Chapter 2

PAGE ANDERSON, J. H., D. D., Pastor of the A. M. E. Zion Church, Wllkesbarre, Pa. 323 ATKINS, REV. S. G., President of the State Normal and Industrial College of North Carolina 80 BAKER, HON. H. E., Washington, D. C. 399 BIBB, PROF. J. D., A. M., Atlanta, Ga. 449 BLACKSHEAR, MR. E. L., President of Texas Normal and Industrial College, Prairie View, Texas 334 BOWEN, MRS. ARIEL, S. H., Atlanta, Ga. 264 BOWEN, REV. J. W. E, Professor in Gammon Theological Seminary 29 BOWSER, MRS. ROSA D., Teacher in Richmond, Va. 177 BOYD, DR. R. F., Physician and Surgeon, Nashville, Tenn. 215 BRAWLEY, REV. E. M., D. D., Secretary and Expositor of the National Baptist Publishing Company 254 BRAGGS, REV. GEO. F. JR., Rector of Episcopal Church, Baltimore, Md. 356 BROOKS, REV. W. H., D. D., Pastor Nineteenth St. Baptist Church, Washington, D. C. 315 BROWN, REV. S. N., Pastor of Congregational Church, Washington, D.C. 68 BUTLER, HENRY R., A. M., M. D., Atlanta, Ga. 221 CARVER, GEO. W., Professor of Agriculture, Tuskegee Institute 388 CHAPPELLE, REV. W. D., Secretary of Sabbath School Department of the A. M. E. Church 63 CHEATHAM, HON. H. P., Recorder of Deeds, of the District of Columbia 57 CLINTON, BISHOP G. W., A. M. E. Zion Church, Charlotte, N. C. 115 COOPER, E. E. Editor of the Colored American 464 COUNCIL, PROF. W. H., President of Alabama Normal and Mechanical College, Normal, Ala. 325 COX, PROF. J. M., President of the Philander Smith College, Little Rock, Ark. 295 CROMWELL, J. W., Washington, D. C. 291 CROGMAN, W. H., Professor of Greek and Latin, Clark University 7 DAVIS, REV. D. W., Pastor of Baptist Church, Manchester, Va. 38 DAVIS, REV. I. D., Pastor Presbyterian Church, Goodwill, S. C. 124 DUNBAR, MRS. PAUL LAURENCE, Washington, D. C. 139 ELLERSON, REV. L. B., Pastor Presbyterian Church, Jacksonville, Fla. 313 FLIPPER, REV. J. S., D. D., Presiding Elder of North Georgia Conference, Atlanta, Ga. 257 FORTUNE, T. T., Editor of The Age, New York City 227 FRANCIS, DR. J. R., Physician and Surgeon, Washington, D. C. 204 FRIERSON, A. U., Professor of Greek, of Biddle University 241 GILBERT, J. W., Professor of Greek in Paine College 190 GILBERT, REV. M. W. D. D., Pastor of Baptist Church, Charleston, S. C. 287 GOODWIN, G. A., Professor in Atlanta Baptist College 132 GREEN, HON. JOHN P., Government Position, Washington, D. C. 89 GRIMKE, REV. F. J., D. D., Pastor of Presbyterian Church, Washington, D. C. 427 HARLLEE, PROF. N. W., Principal of High School, Dallas, Tex. 299 HAWKINS, PROF. J. R., Secretary of Educational Department of the A. M. E. Church 153 HEARD, REV. W. H., D. D., Pastor of Allen Temple, Atlanta, Ga. 442 HEWIN, J. T., Attorney, Richmond, Va. 110 HILYER, ANDREW F., Washington, D. C. 375 HOLSEY, BISHOP L. H., C. M. E. Church, Atlanta, Ga. 46 HOOD, BISHOP J. W., of A. M. E. Zion Church, Fayetteville, N. C. 51 HUNT, H. A., Principal of Industrial Department of Biddle University 394 JACKSON, MISS LENA T., Teacher of Latin in High School, Nashville, Tenn. 304 JOHNSON, REV. J. Q., D. D. 270 JOHNSON, PROF. J. W., Principal of Grammar School, Jacksonville, Fla. 72 JOHNSON, REV. H. T., D. D., Editor of