CHAPTER XXIII.

Further discoveries of fortifications--The _great discovery of the_ TREASURE _on the city wall_--Expedient for its preservation--The articles of the Treasure described--The Shield--The Caldron--Bottle and Vases of Gold--The golden δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον--Modes of working the gold--A cup of electrum--Silver plates, probably the _talents_ of Homer--Vessels of Silver--Copper lance-heads: their peculiar form--Copper battle-axes--Copper daggers--Metal articles fused together by the conflagration--A knife and a piece of a sword--Signs of the Treasure having been packed in a wooden chest--The Key found--The Treasure probably left behind in an effort to escape--Other articles found near the Treasure--The thousands of gold jewels found in a silver vase--The two golden Diadems--The ear-rings, bracelets, and finger-rings--The smaller jewels of gold--Analysis of the copper articles by M. Landerer--Discovery of another room in the Palace containing an inscribed stone, and curious terra-cottas--Silver dishes--Greek terra-cotta figures--Great abundance of the owl-faced vases.

Limited extent of Troy--Its walls traced--Poetic exaggerations of Homer--_The one great point of_ TROY’S _reality established_--It was as large as the primitive Athens and Mycenæ--The wealth and power of Troy--Great height of its houses--Probable population--Troy known to Homer only by tradition--Question of a Temple in Homer’s time--Characteristics of the Trojan stratum of remains, and their difference from those of the lowest stratum--The former opinion on this point recalled--Layer of metallic _scoriæ_ through the whole hill--Error of Strabo about the utter destruction of Troy--Part of the real Troy unfortunately destroyed in the earlier excavations; but many Trojan houses brought to light since--The stones of Troy not used in building other cities--The Trojan houses of sun-dried bricks, except the most important buildings, which are of stones and earth--Extent and results of the excavations--Advice to future explorers.

Further excavations on the North side--Very curious terra-cotta vessels--Perforated vases--A terra-cotta with hieroglyphics--Heads of oxen and horses; their probable significance--Idols of the Ilian Athena--Greek and Roman medals--Greek inscriptions--Final close of the excavations: thanksgiving for freedom from serious accidents--Commendations of Nicolaus Saphyros Jannakis, and other assistants, and of the artist Polychronios Tempesis and the engineer Adolphe Laurent.

Troy, June 17th, 1873.

Since my report of the 10th of last month I have been especially anxious to hasten the great excavation on the north-west side of the hill, and for this purpose I have made a deep cutting on the west side also, in which, unfortunately, I came obliquely upon the enclosing wall of Lysimachus, which is 13 feet high and 10 feet thick. I was therefore compelled to break out from this wall a double quantity of stones in order to gain an entrance; but I again came upon the ruins of colossal buildings of the Hellenic and pre-Hellenic periods, so that this excavation can only proceed slowly. Here, at a distance of 69 feet from the declivity of the hill, at a depth of 20 feet, I met with an ancient enclosure 5 feet high, and with a projecting battlement. It is not connected with the wall which runs out from the Scæan Gate in a north-westerly direction, and, on account of its very different structure and small height, it must belong to a post-Trojan period. In any case, however, it is much older than the Greek colony, because it is built of stones and earth, and because I found by the side of it several marble idols of the tutelar goddess of Ilium. I am, unfortunately, obliged to break down a portion of this wall to a length of 17½ feet, in order to proceed further, but I have left standing nearly 8 feet of the part I have excavated, so that the wall may be examined. Behind it I found a level place paved partly with large flags of stone, partly with stones more or less hewn, and after this a wall of fortification 20 feet high and 5 feet thick, built of large stones and earth; it runs below my wooden house, but 6½ feet above the Trojan city wall which proceeds from the Scæan Gate.

In the new large excavation on the north-west side, which is connected with the one I have just been describing, I have convinced myself that the splendid wall of large hewn stones, which I uncovered in April 1870, belongs to a tower, the lower projecting part of which must have been built during the first period of the Greek colony, whereas its upper portion seems to belong to the time of Lysimachus. (See Plate XIII.) To this tower also belongs the wall that I mentioned in my last report as 9 feet high and 6 feet broad, and as continuous with the surrounding wall of Lysimachus; and so does the wall of the same dimensions, situated 49 feet from it, which I have likewise broken through. Behind the latter, at a depth of from 26 to 30 feet, I uncovered the Trojan city wall which runs out from the Scæan Gate.

In excavating this wall further and directly by the side of the palace of King Priam,[275] I came upon a large copper article of the most remarkable form, which attracted my attention all the more as I thought I saw gold behind it. On the top of this copper article lay a stratum of red and calcined ruins, from 4¾ to 5¼ feet thick, as hard as stone, and above this again lay the above-mentioned wall of fortification (6 feet broad and 20 feet high) which was built of large stones and earth, and must have belonged to an early date after the destruction of Troy. In order to withdraw the Treasure from the greed of my workmen, and to save it for archæology, I had to be most expeditious, and although it was not yet time for breakfast, I immediately had “_païdos_” called. This is a word of uncertain derivation, which has passed over into Turkish, and is here employed in place of ἀνάπαυσις, or time for rest. While the men were eating and resting, I cut out the Treasure with a large knife, which it was impossible to do without the very greatest exertion and the most fearful risk of my life, for the great fortification-wall, beneath which I had to dig, threatened every moment to fall down upon me. But the sight of so many objects, every one of which is of inestimable value to archæology, made me foolhardy, and I never thought of any danger. It would, however, have been impossible for me to have removed the Treasure without the help of my dear wife, who stood by me ready to pack the things which I cut out in her shawl and to carry them away.[276]

The first thing I found was a large copper shield (the ἀσπὶς ὀμφαλόεσσα of Homer) in the form of an oval salver, in the middle of which is a knob or boss encircled by a small furrow (αὔλαξ). This shield is a little less than 20 inches in length; it is quite flat, and surrounded by a rim (ἄντυξ) 1½ inch high; the boss (ὀμφαλός) is 2-1/3 inches high and 4-1/3 inches in diameter; the furrow encircling it is 7 inches in diameter and 2/5 of an inch deep.[277]

The second object which I got out was a copper caldron with two horizontal handles, which certainly gives us an idea of the Homeric λέβης; it is 16½ inches in diameter and 5½ inches high; the bottom is flat, and is nearly 8 inches in diameter.[278]

The third object was a copper plate 2/5 of an inch thick, 6-1/3 inches broad, and 17-1/3 inches long; it has a rim about 1/12 of an inch high; at one end of it there are two immovable wheels with an axle-tree. This plate is very much bent in two places, but I believe that these curvatures have been produced by the heat to which the article was exposed in the conflagration; a silver vase 4¾ inches high and broad has been fused to it; I suppose, however, that this also happened by accident in the heat of the fire.[279] The fourth article I brought out was a copper vase 5½ inches high and 4-1/3 inches in diameter. Thereupon followed a globular bottle of the purest gold, weighing 403 grammes (6220 grains, or above 1 lb. troy); it is nearly 6 inches high and 5½ inches in diameter, and has the commencement of a zigzag decoration on the neck, which, however, is not continued all round. Then came a cup, likewise of the purest gold, weighing 226 grammes (7¼ oz. troy); it is 3½ inches high and 3 inches broad.[280]

