Chapter V; A. Demangeon, _America and the Race for World Dominion

(Garden City, 1921), a translation of _Le Déclin de l’Europe_ (Paris, 1920).

[55] _Supra_, pp. 40–42.

INDEX

Abdul Hamid, Sultan, 5, 23, 198; problems of, 9; interest in railway construction, 20, 30; deposition of, 97.

Adaban Island, 283.

Adalia, 267, 285, 302, 324.

Adana, 22, 72. (_See also_ Mersina-Adana Railway.)

Adrianople, 29.

Afiun Karahissar, 34, 53, 324.

Agadir crisis, 170, 253.

Agriculture in Turkey. (_See_ Turkey, agricultural conditions.)

Aidin, 324. (_See also_ Smyrna-Aidin Railway.)

Alashehr, 34.

Aleppo, 2, 22, 62, 71, 73, 281, 299.

Alexandretta, 19, 62, 73, 110, 112, 151.

Allenby, Field Marshal Sir E. H. H., 298–299.

_Alliance Israélite Universelle_, 133.

Amanus Mountains, 22, 72, 94, 234, 277, 289; Bagdad Railway tunnels through, 113, 119, 289.

Amara, 286.

America. (_See_ United States of America.)

American Federated Chambers of Commerce for the Near East, 344.

Anatolia, 280, 302, 305; geography of, 10; natural resources of, 13–14; railways of, 29–30. (_See also_ Anatolian Railway, Smyrna-Cassaba Railway, Smyrna-Aidin Railway, Black Sea Railways, etc.)

Anatolian Railway, 34, 53, 61, 63, 224, 248, 339; concession of 1888, 32; concession of 1893, 33; agreement with Smyrna-Cassaba Railway, 59–60; board of directors, 85; irrigation enterprises, 98, 117; economic achievements of, 230–232; concessions of 1914, 248–249, 272.

Andrew, Sir William, 176–177.

Anglo-French Entente. (_See_ Entente Cordiale.)

Anglo-French rivalry in the Near East, 318–329.

Anglo-German Agreement of June 15, 1914, 261–265.

Anglo-German rivalry, 138, 179–180, 203.

Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 204.

Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 259, 261, 283, 286.

Anglo-Russian Agreement (1907), 204.

Anglo-Turkish Agreements (1913), 254–258, 263–264.

Angora, 31, 32, 33, 34, 305, 339.

Angora Government. (_See_ Grand National Assembly.)

Angora Treaty (October 20, 1921), 324–325, 333, 352.

Arabs, 9–10, 15, 87, 196, 207, 282–284, 294, 297, 299, 302, 305, 320.

Ardahan, 316.

Arghana, 246, 340; copper mines of, 326, 334, 343.

Armenia, 2, 9, 44; republic of, 302, 305; proposed American mandate, 348.

Asia Minor. (_See_ Anatolia.)

Atlas Line, 107.

Auguste Victoria, Kaiserin, 132.

Austria-Hungary, policies in Near East, 11; railways in Turkey, 58; trade with Turkey, 105–106; annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, 218; relations with Germany in Near East, 129–130. (_See also Drang nach Osten._)

_Backshish_, 94.

Bagdad, 2, 31, 32, 62, 71, 73–74, 261, 281, 286, 296, 336.

Bagdad Railway, 3, 7, 21, 34; factor in Great War, 4, 172, 278, 288–289, 291, 299–300; strategic importance to Turkey, 22, 152–153; mileage, 90; construction, 94–95, 113–114, 289; political importance to Germany, 126–131; opponents and friends of enterprise in Germany, 137–142; economic success, 233–234; disposition of by Allies, 301; Angora Treaty, 325–326; status in 1922, 326; purchase by British bankers, 334. (_See also_ Germany, Great Britain, France, Russia.)

