CHAPTER XXIX.

During the latter years of General Grant's Presidency there had been some suggestion of his election for a third term. The proposition, however, did not meet with favor. Several State Conventions passed resolutions declaring as a matter of principle that two terms should be the limit for any President. General Grant himself discountenanced the movement and eventually ended it for the canvass of 1876 by writing a public letter announcing that he was not and would not be a candidate.

As the election of 1880 approached, the project was revived with every evidence of a more deliberate design and a more determined and persistent effort on the part of its chief promoters. General Grant had just finished a memorable tour around the world, and had everywhere been received with signal tributes of respect and admiration from the rulers and people of foreign lands. The honors of all countries had stimulated the pride of his own country. He returned to the Pacific shore and traversed the whole continent with the welcome and acclaim of the people whom he had so greatly served in war and peace. In the flush of this popular enthusiasm some of the foremost men of the Republican party united in a movement to make General Grant the Republican candidate for President. A combination which included Senators Conkling, Cameron and Logan, with their dominant personal influence and political force, and which aimed at the consolidation of the three great States of New York, Pennsylvania and Illinois, presented a formidable front.

The leaders of the movement had to a certain extent misapprehended public opinion. With all the respect and affection for the illustrious commander of the Union armies, there was a deep and earnest feeling against a third term. This sentiment was not personal to General Grant. The contentions which had marked his Presidential career had died away. The errors charged against him had been well-nigh forgotten, and the real merits and achievements of his Administration were better appreciated than at an earlier period. His absence from the country for three years had softened whatever asperities had grown out of political of factional differences, and had quickened anew the grateful sense of his inestimable services in the war. There was no fear that General Grant would abuse a trust, however frequently or however long he might be invested with it. But the limit of two terms had become an unwritten part of the code of the Republic, and the people felt that to disregard the principle might entail dangers which they would not care to risk. They believed that the example of Washington if now reinforced by the example of Grant would determine the question for the future, and assure a regular and orderly change of rulers, which is the strongest guarantee against the approach of tyranny.

While it was altogether probable that the feeling among the people against a third term would be stimulated by other aspirants to the Presidency, it was altogether impossible that they could cause the feeling. The interesting question at issue was whether the precedents of the Government should be discredited. The National Convention was to meet in June, but as early as February State Conventions were called in Pennsylvania and New York to choose delegates, with the intention of securing unanimity in favor of General Grant's nomination. The rights of Congressional districts to select their own delegates had been indirectly affirmed in the National Convention of 1876, when the Unit Rule was overridden and the right of each individual delegate to cast his own vote was established. But against this authoritative monition the design now was to have the States vote as a unit, and accordingly the Conventions in both the great States adopted instructions to that effect. The opposition to this course was very strong, the resolutions being carried in Pennsylvania by a majority of only twenty, while in New York, in a total vote of three hundred and ninety-seven, the majority was but thirty-eight. The delegations of both States included men who were known to be opposed to General Grant's nomination and who represented districts avowedly in accord with that view, but it was hoped by the leaders that the assumption of the State Conventions to pass instructions might control individual judgment.

The action of the Pennsylvania and New York Conventions increased the public agitation. A strong conviction that their proceedings had been precipitated and did not reflect the true judgment of the Republican masses was rapidly developed in both States. In New York the _Tribune_, the _Albany Journal_, the _Utica Herald_ and other influential papers led an earnest protest and opposition. In Pennsylvania the _Philadelphia Press_, through the zeal of its chief proprietor, Mr. Calvin Wells, a leading iron-manufacturer of Pittsburg, seconded by other strong journals, gave voice to the decided and growing public feeling against acquiescing in any attempt to prevent a perfectly free representation. In the North-West the _Chicago Tribune_, and in the middle West the _Cincinnati Commercial_, not only resisted the mode of electing delegates in the large States but directly and vigorously assailed the policy of presenting General Grant for a third term. In the midst of this popular discussion came explicit declarations from individual delegates in both States that they would not be bound by any unit rule and should represent the will of their immediate constituencies. William H. Roberson was the first in New York to make public announcement of this purpose, and James McManes of Philadelphia led the movement in Pennsylvania. The opposition spread to other States that had not yet held their conventions, in many of which the prevailing methods of party action permitted more freedom.

One of the last States to act was Illinois, and her Convention became the arena of a stormy contest. The majority in that body assumed authority to elect all the National delegates without regard to the voice or vote of Congressional districts; and after a long and stubborn struggle it named a complete delegation, overriding in nine of the districts the duly accredited choice of a clear majority of the undisputed local representatives in each district. This proceeding was justified on the one hand as only the exercise of the supreme power of the State Convention, and condemned on the other as trampling on the right of district representation; and thus the issue in its most distinct form was brought before the National Tribunal for settlement.

A large concourse of delegates and other active Republicans gathered in Chicago in advance of the time appointed for the National Convention. The assemblage is memorable in political annals for its large number of able men, for its brilliant displays of oratory, for its long duration, and for its arduous struggle. From the United States Senate came Mr. Conkling, General Logan, George F. Hoar, J. Donald Cameron, Preston B. Plumb, William Pitt Kellogg, and Blanche K. Bruce. Of the men soon to enter the Senate were Benjamin H. Harrison of Indiana, Eugene Hale and William P. Frye of Maine, William J. Sewall of New Jersey, Omar D. Conger of Michigan, Dwight M. Sabin of Minnesota, and Philetus Sawyer of Wisconsin. General Garfield, who already held his commission as senator-elect, led the Ohio delegation, with Governor Foster and Ex-Governor Dennison among his colleagues. Five of General Grant's Cabinet Ministers were on the roll of the Convention,--Mr. Boutwell of Massachusetts, Mr. Creswell of Maryland, Mr. George H. Williams of Oregon, Mr. Edwards Pierrepont of New York, and Mr. Cameron (already named with the senators). Among other delegates of distinction were Chester A. Arthur of New York, Henry C. Robinson of Connecticut, Governor Martin of Kansas, General Beaver and Colonel Quay of Pennsylvania, William Walter Phelps of New Jersey, William E. Chandler of New Hampshire, Emory A. Storrs of Illinois, Governor Warmoth of Louisiana, Governor Henderson and J. S. Clarkson of Iowa, President Seelye and Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts. Probably no other Convention since that which nominated Mr. Clay in 1844 has contained a larger number of eminent public men.

The two men who from the first especially attracted observation were Mr. Conkling and General Garfield. By intellectual force, by ardent zeal and earnest advocacy, and by common recognition, Mr. Conkling was the master spirit and became the acknowledged leader of those who desired the nomination of General Grant. General Garfield bore little part in the management, and was not there to represent the main body of those who opposed General Grant's candidacy. But the anti-Grant delegates, though divided as to candidates, naturally made common cause, and in the parliamentary contests of the Convention the personal and intellectual ascendency of General Garfield made him, though in a less active and aggressive sense, the recognized leader of the opposition. Around the two chiefs clustered the loyalty and the expectations which are always associated with leadership, and the appearance of each, day by day towering above his fellows, was the signal for an outburst of applause from friends and followers.

The preliminary meeting of the National Committee portended serious trouble. The organization was adverse to the sentiment of the majority, and there was some fear that in the heat of contest the just bounds of authority might be overstepped. Happily the points in dispute were satisfactorily adjusted through frank conference and a common understanding. Senator Hoar of Massachusetts, in whose fairness and ability both sides had full confidence, was accepted by common consent for temporary chairman, and the Convention was organized without any conflict. In calling the vast assembly to order as chairman of the National Committee, Senator Cameron bespoke a friendly spirit; and the speech of Senator Hoar, on taking the chair, was a compact and forcible contrast of the career and record of the two great parties of the country. With the appointment of the committees necessary to complete the organization, the first day of the Convention closed.

The delegations from the respective States named their own members of the several committees, and their composition and votes upon these questions indicated the division of the States upon the main issue. In the Committee on Credentials Mr. Conger, supported by the anti-Grant members, was chosen chairman by a vote of 29 to 11 for Mr. Tracy of New York. In the Committee on Permanent Organization, Senator Hoar had 31 votes for permanent President, against 9 for Mr. Creswell of Maryland. The Committee on Rules made General Garfield chairman. It was known that apart from the balloting for President, the great struggle would come in the Committee on Credentials, and upon its report when made to the Convention. The Committee had several contests to deal with besides the important Illinois case. The examination of these cases consumed two days, and meanwhile the Convention could do little beyond completing the formalities. It converted the temporary into the permanent organization, and on the evening of the second day, the Committee on Credentials being still at work, Mr. Henderson of Iowa moved that the Committee on Rules be requested to report. An extended and spirited debate ensued, the one side contending for immediate action and the other for delay. General Sharpe of New York offered a substitute that the Committee on Credentials be ordered to report. The substitute was lost by 318 _ayes_ to 406 _noes_, and the vote was regarded as a measurably fair test of the relative strength of the Grant and anti-Grant forces. On the call of the roll the full vote of Alabama was announced for the substitute. One of the delegates protested that he desired his vote recorded against it, and the President of the Convention so ordered. This decision broke at the outset any attempt to enforce the Unit Rule and affirmed the absolute right of the individual delegate to cast his vote at his own pleasure and upon his own responsibility. It was accepted without appeal, and thus the law of Republican Conventions was established. The substitute being defeated, the original motion was laid upon the table, and the Convention adjourned until the next day.

At the opening of the third day Mr. Conkling offered a resolution that "as the sense of the Convention every member is bound in honor to support its nominee, whoever the nominee may be; and that no man should hold a seat here who is not ready to so agree." On a call of the roll the resolution was adopted with but three dissenting votes, which came from West Virginia. Thereupon Mr. Conkling offered a resolution, declaring in effect that the delegates who voted that they would not obey the action of the majority "have forfeited their votes in the Convention." Mr. Campbell, editor of the _Wheeling Intelligencer_, the most prominent of the three who had voted no, defended their action. He expected to support the nominee of the Convention, but would not agree in advance that whatever it might do should have his endorsement. The discussion was becoming very animated, when General Garfield, in an unimpassioned speech, recalled the Convention to the real question and warned delegates against committing an error. He said that those who voted in the negative had indicated their purpose to support the candidates, but did not think it wise to pass the resolution. "Are they," he asked, "to be disfranchised because they thought it was not the time to make such an expression? That is the question and that is the whole question. We come here as Republicans and we are entitled to take part in the proceedings of this Convention; and as one of our rights we can vote on every resolution, _aye_ or _no_. We are responsible for those votes to our constituents, and to them alone. There never was a convention, there never can be a convention, of which I am one delegate, equal in rights to every other delegate, that shall bind my vote against my will on any question whatever." General Garfield insisted that the delegates had acted within their rights, and appealed to Mr. Conkling to withdraw his resolution, which he finally consented to do. This brief and earnest speech made a deep impression upon the Convention.

The report on contested States was now presented by Senator Conger, and led to a debate and a struggle lasting through the larger part of two days. The Committee had examined cases involving the seats of fifty delegates and alternates. After eliminating those about which there could be no reasonable dispute and upon which a unanimous conclusion was reached, the final issue involved three delegates from Alabama, eighteen from Illinois, two from West Virginia, and four from Kansas. In all of these cases the decision rested upon the principle of district representation. The majority of the committee accepted that principle as the established law of Republican Conventions, and reported in favor of the delegates chosen under it. The minority of the Committee, representing fourteen States and led by Mr. Tracy of New York, reported against the delegates elected on the district plan, and sustained the authority of the State Conventions to overrule the choice of the district representatives. The issue of district representation was thus clearly and sharply presented. The first case in order was that of Alabama, and after full debate a motion to substitute the report of the minority for that of the majority was defeated, the _ayes_ being 306, the _noes_ 449. The Convention thus re-affirmed the cardinal doctrine of district representation. The case of Illinois, which had excited more interest than all others, next came up. The discussion was prolonged and animated, and the result was not reached until nearly two o'clock in the morning. Nine districts were at stake, but the vote was taken on each separately, and the delegates chosen in the districts were admitted by a vote of 387 to 353. In the cases of West Virginia and Kansas there was some dispute as to the facts, but they were decided upon the same principle according to the best understanding of the Convention.

The report of the Committee on Rules, which had already been submitted by General Garfield, was now taken up. The proposed rules embraced simply verbal changes from those of 1876, and only one change of substance. This was an addition to rule eight, relating to cases where the vote of a State is divided. The old rule prescribed that where the vote was divided the chairman of the delegation should announce the number of votes cast for any candidate or for or against any proposition. The Committee reported in favor of adding the following: "but if exception is taken by any delegate to the correctness of such announcement by the chairman of his delegation, the President of the Convention shall direct the roll of members of such delegation to be called, and the result shall be recorded in accordance with the votes individually given." This amendment was designed to protect the vote of the individual delegate. It was a final blow at the Unit Rule, and aimed to reduce the precedents and decisions of former conventions to plain and unambiguous language.

The minority of the Committee, representing eleven States, reported against any change of rule. As soon, however, as the two reports were submitted to the Convention, and before they were discussed, General Sharpe of New York, who led the minority, moved that the Convention proceed at once to ballot for candidates for President and Vice-President. This was urged upon the plea of saving time, and upon the ground that nothing else remained to be done, but General Garfield pointed out, with his habitual clearness, that such action would leave the Convention without any regulations to determine the method of procedure or to decide controversies. Under the influence of his forcible argument General Sharpe's proposition was lost by a vote of 479 to 276. The rules, as reported by the majority, were then adopted, with an amendment that "the National Committee shall prescribe the method or methods for the election of delegates to the National Convention to be held in 1884, provided that nothing in the method or rules so prescribed shall be construed to prevent the several districts of the United States from selecting their own delegates to the National Convention." The overthrow of the Unit Rule and the establishment of district representation were thus finally secured.

Mr. Pierrepont of New York reported the platform. It recounted the achievements of the party and re-affirmed its accepted principles. No one issue was treated as overmastering. Protection, which became the controlling question of the campaign, was presented only by repeating the avowal of 1876. The restriction of Chinese immigration was approved. The Democratic party was charged with sustaining fraudulent elections, with unseating members of Congress who had been lawfully chosen, with viciously attaching partisan legislation to Appropriation Bills, and with seeking to obliterate the sacred memories of the war. "The solid South," it was declared, "must be divided by the peaceful agencies of the ballot; and all honest opinions must there find free expression." The platform, as reported, was silent on the subject of Civil-Service Reform; and Mr. Barker of Massachusetts offered an amendment "that the Republican party adopts the declaration of President Hayes, that the reform in the civil service shall be thorough, radical, and complete, and to that end demands the co-operation of the Legislative with the Executive Departments of the Government." The amendment was carried, and the platform adopted.

It was now late Saturday afternoon, and the Convention had already extended through four days. The session of Saturday evening, devoted to the presentation of Presidential candidates, was dramatic and stirring. The vast Exposition Hall was packed with ten thousand interested and eager observers. The contending partisans were alert for every advantage and enthusiastic in every demonstration.--Mr. Blaine was first placed in nomination by Mr. Joy of Michigan, seconded by Mr. Pixley of California and Mr. Frye of Maine.--When Mr. Conkling rose to present the name of General Grant, the vast audience gave him an enthusiastic welcome; and his powerful and eloquent speech was followed by prolonged and generous applause.--As General Garfield moved forward to nominate John Sherman, he was the object of general and hearty admiration. His dignified bearing, his commanding ability, his persuasive eloquence, and his manifest spirit of fairness had made a profound impression on the Convention. His present speech deepened that feeling. It was a dispassionate appeal from the swelling tumult of the moment "to the calm level of public opinion."--The name of Senator Edmunds was presented by Mr. Frederick Billings of Vermont.--Elihu B. Washburne was presented by Mr. Cassoday of Wisconsin, and William Windom by Mr. Drake of Minnesota. The speakers had not been the only actors of the evening. The audience took full part. The scenes of tumultuous and prolonged applause when the two leading candidates were named has never been equaled in any similar assemblage. It was nearly midnight of Saturday when the Convention adjourned.

With the opening of Monday's session the voting began. The first ballot gave Grant 304, Blaine 284, Sherman 93, Edmunds 34, Washburne 30, Windom 10, Garfield 1. Twenty-seven ballots followed without material change, when the Convention adjourned until the next day. On Tuesday morning the twenty-ninth ballot exhibited no variation, except that Massachusetts transferred the majority of its votes from Edmunds to Sherman, reducing the former to 12 and raising the latter to 116. On the thirtieth ballot Sherman advanced to 120 and Windom fell to 4. The next three ballots were substantially the same. On the thirty-fourth ballot Wisconsin cast 16 votes for General Garfield, and the great body of delegates at once saw that the result was foreshadowed. On the thirty-fifth ballot Indiana, following Wisconsin, cast 27 votes for Garfield, and scattering votes carried his aggregate to 50. The culmination was now reached. As the thirty-sixth ballot opened, the delegations which had been voting for Blaine and Sherman changed to Garfield. The banners of the States were caught up and massed in a waving circle around the head of the predestined and now chosen candidate. The scene of enthusiasm and exultation long delayed the final announcement, which gave Garfield 399 votes, Grant 306, Blaine 42, Washburne 5, Sherman 3. The nomination was immediately made unanimous on motion of Mr. Conkling. For Vice-President Elihu B. Washburne, Marshall Jewell, Thomas Settle, Horace Maynard, Chester A. Arthur, and Edmund J. Davis were placed in nomination, and General Arthur was chosen on the first ballot by a vote of 468 to 193 for Mr. Washburne and some scattering votes for other candidates.

The result of the Convention was generally accepted as a happy issue of the long contest. The nomination of General Garfield was unexpected but it was not unwelcome. It was not an escape from the clash of positive purposes by a resort to a negative and feeble expedient. General Garfield was neither an unknown nor an untried man. For twenty years he had been prominent in the public service, both civil and military, and for ten years he had ranked among the foremost Republican leaders. No statesman of the times surpassed him in thorough acquaintance with the principles of free government, in knowledge of the legislative and administrative history of our own country, and in intelligent grasp of the great questions still at issue. In eloquence, culture, and resources he had few peers. His ascendency in the Convention was so marked as to turn all eyes towards him. His conspicuous part in the debates of Congress, his numerous popular addresses, had made him familiar to all the people. He represented the liberal and progressive spirit of Republicanism without being visionary and impractical, and his nomination was accepted as placing the party on advanced ground.

General Arthur was a graduate of Union College and a member of the New-York bar. He was prominently connected with Governor Morgan's Administration during the war and gained great credit for the manner in which he discharged his important duties as Quartermaster-General of the State. He subsequently held for several years the responsible and influential position of Collector of Customs for the port of New York. During the period of his service he collected and paid into the Treasury more than a thousand millions of dollars in gold coin. He had wide acquaintance with the public men of the country and had long enjoyed personal popularity. As a citizen of New York and a conspicuous advocate of President Grant's nomination his selection met with general favor.

The Democratic Convention met at Cincinnati on the 22d of June (1880). The preliminary canvass and discussion had not indicated a prevailing choice. The only definite policy anywhere suggested was that the position of the Democratic party demanded the renomination of Mr. Tilden for the Presidency, and that a failure to present him as a candidate would be equivalent to withdrawing the allegation and argument of the Electoral fraud. But to this plan the forcible answer was made that the discreditable attempts of Mr. Tilden's immediate circle upon the returning boards of the disputed States had compromised his candidacy and injured his party; and on this ground a strong opposition was made to his nomination. Mr. Tilden himself settled the question by writing and extended and ingenious letter a few days before the Convention, declining to be a candidate. Their immediate choice being unavailable, his New-York followers made a strenuous effort to control the nomination, first for Henry B. Payne of Ohio, and next for Samuel J. Randall of Pennsylvania. The candidates were numerous, but the leading places were held by General Hancock and Senator Bayard.