Next came another cup of the purest gold, weighing exactly 600 grammes (about 1 lb. 6 oz. troy);[281] it is 3½ inches high, 7¼ inches long, and 7-1/5 inches broad; it is in the form of a ship with two large handles; on one side there is a mouth, 1-1/5 inch broad, for drinking out of, and another at the other side, which is 2¾ inches broad, and, as my esteemed friend Professor Stephanos Kumanudes, of Athens, remarks, the person who presented the filled cup may have first drunk from the small mouth, as a mark of respect, to let the guest drink from the larger mouth.[282] This vessel has a foot which projects about 1/12 of an inch, and is 1-1/3 inch long, and 4/5 of an inch broad. It is assuredly the Homeric δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον. But I adhere to my supposition that all of those tall and brilliant red goblets of terra-cotta, in the form of champagne-glasses with two enormous handles, are also δέπα ἀμφικύπελλα, and that this form probably existed in gold also. I must further make an observation which is very important for the history of art, that the above-mentioned gold δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον is of _cast gold_, and that the large handles, which are not solid, have been fused on to it. On the other hand the gold bottle and the gold cup mentioned above have been _wrought with the hammer_.

The Treasure further contained a small cup of gold alloyed with 20 per cent. of silver, that is, the mixed metal called _electrum_.[283] It weighs 70 grammes (2¼ oz. troy), and is above 3 inches high, and above 2½ inches broad. Its foot is only 4/5 of an inch high and nearly an inch broad, and is moreover not quite straight, so that the cup appears to be meant only to stand upon its mouth.

I also found in the Treasure six pieces of the purest silver in the form of large knife-blades, having one end rounded, and the other cut into the form of a crescent; they have all been wrought with the hammer.[284] The two larger blades are nearly 8½ inches long and 2 inches broad, and weigh respectively 190 and 183 grammes. The next two pieces are about 7¼ inches long and 1½ broad, and weigh respectively 174 and 173 grammes. The two other pieces are nearly 7 inches long and 1-1/5 inch broad, and weigh respectively 173 and 171 grammes.[285] It is extremely probable that these are the Homeric _talents_ (τάλαντα), which could only have been small, as, for instance, when Achilles offers for the first prize a woman, for the second a horse, for the third a caldron, and for the fourth two gold talents.[286]

I also found in the Treasure three great silver vases, the largest of which is above 8¼ inches high and nearly 8 inches in diameter, and has a handle 5½ inches in length and 3½ in breadth.[287] The second vase is 6·9 inches high and nearly 6 inches in diameter; another silver vase is welded to the upper part of it, of which, however, only portions have been preserved.[288] The third vase is above 7 inches high and above 6 inches in diameter; the foot of the vase has a great deal of copper fused onto it, which must have dripped from the copper objects contained in the Treasure during the conflagration.[289] All of the three vases are perfectly round below, and therefore cannot stand upright without resting against something.

I found, further, a silver goblet above 3-1/3 inches high, the mouth of which is nearly 4 inches in diameter; also a silver flat cup or dish (φιάλη) 5½ inches in diameter, and two beautiful small silver vases of most exquisite workmanship. The larger one, which has two rings on either side for hanging it up by strings, is nearly 8 inches high with its hat-shaped lid, and 3½ inches in diameter across the bulge. The smaller silver vase, with a ring on either side for suspension by a string, is about 6¾ inches high, with its lid, and above 3 inches broad.[290]

Upon and beside the gold and silver articles, I found thirteen copper lances, from nearly 7 to above 12½ inches in length, and from above 1½ to 2-1/3 inches broad at the broadest point; at the lower end of each is a hole, in which, in most cases, the nail or peg which fastened the lance to the wooden handle is still sticking. The pin-hole is clearly visible in a lance-head which the conflagration has welded to a battle-axe. The Trojan lances were therefore quite different from those of the Greeks and Romans, for the latter stuck the shaft into the lance-head, the former fastened the head into the shaft.

I also found fourteen of those copper weapons, which are frequently met with here, but which have never been discovered elsewhere; at one end they are pointed but blunt, and at the other they end in a broad edge. I formerly considered them to be a species of lance, but now after mature consideration I am convinced that they could have been used only as battle-axes. They are from above 6 to above 12 inches in length, from nearly ½ to above ¾ of an inch thick, and from above 1 to nearly 3 inches broad; the largest of them weighs 1365 grammes (about 3 lbs. avoirdupois). The following cut shows an axe more like those of later ages.

There were also seven large double-edged copper daggers, with a handle from about 2 to 2¾ inches long, the end of which is bent round at a right angle. These handles must at one time have been encased in wood, for if the cases had been made of bone they would still have been wholly or partially preserved. The pointed handle was inserted into a piece of wood, so that the end projected about half an inch beyond it, and this end was simply bent round. (See page 332.) The largest of these daggers is 10-2/3 inches in length and above 2 inches broad at the broadest part; a second dagger, which is above 1¾ inch broad, has the point broken off, and is now less than 9 inches long, but appears to have been 11 inches; a third dagger is 8-2/3 inches long, and measures above 1¼ inch at the broadest point; a fourth has become completely curled up in the conflagration, but appears to have been above 11 inches long. Of the fifth, sixth, and seventh daggers I only discovered the fragments; these are from nearly 4 to 5-1/3 inches in length. But in a packet of four lances and battle-axes, which have been welded together in the heat of the fire, I believe I can recognise another dagger.

Of common one-edged knives I only found one in the Treasure; it is above 6 inches in length. I also found a piece of a sword which is 8-2/3 inches long and nearly 2 inches broad: also a four-cornered copper bar ending in an edge; it is nearly 15 inches long, and also appears to have served as a weapon.

As I found all these articles together, forming a rectangular mass, or packed into one another, it seems to be certain that they were placed on the city wall in a wooden chest (φωριαμός), such as those mentioned by Homer as being in the palace of King Priam.[291] This appears to be the more certain, as close by the side of these articles I found a copper key above 4 inches long, the head of which (about 2 inches long and broad) greatly resembles a large safe-key of a bank. Curiously enough this key has had a wooden handle; there can be no doubt of this from the fact that the end of the stalk of the key is bent round at a right angle, as in the case of the daggers.

