Volume 266 (1911), p. 5984c, Volume 231 (1908), p. 4253c.

[21] Charles Sarolea, _The Anglo-German Problem_ (London, 1912), p. 252.

[22] A _Stiftung_ is a general religious establishment, this particular one serving manifold purposes as school, hospice, home, hospital, etc.

[23] J. Richter, _A History of Protestant Missions in the Near East_ (New York, 1910), pp. 258–270, 416–419; L. M. Garnett, _Turkey of the Ottomans_ (London, 1911), Chapters VII-IX; H. C. Dwight, H. A. Tupper, and E. M. Bliss, _Encyclopedia of Missions_ (second edition, New York, 1910), pp. 260, 263, 720; _New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge_ (New York, 1912), Volume XII, pp. 39–41.

[24] Cardinal M. H. Ledochowski (1822–1902). _Cf._ _Catholic Encyclopedia_ (New York, 1912), Volume IX, pp. 111–112. French Catholics openly charged that Cardinal Ledochowski used his official position as director of all Catholic missions to promote German religious and political interests at the expense of those of France. _Cf._ an article “La Politique Allemande et le Protectorat des Missions Catholiques,” in the _Revue des deux mondes_, Volume 149 (1898), pp. 11–12.

[25] On the general subject of German Catholic missions in the Near East consult W. Koehler, _Die katholische Kirchen des Morgenlandes_ (Darmstadt, 1898); H. M. Krose, _Katholische Missionsstatistik_ (Freiburg, 1908); L. Bréhier, article “Turkish Empire-Missions,” in the _Catholic Encyclopedia_, Volume XV, pp. 101–102; L. Bertrand, “La Melée des Religions en Orient,” in the _Revue des deux mondes_, Volume 53 (1909), pp. 830–861.

[26] _The Jewish Encyclopedia_ (New York, 1906), Volume XII, pp. 286 _et seq._; Sir C. W. Wilson, _Handbook for Asia Minor_ (London, 1895), pp. 240 _et seq._

[27] Etienne Lamy, “La France du Levant: le Voyage de l’Empereur Guillaume II,” in _Revue des deux mondes_, Volume 151 (1899), pp. 336–337; see also Volume 150 (1898), pp. 421–440, 880–911. Further observations on the religious aspects of the Kaiser’s trip to Palestine are to be found in _The Times_, November 23, 1898; _Annual Register_, 1898, pp. 255–257; W. von Hohenzollern, _My Memoirs_, 1878–1918, pp. 210–211.

[28] _Annual Register_, 1898, pp. 257–258.

[29] _Ibid._, p. 261. Regarding the French protectorate of Catholics in the Near East _cf._ _infra_, Chapter VII.

[30] “La Politique Allemande et le Protectorat des Missions Catholiques,” in _Revue des deux mondes_, Volume 149 (1898), pp. 8–9.

[31] L. Bertrand, “Les Écoles d’Orient: I. Les Écoles Chrétiennes et Israelites,” in _Revue des deux mondes_, Volume 52, new series (1909), pp. 755–794; H. M. Kallen, _Zionism and World Politics_ (Garden City, N. Y., 1921), pp. 117 _et seq._; A. Paquet, _Die jüdische Kolonien in Palästina_ (Weimar, 1915); M. Blanckenhorn, _Syrien und die deutsche Arbeit_ (Weimar, 1916), pp. 26–30; C. Nawratzki, _Die jüdische Kolonisation Palästinas_ (Munich, 1914); M. Franco, _Essai sur l’histoire des juifs de l’empire ottoman depuis les origines jusqu’à nos jours_ (Paris, 1897); G. Corneilhan, _La judaisme en Egypte et en Syrie_ (Paris, 1889).

[32] _German World Policies_, pp. 229–231. On this same general subject consult an article by “Immanuel,” entitled “Die Bagdadbahn ein Kulturwerk in Asien,” in _Globus_, Volume 81 (1902), pp. 181–185; M. Hartmann, _Islam, Mission, Politik_ (Leipzig, 1912). It should be pointed out that the Anatolian Railway itself established two schools, at Haidar Pasha and Eski Shehr, for the instruction of its employees in German and other subjects. Bohler, _loc. cit._, p. 275.

[33] That Germans were not unfamiliar with the spectacular history of this region is evidenced by the popularity of General von Moltke’s writings on Turkey, which were published in several large editions, apart from his collected works, between 1900 and 1911. _Cf._, _e.g._, H. K. B. (Graf von) Moltke, _Briefe über Zustände und Begebenheiten in der Türkei aus den Jahren 1835 bis 1839_, seventh edition, with explanatory notes by G. Hirschfeld (Berlin, 1911). Of this work H. S. Wilkinson, Professor of Military History at Oxford University, wrote in the _Encyclopedia Britannica_ (eleventh edition), “No other book gives so deep an insight into the character of the Turkish Empire” (Volume 18, p. 678). It is interesting to note, also, that Moltke himself was a firm believer in the great military utility of all railways. For the history of the Near East _cf._ Jastrow, _op. cit._, pp. 31–81; A. R. Hall, _The Ancient History of the Near East_ (fourth edition, London, 1919), Chapters V, VIII, IX, X, XII; W. A. and E. T. A. Wigram, _The Cradle of Mankind_ (London, 1914). A curious sidelight on this phase of the question is the assertion of Baron von Hertling, in 1907, that Germany’s chief interest in the Bagdad Railway was scientific—geographic, geological, archæological—not military or economic! Quoted by Dawson, _The Evolution of Modern Germany_, p. 346.

[34] _Stenographische Berichte, XII Legislaturperiode, 2 Session_,