Bagdad Railway Company, incorporation of, 70, 92; concession of 1903, 22, 70–75, 77–84, 219; attempt to internationalize (1903), 92–93; board of directors, 93, 115, 256, 263; preliminary concession of 1899, 61–65, 68; financing concession of 1903, 77, 91, 93–94, 116; concession of 1908, 96–97; convention of March, 1911, 111–112, 228–229, 252; Franco-German agreement of 1914, 170, 247–252; contracts with Lord Inchcape, 259–260, 264; agreement with Smyrna-Aidin Railway Company, 260, 264; proposed liquidation, 301.

Bagtché tunnel, 289.

Bahrein Island, 283.

Balfour, A. J. (Earl Balfour), 93, 180–185, 202.

Balfour of Burleigh, Lord, 117.

Balkan States, 11, 152; nationalism of, 7.

Balkan Wars, 246–275.

Ballin, Albert, 141, 281.

Banditry, 9, 12.

_Bank für Handel und Industrie_, 101, 116.

_Bank für orientalische Eisenbahnen_, 32, 334.

_Banque d’Orient_, 99.

Barrow, General Sir Edmond, 282.

Basra, 2, 19, 62, 74, 255, 263, 282, 284, 336.

Bassermann, Herr, 120, 129, 170, 256.

Beersheba, 298.

Beirut, 30, 62, 72, 299.

Belgium. Railway concessions of Belgians in Turkey, 30.

Berger, Léon, 91, 115.

Bergmann, Dr. Carl, 260.

Berthelot, Philippe, 320.

Bethmann-Hollweg, von, 249.

Beyens, Baron, 249.

Bieberstein, Baron Marschall von, 43, 55, 170, 218, 254.

Bismarck, 40–42, 54–55, 349.

Bitlis, 340.

Black Sea Basin Agreement, 65, 149.

Black Sea Railways, 245–246, 248–249.

Boer War, 61, 179, 203.

Boli, 246.

Bowles, Gibson, 190, 210.

Bozanti, 325.

_Breslau_ (Cruiser), 278, 282.

Briand, Aristide, 329.

Brusa, 14.

Bulgaria, 288, 290.

Bulgurlu, 94, 96.

Bülow, Prince von, 48, 135.

Cadman, Sir John, 321.

Caillard, Sir Vincent, 31, 32.

Caliphate, 27, 64, 278–279, 296.

Cambon, Jules, 268.

Cambon, Paul, 225.

Capitulations, 10–11, 82, 153–154, 276, 303–306, 316, 332.

Carden, Admiral, 282.

Cassel, Sir Ernest, 209, 220–221, 225.

Chamberlain, Austen, 287.

Chamberlain, Joseph, 67, 178–179, 185.

Chéradame, André, 155, 215.

Chesney, Francis R., 176.

Chester, Rear Admiral Colby M., 15, 333.

Chester concessions, 334, 339, 353; compared with Bagdad Railway concessions, 340–343; political significance of, 350.

Chrome, 13, 337.

Churchill, Winston, 282.

Cilicia, 305, 325–326, 331; French mandate for, 302, 325. (_See also_ Mersina-Adana Railway.)

Cilician Gates of the Taurus, 72, 113, 149, 325.

Cilician-Syrian Railway Company, 326.

Clémenceau, Georges, 310, 320, 351.

Coal, Heraclea mines, 14, 324.

Colonization, 84, 123–125.

Combes, Émile, 167.

Commercial Revolution, 1, 3–4, 73. (_See also_ Trade routes.)

Committee of Union and Progress, 217, 219.

Constans, M., 60, 155.

Constantinople, 2, 10, 23, 281, 302.

Cotton, 16, 50–51, 294, 297, 326.

Cox, Sir Percy, 283–284, 286.

Cranborne, Lord, 69.

Crawford, Sir Richard, 221.

_Crédit Lyonnais_, 158.

Crewe, Lord, 282.

Crowe, Sir Eyre, 259.

Ctesiphon, 287.

Curzon, Lord, 23, 113, 192, 197–198, 199, 212–213, 283, 327.