It is probable that some member of the family of King Priam hurriedly packed the Treasure into the chest and carried it off without having time to pull out the key; that when he reached the wall, however, the hand of an enemy or the fire overtook him, and he was obliged to abandon the chest, which was immediately covered to a height of from 5 to 6 feet with the red ashes and the stones of the adjoining royal palace.

Perhaps the articles found a few days previously in a room of the royal palace, close to the place where the Treasure was discovered, belonged to this unfortunate person. These articles were a helmet, and a silver vase 7 inches high and 5½ inches broad, containing an elegant cup of electrum 4-1/3 inches high and 3½ inches broad. The helmet was broken in being taken out, but I can have it mended, as I have all the pieces of it. The two upper portions, composing the crest (φάλος), are uninjured. Beside the helmet, as before, I found a curved copper pin, nearly 6 inches in length, which must have been in some way attached to it, and have served some purpose. (Compare No. 192, p. 281.)

At 5 or 6 feet above the Treasure, the successors of the Trojans erected a fortification wall 20 feet high and 6 feet broad, composed of large hewn and unhewn stones and earth; this wall extends to within 3¼ feet of the surface of the hill.

That the Treasure was packed together at terrible risk of life, and in the greatest anxiety, is proved among other things also by the contents of the largest silver vase, at the bottom of which I found two splendid gold diadems (κρήδεμνα)[292]; a fillet, and four beautiful gold ear-rings of most exquisite workmanship: upon these lay 56 gold ear-rings of exceedingly curious form and 8750 small gold rings, perforated prisms and dice, gold buttons, and similar jewels, which obviously belonged to other ornaments; then followed six gold bracelets, and on the top of all the two small gold goblets.[293]

The one diadem consists of a gold fillet, 21-2/3 inches long and nearly ½ an inch broad, from which there hang on either side seven little chains to cover the temples, each of which has eleven square leaves with a groove; these chains are joined to one another by four little cross chains, at the end of which hangs a glittering golden idol of the tutelar goddess of Troy, nearly an inch long. The entire length of each of these chains, with the idols, amounts to 10¼ inches. Almost all these idols have something of the human form, but the owl’s head with the two large eyes cannot be mistaken; their breadth at the lower end is about 9/10 of an inch. Between these ornaments for the temples there are 47 little pendant chains adorned with square leaves; at the end of each little chain is an idol of the tutelary goddess of Ilium, about ¾ of an inch long; the length of these little chains with the idols is not quite 4 inches.

The other diadem is 20 inches long, and consists of a gold chain, from which are suspended on each side eight chains completely covered with small gold leaves, to hang down over the temples, and at the end of every one of the sixteen chains there hangs a golden idol 1¼ inch long, with the owl’s head of the Ilian tutelary goddess. Between these ornaments for the temples there are likewise 74 little chains, about 4 inches long, covered with gold leaves, to hang down over the forehead; at the end of these chains there hangs a double leaf about ¾ of an inch long.

The fillet ἄμπυξ is above 18 inches long and 2/5 of an inch broad, and has three perforations at each end. Eight quadruple rows of dots divide it into nine compartments, in each of which there are two large dots; and an uninterrupted row of dots adorns the whole edge. Of the four ear-rings only two are exactly alike. From the upper part, which is almost in the shape of a basket, and is ornamented with two rows of decorations in the form of beads, there hang six small chains on which are three little cylinders; attached to the end of the chains are small idols of the tutelar goddess of Troy. The length of each ear-ring is 3½ inches. The upper part of the other two ear-rings is larger and thicker, but likewise almost in the shape of a basket, from it are suspended five little chains entirely covered with small round leaves, on which are likewise fastened small but more imposing idols of the Ilian tutelar divinity; the length of one of these pendants is 3½ inches, that of the other a little over 3 inches.[294]

Of the six gold bracelets, two are quite simple and closed, and are about 1/5 of an inch thick; a third is likewise closed, but consists of an ornamented band 1/25 of an inch thick, and ¼ of an inch broad. The other three are double, and the ends are turned round and furnished with a head. The princesses who wore these bracelets must have had unusually small hands, for they are so small that a girl of ten would have difficulty in putting them on.

The 56 other gold ear-rings are of various sizes, and three of them appear to have also been used by the princesses of the royal family as finger-rings.[295] Not one of the ear-rings has any resemblance in form to the Hellenic, Roman, Egyptian, or Assyrian ear-rings; 20 of them end in four leaves, ten in three leaves, lying beside one another and soldered together, and they are thus extremely like those ear-rings of gold and electrum which I found last year at a depth of 9 and 13 meters (29½ and 42½ feet). Eighteen other ear-rings end in six leaves; at the commencement of these there are two small studs, in the centre two rows of five small studs each, and at the end three small studs. Two of the largest rings, which, owing to the thickness of the one end, certainly cannot have been used as ear-rings, and appear to have been finger-rings only, terminate in four leaves, and at the commencement of these there are two, in the middle three, and at the end again two small studs. Of the remaining ear-rings two have the form of three, and four the form of two, beautifully ornamented serpents lying beside one another.

Besides the ear-rings, a great number of other ornaments strung on threads, or fastened on leather, had been put into the same large silver vase; for above and below them, as already said, I found 8750 small objects;[296] such as gold rings, only 1/8 of an inch in diameter; perforated dice, either smooth or in the form of little indented stars, about 1/6 of an inch in diameter; gold perforated prisms 1/10 of an inch high and 1/8 of an inch broad, decorated longitudinally with eight or sixteen incisions; small leaves about 1/5 of an inch long, and 1/6 of an inch broad, and pierced longitudinally with a hole for threading them; small gold pegs 1/3 of an inch long, with a button on one side, and a perforated hole on the other; perforated prisms about 1/5 of an inch long and 1/10 of an inch broad; double or triple gold rings soldered together and only ¼ of an inch in diameter, with holes on both sides for threading them; gold buttons or studs 1/5 of an inch high, in the cavity of which is a ring above 1/10 of an inch broad for sewing them on; gold double buttons, exactly like our shirt studs, 3/10 of an inch long, which, however, are not soldered, but simply stuck together, for from the cavity of the one button there projects a tube (αὐλίσκος) nearly ¼ of an inch long, and from the other a pin (ἔμβολον) of the same length, and the pin is merely stuck into the tube to form the double stud. These double buttons or studs can only have been used, probably, as ornament upon leather articles, for instance upon the handle-straps (τελαμῶνες) of swords, shields, or knives. I found in the vase also two gold cylinders above 1/10 of an inch thick and ¾ of an inch long; also a small gold peg above 4/5 of an inch in length, and from 6/100 to 8/100 of an inch thick; it has at one end a perforated hole for hanging it up, and on the other side six encircling incisions, which give the article the appearance of a screw; it is only by means of a magnifying glass that it is found not to be really a screw. I also found in the same vase two pieces of gold, one of which is 1/7 of an inch, the other above 2 inches, long; each of them has 21 perforations.[297]

The person who endeavoured to save the Treasure had fortunately the presence of mind to stand the silver vase, containing the valuable articles described above, upright in the chest, so that not so much as a bead could fall out, and everything has been preserved uninjured.

