses note to Franklin, 275; his comment on Franklin's reply, 275; concerning his letter to Washington, 276; his operations about New York, 276; author's characterization of, 277, 278; learns of coming of D'Estaing, 278; concentrates at New York, 278; disposition of squadron of, against D'Estaing, 279, 280; manoeuvres to avoid battle with D'Estaing, 281; fleet of, scattered, 282; highest title of, to fame, 283; follows French fleet to Newport, and Boston, 284; resigns command, 284; succeeded by Vice-admiral Byron, 284; sails for England, 284; words of, in House of Commons, 284; again brought into service, 287; encounters allied fleet off Scilly, 288; tactical manoeuvre of, off Land's End, 288; relief of Gibraltar by, 288, 295; tribute of Chevalier to, 296; headed for Atlantic, 297; is pursued by allies, 297; regains Spithead, 297; on shore duty, 297; as first Lord of Admiralty, 298; appoints Nelson to a ship, 298; at head of navy at outbreak of French revolution, 298; takes command of Channel fleet, 299; encounters French fleet and convoy, 301, 302; gives chase, 302; tactical skill of, 303, 304; analysis of tactics in fight with Villaret-Joyeuse, 306, 307; attacks latter, in force, 310; conduct of, in action, 311; victory of, over French fleet, 315, 316; career of, ended, 318; in nominal command of Channel fleet, 318; suppresses mutinies, 318; active service of, closed, 319; retires formally from command of Channel fleet, 319; estimate of, of Battle of the Nile, 379; appearance of, off Rhode Island, 388, 409; commends Pellew, 440; again commends Pellew, 450, 476, 477.

HOWE, General, departs for England, 284.

Hudson, river, 442.

Hyères Islands, 21.

_Indefatigable_, ship, 455; fight of, with _Droits de l'Homme_, 456, 457; narrow escape of, from wreck, 458.

India, 403.

_Inflexible_, ship, 435; launch and description of, 435, 436; in battle of Lake Champlain, 438, 439.

_Intrépide_, ship, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 91.

Ionian Isles, slaves, natives of, released by Pellew, 462.

Ireland, French expedition against, sails from Brest, 455; expedition reaches, 456.

_Jacobin_, ship, 313.

Jamaica, threatened by Brest fleet, 160; 161; succored by Rodney, 162; 163; station, Rodney appointed to command, 167; station, required high degree of executive ability to command, 168; its situation in relation to Spanish colonies, 168; free ports instituted in, 169; Rodney moves toward, 243; 393.

JAMES II., Duke of York, his fighting instructions, 1665, 9.

JERVIS, Admiral, contrasted with Howe, 270-272, 320; contrasted with Nelson, 321; his opinion of Nelson, 321; birth of, 321, 322; early life of, 322; runs away to sea, 322; sails for West Indies, 322; early privations, 323; contrasted with Rodney, 324; cruises in the Caribbean, 324; returns to England, 324; is made lieutenant, 325; with Boscawen in the St. Lawrence, 325; goes to Mediterranean with Hawke, 325; relieves Byng, 325; associated with Sir Charles Saunders, 325; intimacy with Wolfe, 325; in command of _Porcupine_, 326; conversation of, with Wolfe before battle of Plains of Abraham, 326; leads fleet against Quebec, 326; goes to England after fall of Quebec, 327; appointed to command a ship, 327; ordered to return to North America, 327; puts in at Plymouth, leaking, 327; given command of sloop _Albany_, 327; conquers mutinous sailors, and sets sail, 328; arrives at New York, 328; promoted to post-captain, 328; an admiral at fifty-two, 328; commands frigate in Mediterranean, 328; resents insult to British flag, by Genoese officers, 329; forces an apology, 329; opposed to abolition of slave trade, 329; commissions the _Foudroyant_, 330; attached to the Channel fleet, 331; in Keppel's battle off Ushant, 331; at Gibraltar with Howe, 331; captures French ship _Pégase_, 331; receives a baronetcy, 332; receives Order of the Bath, 332; takes seat in Parliament, 332; supports Fox, 332; attains rank of rear-admiral and of vice-admiral, 332; is again afloat, 332; on service in Caribbean Sea, 332; his brusque treatment of a lieutenant, 332, 333; his attitude toward matrimony, 333; returns to England, 333; appointed to command Mediterranean Station, 333; joins fleet in San Fiorenzo Bay, 333; reaches grade of admiral of the Blue, 334; reaches crowning period of his career, 334; disposition of fleet of, 336; as strict disciplinarian, 337; anecdotes concerning this characteristic of, 337-340; his care of health of officers and men, 343, 344; embarrassment of, 347; disappointment of, at Admiral Mann's failure to obey orders, 349; cheerfulness of, under discouragements, 351; reinforcements reach, 351; encounters large Spanish fleet, 352; courageous remark of, 352; victory of, at Cape St. Vincent, 352-357; gratitude of England toward, 356; created Earl of St. Vincent, 356; analysis of movements of, in battle of Cape St. Vincent, 356, 357; blockades Spanish at Cadiz, 357; suppresses mutinous action of seamen, 358, 359; action of, in case of seamen, of ship _St. George_, 360, 361; repels attack of Spanish gunboats from Cadiz, 361, 362; stern repression of mutiny by, on board ship _Marlborough_, 362-367; stern rebuke of, to Capt. Ellison, 363, 364; brusque reply of, to Sir Edward Pellew, 367; sternness of, 368; forbids captains to dine each other, 368; quaint humor of, 369; anecdotes of, 369, 370; reverence of, for the flag, 372; satire upon, by Lieutenant Cumby, 373; pretended revenge of, for, 373. 374; decline of health of, 374; return of, to England, 374; placed in command of Channel fleet, 375; establishes rigid discipline in same, 375; closes port of Brest, 375; analysis of last named movement, 376; three great services of, to England, 378; discipline of, of Mediterranean fleet, 378; winning by, of Battle of St. Vincent, 378; suppression of mutinies by, 378; contrasted with Nelson, 378, 379; Nelson's esteem for, 379; Nelson's differences with, 379; arranges expedition which led to Battle of the Nile, 379; credit due, for same, 379, 380; later years of, 380; succeeds Pitt as First Lord of the Admiralty, 380; retires from active service, 380; hauls down his flag, 380; country seat of, 380; closing years of, 380, 381; liberality, of, 381; active habits of in old age, 381; death of, 381.