Customs duties of Ottoman Empire, 95, 111, 180, 226–228, 256, 262.

Damascus, 12, 21, 30, 62, 72, 299.

Damascus-Homs-Aleppo Railway, 34, 246.

D’Arcy Exploration Company, 259, 261.

Dardanelles, 245, 280, 282, 285, 288–289.

Dawkins, Sir Clinton, 186.

Deir, province of, 294.

Deir es Zor, 248.

Delamain, General, 283–284.

Delcassé, Théophile, 66, 68, 155–157, 168–169.

De Lesseps, Ferdinand, 177.

Denby, Charles, 345.

Deschanel, Paul, 159, 172.

_Dette Publique._ (_See_ Ottoman Public Debt Administration.)

_Deutsche Bank_, 32–33, 36, 99, 140, 141, 184–185, 261; negotiations of 1899 with Imperial Ottoman Bank, 59–60, 155; influential position in German industry, 100–101; loans to Young Turks, 225; negotiations of 1913–1914 with Imperial Ottoman Bank, 170, 247–252. (_See also_ Anatolian Railway, Bagdad Railway Company, etc.)

_Deutsche Levante Linie_, 36, 107.

_Deutsche Mittelmeer Levante Linie_, 108.

_Deutsche Orientbank_, 99.

_Deutsche Orient Mission_, 132.

_Deutsche Palästina Bank_, 37, 99, 158.

_Deutsch-türkische Vereinigung_, 281.

_Deutsches Vorderasienkomitee_, 281.

_Deutschtum, das_, 135.

Diarbekr, 12, 14, 31, 73, 246, 340.

Disraeli, Benjamin (Earl of Beaconsfield), 3, 178, 215.

Djavid Bey, 95, 219–220, 224–229, 235–236, 247, 275, 278, 331.

Djemal Pasha, 278, 285, 298.

Dodecanese Islands, 267.

Downing Street, 185, 201, 210, 254.

_Drang nach Osten_, 51, 123, 129–130, 139, 141–142, 315.

_Dresdner Bank_, 101, 116.

Eastern Bank, The, 117.

Egypt, 3, 7, 21, 195, 201, 278, 319.

El Helif, 96.

Ellenborough, Lord, 102, 197.

Entente Cordiale, 188, 203–204, 319.

Enver Pasha, 275, 278, 285, 297.

Eregli, 72.

Erzerum, 12, 246, 303, 339.

Eski Shehr, 14, 33.

Euphrates River, 2, 74, 81. (_See also_ Lynch Brothers.)

Euphrates Valley Railway Company, 176.

Euphrates & Tigris Steam Navigation Company, Ltd. (_See_ Lynch Brothers.)

Falkenhayn, General von, 298–299.

Fashoda incident, 61, 203.

Fouad Bey, Dr. I., 343.

France, 7, 23, 276, 293; French railways in Turkey, 30, 34, 53, 59, 165–166, 245–246, 248–249. (_See also_ Smyrna-Cassaba Railway, Damascus-Homs-Aleppo Railway, etc.); trade with Turkey, 104–106; imperialism, 122, 294, 300, 330; attitude toward Bagdad Railway, 66, 94, 153–169; investments in Turkey, 154–155; spheres of interest in Near East, 293–294, 302; mandate for Syria and Cilicia, 302, 320, 325; rivalry with Great Britain in Near East, 318–329; treaty of March 9, 1921, with Turkish Nationalists, 323–324; Angora Treaty, 324–326; policy at Lausanne Conferences, 329–335; attitude toward Chester concessions, 333–334, 345.

Francis I, 154.

Franco-German convention of 1914, 247–252, 272.

Franco-Russian Alliance, 153, 158–159, 168.

Franco-Turkish Treaty of March, 1921, 323–324.

Franco-Turkish Treaty of October, 1921. (_See_ Angora Treaty.)

Franklin-Bouillon, Henri, 324, 329.