Christian Recorder 186 JONES, PROF. J. H., President of Wilberforce University 83 JONES, T. W., Prominent business man, Chicago, Ill. 370 JORDAN, D. J., Professor in Morris Brown College 129 KERR, REV. S., Rector of Episcopal Church, Key West, Fla. 320 KNOX, GEO. L., Editor of the Freeman 454 LEWIS, PROF. W. I., Reporter for Evening Metropolis, Jacksonville, Fla. 272 LOGAN, MRS. WARREN, Tuskegee Institute 199 LOVINGGOOD, PROF. R. S., President of Samuel Houston College, Austin, Tex. 48 MASON, MRS. LENA, The Evangelist, Hannibal, Mo. 445 MASON, REV. M. C. B., Secretary of the Freemen Board of the M. E. Church 34 McCLELLAN, PROF. G. M., Teacher in High School, Louisville, Ky. 275 MILLER, KELLY, Professor of Mathematics in Howard University 158 MORGAN, REV. J. H., Minister, Bordentown, N. J. 383 MORRIS, REV. E. C., D. D., Editor of National Baptist Publishing Co., Helena, Ark. 259 MURRAY, HON. G. W., Providence, S. C. 231 ONLEY, D. W., D. D., Dentist, Washington, D. C. 347 PARTEE, REV. W. E., D. D., Pastor of Presbyterian Church, Richmond, Va. 309 PETERSON, B. H., Professor at Tuskegee Institute 236 PETTIFORD, W. R., President Alabama Penny Savings and Loan Co., Birmingham, Ala. 468 PETTEY, MRS. BISHOP C. C., Newbern, N. C. 182 PORTER, J. R., D. D. S., Atlanta, Ga. 191 PROCTOR, REV. H. H., Pastor of Congregational Church., Atlanta, Ga. 317 PURCELL, I. L., Attorney, Pensacola, Fla. 104 RICHARDSON, PROF. A. ST. GEORGE, President of Edward Waters College, Jacksonville, Fla. 330 ROBINSON, G. T., Attorney, Nashville, Tenn. 108 ROBINSON, PROF. R. G., Principal of LaGrange Academy 302 RUCKER, HON. H. A., Internal Revenue Collector for Georgia, Atlanta, Ga. 202 SCARBOROUGH, W. S., Professor of Greek of Wilberforce University 414 SMITH, MRS. M. E. C., Teacher in Edward Waters College, Jacksonville, Fla. 246 SMITH, R. S., Attorney, Washington, D. C. 92 SMYTH, PROF. J. H., President of Reformatory School of Virginia, Hanover, Va. 434 SPRAGUE, MRS. ROSETTA DOUGLASS, Washington, D. C. 167 STORUM, PROF. JAMES, Teacher in High School, Washington, D. C. 75 TALBERT, MARY B., Buffalo, N. Y. 17 TALLEY, T. W., Professor of Science, Tuskegee Institute 338 TERRELL, MRS. MARY CHURCH, Washington, D. C. 172 THOMPSON, R. W., Associate Editor of the Colored American 351 TUCKER, PROF. T. de S., Baltimore, Md. 418 TURNER, BISHOP H. M., D. D., LL. D., A. M. E. Church, Atlanta, Ga. 42 TURNER, PROF. C. H., Professor of Science in Clark University 162 WALLACE, W. W., Editor of Colored American Magazine 349 WALLER, REV. O. M., Rector of Episcopal Church, Washington, D. C. 363 WALKER, PROF. H. L., Principal High School, Augusta, Ga. 342 WASHINGTON, PROF. BOOKER T., President of Tuskegee Institute 142 WHITAKER, REV. J. W., Traveling Agent for Tuskegee Institute 359 WHITE, HON. GEO. H., Washington, D. C. 224 WILDER, DR. J. R., Physician and Surgeon, Washington, D. C. 210 WILLIAMS, REV. J. B. L., D. D., Pastor of M. E. Church, Fernandina, Fla. 120 WYCHE, REV. R. P., Pastor of Presbyterian Church, Charlotte, N. C. 123 YATES, MRS. JOSEPHINE S., Kansas City, Mo. 21 YOUNG, PROF. N. B., President of Florida State Normal and Industrial College 125