The Convention was promptly organized with Judge Hoadly of Ohio as temporary chairman, and Senator Stevenson of Kentucky as permanent President. A ballot was reached on the second day. The South was almost evenly divided between Bayard and Hancock. New England preferred Hancock to Bayard. The West showed no preponderance for either, and was broken among many candidates. New York was solidly for Payne, but made little impression because Payne's own State of Ohio stood for Senator Thurman. Judge Field of California and William R. Morrison of Illinois had the support of their own States, with a few scattering votes. The multiplicity of candidates indicated the lack of a definite sentiment and a clear policy. The first ballot gave Hancock 171, Bayard 153½, Payne 81, Thurman 68½, Field 65, Morrison 62, Hendricks 49½, Tilden 38, with a few votes to minor candidates. On this test the Convention adjourned for the day, and during the night combinations already inaugurated were fully completed, by which Hancock's nomination was made certain. The next day opened with the announcement that New York had withdrawn Payne and fixed upon Randall as its choice, but it was too late. The second roll-call ended without a decision, but before the result was declared Wisconsin changed to Hancock. This was followed by a similar move from New Jersey, and immediately State after State joined in his support until he had 705 votes,--leaving of the whole Convention but 30 for Hendricks and 2 for Bayard. William H. English of Indiana, who had served in Congress during Mr. Buchanan's administration, was nominated for Vice-President. The platform, in marked contrast with the elaborate document of the preceding campaign, was a compact and energetic statement of the Democratic creed. It embodied a fatal declaration in favor _of a tariff for revenue only_, made vehement utterance on the alleged election fraud of 1876, demanded honest money of coin or paper convertible into coin, and gave a strong pledge against permitting Chinese immigration.

General Hancock's nomination was greeted with heartiness amounting to enthusiasm. He had received a military education at West Point; he had been brevetted in the Mexican war for gallant conduct at Contreras and Cherubusco. In the war for the Union he had acquired high rank as a commander. He distinguished himself throughout the Peninsular campaign and at Antietam. He added to his fame on the decisive field of Gettysburg. He was with Grant during most of the campaign which was crowned with final triumph at Appomattox, and bore a conspicuous part on its bloody fields. Brave, gallant, and patriotic, a true soldier and a chivalrous gentleman, he was a worthy representative of that faithful and honorable class of "War Democrats," who in the time of the Nation's peril stood for the flag and for the integrity of their country. There were many of that type, who allowed no political differences to restrain them from doing their full share towards the preservation of the Union; and no duty is more grateful than that of recognizing their loyal services. General Hancock was at their head, and no partisan distinctions or subsequent political differences can diminish the respect in which he is deservedly held by every loyal lover of the Union of the States.

The campaign did not open altogether auspiciously for the Republicans. The September election for Governor and members of the Legislature in Maine had resulted adversely. The Republican party in that State, owing to a large defection on the greenback issue and a coalition of all its opponents, had been defeated in 1878 by more than 13,000 majority. In 1879 the lost ground was in large part regained, but the party, while electing the Legislature, was again outnumbered on the popular vote. In 1880 the re-action in favor of the Republicans had not begun in any State as early as September. The issue on the Protective tariff had not yet been debated, and Maine, though giving a majority of 6,000 in the Presidential election, lost the Governorship in September by 164 votes. As a victory had been confidently expected by the country at large, the failure to secure it had a depressing effect upon the Republican party.

The discouragement however was but for a day. Re-action speedily came, and the party was spurred to greater efforts. There was also a change in the issues presented, and from that time the industrial question monopolized public attention. The necessity of special exertion in the October States led to a very earnest and spirited canvass in Ohio and Indiana. The Democratic declaration in favor of a tariff for revenue only was turned with tremendous force against that party. A marked feature of what may be termed the October campaign was the visit of General Grant to Ohio and Indiana, accompanied by Senator Conkling. The speeches of the two undoubtedly exerted a strong influence, and aided in large part to carry those States for the Republicans.

From this day forward the contest was regarded as very close, but with the chances inclining in favor of the Republicans. In the hope of counteracting the effect of the argument for a Protective Tariff in winning the industrial element of the country to Republican support, the Democratic managers concocted one of the most detestable and wicked devices ever conceived in political warfare. A letter, purporting to have been written by General Garfield, and designed to represent him as approving Chinese immigration to compete with home labor, was cunningly forged. This so-called "Morey letter," in which the handwriting and signature of the Republican candidate were imitated with some skill, was lithographed and spread broadcast about two weeks before the election.

General Garfield promptly branded the letter as a forgery and the evidences of its character were speedily made clear. Nevertheless active Democratic leaders continued to assert its genuineness, and Mr. Abram S. Hewitt was conspicuous in giving the weight of his name to this calumny, until the force of the accumulating proof constrained him to admit in a public speech, that the text of the letter was spurious, while still maintaining, against General Garfield's solemn denial, that the signature was genuine. The prompt action of General Garfield and his friends did much to render this crafty and dangerous trick abortive, but there was not sufficient time to destroy altogether the effect of its instant and wide dissemination. The forgery cost General Garfield the electoral votes of New Jersey and Nevada and five of the six votes of California. He carried every other Northern State, while General Hancock carried every Southern State. The final result gave to Garfield 214 electoral votes against 155 for Hancock.

The salient and most serious fact of the Presidential election was the absolute consolidation of the Electoral vote of the South; not merely of the eleven States that composed the Confederacy, but of the five others in which slaves were held at the beginning of the civil struggle. The leading Democrats of the South had been steadily aiming at this result from the moment that they found themselves compelled by the fortunes of war to remain citizens of the United States. The Reconstruction laws had held them in check in 1868; the re-action against Mr. Greeley had destroyed Southern unity in 1872; it had been assumed with boastful confidence, but at the last miscarried, in 1876; and now, in 1880, it was finally and fully accomplished. The result betokened thenceforth a struggle within the Union far more radical than that which had been carried on from the formation of the Constitution until the secession of the South.

During the first half of this century Southern statesmen had demanded and secured equality of representation in the Senate. Its loss in 1850 was among the causes which led them to revolt against National authority. But even the equality of representation was for a section and not for a party, and its existence did not prevent the free play of contests on other issues. Partisan divisions in the South upon tariff, upon bank, upon internal improvement, between Whig on the one side and Democrat on the other, were as marked as in the North. Southern men of all parties would unite against the admission of a Northern State until a Southern State was ready to offset its vote in the Senate, but they never sought to compel unity of opinion throughout all Southern States upon partisan candidates or upon public measures. The evident policy in the South since the close of the civil war has been, therefore, of a more engrossing and more serious character. It comprehends nothing less than the absolute consolidation of sixteen States,--not by liberty of speech, or public discussion, or freedom of suffrage, but by a tyranny of opinion which threatens timid dissentients with social ostracism and suppresses the bolder form of opposition by force.

The struggle which this policy invites, nay which it enforces, is as much a moral as a political struggle. It is not a contention over measures. It is a contest for equal rights under the Constitution, for simple justice between citizens of the same Republic. Nor is the struggle hopeless. Re-action will come in the South itself. The passion and prejudice which influence men who were defeated in the war cannot be transmitted to succeeding generations. Principle will re-assert itself; local and state interest will command a change. The signs even now are hopeful. The personal relations between men of the South and men of the North are more amicable than they have been for sixty years. Diversity of employment, the spirit of industrial enterprise, the unification of financial interests, will tend more and more to assimilate the populations, more and more to enforce an agreement, if not as to measures, yet assuredly as to methods. No man in the North, valuing the freedom for which a great war was waged, desires to control the vote of a single individual in the South. He only desires that every individual in the South, as in the North, shall control his own vote, and when that is done the result, whatever it may be, will always be cheerfully accepted. Contention between sections, divided by a fixed line, is the most undesirable form of political controversy. It is also the most illogical. But consolidation on one side leads naturally and always to consolidation on the other side. The growth of the country will ultimately effect an adjustment, but the reason of men should not wait for the mere power of numbers to settle questions which properly belong in the domain of reason alone.

Nor do the Southern leaders seem ever to have correctly estimated the political force that is to come from the predestined increase of numbers. Aside from the vast growth of population in the new States and Territories of the North-West, the increase of the colored race in the South must arrest attention. In the lifetime of those now living, that class of the population will reach the enormous aggregate of five and twenty millions. As this increase continues, no policy could possibly be devised so fatal to Southern prosperity as that which Southern leaders have pursued since the close of the war. Ceasing to be a slave the colored man must be a citizen. He cannot be permanently held in a condition between the two. He cannot be remanded to slavery. His numbers will ultimately command what should now be yielded on the ground of simple justice and wise policy.

The twenty years between 1861 and 1881 are memorable in the history of the Congress of the United States. Senators and Representatives were called upon to deal with new problems from the hour in which they were summoned by President Lincoln to provide for the exigencies of a great war. They confronted enormous difficulties at every step; and if they had failed in their duty, if they had not comprehended the gravity and peril of the situation, if they had faltered in courage, or had been obscured in vision, the Union of the States might have been lost, the progress of civilization on the American Continent checked for generations. With the National arms triumphant, with the Union of the States made strong, the American people, in the quiet of domestic peace, in the enjoyment of wide-spread prosperity, should not forget the dangers and sacrifices which secured to them their great blessings.

--The first demand of war is money. So great was the amount required that Congress provided and the Executive expended a larger sum in each year of the civil struggle than the total revenues of the Government had been for the seventy-two years elapsing between the inauguration of Washington and the inauguration of Lincoln.

--When the power of the Nation was challenged, the Army was so small as scarcely to provide an efficient guard for the residence of the Chief Magistrate against a hostile movement of the disloyal population that surrounded him. Congress provided for the assembling of a host that grew in magnitude until it surpassed in numbers the largest military force ever put in the field by a European power.

--A domestic institution whose existence had menaced the peace of the country for forty years, and now threatened the National life, was either to receive renewed strength by another compromise, or was to be utterly overthrown and destroyed. Congress had the foresight, the philanthropy, the courage to choose the latter course, and to transform four millions of slaves into four millions of citizens.

--Triumphant in the struggle of arms, Congress had the statesmanship and persistence to bind up in the Organic Law of the Republic the rights which victory had secured, and to provide against the recurrence of a rebellion which imperiled the existence of free institutions.

The action of Congress and the spirit that inspired it were but the action and spirit of the loyal people. A common danger awakened them to a sense of their aggregate strength, and that awakening proved to be the beginning of a new progress. Prolonged peace and quiet in a country, even of our large resources, had engendered the habit of caution, of economy, of extreme conservatism. The dominance of the State-rights' school had created in the minds of the people a distrust of the power of the General Government,--a fact which no doubt was taken into the calculations of those who revolted against its authority. As an illustration of the weakness of administration under their lead, it may be recalled that during the years of Mr. Buchanan's Presidency,--and indeed during a part of the Presidency of Franklin Pierce,--the project of a Pacific Railroad had been considered, and year after year abandoned, because of the argument, first, that the National Government had no power to contribute to its construction; and, second, that the hundred millions of dollars required to complete it was a sum beyond the power of the Government to expend. In contrast with the chronic irresolution and timidity which delayed an enterprise that would strengthen the bonds of the Union, the administration of Mr. Lincoln, in the midst of gigantic outlays for the war, authorized the building of the Pacific Railroad, and successfully used the Government credit to complete it in less time than the State-rights' leaders had been abortively debating the question in Congress.

--It is difficult to estimate the progress of the people of the United States in intelligence and in wealth since the close of the civil struggle. When evidence is so voluminous it is not easy to select a unit of comparison that shall succinctly present the truth. Perhaps the extension of postal facilities is the most significant measure of the intellectual activity of a people. From the formation of the National Government in 1879 to the beginning of the war in 1861, the total receipts from postages amounted to $182,000,000. From 1861 to 1881 the total receipts from postages amounted to $433,000,000. But even these figures do not exhibit the full contrast of the popular use of the post-office for transmission of papers and letters,--because the larger part of the former period was on the basis of high postage.

--Comparison in industrial development are so numerous as not to be readily and compactly stated. Economists consider that the material advance of a people is measured more accurately by the consumption of iron than by any other single article. Assuming this to be a test, the progress of the American people in wealth is beyond precedent. The production and use of iron between the years 1861 and 1881 were many fold greater than during the entire preceding century.

--The increased ratio in the construction of railroads gives some conception of the progress of wealth. The miles of rail in 1861 within the United States were 31,286, while in 1881 they were 103,334. It is no exaggeration to say that the construction and repair of railway lines in the twenty years preceding 1881 involved an expenditure of money larger than the total National debt at the close of the war.

--Nor have these twenty years been distinguished only by the acquisition of wealth. No period of history had been more marked by generous expenditure for worthy ends. The provision made for those who suffered in the civil war has perhaps no parallel at home or abroad. The comparative poverty of the country after the close of the Revolutionary war may account for the inadequate assistance to those who had suffered in the struggle for independence. The same cause, though in less degree, existed after the war of 1812. The pensions paid to the sufferers in both wars, including those of the Mexican war (when the country had made great advance in wealth), amounted in all, from 1789 to 1861, to the sum of $80,000,000; whereas from 1861 to 1881 the sum of $516,000,000 was paid to those who had claim upon the bounty, rather upon the justice, of the Government.

--The twenty years form indeed an incomparable era in the history of the United States. Despite the loss of life on the part of both North and South the Republic steadily gained in population for the entire period, at the rate of nearly a million each year; and each year there was added to the permanent wealth of the people $1,500,000,000;--a fact made all the more surprising when it is remembered that they were at the same time burdened with the interest on the National debt, of which they discharged more than eleven hundred millions of dollars of the principal within the period named.

Such progress is not only unprecedented but phenomenal. It could not have been made except under wise laws, honestly and impartially administered. It could not have been made except under an industrial system which stimulated enterprise, quickened capital, assured to labor its just reward. It could not have been made under the narrowing policy which assumes the sovereignty of the _State_. It required the broad measures, the expanding functions, which belong to a free _Nation_. Not simply to the leading statesmen of the Senate and the House, but to Congress as a whole, in its aggregate wisdom,--always greater than the wisdom of any one man,--credit and honor are due; due for intelligence, for courage, for zeal in the service of an endangered but now triumphant and prosperous Republic.

During the twenty years, the representatives serving in the House exceeded fifteen hundred in number. As an illustration of the rapidity of changes in elective officers where suffrage is absolutely free, each succeeding House in the ten Congresses, with a single exception, contained a majority of new members. Only one representative in all this number served continuously from 1861 to 1881,--the Honorable William D. Kelley, eminent in his advocacy of the Protective system, steadily growing throughout the entire period in the respect of his associates and in the confidence of the constituency that has so frequently honored him. In the Senate the ratio of change, owing to the longer term of office, has been less; but, even in that more conservative body, rotation in membership has been rapid. In the twenty years nearly two hundred and fifty senators occupied seats in the chamber. Of the whole number, Henry B. Anthony of Rhode Island, warmly remembered by both political parties, was the only senator whose service was unbroken from the opening to the close of the period. Two others were in Congress for the whole time, but not continuously in either House. Justin S. Morrill served six years in the House and fourteen in the Senate; Henry L. Dawes served fourteen years in the House and six in the Senate. For the entire period both were consistent upholders of Republican ideas and Republican politics.--James A. Garfield who was a member of the House for eighteen of the twenty years was, in November, 1880, by a singular concurrence of circumstances placed in an official position altogether without precedent. He was at the same time Representative in Congress, Senator-elect from the State of Ohio, President-elect of the United States.

The National Government has in these twenty years proved its strength in war, its conservatism in peace. The self-restraint which the citizens of the Republic exhibited in the hour of need, the great burdens which they bore under the inspiration of patriotic duty, the public order which they maintained by their instinctive obedience to the command of law, all attest the good government of a self-governing people. Full liberty to criticise the acts of persons in official station, free agitation of all political questions, frequent elections that give opportunity for prompt settlement of all issues, tend to insure popular content and public safety. No Government of modern times has encountered the dangers that beset the United States, or achieved the triumphs wherewith the Nation is crowned.

The assassination of two Presidents, one inaugurated at the beginning, the other at the close of this period, while a cause of profound National grief, reflects no dishonor upon popular government. The murder of Lincoln was the maddened and aimless blow of an expiring rebellion. The murder of Garfield was the fatuous impulse of a debauched conscience if not a disordered brain. Neither crime had its origin in the political institutions or its growth in the social organization of the country. Both crimes received the execration of all parties and all sections. In the universal horror which they inspired, in the majestic supremacy of law, which they failed to disturb, may be read the strongest proof of the stability of a Government which is founded upon the rights, fortified by the intelligence, inwrought with the virtues of the people. For as it was said of old, wisdom and knowledge shall be stability, and the work of righteousness shall be peace!

ADDENDUM.

Hon. Galusha A. Grow, who filled the important post of Chairman of the Committee on Territories in the Thirty-sixth Congress, criticises the statements made on pages 269-272 of Volume I. The anomaly was there pointed out that the men who had been most active in condemning Mr. Webster for consenting to the organization of the Territories of New Mexico and Utah in 1850 without a prohibition of slavery, consented in 1861 to the organization of the Territories of Colorado, Dakota, and Nevada without a prohibition. Mr. Grow as a zealous anti-slavery man writes in defense of the course adopted in 1861. The wisdom of the course was not criticised. Its consistency only was challenged. After giving a history of the various steps in organizing the three Territories in 1861, and of the great need, by reason of the pressure of thousands of emigrants, of providing a government therefor, and the impracticability of passing a Territorial bill with an anti-slavery proviso, Mr. Grow, in a letter to the author, says,--

"The Republican party, about to be entrusted for the first time with the administration of the Government, must show, in addition to sound principles, that it possessed sufficient practical statesmanship to solve wisely any question relative to the development of the material resources of the country, or it would prove itself incompetent to the trust imposed by the people.

"There was this difference in the condition of the public affairs, then, from what it was when Mr. Webster made his celebrated speech of March 7th. The great battle between Freedom and Slavery for supremacy in the Territories had been fought and won in Kansas, and the people had elected a Chief Magistrate on Freedom's side, so that the influences of National Administration would no longer be wielded for the extension of human bondage. Besides, Kansas, a free State, and New Mexico, a Territory already organized, would lie between these new Territories and slave institutions, so that by no possibility could they in the ordinary course of events become slave States.

"On the 7th of March, 1850, when Mr. Webster from the Senate chamber appealed to the North to 'conquer its prejudices' and rely on the laws of God and Nature to prevent the extension of the institution of human bondage, the two great forces of Liberty and Slavery were in deadly and irrepressible conflict,--with all the powers of the Government on the side of Slavery. That struggle reached its last peaceable stage in the triumph of Freedom in Kansas and the election of Lincoln to the Presidency."

Mr. Grow mistakes the relative positions of the slavery question in 1850 and 1861. When Mr. Webster was willing to waive the anti-slavery clause in the bill organizing the Territories of New Mexico and Utah, all the Territories to the North were already protected from slavery by the general prohibition of the Missouri Compromise in 1820, and by the specific prohibition in the Oregon bill of 1848. To Mr. Webster's view, in 1850 Kansas was as secure against the introduction of slavery as it was to Mr. Grow's view in 1861 after Mr. Lincoln was chosen President and the Free State men had won their victory on the soil of the Territory. Mr. Webster saw before him therefore a long procession of States in the North-West whose free institutions were assured by the absolute inhibition of Slavery. He was in the midst of a heated and hated controversy over two Territories adapted only to mining and grazing and never likely to attract slave labor. Neither he nor any other person at that time imagined the possibility of repealing the Missouri Compromise; and therefore when all the territory north of 36° 30' was secured by a prohibition as absolute as Congress could make it, Mr. Webster did not consider it necessary to wage a bitter contest and possibly endanger the Union of the States merely to secure a prohibition of slavery in two Territories where he believed the institution could not go. Precisely in the same way Mr. Grow did not believe that slavery would go into Colorado, Dakota, and Nevada, and he was therefore willing to waive the anti-slavery clause rather than add to the danger of disunion by insisting on it.

The same motives that inspired Mr. Webster in 1850, inspired Mr. Seward, Mr. Wade, and Mr. Grow in 1861. It is seldom that history so exactly repeats itself; but the mention of the coincidence was not designed as a criticism, much less a condemnation of the course of the statesmen who wisely and bravely met their responsibilities in 1861. It was simply a protest against the injustice that had been visited upon Mr. Webster for a like patriotic course in 1850.

If the Southern agitators had resorted to secession and brought on civil war in 1850 the efforts of Mr. Webster to avert the calamity would have received unstinted praise from all classes in the North. If no secession had been attempted and no civil war had followed in 1861, and the South remaining in the Union had resumed the old course for the rights of Slavery in the Territories, Mr. Seward, Mr. Grow and their associates would have received unlimited censure as "dough faces" who had yielded to Southern threats and consented to organize three Territories without an anti-slavery proviso. In each instance the subsequent course of events determined the popularity of unpopularity of similar acts performed with similar motives,--acts altogether honorable, motives altogether patriotic in both cases.