Judith, Point, 281.

KEITH, Lord, 367.

KEMPENFELT, Admiral, 288; second to Howe, 289; death of, 290; sent in pursuit of De Grasse, 393; makes valuable capture, 393.

KEPPEL, Admiral, appointed to Channel fleet, 176; resigns command of Channel fleet, 182; chagrin of, 286; 287; Jervis with, at Ushant, 331; assists Saumarez in advancement, 384, 385; companion of uncle of Saumarez, 385

Land's End, Howe's tactical movement off, 288.

LANGARA, his fleet destroyed by Rodney, 216.

_Leander_, ship, 472.

L'ETENDUÈRE, Commodore, attacked by Hawke, 89; Hawke commander in battle with, 97; 157.

Leghorn, in power of France, 346.

LESTOCK, Vice-Admiral, off Toulon, 21, 22; his part in trial of Mathews, 21-25; his own trial and defence, 26.

Levant, the, 384.

LINOIS, at battle at Algeciras, 416; his division in second attack, 419.

Lisbon, 350.

_Louisa_, ship, 60, 61, 64.

LOUIS XVI., treats Saumarez with attention, 398, 399.

LOWTHER, Miss, betrothed of Gen. Wolfe, 326.

Madras, French conquest of, 103; yielded in exchange for Louisburg, 103.

_Magnanime_, ship, 262; 272; 273.

Malaga, movements of Rooke off, 15; battle, 69, 70; 156.

Malta, Nelson receives news of surrender of, to the French, 403.

Manila, loss of, embitters Spain, 171.

MANN, Admiral, discouragement of, 348; calls council of officers, 348; returns to England, 348; deprived of command, 348; Jervis's criticism of, 349; Nelson's criticism of, 349; effect on fleet of defection of, 350.

Mantua, blockaded, 346.

Marengo, 413.

_Marlborough_, frigate, 41; 42; 57; mutinies on, 362-367.

Marseilles, 430.

MARTIN, Sir Byam, records anecdote of Lord Howe, 250.

Martinique, Rodney operates against, 158; captured by British, 158; 165; 236; 245; 393.

MARRYATT, Capt, _Peter Simple_ quoted, 95, 96; source of sea picture in his _The King's Own_, 458.

MATHEWS, Admiral, off Toulon in 1774, 5; description of engagement, 21, 22, 41, 42, 43; courtmartial of, 27, 28; author's criticism of, 45, 56.

Mediterranean, fighting begins in, 1759, 133; Nelson returns from cruise in, 351, 352; 400; 411; British expedition enters, 413; Pellew cruises in, 430; Pellew is appointed Commander-in-chief in, 460; 461.

MILLBANK, Admiral, 297.