Gallipoli, 8, 280, 285.

Gaza, 288, 299.

Genoa Conference, 329.

George V, of Great Britain, 258.

Germany, railways in Turkey. (_See_ Anatolian Railway, Bagdad Railway, _Deutsche Bank_); trade with Turkey, 101–106, 109, 118; banks in the Near East, 98–101; steamship lines in the Near East, 36, 107–110; military missions to Turkey, 38, 269, 288, 297–298; Near Eastern policies, 38–45, 64–65, 120–131, 261–265, 276–279, 287–292, 297–300; schools and missions, 131–136, 145; imperialism, 39–40, 44–52, 56, 114, 125–135, 277, 280–281, 292; anti-imperialism, 137–138; rivalries with Great Britain, 138, 179–180, 203; alliance with Turkey, 271; propaganda, 281–282; military campaigns in Turkey, 285–290, 296–299; destruction of interests in Near East, 301–302, 314–315.

_Goeben_ (cruiser), 278, 282.

Golden Horn, 29, 338.

Goltz, Field Marshal von der, 21, 38–39, 153, 223, 282, 288, 289, 296.

Gouraud, General, 323.

Grand National Assembly, 305, 316, 323, 325, 331, 333–334, 343.

Great Britain, Near Eastern policies, 11, 23, 66–67, 68–69, 111, 195–208, 225–228, 252–265, 282–287, 297, 322; attitude toward Bagdad Railway, 66–67, 69, 182–201, 205–209, 261–265; imperialism, 122, 195–197, 200, 277, 282, 294, 300; trade with Turkey, 105–106; economic enterprises in Near East, 30, 53, 60, 117, 189–192, 220, 261 (_see also_ Lynch Brothers, Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Inchcape, etc.); spheres of interest in Ottoman Empire, 294, 302; acquisition by Bagdad Railway, 334–335; military campaigns in Near East, 283–285, 286–287, 296–297, 298–299. (_See also_ headings under “Anglo,” Persian Gulf, Mesopotamia, Suez Canal, etc.)

Great War, 234, 275–276; rôle of Bagdad Railway in, 285–290, 296–299.

Greece, 11, 302, 303, 306.

Greco-Turkish War (1920–1922), 306, 329.

Grey, Sir Edward (Viscount Grey), 111, 198, 225–227, 228, 243, 255, 261–262, 282–283.

Grothe, Dr. Hugo, 281, 307.

Guaranty Trust Company of New York, 338.

Gwinner, Dr. Arthur von, 114–115, 121, 125, 129, 141, 184, 186, 221, 236, 247, 281.

Haidar Pasha, 298, 325.

Haidar Pasha-Ismid Railway, 30, 31, 80.

Haidar Pasha Port Company, 86, 112.

Haifa, 246.

Hakki Bey, Ismail, 219.

Hakki Pasha, 254–255, 261.

Haldane, Lord, 198, 254.

Hama, 72.

Hamburg-American Line, 108–109, 141.

Hanotaux, Gabriel, 241–242.

Hatzfeld, Count, 38.

Hedjaz, 284, 299, 302.

Hedjaz Railway, 21, 27, 246, 302.

Helfferich, Dr. Karl, 52, 97, 141, 225, 236, 247, 249.

Heraclea, 246; coal mines of, 14, 324.

_Hilfsverein der deutschen Juden_, 136.

Hirsch, Baron, 32.

Hittites, 12.

Holy Land, 6, 299. (_See also_ Palestine.)

Holy War, 278–279, 281.

Homs, 72, 246.

Huguenin, M., 63.

Immigration, 234.

Imperial Ottoman Bank, 59, 93, 117, 245, 246–248.

Imperialism, 3, 5–8, 11–12, 45–52, 114, 235–236, 267, 279–280, 292–296, 306, 316–318, 331, 337–338, 350. (_See also_ Imperialism as sub-topic under France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Russia, United States.)

