Chapter XII. P. Rohrbach, _Deutschland unter den Weltvölkern_, p. 17.

[32] Riesser, _op. cit._, pp. 110, 121.

[33] It should be remarked here that the author is not unaware of the fallacy of speaking of “German trade” and “German industry.” He is cognizant of the fact that trade takes place not between countries, but between individuals. If he anthropomorphizes the German Empire for the purposes of this description, it is not because of either ignorance or malice, but for convenience.

[34] For further consideration of German economic progress during the late nineteenth century see: Dawson, _op. cit._, Chapters III, IV, XII, XVI; E. D. Howard, _The Cause and Extent of the Recent Industrial Progress of Germany_ (New York, 1907); T. B. Veblen, _Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution_ (New York, 1915); W. H. Dawson, _Industrial Germany_ (London, 1913); Karl Helfferich, _Germany’s Economic Progress and National Wealth_ (New York, 1913); G. Blondel, _L’Essor industriel et commercial du peuple allemand_ (Paris, 1900).

[35] Paul Dehn, _Weltwirtschaftliche Neubildungen_ (Berlin, 1904), _passim_.

[36] Bernhard von Bülow, _Imperial Germany_ (English translation, New York, 1914), pp. 17, 18–20.

[37] The extent of German economic control of central and eastern Europe before the War is indicated by Mr. J. M. Keynes, in his book _The Economic Consequences of the Peace_ (New York, 1920), pp. 17–18: “Germany not only furnished these countries with trade, but in the case of some of them supplied a great part of the capital needed for their own development. Of Germany’s pre-war foreign investments, amounting in all to about six and a half billion dollars, not far short of two and a half billions was invested in Russia, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Rumania, and Turkey. And by the system of ‘peaceful penetration’ she gave these countries not only capital, but what they needed hardly less, organization. The whole of Europe east of the Rhine thus fell into the German industrial orbit, and its economic life was adjusted accordingly.” A frank German admission of a policy of a self-sufficient Central Europe is the work of Friedrich Naumann, _Mittel-Europa_, translated into English by C. M. Meredith and published under the title _Central Europe_ (New York, 1917). See, especially, Chapters IV-VII. _Cf._, also, Ernst zu Reventlow, _Deutschlands auswärtige Politik_ (3rd revised edition, Berlin, 1916), pp. 336 _et seq._; K. H. Müller, _Die Bedeutung der Bagdadbahn_ (Hamburg, 1916), p. 29.

[38] Paul Rohrbach, _Die Bagdadbahn_ (Berlin, 1903), p. 16.

[39] H. A. Gibbons, _The Reconstruction of Poland and the Near East_ (New York, 1917), pp. 57–58. The author is not in agreement with either Dr. Rohrbach or Dr. Gibbons. He certainly would hesitate to call any imperialist policy “inevitable.”

[40] _Die deutsche Türkenpolitik_, p. 8.