Minorca, Byng's incompetency at, 5, 20; affair at, reviewed, 47-63; French send a fleet against, 104; French fleet lands at, 104; 156; 367.

Mona Passage, 244.

MONCTON, General, his reluctance to move, 161; sends troops to Jamaica, 166.

MONK, commands in Four Days Battle, 11.

_Montague_, ship, 312; 313.

MONTGOMERY, fall of, 432.

MOREAU, French general, 347.

Moultrie, Fort, attack of British fleet on, 386.

Mutiny, in British navy, 1797, 358, 359; on ship _Marlborough_, 363.

NAPLES, Kingdom of, Napoleon designs to occupy, 413; 463.

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, contemporary of Jervis, 346; before Mantua, 347; 402; 403; 411; practically absolute ruler of Europe, 412; designs to occupy Portugal and Kingdom of Naples, 413; threatens Saumarez's flank, 414; concentrates Spanish and French navies at Cadiz, 414; agreement of, with Czar, at Tilsit, 421; breach of, with Russia, 422; forces Sweden to declaration of war, 422; 454; decline of, coincides with Pellew's advance, 461.

Narragansett Bay, 210; D'Estaing's fleet at, 281; 387.

Naval Warfare, in 18th century, 3, _et seq._; Hawke and Rodney identified with, 4; advance in, shown by two great failures, 5; waged with vessels moved by oars, 7; such method more reliable than by sail, 7; its scene long in the Mediterranean, 8; introduction of cannon in, 8; a period of systematization sets in, 9; period of transition in, 12; Tourville's influence on, 14; peace of Utrecht closed transitional period in, 68; Napoleon's influence on, 68, 69; conditions of, in 18th century, 74, 75; advance of, in 19th century.

Navy, French, its movements at Quiberon Bay, 125; attempts to concentrate at Brest, 126; vanquished by Hawke, 141; concentrated at Cadiz, 414.

Navy of Great Britain, in 1739, 69; permitted to decline, 100.

Navy of U.S., in 1812, 69.

NELSON, Admiral, his remarkable order at Trafalgar, alluded to, 7; on true way of fighting, 30; on the comparative value of prize money, 88; 146; appointed to command a ship by Howe, 298; letter of, to his brother, 298; opinion of, of Jervis's Mediterranean fleet, 330; remark of, concerning Hood, 335; criticises movements of British fleet, 1795, 346; his criticism of Admiral Mann, 349; return from mission up Mediterranean, 351, 352; at battle off Cape St. Vincent, 355; receives Spanish surrender, 355, 356; approves sentence of seamen of ship _St. George_, 361; 362; contrasted with Jervis, Earl St Vincent, 378, 379; esteem of, for Jervis, 379; credit due to, for victory of the Nile, 379; contrasted with Saumarez, 383; 401; 402; his lack of personal sympathy with Saumarez, 407; Saumarez's unfortunate remark to, 407; at battle of the Nile, 407-409; 410; Baltic league shattered by, 413; eulogizes Saumarez in House of Lords, 421; seamanship of, contrasted with that of Pellew, 446; anecdote of, 446; mentions incident of Algerine policy, 462, 463; denounces Algerine piracy, 463; Israel Pellew with, at Trafalgar, 476.

Nevis, island, 394.

Newport, D'Estaing enters harbor of, 281.

Nile, battle of, 362; Admiral Howe's estimate of, 379; credit due to Admiral Lord St. Vincent for, 379, 380; Saumarez cruises in, 384; 403; description of battle of, 405-408; Saumarez wounded at, 409.

Nore, threatening mutinies of, 454.

NORRIS, Captain, absconds to avoid trial, 37.

_Nymphe_, frigate, Pellew in command of, 447; 448; fight of, with _Cléopâtre_, 448, 449.

_Orient_, ship, Nelson's coffin made from mainmast of, 353; blows up, 407.

_Orion_, ship, Saumarez appointed to command, 400; 401; 406; 409; 410.

PALLISER, Vice-Admiral, accused of betrayal of his chief, 182; twelve admirals memorialize the king against, 182.

Paris, Rodney settles in, 175.

PARKER, Admiral, Rodney writes to, 225.

PARKER, Commodore Sir Peter, 385.

Passaro, Cape, Battle of, 69.

_Pégase_, ship, 331.