Inchcape, Lord, 109, 192, 256, 258–260.

India, 7, 126, 178, 195, 196, 282, 283.

Industrial Revolution, 13, 45–46.

Industry in Turkey. (_See_ Turkey, industrial backwardness.)

Interallied Commission on Ports, Waterways, and Railways, 300.

Interallied Financial Commission, 303.

International Court of Justice, 350.

Irak, 16, 108, 277, 326. (_See also_ Mesopotamia.)

Irrigation, 16–17, 98, 117, 205, 221, 256, 263, 297.

Ismet Pasha, 333–334.

Ismid, 14, 305.

Italy, trade with Turkey, 105–107; imperialism, 11, 173–174, 218, 295, 300, 330; Tripolitan War, 246; economic interests in Turkey, 266–267; spheres of interest in Near East as defined by secret treaties, 285, 295, 302, 305; treaty of 1921 with Turkish Nationalists, 324.

Jäckh, Ernst, 204–205, 279, 281, 307.

Jaffa, 30, 72, 246, 299.

Jagow, Gottlieb von, 254, 268.

Jastrow, Morris, 142.

Jaurès, Jean, 242.

Jericho, 299.

Jerusalem, 30, 72, 299.

_Jerusalems-Verein_, 132, 135.

Jezirit-ibn-Omar, 327.

Joffre, Marshal, 268–269.

Johnston, Sir Harry H., 205–206, 215, 254.

Kaisarieh, 272, 340.

Kapnist, Count Vladimir I., 58.

Kapp, Wolfgang, 141.

Karaman, 72.

Kars, 316.

Kaulla, Dr. Alfred von, 31.

Kemal Bey, Yussuf, 325.

Kemal Pasha, Mustapha, 298, 303, 323, 347.

Khanikin, 58, 75, 240.

Kharput, 73, 246, 340.

Kiderlen-Waechter, von, 239.

Kilometric guarantees, 31, 33, 77–78, 85, 90, 245.

Kipling, Rudyard, 137.

Kitchener, Lord, 283.

Klapka, M. de, 247, 249.

Konia, 14, 33, 62, 72, 281.

Koweit, 4, 180, 197–198, 255; Sheik of, 181, 223, 255, 284.

Kühlmann, Herr von, 255, 259, 261.

Kurds, 9.

Kurna, 284.

Kut-el-Amara, 226, 261, 286, 289–291.

Land of the Two Rivers. (_See_ Mesopotamia.)

Langénieux, Cardinal, 162–163.

Lansdowne, Lord, 69, 93, 122, 184, 197.

Lausanne Conferences (1922–1923), 306, 329–333, 334–343.

League of Nations, 327, 350.

Ledochowski, Cardinal M. H., 144.

Lee, Lord, 329.

Lichnowsky, Prince, 139–140, 146, 255, 262.

Lloyd George, David, 199, 242–243, 310, 320, 351.

Ludwig Loewe & Company, 37, 101.

Lynch Brothers, 74, 81, 82, 111, 190–191, 210–211, 256, 260.

McMahon, Sir Arthur H., 284.

Macedonian Railways Company, 113.

Mackensen, Dr., 34.

Mackensen, Field Marshal von, 297.

Mahmoud Pasha, 60.

Mandates, 302, 320, 325, 327, 348.

Manissa, 30.

Maude, General Sir Stanley, 296, 297.

Meade, Colonel, 198.

Mecca, 21, 62.

Medina, 21.

Mendeli, 261.

Mersina, 19, 72, 110.

Mersina-Adana Railway, 30, 109, 321.

Mesopotamia, 32, 35, 51, 124, 140, 147, 152, 176, 180–181, 226, 234, 256, 262–266, 277, 280, 282, 284, 288, 327; trade routes, 1–2; natural resources, 14–17; Bagdad Railway in, 73–75; German steamship service, 108–109; military campaigns, 286–287, 289–290, 296–299; British sphere of interest, 294–295; British mandate for, 302, 320; British Civil Administration, 297, 326. (_See also_ Persian Gulf, Shatt-el-Arab, Koweit, Irak.)