My esteemed friend M. Landerer, of Athens, a chemist well known through his discoveries and writings, who has most carefully examined all the copper articles of the Treasure, and analysed the fragments, finds that all of them consist of pure copper without any admixture of tin or zinc,[298] and that, in order to make them more durable, they have been wrought with the hammer (σφυρήλατον).

* * * * *

As I hoped to find other treasures here, and also wished to bring to light the wall that surrounded Troy, the erection of which Homer[299] ascribes to Poseidon and Apollo, as far as the Scæan Gate, I have entirely cut away the upper wall, which rested partly upon the gate, to an extent of 56 feet. Visitors to the Troad can, however, still see part of it in the north-western earth-wall opposite the Scæan Gate. I have also broken down the enormous block of earth which separated my western and north-western cutting from the Great Tower; but in order to do this, I had to pull down the larger one of my wooden houses, and I had also to bridge over the Scæan Gate, so as to facilitate the removal of the _débris_. The result of this new excavation is very important to archæology; for I have been able to uncover several walls, and also a room of the Royal Palace, 20 feet in length and breadth, upon which no buildings of a later period rest.

Of the objects discovered there I have only to mention an excellently engraved inscription found upon a square piece of red slate, which has two holes not bored through it and an encircling incision, but neither can my learned friend Émile Burnouf nor can I tell in what language the inscription is written.[300] Further, there were some interesting terra-cottas, among which is a vessel, quite the form of a modern cask, and with a tube in the centre for pouring in and drawing off the liquid. There were also found upon the wall of Troy, 1¾ feet below the place where the Treasure was discovered, three silver dishes (φιάλαι), two of which were broken to pieces in digging down the _débris_; they can, however, be repaired, as I have all the pieces.[301] These dishes seem to have belonged to the Treasure, and the fact of the latter having otherwise escaped our pickaxes is due to the above-mentioned large copper vessels which projected, so that I could cut everything out of the hard _débris_ by means of a knife.

I now perceive that the cutting which I made in April 1870 was exactly at the proper point, and that if I had only continued it, I should in a few weeks have uncovered the most remarkable buildings in Troy, namely, the Palace of King Priam, the Scæan Gate, the Great Surrounding Wall, and the Great Tower of Ilium; whereas, in consequence of abandoning this cutting, I had to make colossal excavations from east to west and from north to south through the entire hill in order to find those most interesting buildings.

In the upper strata of the north-western and western excavations we came upon another great quantity of heads of beautiful terra-cotta figures of the best Hellenic period, and at a depth of 23 feet upon some idols, as well as the upper portion of a vase with the owl’s face and a lid in the form of a helmet. Lids of this kind, upon the edge of which female hair is indicated by incisions, are frequently found in all the strata between 4 and 10 meters (13 and 33 feet) deep, and as they belong to vases with owls’ faces, the number of lids gives us an idea of the number of the vases with the figure of the owl-headed Athena, which existed here in Troy.

But Troy was not large. I have altogether made twenty borings down to the rock, on the west, south-west, south, south-east and east of the Pergamus, directly at its foot or at some distance from it, on the plateau of the Ilium of the Greek colony. As I find in these borings no trace either of fragments of Trojan pottery or of Trojan house-walls, and nothing but fragments of Hellenic pottery and Hellenic house-walls, and as, moreover, the hill of the Pergamus has a very steep slope towards the north, the north-east, and the north-west, facing the Hellespont, and is also very steep towards the Plain, the city could not possibly have extended in any one of these directions. I now most emphatically declare that the city of Priam cannot have extended on any one side beyond the primeval plateau of this fortress, the circumference of which is indicated to the south and south-west by the Great Tower and the Scæan Gate, and to the north-west, north-east and east by the surrounding wall of Troy. The city was so strongly fortified by nature on the north side, that the wall there consisted only of those large blocks of stone, loosely piled one upon another in the form of a wall, which last year gave me such immense trouble to remove. This wall can be recognized at once, immediately to the right in the northern entrance of my large cutting, which runs through the entire hill.

I am extremely disappointed at being obliged to give so small a plan of Troy; nay, I had wished to be able to make it a thousand times larger, but I value truth above everything, and I rejoice that my three years’ excavations have laid open the Homeric Troy, even though on a diminished scale, and that I have proved the Iliad to be based upon real facts.

Homer is an epic poet, and not an historian: so it is quite natural that he should have exaggerated everything with poetic licence. Moreover, the events which he describes are so marvellous, that many scholars have long doubted the very existence of Troy, and have considered the city to be a mere invention of the poet’s fancy. I venture to hope that the civilized world will not only not be disappointed that the city of Priam has shown itself to be scarcely a twentieth part as large as was to be expected from the statements of the Iliad, but that, on the contrary, it will accept with delight and enthusiasm the certainty that Ilium did really exist, that a large portion of it has now been brought to light, and that Homer, even although he exaggerates, nevertheless sings of events that actually happened. Besides, it ought to be remembered that the area of Troy, now reduced to this small hill, is still as large as, or even larger than, the royal city of Athens, which was confined to the Acropolis, and did not extend beyond it, till the time when Theseus added the twelve villages, and the city was consequently named in the plural Ἀθῆναι. It is very likely that the same happened to the town of Mycenæ (Μυκῆναι), which Homer describes as being rich in gold, and which is also spoken of in the singular,εὐρυάγυια Μυκήνη.[302]

But this little Troy was immensely rich for the circumstances of those times, since I find here a treasure of gold and silver articles, such as is now scarcely to be found in an emperor’s palace; and as the town was wealthy, so was it also powerful, and ruled over a large territory.

The houses of Troy were all very high and had several storeys, as is obvious from the thickness of the walls and the colossal heaps of _débris_. But even if we assume the houses to have been of three storeys, and standing close by the side of one another, the town can nevertheless not have contained more than 5000 inhabitants, and cannot have mustered more than 500 soldiers; but it could always raise a considerable army from among its subjects, and as it was rich and powerful, it could obtain mercenaries from all quarters.

As I do not find in my shafts (that is, beyond the hill itself) a trace of earthenware belonging to the successors of the Trojans up to the time of the Greek colony, it may with certainty be assumed that Troy had increased in size at Homer’s time only to the small amount of what was added through the heaps of rubbish caused by the destruction of the city. Homer can _never_ have seen Ilium’s Great Tower, the surrounding wall of Poseidon and Apollo, the Scæan Gate or the Palace of King Priam, for all these monuments lay buried deep in heaps of rubbish, and he made no excavations to bring them to light. He knew of these monuments of immortal fame only from hearsay, for the tragic fate of ancient Troy was then still in fresh remembrance, and had already been for centuries in the mouth of all minstrels.[303]

Homer rarely mentions temples, and, although he speaks of the temple of Athena, yet, considering the smallness of the city, it is very doubtful whether it actually existed. It is probable that the tutelar goddess at that time possessed only the sacrificial altar which I discovered, and the crescent form of which greatly resembles the upper portion of the ivory idol found in the lowest strata,[304] as well as the one end of the six talents contained among the Treasure.