PELLEW, Admiral, asks for courtmartial upon a mutiny, 367; 368; 389; 428; of Norman extraction, 428; early orthography of name, 428; settlement of family in England, 429; father of, 429; fearlessness of, at school, 429; goes afloat, 430; sides with a companion in a quarrel and leaves the ship, 430; intimacy of, with Captain Pownoll, 431; brought in contact with American revolution, 431; at reception of Burgoyne on ship _Blonde_, 431; saves a sailor from drowning, 431; exuberant vitality of, 431; anecdote of recklessness of, 431; anecdote of accident to, 435; second officer of _Carleton_, 437; in battle of Lake Champlain, 436, 437; by loss of superiors left in command, 438; gallantry of, in contest, 438; is commended by Douglas, Lord Howe and the Admiralty, 440; is promised promotion, 440; gives chase to Arnold, 441; lands at Crown Point, 441; accompanies Burgoyne, 442; returns to England, 442; promoted to a lieutenancy, 442; serves under Capt. Pownoll, 442; lieutenant of frigate _Apollo_, 442; meets French frigate _Stanislas_, 442; action with, 442; succeeds to command at death of Pownoll, 442; grief of, for death of Pownoll, 443; gains promotion, 443; destroys French privateers, 443; wins grade of post-captain, 443; in time of peace tries farming, 443; commands frigate on Newfoundland Station, 444; personal activity of, 444; anecdotes of, 444, 445; his knowledge of seamanship, 446; 447; in command of _Nymphe_, 447; at fight between _Nymphe_ and _Cléopâtre_, 448, 449; Lord Howe commends, 450; opposes French privateers, 451, 452; directs rescue of troops, passengers, and crew of ship _Dutton_, 452-454; stationed off Brest, 454; discouraged appointment of Roman Catholic chaplains, 455; opposes enfranchisement of Roman Catholics, 455; follows French expedition against Ireland, 455, 456; sails for Falmouth, 456; fights _Indefatigable_ and _Amazon_ against _Droits de l'Homme_, 456-458; narrow escape of, from shipwreck, 458; great personal endurance of, illustrated, 459; eminent qualities of, 459; holds command in India, 459, 460; appointed commander-in-chief in Mediterranean, 460; made a rear-admiral, 460; assigned to East India station, 460; Mediterranean command of, coincides with Bonaparte's falling fortunes, 461; created Baron Exmouth, 462; visits Barbary ports, 462; compels release of slaves, 462; demands peace for Sardinia, 463; arranges with Tunis and Tripoli for treatment of captives, 463; Algiers refuses concession to, regarding treatment of captives, 464; demands release of all Christian slaves in Algiers, 464; despatches cruiser to Algiers, 466; instructions of, to Capt. Charles Warde, 466; asks for small force against Algiers, 467; preparations of, against Algiers, 468; sails for Algiers, 468; joins Dutch fleet at Gibraltar, 468; arrives at Algiers Bay, 468; serves demands on Dey of Algiers, 468; receives no answer, 468; opens battle, 469, 470; is slightly wounded, 473; receives submission of Dey, 473; frees Algerian, Tunisian, and Tripolitan slaves, 474; returns to England, 474; close of career of, 475; later days of, 475, 476; religious nature of, 476; death of, 476; rank of, at death 476.

PELLEW, Israel, bravery of, in fight between _Nymphe_ and _Cléopâtre_, 448, 449; promoted to post-captain, 451; 476.

Penmarcks, rocks, 458.

PENN, Sir William, his criticism of Four Days Battle, 12.

PERRY, Commander, 436.

_Peuple Souverain_, ship, 406.

Philadelphia, evacuation of, 284.

PITT, William, defends Admiral Byng, 105; his dislike of Hawke, 106; his military purpose, 110; proposed series of descents on French coast, 110; his impetuosity a spur to laggards, 113; his energy felt in civil administration, 114; blames military and naval leaders, 115; his injustice meets rebuke, 116; profits by Hawke's suggestions, 117; leaves Hawke a commodore, 144; succeeded by Lord St. Vincent in Admiralty, 380.

Plattsburg, 436.

Plymouth, ship _Dutton_ driven ashore at, 452.

POCOCK, Admiral, 164; 165.

_Poder_, ship, 41, 42, 43, 86.

Point Judith, 281.

_Pompée_, ship, dismasted at Algeciras, 416; withdraws under tow, 417; 418.

_Porcupine_, sloop-of-war, 326.

_Portland_, ship, 80.

Port Mahon, surrendered, 105; 156; 367.

Porto Rico, 244.

Portugal, Napoleon designs to occupy, 413; 414.

POWNOLL, Captain, intimacy of, with Pellew, 431; commands frigate _Apollo_, 442; death of, 442.

_Prince_, ship, 365.

_Prince William_, ship, 188.

QUEBEC, 432.

_Queen Charlotte_, ship, 250, 265; 305; 311; 313; 317; 469; 470; 472; 473.