CONTENTS.

THE FOLLOWING TOPICS ARE DISCUSSED IN THIS BOOK BY ONE HUNDRED WRITERS:

TOPIC PAGE

I. DID THE AMERICAN NEGRO MAKE, IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, ACHIEVEMENTS ALONG THE LINES OF WEALTH, MORALITY, EDUCATION, ETC., COMMENSURATE WITH HIS OPPORTUNITIES? IF SO, WHAT ACHIEVEMENTS DID HE MAKE? 17

II. WILL IT BE POSSIBLE FOR THE NEGRO TO ATTAIN, IN THIS COUNTRY, UNTO THE AMERICAN TYPE OF CIVILIZATION? 42

III. HOW CAN THE FRIENDLY RELATIONS NOW EXISTING BETWEEN THE TWO RACES IN THE SOUTH BE STRENGTHENED AND MAINTAINED? 57

IV. SHOULD THE NEGRO BE GIVEN AN EDUCATION DIFFERENT FROM THAT GIVEN TO THE WHITE? 72

V. SHOULD THE IGNORANT AND NON-PROPERTY HOLDING NEGRO BE ALLOWED TO VOTE? 89

VI. IS THE CRIMINAL NEGRO JUSTLY DEALT WITH IN THE COURTS OF THE SOUTH? 92

VII. TO WHAT EXTENT IS THE NEGRO PULPIT UPLIFTING THE RACE? 115

VIII. IS IT TIME FOR THE NEGRO COLLEGES IN THE SOUTH TO BE PUT INTO THE HANDS OF NEGRO TEACHERS? 125

IX. WILL THE EDUCATION OF THE NEGRO SOLVE THE RACE PROBLEM? 142

X. WHAT ROLE IS THE EDUCATED NEGRO WOMAN TO PLAY IN THE UPLIFTING OF HER RACE? 167

XI. HOW CAN THE NEGROES BE INDUCED TO RALLY MORE TO NEGRO BUSINESS ENTERPRISES AND TO THEIR PROFESSIONAL MEN? 186

XII. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF THE GREAT MORTALITY AMONG THE NEGROES IN THE CITIES OF THE SOUTH AND HOW IS THAT MORTALITY TO BE LESSENED? 199

XIII. WHAT SHOULD BE THE NEGRO'S ATTITUDE IN POLITICS? 224

XIV. IS THE NEGRO AS MORALLY DEPRAVED AS HE IS REPUTED TO BE? 236

XV. IS THE YOUNG NEGRO AN IMPROVEMENT MORALLY ON HIS FATHER? 254

XVI. THE NEGRO AS A WRITER 270

XVII. DID THE AMERICAN NEGRO PROVE, IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, THAT HE IS INTELLECTUALLY EQUAL TO THE WHITE MAN? 287

XVIII. WHAT PROGRESS DID THE AMERICAN WHITE MAN MAKE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ALONG THE LINE OF CONCEDING TO THE NEGRO HIS RELIGIOUS, POLITICAL AND CIVIL RIGHTS? 291

XIX. THE NEGRO AS A LABORER 299

XX. THE NEGRO AS A CHRISTIAN 309

XXI. DOES THE NORTH AFFORD TO THE NEGRO BETTER OPPORTUNITIES OF MAKING A LIVING THAN THE SOUTH? 323

XXII. WHAT IS THE NEGRO TEACHER DOING IN THE MATTER OF UPLIFTING HIS RACE? 330

XXIII. IS THE NEGRO NEWSPAPER AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THE ELEVATION OF THE NEGRO? 347

XXIV. ARE OTHER THAN BAPTIST AND METHODIST CHURCHES ADAPTED TO THE PRESENT NEGRO? 356

XXV. THE NEGRO AS A BUSINESS MAN 370

XXVI. THE NEGRO AS A FARMER 388

XXVII. THE NEGRO AS AN INVENTOR 399

XXVIII. WHAT THE OMEN? 414

XXIX. WHY THE NEGRO RACE SURVIVES 418

XXX. THE SIGNS OF A BRIGHTER FUTURE FOR THE AMERICAN NEGRO 427

XXXI. NEGRO CRIMINALITY 434

XXXII. THE AMERICAN NEGRO'S OPPORTUNITIES IN AFRICA 442

XXXIII. THE NEGRO AND EDUCATION 445

XXXIV. A NEGRO IN IT 447

XXXV. THE NEGRO'S ADVERSITIES HELP HIM 449

XXXVI. THE AMERICAN NEGRO AND HIS POSSIBILITIES 454

XXXVII. IMPORTANT LESSONS FROM THE AWFUL TRAGEDY 464

XXXVIII. HOW TO HELP THE NEGRO TO HELP HIMSELF 468

THE EDITOR'S BIOGRAPHY, BY WALTER I. LEWIS.