OMISSION.

The names of the distinguished counsel on both sides who appeared before the International Tribunal at Geneva in 1871, were accidentally omitted from the foot-note on page 408, Volume II. Sir Roundell Palmer, afterwards Lord Chancellor (known as Lord Selborne), was sole counsel for the British cause, but was assisted throughout the hearing by Professor Montague Bernard and by Mr. Cohen. The American counsel, as eminent as could be selected from the American bar, were William M. Evarts, Caleb Cushing, and Morrison R. Waite.

NOTE.--An error of statement occurs on page 72, Volume I., in regard to the action of the Whig caucus for Speaker in December, 1847. Mr. Winthrop was chosen after Mr. Vinton had declined, and was warmly supported by Mr. Vinton. The error came from an incorrect account of the caucus in a newspaper of that time.

The translation of the cipher telegrams sent and received by Democratic committees in the Presidential campaign of 1876, is credited on page 500, Volume II., to Mr. William M. Grosvenor. Equal credit should be given to Mr. J. R. G. Hassard. Both gentlemen belonged to the editorial staff of the _New-York Tribune_. Their joint work cannot be too highly praised.

ERRATA. [Omitted: all from Vol. I]

THE APPENDICES.

APPENDIX A. RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF THIRTY-NINTH CONGRESS.

AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE MORE EFFICIENT GOVERNMENT OF THE REBEL STATES.

_Whereas_ no legal State government or adequate protection for life or property now exist in the rebel States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Florida, Texas, and Arkansas; and whereas it is necessary that peace and good order should be enforced in said States until loyal and republican State governments can be legally established: Therefore

_Be it enacted, &c.,_ That said rebel States shall be divided into military districts and made subject to the military authority of the United States, as hereinafter prescribed, and for that purpose Virginia shall constitute the first district; North Carolina and South Carolina the second district; Georgia, Alabama, and Florida the third district; Mississippi and Arkansas the fourth district; and Texas the fifth district.

SEC. 2. That it shall be the duty of the President to assign to the command of each of said districts an officer of the army, not below the rank of brigadier-general, and to detail a sufficient military force to enable such officer to perform his duties and enforce his authority within the district to which he is assigned.

SEC. 3. That it shall be the duty of each officer assigned as aforesaid to protect all persons in their rights of person and property, to suppress insurrection, disorder, and violence, and to punish, or cause to be punished, all disturbers of the public peace and criminals, and to this end he may allow local civil tribunals to take jurisdiction of and to try offenders, or, when in his judgment it may be necessary for the trial of offenders, he shall have power to organize military commissions or tribunals for that purpose; and all interference under color of State authority with the exercise of military authority under this act shall be null and void.

SEC. 4. That all persons put under military arrest by virtue of this act shall be tried without unnecessary delay, and no cruel or unusual punishment shall be inflicted; and no sentence of any military commission or tribunal hereby authorized, affecting the life or liberty of any person, shall be executed until it is approved by the officer in command of the district, and the laws and regulations for the government of the army shall not be affected by this act, except in so far as they conflict with its provisions: _Provided_, That no sentence of death under the provisions of this act shall be carried into effect without the approval of the President.

SEC. 5. That when the people of any one of said rebel States shall have formed a constitution of government in conformity with the Constitution of the United States in all respects, framed by a convention of delegates elected by the male citizens of said State twenty-one years old and upward, of whatever race, color, or previous condition, who have been resident in said State for one year previous to the day of such election, except such as may be disfranchised for participation in the rebellion, or for felony at common law, and when such constitution shall provide that the elective franchise shall be enjoyed by all such persons as have the qualifications herein stated for electors of delegates, and when such constitution shall be ratified by a majority of the persons voting on the question of ratification who are qualified as electors for delegates, and when such constitution shall have been submitted to Congress for examination and approval, and Congress shall have approved the same, and when said State, by a vote of its legislature elected under said constitution, shall have adopted the amendment to the Constitution of the United States, proposed by the Thirty-ninth Congress, and known as article fourteen, and when said article shall have become a part of the Constitution of the United States, said State shall be declared entitled to representation in Congress, and Senators and Representatives shall be admitted therefrom on their taking the oaths prescribed by law, and then and thereafter the preceding sections of this act shall be inoperative in said State: _Provided_, That no person excluded from the privilege of holding office by said proposed amendment to the Constitution of the United States shall be eligible to election as a member of the convention to frame a constitution for any of said rebel States, nor shall any such person vote for members of such convention.

SEC. 6. That until the people of said rebel States shall be by law admitted to representation in the Congress of the United States, any civil governments which may exist therein shall be deemed provisional only, and in all respects subject to the paramount authority of the United States at any time to abolish, modify, control, or supersede the same; and in all elections to any office under such provisional governments all persons shall be entitled to vote, and none others, who are entitled to vote under the provisions of the fifth section of this act; and no person shall be eligible to any office under any such provisional governments who would be disqualified from holding office under the provisions of the third article of said constitutional amendment.

SUPPLEMENTARY RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF FORTIETH CONGRESS.

AN ACT SUPPLEMENTARY TO AN ACT ENTITLED "AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE MORE EFFICIENT GOVERNMENT OF THE REBEL STATES," PASSED MARCH SECOND, EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY-SEVEN, AND TO FACILITATE RESTORATION.

_Be it enacted, &c._, That before the first day of September, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, the commanding general in each district defined by an act entitled, "An act to provide for the more efficient government of the rebel States," passed March second, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, shall cause a registration to be made of the male citizens of the United States, twenty-one years of age and upwards, resident in each county or parish in the State or States included in his district, which registration shall include only those persons who are qualified to vote for delegates by the act aforesaid, and who shall have taken and subscribed the following oath or affirmation: "I, ----, do solemnly swear, (or affirm,) in the presence of Almighty God, that I am a citizen of the State of ----; that I have resided in said State for ---- months next preceding this day, and now reside in the county of ----, or the parish of ----, in said State, (as the case may be;) that I am twenty-one years old; that I have not been disfranchised for participation in any rebellion or civil war against the United States, nor for felony committed against the laws of any State or of the United States; that I have never been a member of any State legislature, nor held any executive or judicial office in any State and afterwards engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; that I have never taken an oath as a member of Congress of the United States, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, and afterwards engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; that I will faithfully support the Constitution and obey the laws of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, encourage others so to do, so help me God;" which oath or affirmation may be administered by any registering officer.

SEC. 2. That after the completion of the registration hereby provided for in any State, at such time and places therein as the commanding general shall appoint and direct, of which at least thirty days' public notice shall be given, an election shall be held of delegates to a convention for the purpose of establishing a constitution and civil government for such State loyal to the Union, said convention in each State, except Virginia, to consist of the same number of members as the most numerous branch of the State legislature of such State in the year eighteen hundred and sixty, to be apportioned among the several districts, counties, or parishes of such State by the commanding general, giving to each representation in the ratio of voters registered as aforesaid, as nearly as may be. The convention in Virginia shall consist of the same number of members as represented the territory now constituting Virginia in the most numerous branch of the legislature of said State in the year eighteen hundred and sixty, to be apportioned as aforesaid.

SEC. 3. That at said election the registered voters of each State shall vote for or against a convention to form a constitution therefor under this act. Those voting in favor of such a convention shall have written or printed on the ballots by which they vote for delegates, as aforesaid, the words "For a convention," and those voting against such a convention shall have written or printed on such ballots the words "Against a convention." The person appointed to superintend said election, and to make return of the votes given thereat, as herein provided, shall count and make return of the votes given for and against a convention; and the commanding general to whom the same shall have been returned shall ascertain and declare the total vote in each State for and against a convention. If a majority of the votes given on that question shall be for a convention, then such convention shall be held as hereinafter provided; but if a majority of said votes shall be against a convention, then no such convention shall be held under this act: _Provided_, That such convention shall not be held unless a majority of all such registered voters shall have voted on the question of holding such convention.

SEC. 4. That the commanding general of each district shall appoint as many boards of registration as may be necessary, consisting of three loyal officers or persons, to make and complete the registration, superintend the election, and make return to him of the votes, lists of voters, and of the persons elected as delegates by a plurality of the votes cast at said election; and upon receiving said returns he shall open the same, ascertain the persons elected as delegates according to the returns of the officers who conducted said election, and make proclamation thereof; and if a majority of the votes given on that question shall be for a convention, the commanding general, within sixty day from the date of election, shall notify the delegates to assemble in convention, at a time and place to be mentioned in the notification, and said convention, when organized, shall proceed to frame a constitution and civil government according to the provisions of this act and the act to which it is supplementary; and when the same shall have been so framed, said constitution shall be submitted by the commissioner for ratification to the persons registered under the provisions of this act at an election to be conducted by the officers or persons appointed or to be appointed by the commanding general, as hereinbefore provided, and to be held after the expiration of thirty days from the date of notice thereof, to be given by said convention; and the returns thereof shall be made to the commanding general of the district.

SEC. 5. That if, according to said returns, the constitution shall be ratified by a majority of the votes of the registered electors qualified as herein specified, cast at said election, (at least one half of all the registered voters voting upon the question of such ratification,) the president of the convention shall transmit a copy of the same, duly certified, to the President of the United States, who shall forthwith transmit the same to Congress, if then in session, and if not in session, then immediately upon its next assembling; and if it shall, moreover, appear to Congress that the election was one at which all the registered and qualified electors in the state had an opportunity to vote freely and without restraint, fear, or the influence of fraud, and if the Congress shall be satisfied that such constitution meets the approval of a majority of all the qualified electors in the State, and if the said constitution shall be declared by Congress to be in conformity with the provisions of the act to which this is supplementary, and the other provisions of said act shall have been complied with, and the said constitution shall be approved by Congress, the State shall be declared entitled to representation, and Senators and Representatives shall be admitted therefrom as therein provided.

SEC. 6. That all elections in the States mentioned in the said "Act to provide for the more efficient government of the rebel States," shall, during the operation of said act, be by ballot; and all officers making the said registration of voters and conducting said elections shall, before entering upon the discharge of their duties, take and subscribe the oath prescribed by the act approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, entitled "An act to prescribe an oath of office:"(1) _Provided_, That if any person shall knowingly and falsely take and subscribe any oath in this act prescribed, such person so offending and being thereof duly convicted, shall be subject to the pains, penalties, and disabilities which by law are provided for the punishment of the crime of wilful and corrupt perjury.

SEC. 7. That all expenses incurred by the several commanding generals, or by virtue of any orders issued, or appointments made, by them, under or by virtue of this act, shall be paid out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated.

SEC. 8. That the convention for each State shall prescribe the fees, salary, and compensation to be paid to all delegates and other officers and agents herein authorized or necessary to carry into effect the purposes of this act not herein otherwise provided for, and shall provide for the levy and collection of such taxes on the property in such State as may be necessary to pay the same.

SEC. 9. That the word article, in the sixth section of the act to which this is supplementary, shall be construed to mean section.

SUPPLEMENTARY RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF JULY 19, 1867.

AN ACT SUPPLEMENTARY TO AN ACT ENTITLED "AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE MORE EFFICIENT GOVERNMENT OF THE REBEL STATES," PASSED ON THE SECOND DAY OF MARCH, 1867, AND THE ACT SUPPLEMENTARY THERETO, PASSED ON THE 23D DAY OF MARCH, 1867.

_Be it enacted, &c._, That is hereby declared to have been the true intent and meaning of the act of the 2d day of March, 1867, entitled "An act to provide for the more efficient government of the rebel States," and of the act supplementary thereto, passed on the 23d day of March, 1867, that the governments then existing in the rebel States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Florida, Texas, and Arkansas, were not legal State governments, and that thereafter said governments, if continued, were to be continued subject in all respects to the military commanders of the respective districts, and to the paramount authority of Congress.

SEC. 2. That the commander of any district named in said act shall have power, subject to the disapproval of the General of the army of the United States, and to have effect till disapproval, whenever in the opinion of such commander the proper administration of said act shall require it, to suspend or remove from office, or from the performance of official duties and the exercise of official powers, any officer of person holding or exercising, or professing to hold or exercise, any civil or military office of duty in such district under any power, election, appointment, or authority derived from, or granted by, or claimed under, any so-called State or the government thereof, or any municipal or other division thereof; and upon such suspension or removal such commander, subject to the disapproval of the General as aforesaid, shall have power to provide from time to time for the performance of the said duties of such officer or person so suspended or removed, by the detail of some competent officer or soldier of the army, or by the appointment of some other person to perform the same, and to fill vacancies occasioned by death, resignation, or otherwise.

SEC. 3. That the General of the army of the United States shall be invested with all the powers of suspension, removal, appointment, and detail granted in the preceding section to district commanders.

SEC. 4. That the acts of the officers of the army already done in removing in said districts persons exercising the functions of civil officers, and appointing others in their stead, are hereby confirmed: _Provided_, That any person heretofore or hereafter appointed by any district commander to exercise the functions of any civil office, may be removed either by the military officer in command of the district, or by the General of the army. And it shall be the duty of such commander to remove from office, as aforesaid, all persons who are disloyal to the Government of the United States, or who use their official influence in any manner to hinder, delay, prevent, or obstruct the due and proper administration of this act and the acts to which it is supplementary.

SEC. 5. That the boards of registration provided for in the act entitled "An act supplementary to an act entitled 'An act to provide for the more efficient government of the rebel States,' passed March 2, 1867, and to facilitate restoration," passed March 23, 1867, shall have power, and it shall be their duty, before allowing the registration of any person, to ascertain, upon such facts or information as they can obtain, whether such person is entitled to be registered under said act, and the oath required by said act shall not be conclusive on such question, and no person shall be registered unless such board shall decide that he is entitled thereto; and such board shall also have power to examine, under oath, (to be administered by any member of such board,) any one touching the qualification of any person claiming registration; but in every case of refusal by the board to register an applicant, and in every case of striking his name from the list as hereinafter provided, the board shall make a note or memorandum which shall be returned with the registration list to the commanding general of the district, setting forth the grounds of such refusal or such striking from the list: _Provided_, That no person shall be disqualified as member of any board of registration by reason of race or color.

SEC. 6. That the true intent and meaning of the oath prescribed in said supplementary act is, (among other things,) that no person who has been a member of the Legislature of any State, or who had held any executive or judicial office in any State, whether he has taken an oath to support the Constitution of the United States or not, and whether he was holding such office at the commencement of the rebellion, or had held it before, and who has afterwards engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof, is entitled to be registered or to vote; and the words "executive or judicial office in any State" in said oath mentioned shall be construed to include all civil offices created by law for the administration of any general law of a State, or for the administration of justice.

SEC. 7. That the time of completing the original registration provided for in this act may, in the discretion of the commander of any district, be extended to the 1st day of October, 1867; and the boards of registration shall have power, and it shall be their duty, commencing fourteen days prior to any election under said act, and upon reasonable public notice of the time and place thereof, to revise, for a period of five days, the registration lists, and, upon being satisfied that any person not entitled thereto has been registered, to strike the name of such person from the list, and such person shall not be allowed to vote. And such board shall also, during the same period, add to such registry the names of all persons who at that time possess the qualifications required by the same act who have not been already registered; and no person shall, at any time, be entitled to be registered or to vote, by reason of any executive pardon or amnesty, for any act or thing which, without such pardon or amnesty, would disqualify him from registration or voting.

SEC. 8. That section four of said last-named act shall be construed to authorize the commanding general named therein, whenever he shall deem it needful, to remove any member of a board of registration and to appoint another in his stead, and to fill any vacancy in such board.

SEC. 9. That all members of said boards of registration, and all persons hereafter elected or appointed to office in said military districts, under any so-called State or municipal authority, or by detail or appointment of the district commanders, shall be required to take and to subscribe the oath of office prescribed by law for officers of the United States.

SEC. 10. That no district commander or member of the board of registration, or any of the officers or appointees acting under them, shall be bound in his action by any opinion of any civil officer of the United States.

SEC. 11. That all the provisions of this act and of the acts to which this is supplementary shall be construed liberally, to the end that all the intents thereof may be fully and perfectly carried out.

AMENDATORY RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF MARCH 11, 1868.

AN ACT TO AMEND THE ACT PASSED MARCH 23, 1867, ENTITLED "AN ACT SUPPLEMENTARY TO 'AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE MORE EFFICIENT GOVERNMENT OF THE REBEL STATES,' PASSED MARCH 2, 1867, AND TO FACILITATE THEIR RESTORATION."

_Be it enacted, &c._, That hereafter any election authorized by the act passed March 23, 1867, entitled "An act supplementary to 'An act to provide for the more efficient government of the rebel States,' passed March 2, 1867, and to facilitate their restoration," shall be decided by a majority of the votes actually cast; and at the election in which the question of the adoption or rejection of any constitution is submitted, any person duly registered in the State may vote in the election district where he offers to vote when he has resided therein for ten days next preceding such election, upon presentation of his certificate of registration, his affidavit, or other satisfactory evidence, under such regulations as the district commanders may prescribe.

SEC. 2. That the constitutional convention of any of the States mentioned in the acts to which this is amendatory may provide that at the time of voting upon the ratification of the constitution, the registered voters may vote also for members of the House of Representatives of the United States, and for all elective officers provided for by the said constitution; and the same election officers, who shall make the return of the votes cast on the ratification or rejection of the constitution, shall enumerate and certify the votes cast for members of Congress.

[(1) This act is in these words:--

_Be it enacted, &c._, That hereafter every person elected or appointed to any office of honor or profit under the Government of the United States either in the civil, military, or naval departments of the public service, excepting the President of the United States, shall, before entering upon the duties of such office, and before being entitled to any of the salary or other emoluments thereof, take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation: "I, A. B., do solemnly swear (or affirm), that I have never voluntarily borne arms against the United States since I have been a citizen thereof; that I have voluntarily given no aid, countenance, counsel, or encouragement to persons engaged in armed hostility thereto; that I have never sought nor accepted nor attempted to exercise the functions of any office whatever, under any authority or pretended authority, in hostility to the United States; that I have not yielded a voluntary support to any pretended government, authority, power, or constitution within the United States, hostile or inimical thereto; and I do further swear (or affirm) that, to the best of my knowledge and ability, I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States, against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion, and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter; so help me God;" which said oath, so taken and signed, shall be preserved among the files of the Court, House of Congress, or Department to which the said office may appertain. And any person who shall falsely take the said oath shall be guilty of perjury, and on conviction, in addition to the penalties now prescribed for that offense, shall be deprived of his office, and rendered incapable forever after, of holding any office or place under the United States.]

APPENDIX B.

AN ACT REGULATING THE TENURE OF CERTAIN CIVIL OFFICES.

_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of American in Congress assembled,_ That every person holding any civil office to which he has been appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and every person who shall hereafter be appointed to any such office, and shall become duly qualified to act therein, is, and shall be, entitled to hold such office until a successor shall have been in like manner appointed and duly qualified, except as herein otherwise provided: _Provided_, That the Secretaries of State, of the Treasury, of War, of the Navy, and of the Interior, the Postmaster General, and the Attorney General shall hold their offices respectively for and during the term of the President by whom they may have been appointed, and for one month thereafter, subject to removal by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

SEC. 2. That when any officer appointed as aforesaid, excepting judges of the United States courts, shall, during the recess of the Senate, be shown, by evidence satisfactory to the President, to be guilty of misconduct in office, or crime, or for any reason shall become incapable or legally disqualified to perform its duties, in such case, and in no other, the President may suspend such officer, and designate some suitable person to perform temporarily the duties of such office until the next meeting of the Senate, and until the case shall be acted upon by the Senate; and such person, so designated, shall take the oaths and give the bonds required by law to be taken and given by the person duly appointed to fill such office; and in such case it shall be the duty of the President, within twenty days after the first day of such next meeting of the Senate, to report to the Senate such suspension, with the evidence and reasons for his action in the case and the name of the person so designated to perform the duties of such office. And if the Senate shall concur in such suspension, and advise and consent to the removal of such officer, they shall so certify to the President, who may thereupon remove such officer, and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint another person to such office. But if the Senate shall refuse to concur in such suspension, such officer so suspended shall forthwith resume the functions of his office, and the powers of the person so performing its duties in his stead shall cease, and the official salary and emoluments of such officer shall, during such suspension, belong to the person so performing its duties thereof, and not to the officer so suspended: _Provided, however,_ That the President, in case he shall become satisfied that such suspension was made on insufficient grounds, shall be authorized, at any time before reporting such suspension to the Senate as above provided, to revoke such suspension and reinstate such officer in the performance of the duties of his office.

