Volume 102 (1917), pp. 235–247; J. Thureau, “La pénétration allemande

en Asie Mineure,” in _Revue politique et parlementaire_, Volume 86 (1916), pp. 19–44; R. Lane, “Turkey under Germany’s Tutelage,” in _Unpopular Review_, Volume 9 (1918), pp. 328 _et seq._; N. Markovitch, _Le pangermanisme en Orient_ (Nice, 1916); A. J. Toynbee, _Turkey, a Past and a Future_ (New York, 1917).

[18] Quoted in _The Near East_, November 12, 1915. For other material regarding construction of the Bagdad Railway during the war and its utilization for military purposes, _cf._: _Report of the Bagdad Railway Company_, 1914, pp. 6–7; 1915, pp. 3–6; _The Engineer_, February 4, 1915; “Transportation in the War—The Railways of Mesopotamia,” in _Modern Transport_ (London), November, 1919; D. G. Heslop, “The Bagdad Railway,” in _The Engineer_ (London), November 12 and 26 and December 3 and 17, 1920; “Railways of Mesopotamia,” in the _Railway Gazette_ (London), War Transportation Number, September 21, 1920, pp. 129–140; “Die Bagdadbahn und der Durchschlag des letzten grossen Tunnels,” in _Asien_, 14 year (1917), pp. 97–101.

[19] Dane, _op. cit._, Volume I, Chapters VIII-XII, inclusive; “The German-Turkish Expedition Against the Suez Canal in 1916,” in _Journal of the United Service Institution_, Volume 65 (London, 1920), pp. 353–357.

[20] Hayes, _op. cit._, pp. 142–143.

[21] Quoted from the official text as given in E. E. Robinson and V. J. West, _The Foreign Policy of Woodrow Wilson, 1913–1917_ (New York, 1917), pp. 403–405.

[22] _The New York Times_, November 13, 1917.

[23] _Supra_, p. 285.

[24] Baker, _op. cit._, Volume I, Chapter IV, contains an excellent account of the inter-Allied negotiations of 1916–1917 regarding Asiatic Turkey, based upon the private papers of Woodrow Wilson. _Cf._, also, _Full Texts of the Secret Treaties as Revealed at Petrograd_.

[25] The Treaty provided that the Bagdad Railway should not be extended southward from Mosul or northward from Samarra without the express consent of both France and Great Britain and in no case before the construction of a railway from Bagdad to Aleppo _via_ the Euphrates Valley—the purpose being, as far as possible, to develop southern Mesopotamia and the Syrian coast rather than Kurdistan. By a subsequent agreement of December, 1918, between Messrs. Lloyd George and Clémenceau, Mosul was transferred to Great Britain.

[26] W. L. Westermann, “The Armenian Problem and the Disruption of Turkey,” in _What Really Happened at Paris—The Story of the Peace Conference, 1918–1919, by American Delegates_, edited by E. M. House and C. Seymour (New York, 1921), pp. 176–203. _Cf._ p. 183.

[27] The text of the Sykes-Picot Treaty was first published by _The Manchester Guardian_, January 8, 1920, and was reprinted in _Current History_, Volume XI (1920), pp. 339–341. _Cf._, also, Bowman, _The New World_, pp. 100–104; Baker, _op. cit._, pp. 67–69.

[28] Baker, _op. cit._, pp. 68–70. The negotiations concerning the St. Jean de Maurienne Agreement extended from the autumn of 1916 to August, 1917. The agreement appears to have been negotiated with the Italians by Mr. Lloyd George, in April, 1917, while Mr. Balfour was in America with the British Mission. It was amended in August, as a result of the insistence of the Italians that they had not received an adequate share of the spoils.

[29] President Wilson’s address to a joint session of the Congress of the United States, January 8, 1918, setting forth the famous Fourteen Points of a durable peace. Quoted from James Brown Scott, _President Wilson’s Foreign Policy_ (New York, 1918), pp. 354–363.

[30] Regarding General Maude’s brilliant campaign in Mesopotamia, _cf._: Dane, _op. cit._, Volume II, Chapters II, III, XII; E. F. Eagan, _The War in the Cradle of the World_ (London, 1918); Kermit Roosevelt, _War in the Garden of Eden_ (New York, 1919); Sir Charles Collwell, _Life of Sir Stanley Maude_ (London, 1920); E. Betts, _The Bagging of Bagdad_ (London, 1920); E. Candler, _The Long Road to Bagdad_ (London, 1920); C. Cato (pseudonym), _The Navy in Mesopotamia_ (London, 1917); F. Maurice, “The Mesopotamian Campaign,” in _Asia_, Volume 18 (New York, 1918), pp. 933–936.

[31] British intrenchment in Mesopotamia, 1917–1920, is described in the following: “Review of the Civil Administration of Mesopotamia,” _Parliamentary Papers_, No. Cmd. 1061 (1920); R. Thomas, _Report on Cotton Experimental Work in Mesopotamia_ (Bagdad, 1919); “Cotton Growing in Mesopotamia,” _Bulletin of the Imperial Institute_, Volume 18 (London, 1920), pp. 73–82; _Mesopotamia as a Country for Future Development_ (Cairo, Ministry of Public Works, 1919); “Transportation and Irrigation in Mesopotamia,” _Commerce Reports_, No. 50 (Washington, 1919), pp. 948–954; Sir H. P. Hewett, _Some Impressions of Mesopotamia_ (London, 1919); C. R. Wimshurst, _The Wheats and Barleys of Mesopotamia_ (Basra, 1920); _Review of the Civil Administration of the Occupied Territories of Irak_ (Bagdad, 1918); L. J. Hall, _Inland Water Transport in Mesopotamia_ (London, 1921); Sir Mark Sykes, _The Commercial Future of Bagdad_ (London, 1917); “Turkish Rule and British Administration in Mesopotamia,” in The Quarterly _Review_, Volume 232 (1919), pp. 401 _et seq._; W. Ormsby Gore, “The Organization of British Responsibilities in the Middle East,” in _Journal of the Central Asian Society_, Volume 7 (1920), pp. 83–105; I. A. Shah, “The Colonization of Mesopotamia,” in _United Service Magazine_, Volume 179 (1919), pp. 350 _et seq._