The position, size, and depth of all my shafts will be found most accurately specified on my plan of the Ilium of the Greek colony;[305] I therefore refrain from repeating these statements here, so as not to weary the reader. I also add an accurate plan of my excavations,[306] a plan of the Scæan Gate and of the Great Tower of Ilium,[307] and lastly, a plan of the city of Troy at the time of the great destruction (Plan IV.).

The Scæan Gate gives us the age of the royal edifice in front of which it stands, and of the vessels of pottery which are found in that house. This earthenware is indeed better than what is generally found here at a depth of from 7 to 10 meters (23 to 33 feet), but it is exactly similar; and consequently all the strata of _débris_ from these depths belong to the Trojan people. These strata are composed of red, yellow, and occasionally black wood-ashes, and every stone found there bears the marks of the fearful heat to which it has been exposed. In these strata we never meet with those brilliant black plates and dishes, with a long horizontal ring on either side, found at the depth of from 13 to 16 meters (42½ to 52½ feet), nor do we meet with the vases with two long tubes on either side. Besides the vessels in the lowest strata are entirely different in quality and in form from those found at a depth of from 23 to 33 feet, so that they certainly cannot have belonged to the same people. But they belong, at all events, to a kindred Aryan nation, as these too possessed in common with the Trojans the whorls ornamented with Aryan religious symbols, and also idols of the Ilian Athena. I formerly believed that the most ancient people who inhabited this site were the Trojans, because I fancied that among their ruins I had found the δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον, but I now perceive that Priam’s people were the succeeding nation, because in their ruins I have discovered the actual δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον, made of gold and also of terra-cotta, and likewise the Scæan Gate.

Several geologists, who have visited me here, maintain that the stratum of scoriæ, which runs through the greater part of the hill, at an average depth of 9 meters (29½ feet), has been formed by melted lead and copper ore, quantities of which must have existed here at the time of the destruction of Troy; and this opinion is also shared by the engineer, Adolphe Laurent, who has returned to help me with my last works, and to make some new plans.

Strabo says,[308] “No trace of the ancient city (Troy) has been preserved. This is very natural; for, as all the towns round about were desolated, yet not completely destroyed, while Troy was razed to the ground, so all the stones were carried off to renovate the others. Thus, at least, Archæanax of Mitylene is said to have built a wall round Sigeum with the stones.” These statements of Strabo are, however, completely erroneous, and the tradition of antiquity, that Troy was razed to the ground, can only be explained by its having been buried deep beneath colossal masses of wood-ashes and stone, which were built over by a new town; the latter being again destroyed, and again surmounted by buildings which had a similar fate; till at last the mass of _débris_ lying upon Troy reached a height of from 6 to 8 meters (20 to 26 feet), and upon this was established the Acropolis of the Ilium of the Greek colony.

In consequence of my former mistaken idea, that Troy was to be found on the primary soil or close above it, I unfortunately, in 1871 and 1872, destroyed a large portion of the city, for I at that time broke down all the house-walls in the higher strata which obstructed my way. This year, however, as soon as I had come by clear proofs to the firm conviction that Troy was not to be found upon the primary soil, but at a depth of from 23 to 33 feet, I ceased to break down any house-wall in these strata, so that in my excavations of this year a number of Trojan houses have been brought to light. They will still stand for centuries, and visitors to the Troad may convince themselves that the stones of the Trojan buildings can _never_ have been used for building other towns, for the greater part of them are still _in situ_. Moreover, they are small, and millions of such stones are to be found upon all the fields of this district.

Valuable stones, such as those large flags which cover the road leading from the Scæan Gate to the Plain, as well as the stones of the enclosing wall and of the Great Tower, have been left untouched, and not a single stone of the Scæan Gate is wanting. Nay, with the exception of the houses which I myself destroyed, it would be quite possible to uncover the “carcasses” of all the houses, as in the case of Pompeii. The houses, as I have already said, must have been very high, and a great deal of wood must have been used in their construction, for otherwise the conflagration could not have produced such an enormous quantity of ashes and rubbish.

In my excavations of 1871 and 1872, at a depth of from 7 to 10 meters (23 to 33 feet), I found only house-walls composed of sun-dried bricks; and, as anyone may convince himself by examining the houses which I have uncovered, this style of building was almost exclusively met with during that year. It is only the buildings by the side of the Scæan Gate, and a few houses in the depths of the Temple of Athena, that are made of stones and earth.

As may be seen from my plan of the site of Troy, I have excavated two-thirds of the entire city; and, as I have brought to light the Great Tower, the Scæan Gate, the city wall of Troy, the royal palace, the sacrificial altar of the Ilian Athena, and so forth, I have uncovered the grandest buildings, and, in fact, the best part of the city. I have also made an exceedingly copious collection of all the articles of the domestic life and the religion of the Trojans; and therefore it is not to be expected that science would gain anything more by further excavations. If, however, my excavations should at any time be continued, I urgently entreat those who do so to throw the _débris_ of their diggings from the declivity of the hill, and _not_ to fill up the colossal cuttings which I have made with such infinite trouble and at such great expense, for they are of great value to archæology, inasmuch as in these cuttings all the strata of _débris_, from the primary soil up to the surface of the hill, can be examined with little trouble.

On the north side of the hill, I have now also uncovered several house-walls at a depth of 13 meters (42½ feet), and also the beginning of that remarkable wall of fortification already mentioned, the continuation of which may be seen in the labyrinth of house-walls in the depths of the Temple of Athena. On the north side, above the primary soil, I have also brought to light a portion of the pavement already mentioned, composed of small, round white sea-pebbles, below which are the calcined ruins of a building which formerly stood there.