SEC. 3. That the President shall have power to fill all vacancies which may happen during the recess of the Senate, by reason of death or resignation, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session thereafter. And if no appointment, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall be made to such office so vacant or temporarily filled as aforesaid during such next session of the Senate, such office shall remain in abeyance without any salary, fees, or emoluments attached thereto, until the same shall be filled by appointment thereto, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate; and during such time all the powers and duties belonging to such office shall be exercised by such other officer as may by law exercise such powers and duties in case of a vacancy in such office.

SEC. 4. That nothing in this act contained shall be construed to extend the term of any office the duration of which is limited by law.

SEC. 5. That if any person shall, contrary to the provisions of this act, accept any appointment to or employment in any office, or shall hold or exercise, or attempt to hold or exercise, any such office or employment, he shall be deemed, and is hereby declared to be, guilty of a high misdemeanor, and, upon trial and conviction thereof, he shall be punished therefor by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding five years, or both said punishments, in the discretion of the court.

SEC. 6. That every removal, appointment, or employment made, had, or exercised, contrary to the provisions of this act, and the making, signing, sealing, counter-signing, or issuing of any commission or letter of authority for or in respect to any such appointment or employment, shall be deemed, and are hereby declared to be, high misdemeanors, and, upon trial and conviction thereof, every person guilty thereof shall be punished by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding five years, or both said punishments, in the discretion of the court: _Provided_, That the President shall have power to make out and deliver, after the adjournment of the Senate, commissions for all officers whose appointment shall have been advised and consented to by the Senate.

SEC. 7. That it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Senate, at the close of each session thereof, to deliver to the Secretary of the Treasury, and to each of his assistants, and to each of the Auditors, and to each of the Comptrollers in the Treasury, and to the Treasurer, and to the Register of the Treasury, a full and complete list, duly certified, of all persons who shall have been nominated to and rejected by the Senate during such session, and a like list of all the offices to which nominations shall have been made and not confirmed and filled at such session.

SEC. 8. That whenever the President shall, without the advice and consent of the Senate, designate, authorize, or employ any person to perform the duties of any office, he shall forthwith notify the Secretary of the Treasury thereof, and it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury thereupon to communicate such notice to all the proper accounting and disbursing officers of the Government.

SEC. 9. That no money shall be paid or received from the Treasury, or paid or received out of any public moneys or funds of the United States, whether in the Treasury or not, to or by or for the benefit of any person appointed to or authorized to act in or holding or exercising the duties or functions of any office contrary to the provisions of this act; nor shall any claim, account, voucher, order, certificate, warrant, or other instrument providing for or relating to such payment, receipt, or retention, be presented, passed, allowed, approved, certified, or paid by any officer of the United States, or by any person exercising the functions or performing the duties of any office or place of trust under the United States, for or in respect such office, or the exercising or performing the functions or duties thereof; and every person who shall violate any of the provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and, upon trail and conviction thereof, shall be punished therefor by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding ten years, or both said punishments, in the discretion of the court.

AN ACT TO AMEND "AN ACT REGULATING THE TENURE OF CERTAIN CIVIL OFFICES."

_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of American in Congress assembled,_ That the first and second sections of an act entitled "An act regulating the tenure of certain civil offices," passed March 2, 1867, be, and the same are, hereby repealed, and in lieu of said repealed sections the following are hereby enacted:

That every person holding any civil office to which has been or hereafter may be appointed, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and who shall have become duly qualified to act therein, shall be entitled to hold such office during the term for which he shall have been appointed, unless sooner removed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, or by the appointment, with the like advice and consent, of a successor in his place, except as herein otherwise provided.

SEC. 2. _And be it further enacted,_ That during any recess of the Senate the President is hereby empowered, in his discretion, to suspend any civil officer appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, except judges of the United States courts, until the end of the next session of the Senate, and to designate some suitable person, subject to be removed in his discretion by the designation of another, to perform the duties of such suspended officer in the meantime; and such person so designated shall take the oaths and give the bonds required by law to be taken and given by the suspended officer, and shall, during the time he performs his duties, be entitled to the salary and emoluments of such office, no part of which shall belong to the officer suspended; and it shall be the duty of the President within thirty days after the commencement of each session of the Senate, except for any office which in his opinion ought not to be filled, to nominate persons to fill all vacancies in office which existed at the meeting of the Senate, whether temporarily filled or not, and also in the place of all officers suspended; and if the Senate during such session shall refuse to advise and consent to an appointment in the place of any suspended officer, then, and not otherwise, the President shall nominate another person as soon as practicable to said session of the Senate for said office.

SEC. 3. _And be it further enacted,_ That section three of the act to which this is an amendment be amended by inserting after the word "resignation," in line three of said section, the following: "or expiration of term of office."

APPENDIX C.

ARTICLES OF IMPEACHMENT VOTED UPON BY THE SENATE.

ARTICLE XI.

That said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, unmindful of the high duties of his office and of his oath of office, and in disregard of the Constitution and laws of the United States, did heretofore, to wit: on the 18th day of August, 1866, at the city of Washington, in the District of Columbia, by public speech, declare and affirm in substance that the Thirty-Ninth Congress of the United States was not a Congress of the United States authorized by the Constitution to exercise legislative power under the same; but, on the contrary, was a Congress of only part of the States, thereby denying and intending to deny that the legislation of said Congress was valid or obligatory upon him, the said Andrew Johnson, except in so far as he saw fit to approve the same, and also thereby denying and intending to deny the power of the said Thirty-Ninth Congress to propose amendments to the Constitution of the United States; and, in pursuance of said declaration, the said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, afterward, to wit: on the 21st day of February, 1868, at the city of Washington, in the District of Columbia, did unlawfully and in disregard of the requirements of the Constitution, that he should take care that the laws be faithfully executed, attempt to prevent the execution of an act entitled, "An act regulating the tenure of certain civil offices," passed March 2,1867, by unlawfully devising and contriving, and attempting to devise and contrive, means by which he should prevent Edwin M. Stanton from forthwith resuming the functions of the office of Secretary for the Department of War, notwithstanding the refusal of the Senate to concur in the suspension therefore made by said Andrew Johnson of said Edwin M. Stanton from said office of Secretary for the Department of War, and also by further unlawfully devising and contriving, and attempting to devise and contrive, means then and there to prevent the execution of an act entitled "An act making appropriations for the support of the Army for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1868, and for other purposes," approved March 2, 1867, and also to prevent the execution of an act entitled "An act to provide for the more efficient government of the rebel States," passed March 2, 1867; whereby the said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, did then, to wit: on the 21st day of February, 1868, at the city of Washington, commit and was guilty of a high misdemeanor in office.

And the House of Representatives, by protestation, saving to themselves the liberty of exhibiting at any time hereafter any further articles or other accusation or impeachment against the said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, and also of replying to his answers which he shall make unto the articles herein preferred against him, and of offering proof to the same and every part thereof, and to all and every other article, accusation, or impeachment which shall be exhibited by them, as the case shall require, do demand that the said Andrew Johnson may be put to answer the high crimes and misdemeanors in office herein charged against him, and that such proceedings, examinations, trials, and judgments may be thereupon had and given as may be agreeable to law and justice.

ARTICLE II.

That on said 21st day of February, in the year of our Lord 1868, at Washington, in the District of Columbia, said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, unmindful of the high duties of his office, of his oath of office, and in violation of the Constitution of the United States, and contrary to the provisions of an act entitled "An act regulating the tenure of certain civil offices," passed March 2, 1867, without the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States, said Senate then and there being in session, and without authority of law, did, with intent to violate the Constitution of the United States and the act aforesaid, issue and deliver to one Lorenzo Thomas a letter of authority in substance as follows, that is to say:

EXECUTIVE MANSION, WASHINGTON, D. C. _February_ 21, 1868.

SIR: Hon. Edwin M. Stanton having this day been removed from office as Secretary for the Department of War, you are hereby authorized and empowered to act as Secretary of War _ad interim_, and will immediately enter upon the discharge of the duties pertaining to that office.

Mr. Stanton has been instructed to transfer to you all the records, books, papers, and other public property now in his custody and charge.

Respectfully yours, ANDREW JOHNSON. To Brevet Major-General LORENZO THOMAS, _Adjutant General United States Army, Washington, D. C._

then and there being no vacancy in said office of Secretary for the Department of War; whereby said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, did then and there commit and was guilty of a high misdemeanor in office.

ARTICLE III.

That said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, on the 21st day of February, in the year of our Lord 1868, at Washington, in the District of Columbia, did commit and was guilty of a high misdemeanor in office, in this, that, without authority of law, while the Senate of the United States was then and there in session, he did appoint one Lorenzo Thomas to be Secretary for the Department of War _ad interim_, without the advice and consent of the Senate, and with intent to violate the Constitution of the United States, no vacancy having happened in said office of Secretary for the Department of War during the recess of the Senate, and no vacancy existing in said office at the time, and which said appointment, so made by said Andrew Johnson, of said Lorenzo Thomas, is in substance as follows, that is to say:

EXECUTIVE MANSION, WASHINGTON, D. C. _February_ 21, 1868.

SIR: Hon. Edwin M. Stanton having this day been removed from office as Secretary for the Department of War, you are hereby authorized and empowered to act as Secretary of War _ad interim_, and will immediately enter upon the discharge of the duties pertaining to that office.

Mr. Stanton has been instructed to transfer to you all the records, books, papers, and other public property now in his custody and charge.

Respectfully yours, ANDREW JOHNSON. To Brevet Major-General LORENZO THOMAS, _Adjutant General United States Army, Washington, D. C._

[APPENDIX] THIRTY-NINTH CONGRESS. REPUBLICANS IN ROMAN; DEMOCRATS IN ITALIC; ADMINISTRATION REPUBLICANS IN SMALL CAPITALS.

SENATE.

MAINE.--William Pitt Fessenden (1), Lot M. Morrill. NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Daniel Clark (2), Aaron H. Cragin. VERMONT.--Solomon Foot (3), Luke P. Poland. MASSACHUSETTS.--Charles Sumner, Henry Wilson. RHODE ISLAND.--Henry B. Anthony, William Sprague. CONNECTICUT.--James Dixon, Lafayette S. Foster. NEW YORK.--Ira Harris, Edwin D. Morgan. NEW JERSEY.--_William Wright_(4), _John B. Stockton_(5). PENNSYLVANIA.--_Charles R. Buckalew_, EDGAR COWAN. DELAWARE.--_George Reed Riddle, Willard Saulsbury_. MARYLAND.--John A. J. Creswell, _Reverdy Johnson_. OHIO.--John Sherman, Benjamin F. Wade. KENTUCKY.--_James Guthrie, Garrett Davis_. INDIANA.--Henry S. Lane, _Thomas A. Hendricks_. ILLINOIS.--Lyman Trumbull, Richard Yates. MISSOURI.--B. Gratz Brown, John B. Henderson. MICHIGAN.--Zachariah Chandler, Jacob M. Howard. IOWA.--James W. Grimes, Samuel J. Kirkwood. WISCONSIN.--JAMES R. DOOLITTLE, Timothy O. Howe. CALIFORNIA.--John Conness, _James A. McDougal_. MINNESOTA.--DANIEL S. NORTON, Alexander Ramsey. OREGON.--_James W. Nesmith_, George H. Williams. KANSAS.--Samuel C. Pomeroy, JAMES H. LANE (6). WEST VIRGINIA.--Peter C. Van Winkle, Waitman T. Willey. NEVADA.--James W. Nye, William M. Stewart. TENNESSEE.--David T. Patterson, Joseph S. Fowler. From July 24, 1866.

(1) Resigned. Succeeded by Nathan A. Farwell. (2) Resigned. Succeeded by George G. Fogg. (3) Died. Succeeded by George F. Edmunds. (4) Died. Succeeded by Frederick T. Frelinghuysen. (5) Unseated. Succeeded by Alexander G. Cattell. (6) Died. Succeeded by Edmund G. Ross.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Schuyler Colfax of Indiana, Speaker. Edward McPherson of Pennsylvania, Clerk. MAINE.--John Lynch, Sidney Perham, James G. Blaine, John H. Rice, Frederick A. Pike. NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Gilman Marston, Edward H. Rollins, James W. Patterson. VERMONT.--Frederick E. Woodbridge, Justin S. Morrill, Portus Baxter. MASSACHUSETTS.--Thomas D. Eliot, Oakes Ames, Alexander H. Rice, Samuel Hooper, John B. Alley, Nathaniel P. Banks, George S. Boutwell, John D. Baldwin, William B. Washburn, Henry L. Dawes. RHODE ISLAND.--Thomas A. Jenckes, Nathan F. Dixon. CONNECTICUT.--Henry C. Deming, Samuel L. Warner, Augustus Brandegee, John H. Hubbard. NEW YORK.--_Stephen Taber, Teunis G. Bergen_, James Humphrey (1), _Morgan Jones, Nelson Taylor_, HENRY J. RAYMOND, _John W. Chanler, James Brooks_(2), William A. Darling, _William Radford, Charles H. Winfield_, John H. Ketcham, _Edwin N. Hubbell, Charles Goodyear_, John A. Griswold, ROBERT S. HALE, Calvin T. Hulburd, James M. Marvin, Demas Hubbard, jun., Addison H. Laflin, Roscoe Conkling, Sidney T. Holmes, Thomas T. Davis, Theodore M. Pomeroy, Daniel Morris, Giles W. Hotchkiss, Hamilton Ward, Roswell Hart, Burt Van Horn, _James M. Humphrey_, Henry Van Aernam. NEW JERSEY.--John F. Starr, William A. Newell, _Charles Sitgreaves, Andrew J. Rogers, Edwin R. V. Wright_. PENNSYLVANIA.--_Samuel J. Randall_, Charles O'Neill, Leonard Myers, William D. Kelley, M. Russell Thayer, _Benjamin M. Boyer_, John M. Broomall, _Sydenham E. Ancona_, Thaddeus Stevens, _Myers Strouse, Philip Johnson (3), Charles Denison_, Ulysses Mercur, George F. Miller, _Adam J. Glossbrenner, Alexander H. Coffroth (4)_, Abraham A. Barker, Stephen F. Wilson, Glenni W. Scofield, Charles V. Culver, _John L. Dawson_, James K. Moorhead, Thomas Williams, George V. Lawrence. DELAWARE.--_John A. Nicholson_. MARYLAND.--_Hiram McCullough_, John L. Thomas, jun., CHARLES E. PHELPS, Francis Thomas, _Benjamin G. Harris_. OHIO.--Benjamin Eggleston, Rutherford B. Hayes, Robert C. Schenck, William Lawrence, _Francis C. Le Blond_, Reader W. Clarke, Samuel Shellabarger, JAMES R. HUBBELL, Ralph P. Buckland, James M. Ashley, Hezekiah S. Bundy, _William E. Finck_, Columbus Delano, Martin Welker, Tobias A. Plants, John A. Bingham, Ephraim R. Eckley, Rufus P. Spalding, James A. Garfield. KENTUCKY.--_Lawrence S. Trimble, Burwell C. Ritter, Henry Grider (5), Aaron Harding_, LOVELL H. ROUSSEAU, GREEN CLAY SMITH (6), _George S. Shanklin_, William H. Randall, Samuel McKee. TENNESSEE.--_Nathaniel G. Taylor_, Horace Maynard, William B. Stokes, _Edmund Cooper, William B. Campbell_, Samuel M. Arnell, Isaac R. Hawkins, _John W. Leftwich_. From July 24, 1866. INDIANA.--_William E. Niblack, Michael C. Kerr_, Ralph Hill, John H. Farquhar, George W. Julian, Ebenezer Dumont, _Daniel W. Voorhees_(7), Godlove S. Orth, Schuyler Colfax, Joseph H. Defrees, THOMAS N. STILLWELL. ILLINOIS.--John Wentworth, John F. Farnsworth, Elihu B. Washburne, Abner C. Harding, Ebon C. Ingersoll, Burton C. Cook, Henry P. H. Bromwell, Shelby M. Cullom, _Lewis W. Ross, Anthony Thornton, Samuel S. Marshall_, Jehu Baker, Andrew J. Kuykendall, Samuel W. Moulton. MISSOURI.--_John Hogan_, Henry T. Blow, THOMAS E. NOELL, John B. Kelso, Joseph W. McClurg, Robert T. Van Horn, Benjamin F. Loan, John F. Benjamin, George W. Anderson. MICHIGAN.--Fernando C. Beaman, Charles Upson, John W. Longyear, Thomas W. Ferry, Roland E. Trowbridge, John F. Driggs. IOWA.--James F. Wilson, Hiram Price, William B. Allison, Joseph B. Grinnell, John A. Kasson, Asahel W. Hubbard. WISCONSIN.--Halbert E. Paine, Ithamar C. Sloan, Amasa Cobb, _Charles A. Eldridge_, Philetus Sawyer, Walter D. McIndoe. CALIFORNIA.--Donald C. McRuer, William Higby, John Bidwell. MINNESOTA.--William Windom, Ignatius Donnelly. OREGON.--James H. D. Henderson. KANSAS.--Sidney Clarke. WEST VIRGINIA.--Chester D. Hubbard, George R. Latham, Kellian V. Whaley. NEVADA.--Delos R. Ashley. NEBRASKA.--Thomas M. Marquette. From Feb. 9, 1867.

(1) Died. Succeeded by _John W. Hunter_. (2) Unseated. Succeeded by William E. Dodge. (3) Died. Succeeded by _Daniel M. Van Auken_. (4) Unseated. Succeeded by William H. Koontz. (5) Died. Succeeded by _Elijah Hise_. (6) Resigned. Succeeded by _Andrew H. Ward_. (7) Unseated. Succeeded by Henry D. Washburn.

TERRITORIAL DELEGATES. NEW MEXICO.--J. Francisco Chaves. UTAH.--_William H. Hooper_. WASHINGTON.--Arthur A. Denny. ARIZONA.--John N. Goodwin. NEBRASKA.--Phineas W. Hitchcock. COLORADO.--Allen A. Bradford. DAKOTA.--Walter A. Burleigh. IDAHO.--E. D. Holbrook. MONTANA.--Samuel McLean.

SENATORS CHOSEN FROM THE LATE INSURRECTIONARY STATES. ALABAMA.--Lewis E. Parson, George S. Houston. ARKANSAS.--Elisha Baxter, William D. Snow. FLORIDA.--William Marvin, Wilkerson Call. GEORGIA.--Alexander H. Stephens, Herschel V. Johnson. LOUISIANA.--Randall Hunt, Henry Boyce. (R. King Cutler and Michael Hahn also claim under a former election in October, 1864.) MISSISSIPPI.--William L. Sharkey, James L. Alcorn. NORTH CAROLINA.--William A. Graham, John Pool. SOUTH CAROLINA.--Benjamin F. Perry, John L. Manning (1). TENNESSEE.--David T. Patterson, Joseph S. Fowler. TEXAS.--David G. Burnett, O. M. Roberts. VIRGINIA.--John C. Underwood, Joseph Segar.

REPRESENTATIVES CHOSEN FROM THE LATE INSURRECTIONARY STATES. ALABAMA.--C. C. Langdon, George C. Freeman (2), General Cullen A. Battle, Joseph W. Taylor, B. T. Pope, Thomas J. Foster. ARKANSAS.--William Byers, George H. Kyle, James M. Johnson. FLORIDA.--F. McLeod. GEORGIA.--Solomon Cohen, General Philip Cook, Hugh Buchanan, E. G. Cabaniss, J. D. Matthews, J. H. Christy, General W. T. Wofford (3). LOUISIANA.--Louis St. Martin, Jacob Barker, Robert C. Wickliffe, John E. King, John S. Ray. (Henry C. Warmoth claims seat as delegate under universal suffrage election.) MISSISSIPPI.--Colonel Arthur E. Reynolds, Colonel Richard A. Pinson, James T. Harrison, A. M. West, E. G. Peyton. NORTH CAROLINA.--Jesse R. Stubbs, Charles C. Clark, Thomas C. Fuller, Colonel Josiah Turner, jun., Lewis Hanes, S. H. Walkup, Alexander H. Jones. SOUTH CAROLINA.--Colonel John D. Kennedy, William Aiken, General Samuel McGowan, James Farrow. TENNESSEE.--Nathaniel G. Taylor, Horace Maynard, William B. Stokes, Edmund Cooper, William B. Campbell, Samuel M. Arnell, Isaac R. Hawkins, John W. Leftwich. TEXAS.--George W. Chilton, Benjamin H. Epperson, A. M. Branch, C. Herbert. VIRGINIA.--W. H. B. Custis, Lucius H. Chandler, B. Johnson Barbour, Robert Ridgeway, Beverly A. Davis, Alexander H. H. Stuart, Robert Y. Conrad, Daniel H. Hoge.