Metternich, 295.

Middle East, 3, 178, 196.

Militarism, 268–271, 275–276.

Milyoukov, Professor, 315.

Minerals in Turkey, 13–15, 50–51, 280, 340. (_See also_ Chrome, Oil, Turkey, mineral resources.)

Missions and missionaries, effect on Turkey, 6; in support of the Bagdad Railway, 131–133, 141; German, 132–133; French, 133, 135, 160–165; Italian, 133, 173–174; American, 336.

_Mittel-Europa_, 277, 290, 292.

Mocha, 10.

Moltke, General H. K. B., 145, 176.

Morgen, Major, 34.

Morley, Viscount, 207–208.

Mosul, 2, 12, 62, 73, 261, 305, 321, 327, 332.

Mount Stephen, Lord, 184, 209.

Mudania armistice, 306.

Mudros armistice, 299.

Mutius, Herr von, 109.

National Bank of Turkey, 220, 261.

National Pact, 304–305, 316.

Nationalism, 267–268; Balkan, 7; German, 136–137, 163; French, 136, 163; Italian, 173–174; English, 211; Turkish, 222, 275, 278, 303–304, 314. (_See also_ Young Turks, Pan-Turanianism, Kemal Pasha, etc.)

Naumann, Friederich, 127.

Near East. (_See_ Ottoman Empire, Turkey, Middle East.)

Neuflize, Baron de, 247.

Neutral Zone of the Straits, 329.

Nicholas, Grand Duke, 290, 293.

Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 239.

Nineveh, 73, 137.

Nisibin, 73, 246, 325, 327.

Nixon, General J. E., 286.

Northcote, Sir Stafford, 178.

North German Lloyd Steamship Company, 107.

O’Connor, Sir Nicholas, 60.

Oil, 14–15, 50–51, 147, 261, 282–283, 286, 294, 321, 332, 338, 340.

Open Door, 83, 125, 263, 326, 339.

Oriental Railways, 18, 29, 32, 113.

Osmanie, 111.

Ottoman-American Development Company. (_See_ Chester concessions.)

Ottoman Civil List, 15.

Ottoman Empire, economic, strategic, and religious importance, 4–17; military system, 26; partition of, 285, 293–295, 302–303; abolition of Sultanate, 306. (_See also_ Turkey, Abdul Hamid, Ottoman Public Debt Administration, etc.)

Ottoman General Staff, 22.

Ottoman Ministry of Public Works, 31, 32, 81, 246.

Ottoman Ports Company, 260. (_See also_ Inchcape.)

Ottoman Public Debt Administration, 11, 31, 32, 81, 303, 305; railway policies, 17–20, 29.

Ottoman River Navigation Company, 258. (_See also_ Inchcape.)

Oulu Kishla, 340.

_Palästinaverein_, 133.

Palestine, 280, 294, 298, 319–320; British mandate, 302.

Palmerston, Viscount, 176–177.

Panderma, 221, 245.

Pan-Germanism, 35, 103, 281; support of Bagdad Railway, 136–137.

Pan-Islamism, 64, 87, 222, 276.

Pan-Slavism, 164.

Pan-Turanianism, 222, 237.

Parker, Alwyn, 261.

Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company, 192, 256.

Persia, 73, 122, 196, 239–240, 255.

Persian Gulf, 2, 74, 255, 263, 280, 282, 322; British strategic interests, 196–199, 211–212. (_See also_ Koweit, Shatt-el-Arab, Anglo-Persian Oil Company.)

Petroleum. (_See_ Oil.)

Pichon, Stephen, 224, 243.

Pobêdonostsev, 58.

Poincaré, Raymond, 333.

Ponsot, M., 249.

Potsdam Agreement, 199, 239–244.

Pressel, Wilhelm von, 18, 26, 30.

