CHAPTER VIII

Religion and race--The Islam policy of Abdul-Hamid and of the Young Turks--Turanism and Pan-Islamism as political principles--Turanism and the Quadruple Alliance--Greed and race-fanaticism--Religious traditions and modern reforms--Reform in the law--A modern Sheikh-ul-Islam--Reform and nationalization--The Armenian and Greek Patriarchates--The failure of Pan-Islamism--The alienation of the Arabs--Djemal Pasha's "hangman's policy" in Syria--Djemal as a "Pro-French"--Djemal and Enver--Djemal and Germany--His true character--The attempts against the Suez Canal--Djemal's murderous work nears completion--The great Arabian and Syrian Separatist movement--The defection of the Emir of Mecca and the great Arabian catastrophe 176