(1) Resigned. Succeeded by James B. Campbell. (2) Died. Succeeded by J. McCaleb Wiley. (3) Died. Succeeded by James P. Hambleton.

[APPENDIX] FORTIETH CONGRESS. REPUBLICANS IN ROMAN; DEMOCRATS IN ITALIC; ADMINISTRATION REPUBLICANS IN SMALL CAPITALS.

SENATE. Benjamin F. Wade of Ohio, President. John W. Forney of Pennsylvania, Secretary (1). MAINE.--Lot M. Morrill, William Pitt Fessenden. NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Aaron H. Cragin, James W. Patterson. VERMONT.--George F. Edmunds, Justin S. Morrell. MASSACHUSETTS.--Charles Sumner, Henry Wilson. RHODE ISLAND.--William Sprague, Henry B. Anthony. CONNECTICUT.--JAMES DIXON, Orris S. Ferry. NEW YORK.--Edwin D. Morgan, Roscoe Conkling. NEW JERSEY.--Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, Alexander G. Cattell. PENNSYLVANIA.--_Charles R. Buckalew_, Simon Cameron. DELAWARE.--_George Read Riddle (2), Willard Saulsbury_. MARYLAND.--_Reverdy Johnson_(3), Philip Francis Thomas (4). OHIO.--Benjamin F. Wade, John Sherman. KENTUCKY.--_Garrett Davis, James Guthrie_(5). TENNESSEE.--_Daniel T. Patterson_, Joseph S. Fowler. INDIANA.--_Thomas A. Hendricks_, Oliver P. Morton. ILLINOIS.--Richard Yates, Lyman Trumbull. MISSOURI.--John B. Henderson, Charles D. Drake. ARKANSAS.--Alexander McDonald, Benjamin F. Rice (6). MICHIGAN.--Zachariah Chandler, Jacob M. Howard. FLORIDA.--Adonijah S. Welch, Thomas W. Osborn (6). NORTH CAROLINA.--Joseph C. Abbott, John Pool (6). SOUTH CAROLINA.--Thomas J. Robertson, Frederick A. Sawyer (6). ALABAMA.--Willard Warner, George E. Spencer (6). LOUISIANA.--John S. Harris, William P. Kellogg (6). IOWA.--James W. Grimes, James Harlan. WISCONSIN.--JAMES R. DOOLITTLE, Timothy O. Howe. CALIFORNIA.--John Conness, Cornelius Cole. MINNESOTA.--Alexander Ramsey, DANIEL S. NORTON. OREGON.--George H. Williams, Henry W. Corbett. KANSAS.--Edmund G. Ross, Samuel C. Pomeroy. WEST VIRGINIA.--Peter G. Van Winkle, Waitman T. Willey. NEVADA.--William M. Stewart, James W. Nye. NEBRASKA.--Thomas W. Tipton, John M. Thayer.

(1) Resigned. Succeeded by George C. Gorham. (2) Resigned. Succeeded by _William Pinckney Whyte_. (3) Died. Succeeded by _James A. Bayard_. (4) Denied admission. _George Vickers_ admitted. (5) Resigned. Succeeded by _Thomas C. McCreery_. (6) Admitted under Acts June 22-25, 1868.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Schuyler Colfax of Indiana, Speaker. Edward McPherson of Pennsylvania, Clerk. MAINE.--John Lynch, Sidney Perham, James G. Blaine, John A. Peters, Frederick A. Pike. NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Jacob H. Ela, Aaron F. Stevens, Jacob Benton. VERMONT.--Frederick E. Woodbridge, Luke P. Poland, Worthington C. Smith. MASSACHUSETTS.--Thomas D. Eliot, Oakes Ames, Ginery Twichell, Samuel Hooper, Benjamin F. Butler, Nathaniel P. Banks, George S. Boutwell, John D. Baldwin, William B. Washburn, Henry L. Dawes. RHODE ISLAND.--Thomas A. Jenckes, Nathan F. Dixon. CONNECTICUT.--_Richard D. Hubbard, Julius Hotchkiss_, Henry H. Starkweather, _William H. Barnum_. NEW YORK.--_Stephen Taber, Demas Barnes, William E. Robinson, John Fox, John Morrissey, Thomas E. Stewart, John W. Chanler, James Brooks, Fernando Wood_, William H. Robertson, Charles H. Van Wyck, John H. Ketchum, Thomas Cornell, _John V. L. Pruyn_, John A. Griswold, Orange Ferriss, Calvin T. Hulburd, James M. Marvin, William C. Fields, Addison H. Laffin, Alexander H. Bailey, John C. Churchill, Dennis McCarthy, Theodore M. Pomeroy, William H. Kelsey, William S. Lincoln, Hamilton Ward, Lewis Selye, Burt Van Horn, _James M. Humphrey_, Henry Van Aernam. NEW JERSEY.--William Moore, _Charles Haight, Charles Sitgreaves_, John Hill, George A. Halsey. PENNSYLVANIA.--_Samuel J. Randall_, Charles O'Neill, Leonard Myers, William D. Kelley, Caleb N. Taylor, _Benjamin M. Boyer_, John M. Broomall, _J. Lawrence Getz_, Thaddeus Stevens (1), Henry L. Cake, _Daniel M. Van Auken, Charles Denison_(2), Ulysees Mercur, George F. Miller, _Adam J. Glossbrenner_, William H. Koontz, Daniel J. Morrell, Stephen F. Wilson, Glenni W. Scofield, Darwin A. Finney (3), John Covode, James K. Moorhead, Thomas Williams, George V. Lawrence. DELAWARE.--_John A. Nicholson_. MARYLAND.--_Hiram McCullough, Stevenson Archer_, CHARLES E. PHELPS, Francis Thomas, _Frederick Stone_. OHIO.--Benjamin Eggleston, Rutherford B. Hayes (4), Robert C. Schenck, William Lawrence, _William Mungen_, Reader W. Clarke, Samuel Shellabarger, Cornelius S. Hamilton (5), Ralph P. Buckland, James M. Ashley, John T. Wilson, _Philadelph Van Trump, George W. Morgan_(6), Martin Welker, Tobias A. Plante, John A. Binham, Ephraim R. Eckley, Rufus P. Spalding, James A. Garfield. KENTUCKY.--_Lawrence S. Trimble_, (vacancy), _Jacob S. Golladay, J. Proctor Knott, Asa P. Grover, Thomas L. Jones, James B. Beck, George M. Adams_, Samuel McKee. TENNESSEE.--Roderick R. Butler, Horace Maynard, William B. Stokes, James Mullins, John Trimble, Samuel M. Arnell, Isaac R. Hawkins, David A. Nunn. INDIANA.--_William E. Niblack, Michael C. Kerr_, Morton C. Hunter, _William S. Holman_, George W. Julian, John Coburn, Henry D. Washburn, Godlove S. Orth, Schuyler Colfax, William Williams, John P. C. Shanks. ILLINOIS.--Norman B. Judd, John F. Farnsworth, Elihu B. Washburne, Abner C. Harding, Ebon C. Ingersoll, Burton C. Cook, Henry P. H. Bromwell, Shelby M. Cullom, _Lewis W. Rose, Albert G. Burr, Samuel S. Marshall_, John Baker, Green B. Raum, John A. Logan. MISSOURI.--William A. Pile, Carman A. Newcomb, THOMAS E. NOELL (7), Joseph J. Gravely, Joseph W. McClurg (8), Robert T. Van Horn, Benjamin F. Loan, John F. Benjamin, George W. Anderson. ARKANSAS.--Logan H. Roots, James Hinds (9), Thomas Boles (10). MICHIGAN.--Fernando C. Beaman, Charles Upson, Austin Blair, Thomas W. Ferry, Rowland E. Trowbridge, John F. Driggs. FLORIDA.--Charles M. Hamilton (10). NORTH CAROLINA.--John R. French, David Heaton, Oliver H. Dockery, John T. Deweese, Israel G. Lash, Nathaniel Boyden, Alexander H. Jones (10). SOUTH CAROLINA.--Benjamin F. Whittemore, C. C. Bowen, Simeon Corley, James H. Goss (10). GEORGIA.--J. W. Clift, _Nelson Tift_, W. P. Edwards, Samuel F. Gove, C. H. Prince, (vacancy), _P. M. B. Young_(10). ALABAMA.--Francis W. Kellogg, Charles W. Buckley, Benjamin W. Norris, Charles W. Pierce, John B. Callis, Thomas Haughey (10). LOUISIANA.--J. Hale Sypher, James Mann, Joseph P. Newsham, Michael Vidal, W. Jasper Blackburn (10). IOWA.--James F. Wilson, Hiram Price, William B. Allison, William Loughridge, Grenville M. Dodge, Asahel W. Hubbard. WISCONSIN.--Halbert E. Paine, Benjamin F. Hopkins, Amasa Cobb, _Charles A. Eldridge_, Philetus Sawyer, Cadwalader C. Washburn. CALIFORNIA.--_Samuel B. Axtell_, William Higby, _James A. Johnson_. MINNESOTA.--William Windom, Ignatius Donnelly. OREGON.--Rufus Mallory. KANSAS.--Sidney Clarke. WEST VIRGINIA.--Chester D. Hubbard, Bethnel M. Kitchen, Daniel Polsley. NEVADA.--Delos R. Ashley. NEBRASKA.--John Taffe.

TERRITORIAL DELEGATES. ARIZONA.--Coles Bashford. COLORADO.--George M. Chilcott. DAKOTA.--Walter A. Burleigh. IDAHO.--_E. D. Holbrook_. MONTANA.--_James M. Cavanaugh_. NEW MEXICO.--_Charles P. Clever_. UTAH.--_William H. Hooper_. WASHINGTON.--Alvan Flanders.

(1) Died. Succeeded by Oliver J. Dickey. (2) Died. Succeeded by _George W. Woodward_. (3) Died. Succeeded by S. Newton Pettis. (4) Resigned. Succeeded by _Samuel F. Cary_. (5) Died. Succeeded by John Beatty. (6) Unseated. Succeeded by Columbus Delano. (7) Died. Succeeded by _James R. McCormick_. (8) Resigned. Succeeded by John H. Stover. (9) Died. Succeeded by James T. Elliott. (10) Admitted under Acts June 22-25, 1868.

APPENDIX D. FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. REPUBLICANS IN ROMAN; DEMOCRATS IN ITALIC.

SENATE. Schuyler Colfax of Indiana, President. George C. Gorham of California, Secretary. MAINE.--William Pitt Fessenden (1), Hannibal Hamlin. NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Aaron H. Cragin, James W. Patterson. VERMONT.--George F. Edmunds, Justin S. Morrill. MASSACHUSETTS.--Charles Sumner, Henry Wilson. RHODE ISLAND.--Henry B. Anthony, William Sprague. CONNECTICUT.--Orris S. Ferry, William A. Buckingham. NEW YORK.--Roscoe Conkling, Reuben E. Fenton. NEW JERSEY.--Alexander G. Cattell, _John P. Stockton_. PENNSYLVANIA.--Simon Cameron, John Scott. DELAWARE.--_Willard Saulsbury, Thomas F. Bayard_. MARYLAND.--_George Vickers, William T. Hamilton_. VIRGINIA.--_John W. Johnston_, John F. Lewis. NORTH CAROLINA.--Joseph C. Abbott, John Pool. SOUTH CAROLINA.--Thomas J. Robertson, Frederick A. Sawyer. GEORGIA.--_H. V. M. Miller_, Joshua Hill. ALABAMA.--Willard Warner, George E. Spencer. MISSISSIPPI.--Hiram R. Revels, Adelbert Ames. LOUISIANA.--John S. Harris, William P. Kellogg. OHIO.--John Sherman, _Allen G. Thurman_. KENTUCKY.--_Garrett Davis, Thomas C. McCreery_. TENNESSEE.--Joseph S. Fowler, William G. Brownlow. INDIANA.--Oliver P. Morton, Daniel D. Pratt. ILLINOIS.--Lyman Trumbull, Richard Yates. MISSOURI.--Charles D. Drake (2), Carl Schurz. ARKANSAS.--Alexander McDonald, Benjamin F. Rice. MICHIGAN.--Zachariah Chandler, Jacob M. Howard. FLORIDA.--Thomas W. Osborn, Abijah Gilbert. TEXAS.--Morgan C. Hamilton, James W. Flanagan. IOWA.--James W. Grimes (3), James Harlan. WISCONSIN.--Timothy O. Howe, Matthew H. Carpenter. CALIFORNIA.--Cornelius Cole, _Eugene Casserly_. MINNESOTA.--Alexander Ramsey, _Daniel S. Norton_(4). OREGON.--George H. Williams, Henry W. Corbett. KANSAS.--Edmund G. Ross, Samuel C. Pomeroy. WEST VIRGINIA.--Waitman T. Willey, Arthur I. Boreman. NEVADA.--James W. Nye, William M. Stewart. NEBRASKA.--John M. Thayer, Thomas W. Tipton.

(1) Died. Succeeded by Lot M. Morrill. (2) Resigned. Daniel T. Jewett appointed; _Francis P. Blair, jun._, elected. (3) Resigned. Succeeded by James B. Howell. (4) Died. William Windom appointed; Ozora P. Stearns elected.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES James G. Blaine of Maine, Speaker. Edward McPherson of Pennsylvania, Clerk. MAINE.--John Lynch, Samuel P. Morrill, James G. Blaine, John A. Peters, Eugene Hale. NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Jacob H. Ela, Aaron F. Stevens, Jacob Benton. VERMONT.--Charles W. Willard, Luke P. Poland, Worthington C. Smith. MASSACHUSETTS.--James Buffinton, Oakes Ames, Ginery Twichell, Samuel Hooper, Benjamin F. Butler, Nathaniel P. Banks, George S. Boutwell (1), George F. Hoar, William B. Washburn, Henry L. Dawes. RHODE ISLAND.--Thomas A. Jenckes, Nathan F. Dixon. CONNECTICUT.--Julius Strong, Stephen W. Kellogg, Henry H. Starkweather, _William H. Barnum_. NEW YORK.--_Henry A. Reeves, John G. Schumaker, Henry W. Slocum, John Fox, John Morrissey, Samuel S. Cox, Hervey C. Calkin, James Brooks, Fernando Wood, Clarkson N. Potter, George W. Greene_(2), John H. Ketcham, _John A. Griswold, Stephen L. Mayham_, Adolphus H. Tanner, Orange Ferriss, William A. Wheeler, Stephen Sanford, Charles Knapp, Addison H. Laflin, Alexander H. Bailey, John C. Churchill, Dennis McCarthy, George W. Cowles, William H. Kelsey, Giles W. Hotchkiss, Hamilton Ward, Noah Davis (3), John Fisher, Davis S. Bennett, Porter Sheldon. NEW JERSEY.--William Moore, _Charles Haight, John T. Bird_, John Hill, _Orestes Cleveland_. PENNSYLVANIA.--_Samuel J. Randall_, Charles O'Neill, _John Moffet_(4), William D. Kelley, _John R. Reading (5), John D. Stiles_, Washington Townsend, _J. Lawrence Getz_, Oliver J. Dickey, Henry L. Cake, _Daniel M. Van Auken, George W. Woodward_, Ulysses Mercur, John B. Packer, _Richard J. Haldeman_, John Cessna, Daniel J. Morrell, William H. Armstrong, Glenni W. Scofield, Calvin W. Gilfillan, John Covode (6), James S. Negley, Darwin Phelps, Joseph B. Donley. DELAWARE.--_Benjamin T. Biggs_. MARYLAND.--_Samuel Hambleton, Stevenson Archer, Thomas Swann, Patrick Hamill, Frederick Stone_. VIRGINIA.--Richard S. Ayer, James H. Platt, jun., Charles H. Porter, _George W. Booker, Robert S. Ridgway (7), William Milnes, jun., Lewis McKenzie, James K. Gibson_. NORTH CAROLINA.--Clinton L. Cobb, David Heaton (8), Oliver H. Dockery, John T. Deweese (9), Israel G. Lash, _Francies E. Shober_, Alexander H. Jones. SOUTH CAROLINA.--B. F. Whittemore (10), Christopher C. Bowen, Solomon L. Hoge, Alexander S. Wallace. GEORGIA.--_William W. Paine_, Richard H. Whiteley, Marion Bethune, Jefferson Y. Long, Stephen A. Corker, _William P. Price, Pierce M. B. Young_. ALABAMA.--Alfred E. Buck, Charles W. Buckley, Robert S. Heflin, Charles Hays, _Peter M. Dox, William C. Sherrod_. MISSISSIPPI.--George E. Harris, Joseph L. Morphis, Henry W. Barry, George C. McKee, Legrande W. Perce. LOUISIANA.--J. Hale Sypher, Lionel A. Sheldon, C. B. Darrall, _Michael Ryan_(11), Frank Morey. OHIO.--_Peter W. Strader_, Job E. Stevenson, Robert C. Schenck (12), William Lawrence, _William Mungen_, John A. Smith, James J. Winans, John Beatty, _Edward F. Dickinson, Truman H. Hoag_(13), John T. Wilson, _Philadelph Van Trump, George W. Morgan_, Martin Welker, Eliakim H. Moore, John A. Bingham, Jacob A. Ambler, William H. Upson, James A. Garfield. KENTUCKY.--_Lawrence S. Trimble, William N. Sweeney, Jacob S. Golladay (14), J. Proctor Knott, Boyd Winchester, Thomas L. Jones, James B. Beck, George M. Adams, John M. Rice_. TENNESSEE.--Roderick R. Butler, Horace Maynard, William B. Stokes, Lewis Tillman, William F. Prosser, Samuel M. Arnell, Isaac R. Hawkins, William J. Smith. INDIANA.--_William E. Niblack, Michael C. Kerr, William S. Holman_, George W. Julian, John Coburn, _Daniel W. Voorhees_, Godlove S. Orth, James N. Tyner, John P. C. Shanks, William Williams, Jasper Packard. ILLINOIS.--Norman B. Judd, John F. Farnsworth, Elihu B. Washburne (15), John B. Hawley, Ebon C. Ingersoll, Burton C. Cook, Jesse H. Moore, Shelby M. Cullom, _Thompson W. McNeely, Albert G. Burr, Samuel S. Marshall_, John B. Hay, _John M. Crebs_, John A. Logan. MISSOURI.--_Erastus Wells_, Gustavus A. Finkelnburg, _James R. McCormick_, Sempronius H. Boyd, Samuel S. Burdett, Robert T. Van Horn, Joel F. Asper, John F. Benjamin, David P. Dyer. ARKANSAS.--Logan H. Roots, _A. A. C. Rogers_, Thomas Boles. MICHIGAN.--Fernando C. Beaman, William L. Stoughton, Austin Blair, Thomas W. Ferry, Omar D. Conger, Randolph Strickland. FLORIDA.--Charles M. Hamilton. TEXAS.--George W. Whitmore, _John C. Conner_, W. T. Clark, Edward Degener. IOWA.--George W. McCrary, William Smyth (16), William B. Allison, William Loughridge, Frank W. Palmer, Charles Pomeroy. WISCONSIN.--Halbert E. Paine, Benjamin F. Hopkins (17), Amasa Cobb, _Charles A. Eldridge_, Philetus Sawyer, Cadwalader C. Washburn. CALIFORNIA.--_Samuel B. Axtell_, Aaron A. Sargent, _James A. Johnson_. MINNESOTA.--Morton S. Wilkinson, _Eugene M. Wilson_. OREGON.--_Joseph S. Smith_. KANSAS.--Sidney Clarke. WEST VIRGINIA.--Isaac H. David, James C. McGrew, John S. Witcher. NEVADA.--Thomas Fitch. NEBRASKA.--John Taffe.