Among some very remarkable terra-cottas discovered since my last report, I must mention two jugs found on the north side, at a depth of from 23 to 26 feet, each of which has two upright necks standing side by side, but their handles are united. One of them has also beside the mouths two small elevations, which may probably indicate eyes. Of a third jug of this kind, I only found the upper portion. I must also mention an exceedingly curious cup, discovered at a depth of 4 meters (13 feet), which consists of a tube resting upon three feet and ending in one large and two small goblets; the larger goblet is connected with the opposite side of the tube by a handle. At the same depth I met with a large vase, from which projects a separate small vase; it is ornamented with incisions, and has three feet and two very pretty handles and rings for hanging it up. I found likewise, at the depth of 13 feet, a vase with two female breasts, two large handles and engravings resembling letters. Among other extremely curious terra-cottas, I must also mention three pots with three rows of perforations; they have the usual handle on one side and three feet on the other; also three large vases with perforations right round, on all sides from the bottom to the top; their use is a riddle to me; can they have served as bee-hives?[309] Also a vessel in the form of a pig with four feet, which are, however, shorter than the belly, so that the vessel cannot stand upon them; the neck of the vessel, which is attached to the back of the pig, is connected with the hinder part by a handle. I further found a pot in the form of a basket with a handle crossing the mouth, and with a tube in the bulge for drawing off the liquid. Also two terra-cotta funnels, at a depth of 10 feet, with a letter, which I have repeatedly met with on some of the terra-cottas of which I have given drawings, and which therefore will probably be deciphered. At a depth of 5 feet I found one of those round twice-perforated terra-cottas with a stamp, in which there are Egyptian hieroglyphics; also a dozen of the same articles in the stamps of which are a crowned head, a bird, a dog’s head, a flying man or an eagle and a stag. At a depth of 16½ feet, I found the handle of a cup with the beautifully modelled head of a bull, which probably represents the βοῶπις πότνια Ἥρη:[310] however, this cannot be proved, for up to that time I had never found an idol with the head of an ox. Neither can I prove that the terra-cottas here frequently met with, in the form of horses’ heads, represent the mother of Hera, Cybele or Rhea; but it is very likely, for, as is well known, in Phrygia she was represented with a horse’s head. Terra-cotta idols of the Ilian Athena are rarely met with; but we daily find marble idols of this goddess, most of which have almost a human form. We also frequently come upon oblong flat pieces of rough marble, upon which the owl’s face of the goddess is more or less deeply engraved. It is often so finely scratched that the aid of a magnifying glass is required to convince one that it actually exists; we found several such pieces of marble where the owl’s head was painted in a black colour. Since I have come to the conclusion that they are idols of the tutelary divinity of Troy, I have carefully collected them; but in 1871 and 1872 seven-eighths of all the marble idols must have escaped my notice, for at that time I had no idea of their significance.

In excavating the ground upon which my wooden house had stood, we found, at a depth of from 9 to 19 inches, eighteen copper and two silver medals; one of the latter is of Marcus Aurelius. The other is a tetradrachm of the island of Tenedos; on the obverse, to the right, is the head of Jupiter, to the left that of Juno, both having one neck in common, like the heads of Janus. The head of Jupiter is crowned with laurels, that of Juno has a wreath or crown. Upon the reverse of the coin there is a laurel wreath round the edge, and in the centre a large double axe, above which stands the word ΤΕΝΕΔΙΩΝ: below and to the right of the handle of the double axe there is a winged Eros, who is holding up an object which it is difficult to distinguish; to the left is a bunch of grapes and a monogram, which looks like the letter Α.

Of the copper coins, five are of Alexandria Troas, two of Ophrynium, one of Tenedos, two of Abydos, and one of Dardania. Two have on one side the bust of Julia Domna, with the inscription ΟΥΛΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; one of these has on the reverse the full-length figure of this empress with the inscription ΙΛΙΕΩΝ, and the other has the figure of Hector with the inscription ΙΛΙΕΩΝ ϶ΚΤΩΡ. The other medals belong to an earlier period of Ilium, and have on the one side the bust of Athena, and on the other the inscription ΙΛΙΕΩΝ.

In April of this year, when I uncovered the road paved with large flags of stone, which leads from the Scæan Gate to the Plain, the stones looked as new as if they had just been hewn. But since then, under the influence of the burning sun, the flags of the upper portion of the road, which have specially suffered from the conflagration that destroyed the city, are rapidly crumbling away, and will probably have quite disappeared in a few years. However, the flags of stone on the north-western half of the road which have been less exposed to the heat, may still last many centuries.

The following inscriptions were found at a depth of from 19 inches to 3½ feet below my wooden house.

........................................... ........................................... ......ΣΑ.................................... ...ΕΣΑΙ..............ΝΟΥ................. ......ΑΒΟΥΚΟΛ......ΕΤΡΑΝΦ........... 5 ....ΣΚΑΤΑΠΛΗΘΟΣΕΙΣΟΙΝΙΣΤΡΑ..... ..ΤΩΝΕΨΗΦΙΣΘΑΙΣΚΑΔΡΕΙΣΟ..... ..ΣΑΝΔΡΑΣΤΟΥΣΣΥΝΘΗΣΟΜΕΝ..... ....ΕΡΟΝΥΠΗΡΧΕΝΚΑΙΣΤΗΛΩ..... ....ΙΕΝΤΩΤΩΝΣΑΜΟΘΡΑΚ......... 10 ....ΙΣΑΠΟΚΑΘΙΣΤΑΜΕΝΟ.......... ....ΕΝΟΥΣΤΗΝΣΥΝΘΕΣΙΝ.......... ......ΜΟΛΟΓΙΑΣΤΟΑΝΤΙΓΡΑ.......... ......ΟΙΚΗΣΟΝΤΕΣΗΡΕΘΗΣ............ ......ΟΠΕΙΘΟΥΜΙΛΗΣΙΟΣ.............. 15 ......ΘΟΥΔΙΟΠΕΙΔΗΣΒ.................. ..... ΤΙΦΑΝΗΣΑΠ.......................

.............................. ......σα...................... ....εσαι...............νου(ς... ........αβουκολ......ετραν φ... 5 ....ς κατὰ πλῆθος εἰς οἴνιστρα..... ..των ἐψηφίσθαι Σκαδρεῖς ο....... ..ς ἀνδρὰς τοὺς συνθησομέν(ους.... ....ερον ὑπῆρχεν καὶ στηλω...... ....ι ἐν τῷ τῶν Σαμοθράκ(ων...... 10 ....ις ἀποκαθισταμέν(ο.......... ....ενους τὴν σύνθεσιν........... ......ὁ)μολογίας τὸ ἀντίγρα(φον... ......οἰκήσοντες ᾑρέθησ(αν...... ......Δι)οπείθου Μιλήσιος....... 15 ......θου Διοπείδης Β........... ......Αν)τιφάνης Ἀπ...........

This inscription contains a contract for a settlement and gives the names of the men selected for founding it; Σκαδρεῖς is an unknown word, which has never before been met with.