[32] Townshend, _op. cit._, pp. 375 _et seq._; Djemal Pasha, _op. cit._, Chapter VII; _Current History_, Volume XII (1920), pp. 117–118; A. D. C. Russell, _loc. cit._, pp. 325 _et seq._; F. C. Endres, _Der Weltkrieg der Türkei_ (Berlin, 1919).

[33] Regarding General Allenby’s campaigns in Palestine and Syria, see: H. Pirie-Gordon, _A Brief Record of the Advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force_ (London, 1919); W. T. Massey, _Allenby’s Final Triumph_ (London, 1920); C. C. R. Murphy, _Soldiers of the Prophet_ (London, 1921); H. O. Lock, _The Conquerors of Palestine Through Forty Centuries_ (New York, 1921); R. E. C. Adams, _The Modern Crusaders_ (London, 1920); H. Dinning, _Nile to Aleppo: With the Light Horse in the Near East_ (London, 1920); P. E. White, _The Disintegration of the Turkish Empire_ (London, 1920); C. T. Atkinson, “General Liman von Sanders and His Experiences in Palestine,” _Army Quarterly_, Volume 3 (London, 1922), pp. 257–275; A. Aaronsohn, _Mit der türkischen Armee in Palästina_ (Berne, 1918); J. Bourelly, _Campagne d’Égypte et de Syrie contre les Turcs_ (Paris, 1919); G. Gautherot, _La France en Syrie et en Cilicie_ (Paris, 1920); C. Stiénon, _Les campagnes d’Orient et les intérêts de l’entente_ (Paris, 1918), and _La défense de l’Orient et le rôle de l’Angleterre_ (Paris, 1918); A. Mandelstamm, _Le sort de l’Empire Ottoman_ (Paris, 1917); G. A. Schreiner, _From Berlin to Bagdad: Behind the Scenes in the Near East_ (New York, 1918).

[34] H. Charles Woods, _The Cradle of the War_, p. 271.

[35] See a suggestive article by Hilaire Belloc, “Europe’s New Paths of Empire,” in _Our World_ (New York), October, 1922, pp. 41–46; _The Evening Post_ (New York), January 3 and March 27, 1919.

[36] _The Treaty of Peace with Germany_, Articles 155, 258, 260, 261, 297.

[37] “Treaty of Peace with Turkey, Signed at Sèvres August 10, 1920,” _Parliamentary Papers_, No. Cmd. 964, Treaty Series No. 11, 1920; “Tripartite Agreement Between the British Empire, France, and Italy, Respecting Anatolia, Signed at Sèvres, August 10, 1920,” _Parliamentary Papers_, No. Cmd. 963, Treaty Series No. 12, 1920. An official summary of the Sèvres treaty was published in _The Nation_ (New York), International Relations Section, Volume 111 (1920), pp. 21–28, and in _Current History_, Volume XIII (1921), pp. 164–184. An excellent discussion of the main provisions of the treaty and its probable effects is to be found in Bowman’s _The New World_, Chapters XXIV and XXVI.

[38] Regarding the negotiations at the Paris Conference by which the claims of Italy were disregarded in favor of those of Greece, _cf._ Baker, _op. cit._, Volume II, Chapter XXXII, and Volume III, Documents Nos. 1, 31–41.

[39] Preamble to the Tripartite Agreement of August 10, 1920.

[40] Regarding the Turkish Nationalist movement, see: Major General James G. Harbord, “Mustapha Kemal Pasha and His Party,” in the _World’s Work_, Volume 36 (London, 1920), pp. 470–482; M. Paillarès _La kémalisme devant les Alliés_ (Paris, 1922); “The Recovery of the Sick Man of Europe,” an excellent review, with a colored map, in the _Literary Digest_, November 11, 1922, pp. 17 _et seq._; M. K. Zia Bey, “How the Turks Feel,” in _Asia_, Volume XXII (1922), pp. 857 _et seq._, and “The New Turkish Democracy,” in _The Nation_, Volume 115 (New York, 1922), pp. 546–548; Major General Sir Charles Townshend, “Great Britain and the Turks,” in _Asia_, Volume XXII (1922), pp. 949–953; Clair Price, “Mustapha Kemal and the Angora Government,” in _Current History_, Volume XVI (1922), pp. 790–800; Ludwell Denny, “The Turk Comes Back,” in _The Nation_, Volume 115 (1922), pp. 575–577; “The New Epoch in Turkey,” in the _Muslim Standard_ (London), November 9, 1922.

[41] A. J. Toynbee, _The Western Question in Greece and Turkey: A Study in the Contact of Civilizations_ (New York, 1922), p. 190. Professor Toynbee’s book is the most noteworthy of recent contributions to the history of Turkey since the Great War.

[42] The text of the National Pact, as translated from the French, is to be found in _The Nation_, Volume 115 (1922), pp. 447–448, in _Current History_, Volume XVII (1922), pp. 280–281, and in Toynbee, _op. cit._, pp. 207–211 (in both French and English).

[43] _Infra._, pp. 316–317, 323–324.