Daniel Wallace Culp, compiler and editor of this book, was born about forty-seven years ago, of slave parents, four miles from Union Court House in South Carolina. His mother, Marilla by name, was an excellent type of the devout Christian woman of her day; she believed firmly in that God, whose inscrutable wisdom directed the ways of her race through paths that were truly hard. She hesitated not to teach her son Daniel to love, fear and obey the God in whom she trusted, using whatever light she had.

Christopher Brandon, to whom Daniel and his mother belonged, was one of those slave-holders in South Carolina who did not believe in the institution of slavery, but being uncertain as to whether his slaves would be better off if he freed them, he held them, establishing a sort of patrimony in which his slaves were allowed such superior opportunities and advantages that the less favored neighbors styled them "Brandon's free Negroes." This distinction carried with it its disadvantages as well, for on account of the ease and comfort allowed them, they were despised alike by the hard-hearted slave-owners and the less fortunate slaves. Brandon was kind to his slaves, who were made to work enough to keep a plenty at home to live upon. He also protected them against whatever ill treatment begrudging neighbors might be prompted to offer.

Brandon was a bachelor. He made a favorite and close companion of Daniel to the extent of having him occupy the same bed with him. This affection of the bachelor master lasted until his death, which occurred several years after the emancipation.

It is said that in his expiring moments this good man, Brandon, called for young Daniel, who was then too far away to be on hand in time to hear what was to have been said before death ensued. Thus died a man who was brave enough, in the midst of environments that were exacting to the extent of active ostracism for his assertion of his belief that the Negro is a real human being, possessed of a mind, soul and rights to happiness, and should share in the community of responsibilities.

At an early age Daniel became anxious to know what is in books. This ambition was fed by his former master, who became his first teacher. This make-shift tutelage continued until 1869, when this rapid little learner caught a sight of better intellectual food. Accordingly he left his rural home, his soul charged with greater things, and entered Biddle Memorial Institute, now Biddle University, at Charlotte, N. C.

As a student Daniel did not attract any special attention until he had passed the preparatory and entered the regular classical course of that institution. It was here that he won great distinction in his faculty for acquiring a ready knowledge of the languages and the higher mathematics. So rapidly did he advance in these studies that it was found necessary to place him in a class alone, none of his mates being able to keep up with him. This separation was from a class of about twenty young men from the Carolinas, Virginia, Georgia and Tennessee. For five years he studied, making an advancement that was frequently a marvel to the teachers, some of whom were at times puzzled to sustain their place of superiority over him.

In 1876 Daniel Wallace Culp graduated from Biddle University, being the first graduate from the classical department of that institution, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts.

Having decided to study theology, he, in the fall of the same year in which he graduated from Biddle, entered Princeton Theological Seminary. At the same time he entered Princeton College to study the History of Philosophy and Psychology under the great Dr. McCosh.

The presence of a colored student in the classes at Princeton College (which has no connection with the Theological Seminary) was particularly obnoxious to the young men of the South, of whom there were several then in attendance. This brought on a crisis. The young white men of the South packed their trunks and left for their homes, declaring with much emphasis that they would not sit in the lecture room with a "nigger." But, strange to relate, their parents showed better sense by requiring them to promptly return. In the meanwhile efforts were made to have Dr. Culp discontinue his attendance at these lectures, all of which he positively refused to do. The young men from the South finally became friendly, and things moved on smoothly, Dr. Culp winning the respect of all the students by his gentlemanly conduct and scholarship.

In the Theological Seminary he was regarded as one of the brightest students in his class, excelling in the study of the Hebrew language and theology. He graduated from this seminary in the spring of 1879.