Propaganda, 281–282.

_Quai d’Orsay_, 169, 245, 247.

Radek, Karl, 130.

Railways, military value of, 22, 176. (_See_ Abdul Hamid, Anatolia, Cilicia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Anatolian Railway, Bagdad Railway, etc.)

Ras el Ain, 114.

Rathmore, Lord, 260.

Rechnitzer, Ernest, 60, 85–86, 87.

Reparation Commission, 301–302.

Repington, Colonel, 283.

Revelstoke, Lord, 184, 209.

Reventlow, Count zu, 140–141.

Rhodes, Cecil, 67, 178.

Richelieu, 295.

Rohrbach, Dr. Paul, 15, 16, 27, 120, 125, 127, 128, 136, 213, 218, 287.

Roosevelt, Theodore, 243.

Rosenberg, Baron von, 249.

Rouvier, M., 157, 167, 169.

Royal Dutch Petroleum Company, 261.

Russia, Near Eastern policies, 7, 11, 23, 42, 147–153, 239–244, 315–318; attitude toward Bagdad Railway, 65–66, 147–153; Potsdam Agreement with Germany, 199, 239–244; entente with Great Britain and France, 153, 158–159, 168, 204; imperialism, 7, 9, 15, 23, 61, 65, 127, 151–153, 166–168, 177, 183, 212, 240–241, 269, 276, 278–279; spheres of interest defined by secret treaties, 285, 293; Soviet Republic and the Near East, 315–318.

Russo-Japanese War, 3, 153.

Russo-Turkish War of 1877, 150, 152.

Sadijeh, 73, 75, 114, 240.

Samarra, 73, 297.

Samsun, 31, 246, 339.

Sanders, Field Marshal Liman von, 269, 278, 299.

San Remo Conference, 320.

San Remo Oil Agreement, 321.

Sarolea, Charles, 131.

Sazonov, 239.

Sazonov-Paléologue Treaty, 293.

Scheidemann, Philip, 130, 137, 214.

Schoen, Baron von, 93, 101–102, 120, 125, 130–131.

Seljuk Turks, 72.

Sericulture. (_See_ Silk.)

Shatt-el-Arab, 2, 74, 81, 264.

Sherif of Mecca, 87, 284.

Siemens, Carl von, 141.

Siemens, George von, 31, 41, 68, 121.

Silk, 20, 158, 294.

Simplon-Orient Express, 300.

Sinai Peninsula, 4, 21, 27, 285.

Sivas, 31, 246, 303, 339, 340.

Slav Peril, 242.

Smith, Sir Henry Babington, 188, 209, 227.

Smyrna, 4, 19, 110, 302, 303, 306, 324.

Smyrna-Aidin Railway, 30, 84, 189, 260, 264.

Smyrna-Cassaba Railway, 30, 34, 53, 59–60, 245.

_Société d’exploitation des chemins de fer de Cilicie-Nord Syrie_, 326.

_Société du chemin de fer de Damas-Hama et prolongements_, 34, 246.

_Société du chemin de fer ottomane d’Anatolie._ (_See_ Anatolian Railway.)

_Société française de Heraclée_, 14.

_Société impériale ottomane du chemin de fer de Bagdad._ (_See_ Bagdad Railway Company.)

_Société pour la construction et l’exploitation du réseau de la Mer Noire._ (_See_ Black Sea Railways.)

_Société pour enterprises électriques en Orient_, 99.

Soma, 30, 245.

Soma-Panderma Railway, 221, 245.

Speyer, Edward B. von, 141.

Spheres of influence, 277, 294, 295, 302.

St. Jean de Maurienne Agreement, 295, 302, 311.

_Stahlwerksverband_, 103.

Standard Oil Company, 15, 232.

Stemrich, Herr, 34.

Sublime Porte, 43, 55, 149, 247, 252, 261.

Subsidies, railroad, 75–80.