\ΧΝ ΩΣΧΙΛΙΑΣ ΩΣΤΗΣΔΟΘΕΙΣΗΣ ΕΙΠΕΝΤΕΚΑΙΟΥΕΛΑΒΟ ΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΩΙΕΝΙΑΥΤΩ 5 ΤΗΝΣΥΝΕΔΡΕΙΑΝΟΥΚΑ ΤΗΣΒΟΟΣΤΗΝΤΙΜΗΝΥ ΤΩΓΚΡΕΩΝΤΑΣΛΟΙΠΑ ΤΡΩΒΟΛΟΝΤΗΝΠΟΛΙΝΤΗΜ ΚΑΣΑΝΤΟΥΣΤΟΚΟΥΣΤΟΥΣ 10 ΚΟΣΙΑΣΤΕΣΣΑΡΑΚΟΝΤΑΠΕ ΘΕΤΟΣΔΙΑΚΟΣΙΑΣΤΕΣΣΑ ΚΑΙΟΤΙΤΗΝΣΥΝΕΔΡΕΙΑ ΤΕΙΛΑΝΠΕΝΤΑΚΟΣΙΑΣΚΑΙΤΗ ΡΗΜΕΝΗΣΤΗΣΤΙΜΗΣΤΩΓΚΡΕ 15 ΤΑΔΥΟ

........ως χιλίας.............. ......ε)ως τῆς δοθείσης.......... .....ει πέντε καὶ οὗ ἐλαβο........ ....το ἐπι)βάλλον τῶι ἐνιαυτῶ(ι.... 5 ....τὴν συνέδρειαν οὐ κα......... ....τῆς βοὸς τὴν τιμὴν ὑ......... ....τῶγ κρεῶν τὰς λοιπὰ(ς....... ....τε) τρώβολον τὴν πόλιν τημ... ....ἠνάγ;)κασαν τοὺς τόκους τοὺς.. 10 ....α)κοσίας τεσσαράκοντα πέ(ντε. ....θετος διακοσίας τεσσα(ρα..... ...καὶ ὅτι τὴν συνέδρεια(ν........ ...ἀπέσ)τειλαν πεντακοσίας καὶ τη. ...ρημένης τῆς τιμῆς τῶγ κρε(ῶν... 15 ...τάλαν;)τα δύο................

In this day closing the excavations at Ilium for ever, I cannot but fervently thank God for His great mercy, in that, notwithstanding the terrible danger to which we have been exposed owing to the continual hurricanes, during the last three years’ gigantic excavations, no misfortune has happened, no one has been killed, and no one has even been seriously hurt.

* * * * *

In conclusion, I cannot refrain from most strongly recommending Nikolaos Saphyros Jannakis, of the neighbouring village of Renkoï, to all those who, sooner or later, may wish to make excavations in the Plain of Troy or in the neighbourhood. During all my excavations here, since April 1870, he has been my attendant, cook, and cashier. It is in the latter capacity especially that I find him incomparably useful on account of his honesty, which has been well tested, and also on account of his knowing the names and capabilities of every workman in the Troad. In addition to this, his size and herculean strength, his cleverness, and his thorough knowledge of the Turkish language, are excellently adapted for settling the difficulties which continually arise in reference to the excavations with the Turkish officials. I must also specially recommend my foreman Spiridion Demetrios of Athens, and Captain Georgios Tsirogiannis of Limme in Eubœa, for they have here learnt by long experience the easiest way of removing colossal masses of _débris_, and they have in addition the gift of command. I can also most strongly recommend my accomplished draughtsman, Polychronios Lempessis, of Salamis, who has here made all the drawings of my work from Plate 119 to 190.[311] Lastly, I can speak with the utmost satisfaction of my engineer Adolphe Laurent, who has made the ground plans for me from first to last.

NOTE A.

THE RIVER SIMOÏS.

As the present name of the Simoïs, _Dumbrek_, is not a Turkish word, some take it for a corruption of the name Thymbrius, and use it to prove that the river--which, flowing past the foot of the ruins of Ophrynium, runs through the north-eastern valley of the Plain of Troy, and falls into the Kalifatli Asmak, the very ancient bed of the Scamander, in front of Ilium--is the Thymbrius, and cannot possibly be the Simoïs.

To this I reply: that there is no example of a Greek word ending in _os_ being rendered in Turkish by a word ending in a _k_; further that Dumbrek must certainly be a corruption of the two Turkish words طوك برق _Don barek_. _Don_ signifies ‘ice,’ and _barek_ the ‘possession’ or the ‘habitation'; the two words therefore mean much the same thing as containing ice, and the name might be explained by the fact that the inundations caused by the Simoïs are frequently frozen over in winter, when the whole north-eastern plain forms a sheet of ice. Throughout antiquity, however, the river was called the Simoïs, for according to Strabo (XIII. 1. p. 103), the grove dedicated to Hector was situated on a hill near Ophrynium; according to Lycophron (_Cassandra_), the hero was buried in Ophrynium; and according to Virgil,[312] who is the most conscientious preserver of ancient traditions, Hector’s tomb was situated in a little grove on the shores of the Simoïs.

NOTE B.

I.--List of the specific weight in Grammes, of the terra-cottas in the form of cylinders, balls, pyramids, &c., found in the various depths of the Pergamus of Troy, and which appear to have been used as weights.[313] (The depths are given in meters.)

+----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| 15| +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 67| 98| 73| 58|107|177| 95| 70| 38| 26| | |210| | | | 125|149|202|298|110|221|198| 74| 75| 42| | | | | | | 134|162|205| |120|259|215| 90| 83|144| | | | | | | 430|197|328| | |400|334| 91|154|148| | | | | | | 545|220| | | |400| |109| 73|167| | | | | | |1005|228| | | |442| |112| |176| | | | | | | |306| | | |443| |133| |224| | | | | | | |495| | | |448| |141| |248| | | | | | | |509| | | |455| |177| |279| | | | | | | | | | | |456| |403| |300| | | | | | | | | | | |458| |458| |300| | | | | | | | | | | |458| |472| |308| | | | | | | | | | | |464| |748| |315| | | | | | | | | | | |465| | | |320| | | | | | | | | | | |470| | | |322| | | | | | | | | | | |475| | | |336| | | | | | | | | | | |475| | | |338| | | | | | | | | | | |555| | | |350| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |355| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |365| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |366| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |368| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |374| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |384| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |430| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |435| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |450| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |458| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |500| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |520| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |575| | | | | |

II. List of the specific weight in Grammes of the round stones found in the various depths of the Pergamus of Troy, and which have apparently served as weights. (The depths are in meters.)