Now came the most trying time in the life of the young man who had been sated with frequent conquests while in the pursuit of knowledge. Dr. Culp was assigned to an humble Presbyterian Church at Laurens, S. C., under the auspices of the Freedman's Board of the Northern Presbyterian Church. His work was to preach and teach at that place. He remained at Laurens one year, when he was called to the pastorate of Laura Street Presbyterian Church in Jacksonville, Fla.

In the fall of 1881 he was appointed principal of Stanton Institute, the largest colored college in the state of Florida. For a while he filled both the pastorate of the church and the principalship of Stanton, but finding it impracticable to hold both he finally resigned the pastorate, after having served the church for five years. He was principal of Stanton four years. Rev. F. J. Grimke, D. D., succeeded Dr. Culp as pastor of Laura Street Presbyterian Church.

Desiring to help his people in what is known as the "black belt" of Florida, he severed his connection with the Stanton Institute and went to Lake City and established the Florida Normal and Industrial Institute. There he prepared many young men and women to teach in the district schools. This school was operated under the General Congregational Association of Florida, of which Dr. Culp is a member.

In 1886 he accepted an appointment from the American Missionary Association to take charge of the church and school at Florence, Ala. He did not remain there long before the same board appointed him to the pastorate of the First Congregational Church in Nashville, Tenn. It was here that Dr. Culp became deeply concerned about the physical salvation of his race. To fit himself to do actual work along this line, he resigned his pastorate over the strongest protests of his members, and entered the Medical School of the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor. After remaining in this college for some time, studying with the avidity and success of former years, he left and entered the Ohio Medical College, where he could enjoy the advantages of the study of the superior hospital facilities. Here he graduated with honors in 1891, and again came South, locating in Augusta, Ga.

Shortly after his arrival in Augusta, Dr. Culp having demonstrated his high capabilities and fitness, was elected by the City Council to be superintendent and resident physician of the Freedmen's Hospital in that city. This position was coveted by several white physicians, hence the election of Dr. Culp created no small stir. The excitement was great for some time. Finally it became apparent that to continue to hold this position would be hazardous in a number of ways, and upon the advice of his wife and friends Dr. Culp resigned, after serving one year.

Afterwards he built up an excellent practice of medicine in the city of Augusta, but owing to the fast failing health of his family he moved to Palatka, Fla., and after two years of successful practice he moved to Jacksonville to give his children, a promising girl and boy, the advantages of the schools.

After remaining in Jacksonville for about seven years, Dr. Culp yielded to the entreaties of the people of Palatka and returned to that city, where he now is, having won the fullest confidence of the people as a successful physician.

Dr. Culp married Mrs. Mary Emily Jefferson, of Jacksonville, in 1884. She was at that time a prominent teacher in the public schools of that city. His union has been blessed with two children, a girl, Charlotte Marilla, fourteen years old, and Julian McKenzie, twelve years old.

Dr. and Mrs. Culp are both profoundly interested in the education of these children, hoping to fit them to be useful to their race.

Dr. Culp is classed as a thorough race man. Freed from the monstrous visions which many delight to parade as arguments, he abides by a strong faith in the destiny of the valuable elements of his race. That his people are destined to reach a high point in civilization has been his private conviction for years, not being very free, however, to say that this will be attained in America.

Dr. Culp also seriously believes that if the race problem is ever solved in this country, it will be done by the combined efforts of the intelligent elements of both races. His great interest in the physical salvation of his race has moved him to both lecture extensively and write books and pamphlets on health topics during the past seven years. Notable among these are his books on smallpox and vaccination, consumption, etc., all of which have done good among the people whose means of information on the proper care of health are the poorest.

Dr. Culp has good standing with the editors of the leading magazines. By these he has been invited repeatedly to write articles on the Race Problem. This invitation he has accepted more than once, and when he writes, he displays a degree of literary ability that is striking. His purpose in compiling and editing this book is but one of the several great plans he has in reserve to publicly demonstrate what he regards as actual service for the inspiration of his day and generation.

TWENTIETH CENTURY NEGRO LITERATURE.

TOPIC I.

DID THE AMERICAN NEGRO MAKE, IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, ACHIEVEMENTS ALONG THE LINES OF WEALTH, MORALITY, EDUCATION, ETC., COMMENSURATE WITH HIS OPPORTUNITIES? IF SO, WHAT ACHIEVEMENTS DID HE MAKE?

BY MARY B. TALBERT.

MRS. MARY B. TALBERT.