Suez Canal, 2, 3, 4, 21, 27–28, 177, 178, 192, 195, 204, 259, 277, 282, 283, 285, 290.

Suleiman the Magnificent, 7.

Suleimanieh, 340.

Sykes, Sir Mark, 251, 272–273, 295.

Sykes-Picot Treaty, 293–294, 310.

Syria, 2, 11, 280, 288, 302, 320, 323, 328; railways of, 30, 34, 245–246, 248–249, 326; military campaigns, 299; French sphere of interest, 293–294; French mandate, 302, 320, 325.

Tardieu, André, 169–170, 203, 214, 267–268.

Taurus Mountains, 72, 94, 113, 149, 288.

Tchoban Bey, 327.

Teheran, 75, 240.

Tekrit, 73, 294.

Thrace, 305, 306, 324.

Tigris River, 2, 74, 81. (_See also_ Lynch Brothers.)

Tireboli, 239.

Townshend, General Sir Charles, 286, 287, 289, 290.

Trade routes, 2, 71.

Trans-Caspian Railway, 2, 150.

Trans-Caucasian Railways, 2, 150.

Trans-Persian Railway, 2, 147.

Trans-Siberian Railway, 2, 3, 4, 147, 150.

Treaty of Berlin (1878), 149, 162–163.

Treaty of Bucharest (1913), 246.

Treaty of Lausanne (1912), 267.

Treaty of London (1915), 285, 302.

Treaty of Sèvres (1920), 301, 305, 306.

Treaty of Versailles (1919), 301.

Trebizond, 246, 339.

Tripartite Agreement (Great Britain, France, Italy, 1920), 301.

Triple Alliance, 107, 271.

Triple Entente, 275.

Tripoli-in-Syria, 72, 246.

Tripolitan War, 246.

Turco-Italian Treaty (March, 1921), 324.

Turkey, agricultural conditions, 5, 12, 13, 15–16, 18, 20, 230–232; industrial backwardness, 12–13; general economic conditions, 12–17, 233–234; finances (_see_ Ottoman Public Debt Administration); mineral resources, 13–15, 50–51, 280, 340; foreign trade, 36, 104–107, 339; alliance with Germany and Austria, 271; entry into Great War, 275–278; as spoils of war, 280–281, 285, 292–295, 301–302; military campaigns of 1920–1922, 305–306; a republic, 306. (_See also_ Ottoman Empire, Anatolia, Cilicia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Grand National Assembly, Angora Treaty, Lausanne Conferences, etc.)

Turkish Petroleum Company, 261, 321, 353.

Union and Progress, Committee of, 217, 219.

United States of America, railroad subsidies, 79; economic changes since the Great War, 337–338; American interests in the Near East, 336, 337–338 (_see also_ Chester concessions); naval activity in Near East, 346–347; outlook for American imperialism, 337–338, 347–350.

Van, 246, 340.

Wangenheim, Baron von, 43, 270, 278, 282.

Washington Conference (1921), 329.

Weygand, General, 333.

_Wilhelmstrasse_, 121, 133, 142, 201, 236, 247, 254.

Willcocks, Sir William, 16, 205, 214–215, 220–221.

William II, German Emperor, 142, 198, 298, 349; imperialistic policies of, 39–40, 44–52, 349; visits to Turkey, 41, 43–44, 55, 134–135; and Bagdad Railway concession of 1899, 68.

Wilson, Woodrow, 291, 336.

Witte, Count, 58, 68, 149–150.

_Württembergische Vereinsbank_, 31.

_Young Turks_, 5, 13, 17, 110–111, 217–218; hostility to Germans, 220–224; financial difficulties, 224–229; efforts to conciliate France and Great Britain, 244, 252–261; hostility to imperialism, 267.

Young Turk Revolution, 27, 96.

Youmourtalik, 340–341.

Zander, Dr. Kurt, 68.

Zihni Pasha, 68.

Zinoviev, M., 65, 149.

Zubeir, 75.