DELEGATES. ARIZONA.--Richard C. McCormick. COLORADO.--Allen A. Bradford. DAKOTA.--S. L. Spink. IDAHO.--_Jacob K. Shafer_. MONTANA.--_James M. Cavanaugh_. NEW MEXICO.--J. Francisco Chaves. UTAH.--_William H. Hooper_. WASHINGTON.--Selucius Garfielde. WYOMING.--_Stephen F. Nuckolls_.

(1) Resigned. Succeeded by George M. Brooks. (2) Unseated. Charles H. Van Wyck admitted. (3) Resigned. Succeeded by Charles H. Holmes. (4) Unseated. Leonard Myers admitted. (5) Unseated. Caleb N. Taylor admitted. (6) Died January 11, 1871. (7) Died. Succeeded by _Richard T. W. Duke_. (8) Died. Succeeded by Joseph Dixon. (9) Resigned. Succeeded by _John Manning_. (10) Resigned. Succeeded by Joseph H. Rainey. (11) Unseated. Joseph P. Newsham admitted. (12) Resigned January 5, 1871. (13) Died. Succeeded by Erasmus D. Peck. (14) Resigned. Succeeded by _Joseph H. Lewis_. (15) Resigned. Succeeded by Horatio C. Burchard. (16) Died. Succeeded by William P. Wolf. (17) Died. Succeeded by David Atwood.

APPENDIX E. FORTY-SECOND CONGRESS. REPUBLICANS IN ROMAN; DEMOCRATS IN ITALIC.

SENATE. Schuyler Colfax of Indiana, President. George C. Gorham of California, Secretary. MAINE.--Hannibal Hamlin, Lot M. Morrill NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Aaron H. Cragin, James W. Patterson. VERMONT.--George F. Edmunds, Justin S. Morrill. MASSACHUSETTS.--Charles Sumner, Henry Wilson. RHODE ISLAND.--Henry B. Anthony, William Sprague. CONNECTICUT.--Orris S. Ferry, William A. Buckingham. NEW YORK.--Roscoe Conkling, Reuben E. Fenton. NEW JERSEY.--_John P. Stockton_, Frederick T. Frelinghuysen. PENNSYLVANIA.--Simon Cameron, John Scott. DELAWARE.--_Thomas Francis Bayard, Eli Saulsbury_. MARYLAND.--_George Vickers, William T. Hamilton_. VIRGINIA.--_John W. Johnston_, John F. Lewis. NORTH CAROLINA.--John Pool, _Matt W. Ransom_. SOUTH CAROLINA.--Thomas J. Robertson, Frederick A. Sawyer. GEORGIA.--Joshua Hill, _Thomas Manson Norwood_. ALABAMA.--George E. Spencer, _George Goldthwaite_. MISSISSIPPI.--Adelbert Ames, James L. Alcorn. LOUISIANA.--William Pitt Kellogg (1), J. Rodman West. OHIO.--John Sherman, _Allen G. Thurman_. KENTUCKY.--_Garrett Davis (2), John W. Stevenson_. TENNESSEE.--William Gannaway Brownlow, _Henry Cooper_. INDIANA.--Oliver P. Morton, Daniel D. Pratt. ILLINOIS.--Lyman Trumbull, John A. Logan. MISSOURI.--Carl Schurz, _Francis P. Blair, jun._ ARKANSAS.--Benjamin F. Rice, Powell Clayton. MICHIGAN.--Zachariah Chandler, Thomas W. Ferry. FLORIDA.--Thomas W. Osborn, Abijah Gilbert. TEXAS.--Morgan C. Hamilton, J. W. Flanagan. IOWA.--James Harlan, George G. Wright. WISCONSIN.--Timothy O. Howe, Matthew H. Carpenter. CALIFORNIA.--Cornelius Cole, _Eugene Casserly_. MINNESOTA.--Alexander Ramsey, William Windom. OREGON.--Henry W. Corbett, _James K. Kelly_. KANSAS.--Samuel C. Pomeroy, Alexander Caldwell. WEST VIRGINIA.--Arthur I. Boreman, _Henry G. Davis_. NEVADA.--James W. Nye, William M. Stewart. NEBRASKA.--Thomas W. Tipton, Phineas W. Hitchcock.

(1) Resigned. (2) Died. Succeeded by _Willis B. Machen_.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES James G. Blaine of Maine, Speaker. Edward McPherson of Pennsylvania, Clerk. MAINE.--John Lynch, William P. Frye, James G. Blaine, John A. Peters, Eugene Hale. NEW HAMPSHIRE.--_Ellery A. Hibbard, Samuel N. Bell, Hosea W. Parker_. VERMONT.--Charles W. Willard, Luke P. Poland, Worthington C. Smith. MASSACHUSETTS.--James Buffinton, Oakes Ames, Ginery Twichell, Samuel Hooper, Benjamin F. Butler, Nathaniel P. Banks, George M. Brooks (1), George F. Hoar, William B. Washburn (2), Henry L. Dawes. RHODE ISLAND.--Benjamin T. Eames, James M. Pendleton. CONNECTICUT.--Julius Strong (3), Stephen W. Kellogg, Henry H. Starkweather, _William H. Barnum_. NEW YORK.--_Dwight Townsend, Thomas Kinsella, Henry W. Slocum, Robert B. Roosevelt, William R. Robert, Samuel Sullivan Cox, Smith Ely, jun., James Brooks, Fernando Wood, Clarkson Nott Potter_, Charles St. John, John H. Ketcham, _Joseph H. Tuthill, Eli Perry, Joseph M. Warren, John Rogers_, William A. Wheeler, _John M. Carroll_, Elizur H. Prindle, Clinton L. Merriam, Ellis H. Roberts, William E. Lansing, R. Holland Duell, John E. Seeley, William H. Lamport, Milo Goodrich, H. Boardman Smith, Freeman Clarke, Seth Wakeman, _William Williams_, Walter L. Sessions. NEW JERSEY.--John W. Hazelton, _Samuel C. Forker, John T. Bird_, John Hill, George A. Halsey. PENNSYLVANIA.--_Samuel J. Randall_, John V. Creely, Leonard Myers, William D. Kelley, Alfred C. Harmer, _Ephraim L. Acker_, Washington Townsend, _J. Lawrence Getz_, Oliver J. Dickey, John W. Killinger, _John B. Storm_, L. D. Shoemaker, Ulysses Mercur (4), John B. Packer, _Richard J. Haldeman, Benjamin F. Myers, Robert Milton Spear, Henry Sherwood_, Glenni W. Scofield, _Samuel Griffith, Henry Donnell Foster_, James S. Negley, Ebenezer McJunkin, _William McClelland_. DELAWARE.--_Benjamin T. Biggs_. MARYLAND.--_Samuel Hambleton, Stevenson Archer, Thomas Swann, John Ritchie, William M. Merrick_. VIRGINIA.--_John Critcher_, James H. Platt, jun., Charles H. Porter, William H. H. Stowell, _Richard T. W. Duke, John T. Harris, Elliott M. Braxton, William Terry_. NORTH CAROLINA.--Clinton L. Cobb, Charles R. Thomas, _Alfred M. Waddell, Sion H. Rogers, James M. Leach, Francis E. Shober, James C. Harper_. SOUTH CAROLINA.--Joseph H. Rainey, Robert C. De Large (5), Robert Brown Elliott, Alexander S. Wallace. GEORGIA.--_Archibald T. McIntyre_, Richard H. Whiteley, John S. Bigby, Thomas J. Speer (6), _Dudley M. DuBose, William P. Price, Pierce M. B. Young_. ALABAMA.--Benjamin Sterling Turner, Charles W. Buckley, _William A. Handley_, Charles Hays, _Peter M. Dox, Joseph H. Sloss_. MISSISSIPPI.--George E. Harris, Joseph L. Morphis, Henry W. Barry, George C. McKee, Legrande W. Perce. LOUISIANA.--Jay Hale Sypher, Lionel A. Sheldon, Chester B. Darrall, James McCleary (7), Frank Morey. OHIO.--Aaron F. Perry (8), Job E. Stevenson, _Lewis D. Campbell, John F. McKinney, Charles N. Lamison_, John A. Smith, Samuel Shellabarger, John Beatty, Charles Foster, Erasmus D. Peck, John T. Wilson, _Philadelph Van Trump, George W. Morgan_, James Monroe, William P. Sprague, John A. Bingham, Jacob A. Ambler, William H. Upson, James A. Garfield. KENTUCKY.--_Edward Crossland, Henry D. McHenry, Joseph H. Lewis, William B. Read, Boyd Winchester, William E. Arthur, James B. Beck, George M. Adams, John M. Rice_. TENNESSEE.--Roderick R. Butler, Horace Maynard, _Abraham E. Garrett, John Morgan Bright, Edward I. Golladay, Washington Curran Witthorne, Robert P. Caldwell, William W. Vaughan_. INDIANA.--_William E. Niblack, Michael C. Kerr, William S. Holman_, Jeremiah M. Wilson, John Coburn, _Daniel W. Voorhees, Mahlon D. Manson, James N. Tyner, John P. C. Shanks, William Williams, Jasper Packard_. ILLINOIS.--Charles B. Farwell, John F. Farnsworth, Horatio C. Burchard, John B. Hawley, _Bradford N. Stevens_, Burton C. Cook (9), Jesse H. Moore, _James C. Robinson, Thompson W. McNeely, Edward Y. Rice, Samuel S. Marshall_, John B. Hay, _John M. Crebs_, John L. Beveridge (10). MISSOURI.--_Erastus Wells_, Gustavus A. Finkelnburg, _James R. McCormick_, Harrison E. Havens, Samuel S. Burdett, _Abram Comingo_, Isaac C. Parker, _James G. Blair, Andrew King_. ARKANSAS.--_James M. Hanks_, Oliver P. Snyder, _John Edwards_(11). MICHIGAN.--Henry Waldron, William L. Stoughton, Austin Blair, Wilder D. Foster, Omar D. Conger, _Jabez G. Sutherland_. FLORIDA.--Josiah T. Walls (12). TEXAS.--_William S. Herndon, John C. Conner_, William T. Clark (13), _John Hancock_. IOWA.--George W. McCrary, Aylett R. Cotton, William G. Donnan, Madison M. Walden, Frank W. Palmer, Jackson Orr. WISCONSIN.--_Alexander Mitchell_, Gerry W. Hazleton, J. Allen Barber, _Charles A. Eldridge_, Philetus Sawyer, Jeremiah M. Rusk. CALIFORNIA.--Sherman O. Houghton, Aaron A. Sargent, John M. Coghlan. MINNESOTA.--Mark H. Dunnell, John T. Averill. OREGON.--_James H. Slater_. KANSAS.--David P. Lowe. WEST VIRGINIA.--_John J. Davis_, James C. McGrew, _Frank Hereford_. NEVADA.--_Charles West Kendall_. NEBRASKA.--John Taffe.

DELEGATES. ARIZONA.--Richard C. McCormick. COLORADO.--Jerome B. Chaffee. DAKOTA.--_Moses K. Armstrong_. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.--Norton P. Chipman. IDAHO.--_Samuel A. Merritt_. MONTANA.--William H. Clagett. NEW MEXICO.--José M. Gallegas. UTAH.--_William H. Hooper_. WASHINGTON.--Selucius Garfielde. WYOMING.--William T. Jones.

(1) Resigned. Succeeded by Constantine C. Esty. (2) Resigned. Succeeded by Alvah Crocker. (3) Died. Succeeded by Joseph R. Hawley. (4) Resigned. Succeeded by Frank C. Bunnell. (5) Unseated January 24, 1873. (6) Died. Succeeded by _Erasmus W. Beck_. (7) Died. Succeeded by _Aleck Boarman_. (8) Resigned. Succeeded by _Ozro J. Dodds_. (9) Resigned. Succeeded by H. Snap. (10) Resigned January 4, 1873. (11) Unseated. Thomas Boles admitted. (12) Unseated. _S. L. Niblack_ admitted. (13) Unseated. _D. C. Giddings_ admitted.

APPENDIX F. FORTY-THIRD CONGRESS. REPUBLICANS IN ROMAN; DEMOCRATS IN ITALIC.

SENATE. Henry Wilson of Massachusetts, President. George C. Gorham of California, Secretary. MAINE.--Hannibal Hamlin, Lot M. Morrill. NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Aaron H. Cragin, Bainbridge Wadleigh. VERMONT.--George F. Edmunds, Justin S. Morrill. MASSACHUSETTS.--Henry Wilson (1), Charles Sumner (2). RHODE ISLAND.--Henry B. Anthony, William Sprague. CONNECTICUT.--Orris S. Ferry, William A. Buckingham (3). NEW YORK.--Roscoe Conkling, Reuben E. Fenton. NEW JERSEY.--_John P. Stockton_, Frederick T. Frelinghuysen. PENNSYLVANIA.--Simon Cameron, John Scott. DELAWARE.--_Thomas Francis Bayard, Eli Saulsbury_. MARYLAND.--_William T. Hamilton, George R. Dennis_. VIRGINIA.--_John W. Johnston_, John F. Lewis. NORTH CAROLINA.--_Matt W. Ransom, Augustus S. Merrimon_. SOUTH CAROLINA.--Thomas J. Robertson, John J. Patterson. GEORGIA.--_Thomas Manson Norwood, John B. Gordon_. ALABAMA.--George E. Spencer, _George Goldthwaite_. MISSISSIPPI.--James Lusk Alcorn, Adelbert Ames (4). LOUISIANA.--J. R. West, (vacancy contested). OHIO.--John Sherman, _Allen G. Thurman_. KENTUCKY.--_John W. Stevenson, Thomas C. McCreery_. TENNESSEE.--William G. Brownlow, _Henry Cooper_. INDIANA.--Oliver P. Morton, Daniel D. Pratt. ILLINOIS.--John A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby. MISSOURI.--Carl Schurz, _Lewis V. Bogy_. ARKANSAS.--Powell Clayton, Stephen W. Dorsey. MICHIGAN.--Zachariah Chandler, Thomas W. Ferry. FLORIDA.--Abijah Gilbert, Simon B. Conover. TEXAS.--Morgan C. Hamilton, James W. Flanagan. IOWA.--George C. Wright, William B. Allison. WISCONSIN.--Timothy O. Howe, Matthew H. Carpenter. CALIFORNIA.--Aaron A. Sargent, _Eugene Casserly_(5). MINNESOTA.--Alexander Ramsey, William Windom. OREGON.--_James K. Kelly_, John H. Mitchell. KANSAS.--John James Ingalls, Alexander Caldwell (6). WEST VIRGINIA.--Arthur I. Boreman, _Henry G. Davis_. NEVADA.--William M. Stewart, John P. Jones. NEBRASKA.--Thomas W. Tipton, Phineas W. Hitchcock.

(1) Died. Succeeded by George S. Boutwell. (2) Died. Succeeded by William B. Washburn. (3) Died. Succeeded by _William W. Eaton_. (4) Resigned. Succeeded by Henry R. Pease. (5) Resigned. Succeeded by _John S. Hager_. (6) Resigned. Robert Crozier appointed; James M. Harvey elected.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. James G. Blaine of Maine, Speaker. Edward McPherson of Pennsylvania, Clerk. MAINE.--John H. Burleigh, William P. Frye, James G. Blaine, Samuel F. Hersey (1), Eugene Hale. NEW HAMPSHIRE.--William B. Small, Austin F. Pike, _Hosea W. Parker_. VERMONT.--Charles W. Willard, Luke P. Poland, George Whitman Hendee. MASSACHUSETTS.--James Buffinton, Benjamin W. Harris, William Whiting (2), Samuel Hooper (3), Daniel W. Gooch, Benjamin F. Butler, E. Rockwood Hoar, John M. S. Williams, George F. Hoar, Alvah Crocker (4), Henry L. Dawes. RHODE ISLAND.--Benjamin T. Eames, James M. Pendleton. CONNECTICUT.--Joseph Roswell Hawley, Stephen W. Kellogg, Henry H. Starkweather, _William H. Barnum_. NEW YORK.--Henry J. Scudder, _John G. Schumaker_, Stewart L. Woodford (5), Philip S. Crooke, _William Randall Roberts, James Brooks (6), Thomas J. Creamer_, John D. Lawson, David B. Mellish (7), _Fernando Wood, Clarkson Nott Potter_, Charles St. John, _John O. Whitehouse, David Miller De Witt, Eli Perry_, James S. Smart, Robert S. Hale, William A. Wheeler, Henry H. Hathorn, David Wilber, Clinton L. Merriam, Ellis H. Roberts, William E. Lansing, R. Holland Duell, Clinton Dugald MacDougall, William H. Lamport, Thomas C. Platt, H. Boardman Smith, Freeman Clarke, George G. Hoskins, Lyman K. Bass, Walter L. Sessions, Lyman Tremaine. NEW JERSEY.--John W. Hazelton, Samuel A. Dobbins, Amos Clark, jun., _Robert Hamilton_, William Walter Phelps, Marcus L. Ward, Isaac W. Scudder. PENNSYLVANIA.--_Samuel J. Randall_, Charles O'Neill, Leonard Myers, William D. Kelley, Alfred C. Harmer, James S. Blery, Washington Townsend, _Hiester Clymer_, A. Herr Smith, John W. Killinger, _John B. Storm_, Lazarus D. Shoemaker, James D. Straw bridge, John B. Packer, _John A. Magee_, John Cessna, _Robert Milton Speer_, Sobieski Ross, Carlton B. Curtis, Hiram L. Richmond, Alexander Wilson Taylor, James S. Negley, Ebenzer McJunkin (8), William S. Moore, Lemuel Todd, Glenni W. Scofield, Charles Albright. DELAWARE.--James R. Lofland. MARYLAND.--_Ephraim K. Wilson, Stevenson Archer, William J. O'Brien, Thomas Swann_, William J. Albert, Lloyd Lowndes, jun. VIRGINIA.--James B. Sener, James H. Platt, jun., John Ambler Smith, William H. H. Stowell, _Alexander M. Davis (9), Thomas Whitehead, John T. Harris, Eppa Hunton, Rees T. Bowen_. NORTH CAROLINA.--Clinton T. Cobb, Charles R. Thomas, _Alfred Moore Waddell_, William Alexander Smith, _James M. Leach, Thomas S. Ashe, William M. Robbins, Robert Brank Vance_. SOUTH CAROLINA.--Joseph H. Rainey, Alonzo J. Ransier, Robert Brown Elliott (10), Alexander S. Wallace, Richard H. Cain. GEORGIA.--_Morgan Rawls_(11), Richard Henry Whiteley, _Philip Cook, Henry R. Harris_, James C. Freeman, _James H. Blount, Pierce M. B. Young, Ambrose R. Wright (12), Hiram P. Bell_. ALABAMA.--_Frederick G. Bromberg_, James T. Rapier, Charles Pelham, Charles Hays, _John H. Caldwell, Joseph H. Sloss_, Alexander White, Charles C. Sheats. MISSISSIPPI.--_Lucius Q. C. Lamar_, Albert R. Howe, Henry W. Barry, Jason Niles, George C. McKee, John R. Lynch. LOUISIANA.--Jay Hale Sypher (13), Lionel A. Sheldon, Chester B. Darrall, Samuel Peters (14), Frank Morey, _George A. Sheridan_. OHIO.--_Milton Sayler, Henry B. Banning_, John Q. Smith, Lewis B. Gunckel, _Charles N. Lamison_, Issac R. Sherwood, _Lawrence Talbott Neal_, William Lawrence, James W. Robinson, Charles Foster, Hezekiah S. Bundy, _Hugh J. Jewett (15), Milo I. Southard, John Berry_, William P. Sprague, Lorenzo Danford, Laurin D. Woodworth, James Monroe, James A. Garfield, Richard C. Parsons. KENTUCKY.--_Edward Crossland, John Young Brown, Charles W. Millikin, William B. Read, Elisha D. Sandeford, William E. Arthur, James B. Beck, Milton J. Durham, George M. Adams, John D. Young_. TENNESSEE.--Roderick R. Butler, Jacob M. Thornburgh, William Crutchfield, _John Morgan Bright_, Horace H. Harrison, _Washington C. Whittihorne, John D. C. Atkins_, David A. Nunn, Barbour Lewis, Horace Maynard. INDIANA.--_William E. Niblack, Simeon K. Wolfe, William S. Holman_, Jeremiah M. Wilson, John Coburn, Morton C. Hunter, Thomas J. Cason, James N. Tyner, John P. C. Shanks, Henry B. Saylor, Jasper Packard, William Williams, Godlove S. Orth. ILLINOIS.--John B. Rice (16), Jasper D. Ward, Charles B. Farwell, Stephen A. Hurlbut, Horatio C. Burchard, John B. Hawley, Franklin Corwin, Greenbury L. Fort, John McNulta, Joseph G. Cannon, _John R. Eden_, James S. Martin, _William R. Morrison_, Isaac Clements, _Samuel S. Marshall_. MISSOURI.--Edwin O. Stannard, _Erastus Wells, William H. Stone, Robert A. Hatcher, Richard Parks Bland_, Harrison E. Havens, _Thomas T. Crittenden, Abram Comingo_, Isaac C. Parker, Ira B. Hyde, _John B. Clarke, jun., John Montgomery Glover, Aylett Hawes Buckner_. ARKANSAS.--Asa Hodges, Oliver P. Snyder, William W. Wilshire (17), William J. Hynes. MICHIGAN.--Moses W. Field, Henry Waldron, George Willard, Julius C. Burrows, Wilder D. Foster (18), Joseph W. Begole, Omar D. Conger, Nathan B. Bradley, Jay A. Hubbell. FLORIDA.--Josiah T. Walls, William J. Purman (19). TEXAS.--_William S. Herndon, William P. McLean, De Witt C. Giddings, John Hancock, Roger Q. Mills, Asa H. Willis_. IOWA.--George W. McCrary, Aylett R. Cotton, William G. Donnan, Henry O. Pratt, James Wilson, William Loughridge, John A. Kasson, James Wilson McDill, Jackson Orr. WISCONSIN.--Charles G. Williams, Gerry W. Hazleton, J. Allen Barber, _Alexander Mitchell, Charles A. Eldridge_, Philetus Sawyer, Jeremiah M. Rusk, Alexander S. McDill. CALIFORNIA.--Charles Clayton, Horace Francis Page, _John K. Luttrell_, Sherman O. Houghton. MINNESOTA.--Mark H. Dunnell, Horace B. Strait, John T. Averill. OREGON.--_J. G. Wilson_(20). KANSAS.--David P. Lowe, Stephen A. Cobb, William A. Phillips. WEST VIRGINIA.--John J. Davis, John M. Hagans, _Frank Hereford_. NEVADA.--_Charles West Kendall_. NEBRASKA.--Lorenzo Crounse.

DELEGATES. ARIZONA.--Richard C. McCormick. COLORADO.--Jerome B. Chaffee. DAKOTA.--_Moses K. Armstrong_. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.--Norton P. Chipman. IDAHO.--_John Hailey_. MONTANA.--_Martin Maginnis_. NEW MEXICO.--Stephen B. Elkins. UTAH.--_George Q. Cannon_. WASHINGTON.--_Obadiah B. McFadden_. WYOMING.--_William R. Steele_.

(1) Died February 3, 1875. (2) Died. Succeeded by Henry Lillie Pierce. (3) Died February 14, 1875. (4) Died. Succeeded by Charles A. Stevens. (5) Resigned. Succeeded by Simeon B. Chittenden. (6) Died. Succeeded by _Samuel S. Cox_. (7) Died. Succeeded by _Richard Schell_. (8) Resigned. Succeeded by John M. Thompson. (9) Unseated. Christopher Y. Thomas admitted. (10) Resigned. Succeeded by Lewis Cass Carpenter. (11) Unseated. Andrew Sloan admitted. (12) Died. Succeeded by _Alexander H. Stephens_. (13) Unseated. _Effingham Lawrence_ admitted. (14) Died. Succeeded by George L. Smith. (15) Resigned. Succeeded by _William E. Finck_. (16) Died. Succeeded by _Bernard G. Caulfield_. (17) Unseated. _Thomas M. Gunter_ admitted. (18) Died. Succeeded by William B. Williams. (19) Resigned January 25, 1875. (20) Died. Succeeded by _James W. Nesmith_.

APPENDIX G. FORTY-FOURTH CONGRESS. REPUBLICANS IN ROMAN; DEMOCRATS IN ITALIC.

SENATE. Thomas W. Ferry of Michigan, President. George C. Gorham of California, Secretary. ALABAMA.--George E. Spencer, _George Goldthwaite_. ARKANSAS.--Powell Clayton, Stephen W. Dorsey. CALIFORNIA.--Aaron A. Sargent, Newton Booth. COLORADO.--Jerome B. Chaffee, Henry M. Teller. CONNECTICUT.--_William W. Eaton_, Orris S. Ferry (1). DELAWARE.--_Thomas Francis Bayard, Eli Saulsbury_. FLORIDA.--Simon B. Conover, _Charles W. Jones_. GEORGIA.--_Thomas Manson Norwood, John B. Gordon_. ILLINOIS.--John A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby. INDIANA.--Oliver P. Morton, _Joseph E. McDonald_. IOWA.--George G. Wright, William B. Allison. KANSAS.--John James Ingalls, James M. Harvey. KENTUCKY.--_John W. Stevenson, Thomas C. McCreery_. LOUISIANA.--J. R. West; (vacancy contested.) MAINE.--Hannibal Hamlin, Lot M. Morrill (2). MARYLAND.--_George R. Dennis, W. Pinkney Whyte_. MASSACHUSETTS.--George S. Boutwell, Henry L. Dawes. MICHIGAN.--Thomas W. Ferry, Isaac P. Christiancy. MINNESOTA.--William Windom, Samuel J. R. McMillan. MISSISSIPPI.--James Lusk Alcorn, Blanche K. Bruce. MISSOURI.--_Louis V. Bogy, Francis Marion Cockrell_. NEBRASKA.--Phineas W. Hitchcock, Algernon S. Paddock. NEVADA.--John P. Jones, William Sharon. NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Aaron H. Cragin, Bainbridge Wadleigh. NEW JERSEY.--Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, _Theodore F. Randolph_. NEW YORK.--Roscoe Conkling, _Francis Kernan_. NORTH CAROLINA.--_Matt W. Ransom, Augustus S. Merriman_. OHIO.--John Sherman, _Allen G. Thurman_. OREGON.--_James K. Kelly_, John H. Mitchell. PENNSYLVANIA.--Simon Cameron, _William A. Wallace_. RHODE ISLAND.--Henry B. Anthony, Ambrose E. Burnside. SOUTH CAROLINA.--Thomas J. Robertson, John J. Patterson. TENNESSEE.--_Henry Cooper, Andrew Johnson_(3). TEXAS.--Morgan C. Hamilton, _Sam Bell Maxey_. VERMONT.--George F. Edmunds, Justin S. Morrill. VIRGINIA.--_John W. Johnston, Robert E. Withers_. WEST VIRGINIA.--_Henry G. Davis, Allen T. Caperton_(4). WISCONSIN.--Timothy O. Howe, Angus Cameron.

(1) Died. _James E. English_ appointed; _William H. Barnum_ elected. (2) Resigned. Succeeded by James G. Blaine. (3) Died. _David M. Key_ appointed; _James E. Bailey_ elected. (4) Died. _Samuel Price_ appointed; _Frank Hereford_ elected.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. _Samuel J. Randall_ of Pennsylvania, Speaker. _George M. Adams_ of Kentucky, Clerk. ALABAMA.--Jere Haralson, _Jeremiah N. Williams, Taul Bradford_, Charles Hays, _John H. Caldwell, Goldsmith W. Hewitt, William Henry Forney, Burwell Boykin Lewis_. ARKANSAS.--_Lucien C. Gause, William F. Slemons, William W. Wilshire, Thomas Monticue Gunter_. CALIFORNIA.--_William A. Piper_, Horace Francis Page, _John K. Luttrell, Peter Dinwiddie Wigginton_. COLORADO.--James B. Belford. CONNECTICUT.--_George M. Landers, James Phelps_, Henry H. Starkweather (1), _William H. Barnum_(2). DELAWARE.--_James Williams_. FLORIDA.--William J. Purman, Josiah T. Walls (3). GEORGIA.--_Julian Hartridge, William E. Smith, Philip Cook, Henry R. Harris, Milton A. Candler, James H. Blount, William H. Felton, Alexander Hamilton Stephens, Garrett McMillan_(4). ILLINOIS.--_Bernard G. Caulfield, Carter H. Harrison_, Charles B. Farwell (5), Stephen A. Hurlbut, Horatio C. Burchard, Thomas J. Henderson, _Alexander Campbell_, Greenbury L. Fort, Richard H. Whiting, _John C. Bagby, Scott Wike, William M. Springer, Adlai E. Stevenson_, Joseph G. Cannon, _John R. Edes, William A. J. Sparks, William R. Morrison, William Hartzell, William B. Anderson_. INDIANA.--_Benoni S. Fuller, James D. Williams (6), Michael C. Kerr (7), Jeptha D. New, William S. Holman_, Milton S. Robinson, _Franklin Landers_, Morton C. Hunter, Thomas J. Cason, _William S. Haymond_, James L. Evans, _Andrew H. Hamilton_, John H. Baker. IOWA.--George W. McCrary, John Q. Tufts, _Lucien Lester Ainsworth_, Henry O. Pratt, James Wilson, Ezekiel S. Sampson, John A. Kasson, James Wilson McDill, Addison Oliver. KANSAS.--William A. Phillips, _John R. Goodin_, William R. Brown. KENTUCKY.--_Andrew R. Boone, John Young Brown, Charles W. Millken, J. Proctor Knott, Edward Young Parsons (8), Thomas L. Jones, Joseph C. S. Blackburn, Milton J. Durham_, John D. White, _John B. Clarke_. LOUISIANA.--_Randall Lee Gibson, E. John Ellis_, Chester B. Darrall, _William M. Levy_, Frank Morey (9), Charles E. Nash. MAINE.--John H. Burleigh, William P. Frye, James G. Blaine (10), Harris M. Plaisted, Eugene Hale. MARYLAND.--_Philip Francis Thomas, Charles B. Roberts, William J. O'Brien, Thomas Swann, Eli Jones Henkle, William Walsh_. MASSACHUSETTS.--James Buffinton (11), Benjamin W. Harris, Henry Little Pierce, Rufus S. Frost (12), Nathaniel P. Banks, _Charles P. Thompson, John Kemble Tarbox, William Wirt Warren_, George F. Hoar, Julius H. Seelye, _Chester W. Chapin_. MICHIGAN.--_Alpheus S. Williams_, Henry Waldron, George Willard, Allen Potter, William B. Williams, _George H. Durand_, Omar D. Conger, Nathan H. Bradley, Jay A. Hubbell. MINNESOTA.--Mark H. Dunnell, Horace B. Strait, William S. King. MISSISSIPPI.--_Lucius Q. C. Lamar_, Guilford Wiley Wells, _Hernando D. Money, Otho R. Singleton, Charles E. Hooker_, John R. Lynch. MISSOURI.--_Edward C. Kehr, Erastus Wells, William H. Stone, Robert A. Hatcher, Richard Parks Bland, Charles Henry Morgan, John F. Philips, Benjamin J. Franklin, David Rea, Rezin A. De Bolt, John B. Clark, jun., John Montgomery Glover, Aylett Hawes Buckner_. NEBRASKA.-Lorenzo Crouse. NEVADA.--William Woodburn. NEW HAMPSHIRE.--_Frank Jones, Samuel N. Bell_, Henry W. Blair. NEW JERSEY.--Clement H. Sinnickson, Samuel A. Dobbins, _Miles Ross, Robert Hamilton, Augustus W. Cutler, Frederick H. Teese, Augustus A. Hardenbergh_. NEW YORK.--_Henry B. Metcalfe, John G. Schumaker_, Simeon B. Chittenden, _Archibald M. Bliss, Edwin Ruthven Meade, Samuel Sullivan Cox, Smith Ely, jun. (13), Elijah Ward, Fernando Wood, Abram Stevens Hewitt, Benjamin A. Willis, N. Holmes Odell, John O. Whitehouse, George M. Berbe, John H. Bagley, jun._, Charles H. Adams, Martin L. Townsend, Andrew Williams, William A. Wheeler, Henry H. Hathorn, Samuel F. Miller, George A. Bagley, _Scott Lord_, William H. Baker, Elias Warren Leavenworth, Clinton Dugald Macdougall, Elbridge G. Lapham, Thomas C. Platt, _Charles C. B. Walker_, John M. Davy, George G. Hoskins, Lyman K. Bass, Augustus F. Allen (14). NORTH CAROLINA.--_Jesse J. Yeates_, John Adams Hyman, _Alfred Moore Waddell, Joseph J. Davis, Alfred Moore Scales, Thomas Samuel Ashe, William M. Robbins, Robert Brank Vance_. OHIO.--_Milton Sayler, Henry B. Banning, John Simpson Savage, John A. McMahon, Americus V. Rice, Frank H. Hurd, Lawrence Talbot Neal_, William Lawrence, _Earley F. Poppleton_, Charles Foster, _John L. Vance, Ansel T. Walling, Milton I. Southard, Jacob P. Cowan_, Nelson H. Van Vorhes, Lorenzo Danford, Laurin D. Woodworth, James Monore, James A. Garfield, _Henry B. Payne_. OREGON.--_George A. LaDow_(15). PENNSYLVANIA.--Chapman Freeman, Charles O'Neill, _Samuel J. Randall_, William D. Kelley, _John Robbins_, Washington Townsend, Alan Wood, jun., _Hiester Clymer_, A. Herr Smith, _William Mutchler, Francis D. Collins_, Winthrop W. Ketchum (16), _James B. Reilly_, John B. Packer, _Joseph Powell_, Sobieski Rose, _John Reilly, William S. Stenger, Levi Maish, L. A. Mackey, Jacob Turney, James H. Hopkins, Alexander G. Cochrane_, John W. Wallace, _George A. Jenks, James Sheakley, Albert G. Egbert_. RHODE ISLAND.--Benjamin T. Eames, Latimer W. Balton. SOUTH CAROLINA.--Joseph H. Rainey, Edmund W. M. Mackey (17), Solomon LaFayette Hoge, Alexander S. Wallace, Robert Smalls. TENNESSEE.--_William McFarland_, Jacob M. Thornburgh, _George Gibbs Dibrell, Samuel M. Fite (18), John Morgan Bright, John F. House, Washington Curran Whitthorne, John D. C. Atkins, William P. Caldwell, Casey Young_. TEXAS.--_John H. Reagan, David B. Culberson, James W. Throckmorton, Roger Q. Mills, John Hancock, Gustave Schleicher_. VERMONT.--Charles H. Joyce, Dudley Chase Denison, George Whitman Hendee. VIRGINIA.--_Beverly B. Douglas, John Goode, jun., Gilbert Carlton Walker_, William H. H. Stowell, _George C. Cabell, John Randolph Tucker, John T. Harris, Eppa Hunton, William Terry_. WEST VIRGINIA.--_Benjamin Wilson, Charles James Faulkner_, Frank Hereford (19). WISCONSIN.--Charles G. Williams, Lucien B. Caswell, Henry S. Magoon, _William P. Lynde, Samuel D. Burchard_, Alanson M. Kimball, Jeremiah M. Rusk, _George W. Cate_.

DELEGATES. ARIZONA.--_H. S. Stevens_. COLORADO.--_Thomas M. Patterson_. DAKOTA.--Jefferson P. Kidder. IDAHO.--Thomas W. Bennett (20). MONTANA.--_Martin Maginnis_. NEW MEXICO.--Stephen B. Elkins. UTAH.--_George Q. Cannon_. WASHINGTON.--Orange Jacobs. WYOMING.--_William R. Steele_.

(1) Died. Succeeded by John T. Wait. (2) Resigned. Succeeded by _Levi Warner_. (3) Unseated. _Jesse J. Finley_ admitted. (4) Died. Succeeded by _Benjamin H. Hill_. (5) Unseated. _J. V. LeMoyne_ admitted. (6) Resigned. Succeeded by _Andrew Humphreys_. (7) Died. Succeeded by _Nathan T. Carr_. (8) Died. Succeeded by _Henry Watterson_. (9) Unseated. _William B. Spencer_ admitted and subsequently resigned. (10) Resigned. Succeeded by Edwin Flye. (11) Died. Succeeded by William W. Crapo. (12) Unseated. _Josiah G. Abbott_ admitted. (13) Resigned. Succeeded by _David Dudley Field_. (14) Died. Succeeded by Nelson I. Norton. (15) Died. Succeeded by _Lafayette Lane_. (16) Resigned. Succeeded by _William H. Stanton_. (17) Unseated. Charles W. Butts admitted. (18) Died. Succeeded by _Haywood Y. Biddle_. (19) Resigned January 31, 1877. (20) Unseated. _Stephen S. Fenn_ admitted.

APPENDIX H. FORTY-FIFTH CONGRESS. REPUBLICANS IN ROMAN; DEMOCRATS IN ITALIC.

SENATE. William A. Wheeler of New York, President. George C. Gorham of California, Secretary. ALABAMA.--George E. Spencer, _John T. Morgan_. ARKANSAS.--Stephen W. Dorsey, _Augustus H. Garland_. CALIFORNIA.--Aaron A. Sargent, Newton Booth. COLORADO.--Jerome B. Chaffee, Henry M. Teller. CONNECTICUT.--_William W. Eaton, William H. Barnum_. DELAWARE.--_Thomas F. Bayard, Eli Saulsbury_. FLORIDA.--Simon B. Conover, _Charles W. Jones_. GEORGIA.--_John B. Gordon, Benjamin H. Hill_. ILLINOIS.--Richard J. Oglesby, _David Davis_. INDIANA.--Oliver P. Morton (1), _Joseph E. McDonald_. IOWA.--William B. Allison, Samuel J. Kirkwood. KANSAS.--John J. Ingalls, Preston B. Plumb. KENTUCKY.--_Thomas C. McCreery, James B. Beck_. LOUISIANA.--William P. Kellogg, _James B. Eustis_. MAINE.--Hannibal Hamlin, James G. Blaine. MARYLAND.--_George R. Dennis, W. Pinkney Whyte_. MASSACHUSETTS.--Henry L. Dawes, George F. Hoar. MICHIGAN.--Thomas W. Ferry, Isaac P. Christiancy (2). MINNESOTA.--William Windom, Samuel J. R. McMillan. MISSISSIPPI.--Blanche K. Bruce, _Lucius Q. C. Lamar_. MISSOURI.--_Francis W. Cockrell, Lewis V. Bogy_(3). NEBRASKA.--Algernon S. Paddock, Alvin Saunders. NEVADA.--John P. Jones, William Sharon. NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Bainbridge Wadleigh, E. H. Rollins. NEW JERSEY.--_Theodore F. Randolph, John R. MacPherson_. NEW YORK.--Roscoe Conkling, _Francis Kernan_. NORTH CAROLINA.--_Matt W. Ransom, Augustus S. Merrimon_. OHIO.--John Sherman (4), _Allen G. Thurman_. OREGON.--John H. Mitchell, _La Fayette Grover_. PENNSYLVANIA.--_William A. Wallace_, Simon Cameron (5). RHODE ISLAND.--Henry B. Anthony, Ambrose E. Burnside. SOUTH CAROLINA.--John J. Patterson, _Manning C. Butler_. TENNESSEE.--_James E. Bailey, Isham G. Harris_. TEXAS.--_Sam B. Maxey, Richard Coke_. VERMONT.--George F. Edmunds, Justin S. Morrill. VIRGINIA.--_John W. Johnston, Robert E. Withers_. WEST VIRGINIA.--_Henry G. Davis, Frank Hereford_. WISCONSIN.--Timothy O. Howe, Angus Cameron.

(1) Died. Succeeded by _Daniel W. Voorhees_. (2) Resigned. Succeeded by Zachariah Chandler. (3) Died. _David E. Armstrong_ appointed; _James Shields_ elected. (4) Resigned. Succeeded by Stanley Matthews. (5) Resigned. Succeeded by J. Donald Cameron.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. _Samuel J. Randall_ of Pennsylvania, Speaker. _George M. Adams_ of Kentucky, Clerk. ALABAMA.--_James T. Jones, Hilary A. Herbert, Jeremiah N. Williams, Charles M. Shelley, Robert F. Ligon, Goldsmith W. Hewitt, William H. Forney, William W. Garth_. ARKANSAS.--_Lucien C. Gause, William F. Slemons, Jordan E. Cravens, Thomas M. Gunter_. CALIFORNIA.--Horace Davis, Horace F. Page, _John K. Luttrell_, Romualdo Pacheco (1). COLORADO.--_T. M. Patterson_. CONNECTICUT.--George M. Landers, _James Phelps_, John T. Wait, _Levi Warner_. DELAWARE.--_James Williams_. FLORIDA.--_Robert H. M. Davidson_, Horatio Bisbee, jun. (2) GEORGIA.--_Julian Hartridge (3), William E. Smith, Philip Cook, Henry R. Harris, Milton A. Candler, James H. Blount, William H. Felton, Alexander H. Stephens, Hiram P. Bell_. ILLINOIS.--William Aldrich, _Carter H. Harrison_, Lorenzo Brentano, William Lathrop, Horatio C. Burchard, Thomas J. Henderson, Philip C. Hayes, Greenbury L. Fort, Thomas A. Boyd, B. F. Marsh, _Robert M. Knapp, William M. Springer_, Thomas F. Tipton, Joseph G. Cannon, _John R. Eden, William A. J. Sparks, William R. Morrison, William Hartzell, Richard W. Townshend_. INDIANA.--_Benoni S. Fuller, Thomas R. Cobb, George A. Bicknell_, Leonidas Sexton, Thomas M. Browne, Milton S. Robinson, John Hanna, Morton C. Hunter, M. D. White, William H. Calkins, James L. Evans, _Andrew H. Hamilton_, John H. Baker. IOWA.--Joseph C. Stone, Hiram Price, Theodore W. Burdick, Nathaniel C. Deering, Rush Clark, Ezekiel S. Sampson, Henry J. B. Cummings, William F. Sapp, Addison Oliver. KANSAS.--William A. Phillips, Dudley C. Haskell, Thomas Ryan. KENTUCKY.--_Andrew R. Boone, James A. McKenzie, John W. Caldwell, J. Proctor Knott, Albert S. Willis, John G. Carlisle, Joseph C. S. Blackburn, Milton J. Durham, Thomas Turner, John B. Clarke_. LOUISIANA.--_Randall L. Gibson, E. John Ellis_, Chester B. Darrall (4), _Joseph B. Elam_, John E. Leonard (5), _Edward W. Robertson_. MAINE.--Thomas B. Reed, William P. Frye, Stephen D. Lindsey, Llewellyn Powers, Eugene Hale. MARYLAND.--_Daniel M. Henry, Charles B. Roberts, William Kimmell, Thomas Swann, Eli J. Henkle, William Walsh_. MASSACHUSETTS.--William W. Crapo, Benjamin W. Harris, Walbridge A. Field (6), _Leopold Morse_, Nathaniel P. Banks, George H. Loring, Benjamin F. Butler, William Claflin, William W. Rice, Amasa Norcross, George D. Robinson. MICHIGAN.--Alpheus S. Williams (7), Edwin Willits, Jonas H. McGowan, Edwin W. Keightley, John W. Stone, Mark S. Brewer, Omar D. Conger, Charles C. Ellsworth, Jay A. Hubbell. MINNESOTA.--Mark H. Dunnell, Horace B. Strait, Jacob H. Stewart. MISSISSIPPI.--_Henry L. Muldrow, Van H. Manning, Hernando D. Money, Otho R. Singleton, Charles E. Hooker, James R. Chalmers_. MISSOURI.--Anthony Ittner, Nathan Cole, Lyne S. Metcalf, _Robert A. Hatcher, Richard P. Bland, Charles H. Morgan, Thomas T. Crittenden, Benjamin J. Franklin, David Rea_, Henry M. Pollard, _John B. Clark, jun., John M. Glover, Aylett H. Buckner_. NEBRASKA.--Frank Welch (8). NEVADA.--Thomas Wren. NEW HAMPSHIRE.--_Frank Jones_, James F. Briggs, Henry W. Blair. NEW JERSEY.--Clement H. Sinnickson, John H. Pugh, _Miles Ross, Alvah A. Clark, Augustus W. Cutler_, Thomas B. Peddle, _Augustus A. Hardenbergh_. NEW YORK.--_James V. Covert, William D. Veeder_, Simeon B. Chittenden, _Archibald M. Bliss, Nicolas Muller, Samuel S. Cox, Anthony Eickhoff_, Anson G. McCook, _Fernando Wood, Abram S. Hewitt, Benjamin A. Willis, Clarkson N. Potter_, John H. Ketcham, _George M. Beebe, Stephen L. Mayham, Terence J. Quinn_(9), Martin L. Townsend, Andrew Williams, Amaziah B. James, John H. Starin, Solomon Bundy, George A. Bagley, William J. Bacon, William H. Baker, Frank Hiscock, John H. Camp, Elbridge G. Lapham, Jeremiah W. Dwight, John N. Hungerford, _E. Kirke Hart, Charles B. Benedict, David N. Lockwood_, George W. Patterson. NORTH CAROLINA.--_Jesse J. Yeates_, Curtis H. Brogden, _Alfred M. Waddell, Joseph J. Davis, Alfred M. Scales, Walter L. Steele, William M. Robbins, Robert B. Vance_. OHIO.--_Milton Sayler, Henry B. Banning_, Mills Gardner, _John A. McMahon, Americus V. Rice_, Jacob D. Cox, _Henry L. Dickey_, Joseph W. Keifer, John S. Jones, Charles Foster, Henry S. Neal, _Thomas Ewing, Milton I. Southard, Ebenezer R. Finley_, Nelson H. Van Vorhes, Lorenzo Danford, William McKinley, jun., James Monroe, James A. Garfield, Amos Townsend. OREGON.--Richard Williams. PENNSYLVANIA.--Chapman Freeman, Charles O'Neill, _Samuel J. Randall_, William D. Kelley, Alfred C. Harmer, William Ward, I. Newton Evans, _Hiester Clymer, James B. Reilly_, John W. Killinger, Edward Overton, jun., John T. Mitchell, Jacob M. Campbell, _William S. Stenger, Levi Marsh, L. A. Mackey, Jacob Turney_, Russell Errett, Thomas M. Bayne, William S. Shallenberger, Harry White, John M. Thompson, Lewis F. Watson. RHODE ISLAND.--Benjamin T. Eames, Latimer W. Ballou. SOUTH CAROLINA.--Joseph H. Rainey, Richard H. Cain, _D. Wyatt Aiken, John H. Evins_, Robert Smalls. TENNESSEE.--James H. Randolph, Jacob M. Thornburgh, _George G. Dibrell, Haywood Y. Riddle, John M. Bright, John F. House, Washington C. Whittihorne, John D. C. Atkins, William P. Caldwell, Casey Young_. TEXAS.--_John H. Reagan, David B. Culberson, James W. Throckmorton, Roger Q. Mills, DeWitt C. Giddings, Gustave Schleicher_(10). VERMONT.--Charles H. Joyce, Dudley C. Denison, George W. Hendee. VIRGINIA.--_Beverly B. Douglas (11), John Goode, jun., Gilbert C. Walker_, Joseph Jorgensen, _George C. Cabell, John R. Tucker, John T. Harris, Eppa Hunton, Auburn L. Pridemore_. WEST VIRGINIA.--_Benjamin Wilson, Benjamin F. Martin, John E. Kenna_. WISCONSIN.--Charles G. Williams, Lucien B. Caswell, George C. Hazelton, _William P. Lynde, Edward S. Bragg, Gabriel Bouck_, Herman L. Humphrey, Thaddeus C. Pound.

DELEGATES. ARIZONA.--_H. S. Stevens_. DAKOTA.--Jefferson P. Kidder. IDAHO.--_Stephen S. Fenn_. MONTANA.--_Martin Maginnis_. NEW MEXICO.--Trinidad Romero. UTAH.--_George Q. Cannon_. WASHINGTON.--Orange Jacobs. WYOMING.--William W. Corlett.

(1) Unseated. _Peter D. Wigginton_ admitted. (2) Unseated. _Jesse J. Finley_ admitted. (3) Died. Succeeded by _William B. Fleming_. (4) Unseated. _Joseph H. Acklen_ admitted. (5) Died. Succeeded by _John S. Young_. (6) Unseated. _Benjamin Dean_ admitted. (7) Died December 20, 1878. (8) Died. Succeeded by Thomas J. Majors. (9) Died. Succeeded by John M. Bailey. (10) Died January 10, 1879. (11) Died. Succeeded by _R. L. T. Beale_.

APPENDIX I. FORTY-SIXTH CONGRESS. REPUBLICANS IN ROMAN; DEMOCRATS IN ITALIC; GREENBACKERS IN SMALL CAPITALS.

SENATE. William A. Wheeler of New York, President. John C. Burch of Tennessee, Secretary. ALABAMA.--_John T. Morgan, George S. Houston_(1). ARKANSAS.--_Augustus H. Garland, James D. Walker_. CALIFORNIA.--Newton Booth, _James T. Farley_. COLORADO.--Henry M. Teller, Nathaniel P. Hill. CONNECTICUT.--_William W. Eaton_, Orville H. Platt. DELAWARE.--_Thomas F. Bayard, Eli Saulsbury_. FLORIDA.--_Charles W. Jones, Wilkinson Call_. GEORGIA.--_Benjamin H. Hill, John B. Gordon_(2). ILLINOIS.--_David Davis_, John A. Logan. INDIANA.--_Joseph E. McDonald, Daniel W. Voorhees_. IOWA.--Samuel J. Kirkwood, William B. Allison. KANSAS.--Preston B. Plumb, John James Ingalls. KENTUCKY.--_James B. Beck, John S. Williams_. LOUISIANA.--William Pitt Kellogg, _Benjamin F. Jones_. MAINE.--Hannibal Hamlin, James G. Blaine. MARYLAND.--_William Pinkney Whyte, James B. Groome_. MASSACHUSETTS.--Henry L. Dawes, George F. Hoar. MICHIGAN.--Zachariah Chandler (3), Thomas W. Ferry. MINNESOTA.--Samuel J. R. McMillan, William Windom. MISSISSIPPI.--Blanche K. Bruce, _Lucius Q. C. Lamar_. MISSOURI.--_Francis M. Cockrell, James Shields_(4). NEBRASKA.--Algernon S. Paddock, Alvin Saunders. NEVADA.--William Sharon, John P. Jones. NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Edward H. Rollins, Henry W. Blair (5). NEW JERSEY.--_Theodore F. Randolph, John R. McPherson_. NEW YORK.--_Francis Kernan_, Roscoe Conkling. NORTH CAROLINA.--_Matt W. Ransom, Zebulon B. Vance_. OHIO.--_Allen G. Thurman, George H. Pendleton_. OREGON.--_Lafayette Grover, James H. Slater_. PENNSYLVANIA.--_William A. Wallace_, J. Donald Cameron. RHODE ISLAND.--Ambrose E. Burnside, Henry B. Anthony. SOUTH CAROLINA.--_Manning C. Butler, Wade Hampton_. TENNESSEE.--_James E. Bailey, Isham G. Harris_. TEXAS.--_Sam Bell Maxey, Richard Coke_. VERMONT.--George F. Edmunds, Justin S. Morrill. VIRGINIA.--_Robert E. Withers, John W. Johnston_. WEST VIRGINIA.--_Frank Hereford, Henry G. Davis_. WISCONSIN.--Angus Cameron, Matthew H. Carpenter (6).

(1) Died. _Luke Pryor_ appointed; _James L. Pugh_ elected. (2) Resigned. Succeeded by _Joseph E. Brown_. (3) Died. Succeeded by Henry P. Baldwin. (4) Died. Succeeded by _George G. Vest_. (5) Charles H. Bell served under appointment to June 20, 1879. (6) Died February 24, 1881.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. _Samuel J. Randall_ of Pennsylvania, Speaker. _George M. Adams_ of Kentucky, Clerk. ALABAMA.--_Thomas H. Herndon, Hilary A. Herbert, William J. Sanford, Charles M. Shelley, Thomas Williams, Burwell B. Lewis (1), William E. Forney_, WILLIAM M. LOWE. ARKANSAS.--_Poindexter Dunn, William F. Slemons, Jordan E. Cravens, Thomas M. Gunter_. CALIFORNIA.--Horace Davis, Horace F. Page, _Campbell P. Berry_, Romualdo Pacheco. COLORADO.--James B. Belford. CONNECTICUT.--Joseph R. Hawley, _James Phelps_, John T. Wait, Frederick Miles. DELAWARE.--_Edward L. Martin_. FLORIDA.--_Robert H. M. Davidson, Noble A. Hull_(2). GEORGIA.--_John C. Nicholls, William E. Smith, Philip Cook, Henry Persons, Neil J. Hammond, James H. Blount, William H. Felton, Alexander H. Stephens, Emory Speer_. ILLINOIS.--William Aldrich, George R. Davis, Hiram Barber, John C. Sherwin, Robert M. A. Hawk, Thomas J. Henderson, Philip C. Hayes, Greenbury L. Fort, Thomas A. Boyd, Benjamin F. Marsh, _James W. Singleton, William M. Springer_, ADLAI E. STEVENSON, Joseph G. Cannon, ALBERT P. FORSYTHE, _William A. J. Sparks, William R. Morrison_, John R. Thomas, _Richard W. Townshend_. INDIANA.--William Heilman, _Thomas R. Cobb, George A. Bicknell, Jeptha D. New_, Thomas M. Browne, _William R. Myers_, GILBERT DE LA MATYR, _Abram J. Hostetler_, Godlove S. Orth, William H. Calkins, Calvin Cowgill, _Walpole G. Colerick_, John H. Baker. IOWA.--Moses A. McCold, Hiram Price, Thomas Updegraff, Nathaniel C. Deering, William G. Thompson, JAMES B. WEAVER, EDWARD H. GILLETTE, William F. Sapp, Cyrus C. Carpenter. KANSAS.--John A. Anderson, Dudley C. Haskell, Thomas Ryan. KENTUCKY.--_Oscar Turner, James A. McKenzie, John W. Caldwell, J. Proctor Knott, Albert S. Willis, John G. Carlisle, Joseph C. S. Blackburn, Philip B. Thompson, jun., Thomas Turner, Elijah C. Phister_. LOUISIANA.--_Randall L. Gibson, E. John Ellis, Joseph H. Acklen, Joseph B. Elam, J. Floyd King, Edward W. Robertson_. MAINE.--Thomas B. Reed, William P. Frye, Stephen D. Lindsey, GEORGE W. LADD, THOMPSON H. MURCH. MARYLAND.--_Daniel M. Henry, J. Frederick C. Talbott, William Kimmel, Robert M. McLane, Eli J. Henkle_, Milton G. Urner. MASSACHUSETTS.--William W. Crapo, Benjamin W. Harris, Walbridge A. Field, _Leopold Morse_, Selwyn Z. Bowman, George B. Loring, William A. Russell, William Claflin, William W. Rice, Amasa Norcross, George D. Robinson. MICHIGAN.--John S. Newberry, Edwin Willits, Jonas H. McGowan, Julius C. Burrows, John W. Stone, Mark S. Brewer, Omar D. Conger, Roswell G. Horr, Jay A. Hubbell. MINNESOTA.--Mark H. Dunnell, _Henry Poehler_, William D. Washburn. MISSISSIPPI.--_Henry L. Muldrow, Van H. Manning, Hernando D. Money, Otho R. Singleton, Charles E. Hooker, James R. Chalmers_. MISSOURI.--_Martin L. Clardy, Erastus Wells, R. Graham Frost, Lowndes H. Davis, Richard P. Bland, James R. Waddill, Alfred M. Lay (4), Samuel L. Sawyer_, NICHOLAS FORD, _Gideon F. Rothwell, John B. Clark, jun., William H. Hatch, Aylett H. Buckner_. NEBRASKA.--Edward K. Valentine. NEVADA.--Rollin M. Daggett. NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Joshua G. Hall, James F. Briggs, Evarts W. Farr (5). NEW JERSEY.--George M. Robeson, _Hezekiah B. Smith, Miles Ross, Alvah A. Clark_, Charles H. Voorhis, John L. Blake, Lewis A. Brigham. NEW YORK.--_James W. Covert, Daniel O'Reilly_, Simeon B. Chittenden, _Archibald M. Bliss, Nicholas Muller, Samuel S. Cox_, Edwin Einstein, Anson G. McCook, _Fernando Wood (6), James O'Brien_, Levi P. Morton, _Waldo Hutchins_, John H. Ketcham, John W. Ferdon, _William Lounsbery_, John M. Bailey, Walter A. Wood, John Hammond, Amaziah B. James, John H. Starin, David Wilber, Warner Miller, Cyrus D. Prescott, Joseph Mason, Frank Hiscock, John H. Camp, Elbridge G. Lapham, Jeremiah W. Dwight, David P. Richardson, John Van Voorhis, Richard Crowley, Ray V. Pierce (7), Henry Van Aernam. NORTH CAROLINA.--Joseph J. Martin (8), _William H. Kitchin_, Daniel L. Russell, _Joseph J. Davis, Alfred M. Scales, Walter L. Steele, Robert F. Armfield, Robert B. Vance_. OHIO.--Benjamin Butterworth, Thomas L. Young, _John A. McMahon_, J. Warren Keifer, _Benjamin Le Fevre, William D. Hill, Frank H. Hurd, Ebenezer B. Finley, George L. Converse, Thomas Ewing, Henry L. Dickey_, Henry S. Neal, _Adoniram J. Warner, Gibson Atherton, George W. Geddes_, William McKinley, jun., James Monroe, Jonathan T. Updegraff, James A. Garfield (9), Amos Townsend. OREGON.--_John Whitaker_. PENNSYLVANIA.--Henry H. Bingham, Charles O'Neill, _Samuel J. Randall_, William D. Kelley, Alfred C. Harmer, William Ward, William Godshalk, _Hiester Clymer_, A. Herr Smith, _Reuben K. Bachman, Robert Klotz_, HENDRICK B. WRIGHT, _John W. Ryon_, John W. Killinger, Edward Overton, jun., John I. Mitchell, _Alexander H. Coffroth_, Horatio G. Fisher, _Frank E. Beltzhoover_, SETH H. YOCUM, _Morgan R. Wise_, Russell Errett, Thomas M. Bayne, William S. Shallenberger, Harry White, Samuel B. Dick, James H. Osmer. RHODE ISLAND.--Nelson W. Aldrich, Latimer W. Ballou. SOUTH CAROLINA.--_John S. Richardson, Michael P. O'Connor, D. Wyatt Aiken, John H. Evins, George D. Tillman_. TENNESSEE.--_Robert L. Taylor_, Leonidas C. Houk, _George G. Dibrell, Benton McMillin, John M. Bright, John F. House, Washington C. Whittihorne, John D. C. Atkins, Charles B. Simonton, Casey Young_. TEXAS.--_John H. Reagan, David B. Culberson, Olin Wellborn, Roger Q. Mills_, GEORGE W. JONES, _Columbus Upson_. VERMONT.--Charles H. Joyce, James M. Tyler, Bradley Barlow. VIRGINIA.--_Richard L. T. Beale, John Goode, Joseph E. Johnston_, Joseph Jorgensen, _George C. Cabell, John Randolph Tucker, John T. Harris, Eppa Hunton, James B. Richmond_. WEST VIRGINIA.--_Benjamin Wilson, Benjamin F. Morris, John E. Kenna_. WISCONSIN.--Charles G. Williams, Lucien B. Caswell, George C. Hazelton, _Peter V. Deuster, Edward S. Bragg, Gabriel Bouck_, Herman L. Humphrey, Thaddeus C. Pound.

DELEGATES. ARIZONA.--_John G. Campbell_. DAKOTA.--Granville G. Bennett. IDAHO.--_George Ainslie_. MONTANA.--_Martin Maginnis_. NEW MEXICO.--Mariano S. Otero. UTAH.--_George Q. Cannon_. WASHINGTON.--Thomas H. Brents. WYOMING.--Stephen W. Downey.

(1) Died February 24, 1881. (2) Resigned. Succeeded by _Newton N. Clements_. (3) Unseated. Horatio Bisbee, jun., admitted. (4) Died. Succeeded by _John F. Philips_. (5) Died. Succeeded by Ossian Ray. (6) Died February 13, 1881. (7) Resigned. Succeeded by _Jonathan Scoville_. (8) Unseated. _Jesse J. Yeates_ admitted. (9) Resigned. Succeeded by Ezra B. Taylor.

INDEX OF NAMES [Omitted]