+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10| 11| 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | +---+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+ |418|183| 79| 69| 100| 100| 169| 102|223|145|555| 485| 190| 135| 332| |576|275|109| 71| 112| 185| 186| 150|224|146| |1710| 468| 413| 363| |757|442|135|100| 140| 300| 186| 207|227|182| | |1475| 450| 447| | |472|414|136| 215| 330| 189| 244|372|190| | | | 485| 475| | | |448|195| 230| 412| 219| 254|390|214| | | | 505| 557| | | |584|388| 262| 420| 229| 257|420|225| | | |1250| 585| | | |726|400| 268| 427| 245| 288|500|280| | | |1852| 680| | | | |513| 293| 446| 266| 295|852|310| | | | |3148| | | | |583| 318| 460| 290| 381| |334| | | | | | | | | |608| 335| 462| 291| 385| |341| | | | | | | | | |624| 335| 515| 346| 402| |372| | | | | | | | | |635| 368| 528| 369| 402| |450| | | | | | | | | |662| 478| 546| 380| 408| |545| | | | | | | | | |688| 490| 572| 384| 429| |605| | | | | | | | | |893| 498| 602| 400| 440| |627| | | | | | | | | | | 537| 628| 435| 472| |755| | | | | | | | | | | 637| 640| 437| 536| | | | | | | | | | | | | 688| 670| 468| 551| | | | | | | | | | | | | 728| 738| 483| 568| | | | | | | | | | | | | 757| 770| 491| 620| | | | | | | | | | | | | 790|1288| 515| 638| | | | | | | | | | | | |4260|3000| 534| 658| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 560| 660| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 569| 712| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 606| 764| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 632| 825| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 825|1145| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 895|1160| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 904|1232| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |1005|1710| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |1082|1950| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |1193| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |1877| | | | | | | | |

NOTE C.

Monsieur Ernest Chantre, Assistant Director of the Museum in Lyon, has just sent me the result of the analysis of the Trojan weapons made by the celebrated chemist, M. Damour, of Lyon. I had drilled three weapons, and sent him the drillings.

No. 1.--Drillings from one of the battle-axes of the treasure.

_Analysis._

Grammes. 0·3020 Deducting the sand contained in it 0·0160 ------ Analysed metal 0·2860 ------

In 10·000 parts. Grammes. This consists of copper 0·2740 = 0·9580 “ “ tin 0·0110 = 0·0384 ------ ------ 0·2850 = 0·9964 ------ ------

No. 2.--Drillings of another battle-axe of the treasure.

_Analysis._

Grammes. 0·2970 Deducting the sand contained in it 0·0020 ------ Analysed metal 0·2950 In 10·000 parts. Grammes. This consists of copper 0·2675 = 0·9067 “ “ tin 0·0255 = 0·0864 ------ ------ 0·2930 = 0·9931 ------ ------

No. 3.--Drillings from a common two-edged axe, found at a depth of 3¼ feet, and therefore in the remains of the Greek colony.

_Analysis._

Grammes. 0·5280 Deducting the sand contained in it 0·0070 ------ Analysed metal 0·5210 ------

In 10·000 parts. Grammes. This consists of copper 0·4810 = 0·9232 “ “ tin 0·0385 = 0·0739 ------ ------ 0·5195 = 0·9971 ------ ------

NO. 4.--Drillings of one of the Trojan sling-bullets, externally covered with verdigris, and internally the colour of iron.

_Analysis._

Grammes. Quantity of analysed metal 0·2410 ------

In 10·000 parts. Consisting of sulphur 0·0470 = 0·1950 “ “ copper 0·1920 = 0·7966 “ “ iron 0·0002 = 0·0008 “ “ quartzose 0·0005 = 0·0020 ------ ------ 0·2397 = 0·9944 ------ ------

DR. H. SCHLIEMANN.

_Athens, January 1, 1874._

APPENDIX.

ON THE INSCRIPTIONS FOUND AT HISSARLIK.

BY THE EDITOR.

As soon as Dr. Schliemann’s wonderful discoveries at Hissarlik were made known, one of the most important questions that arose in the mind of all scholars was:--Has he found any _Inscriptions_, to throw the certain light of written testimony on the language and ethnic affinities, the history and social condition, the religion, science, and literature, of the old inhabitants of the hill, whose records form as yet no part of ancient history?

Dr. Schliemann’s private communications during the progress of his work had called forth the efforts of eminent Orientalists--such as Martin Haug, Émile Burnouf, and Max Müller--to attempt the discovery of true writing among the vast variety of strange and novel patterns impressed upon the terra-cotta whorls, balls, seals, vases, and other objects in his collection; for some of these bore a likeness to written characters which could hardly be deceptive.[314] It mattered not for this enquiry, by what name the habitations, whose successive strata were revealed, had been called of old. No one whose opinion was worth regarding disputed their very high antiquity, which implied the great age of the objects found. Apart even from its traditional claim to be the Ilium of Homer, the site lay in the track of the primitive migrations of the Indo-European race from their cradle in the East to their settlements in the West; and not of one migration only, but of their passage to and fro between the shores of Asia and of Europe; as well as upon the path of their commerce and military expeditions, after they were settled in their homes. For, lest we be misled by the arbitrary distinction between the continents, which is stereotyped in the names of Asia and Europe--that is, East and West--it must be borne in mind that the Hellespont and Bosporus (as the latter name expresses) were _ferries_ rather than sundering seas, and the islands of the Ægean were stepping-stones. The close affinities of the early settlers on both shores had long since been proved; and, in particular, the presence of the great Pelasgo-Hellenic or Græco-Italic family had been traced on both. The very ancient habitation of the north-western parts of Asia Minor by the _Ionians_--the oriental name of the whole Hellenic race--long before their traditional colonization from the peninsula of Hellas--had been maintained by Ernst Curtius twenty years ago,[315] and more fully established by recent Egyptologers[316]--thus confirming the most ancient ethnic record, that the _Isles of the Gentiles_ were divided among the families of the _Sons of Javan_.[317] Thus, before the first trench was dug at Hissarlik, a clue was already supplied to the race of the primitive inhabitants, if any such had dwelt there, and to the nature of their language, if they had left any written records.

Among the patterns engraved upon the whorls and other terra-cottas, many were soon found, as Dr. Schliemann has fully shown, to be the most ancient sacred emblems of the Aryan race; and the discovery of these at all depths, below the ruins of Greek Ilium, attested the common Aryan descent of all the nations that had dwelt successively on the hill before the historic Grecian colony. The absence of any trace of Egyptian influence, and almost equally of Assyrian, seemed to attest an independent and very ancient Aryan civilization; while the general character of the works in terra-cotta, resembling those found in Cyprus and some of the islands of the Ægean, appeared to belong to the style which Professor Conze, of Vienna, had defined as the earliest Greek or European Indo-Germanic. The characters, which looked so exactly like writing, were certainly not hieroglyphs in any of their varieties; nor--though there were some cuneiform marks--was there any true cuneiform writing; while the few semblances of Phœnician characters were soon found to be deceptive. This last fact, again, helped to carry back the time of the settlement of Hissarlik beyond the age when Greeks and Phœnicians had entered into close relations of civilization on the shores of the Ægean, that is, before the date of the Homeric poems, which are full of allusions to Phœnician influence.

It has often been observed how remarkably new discoveries coincide in point of time, just when they are needed to throw light upon one another. At the very moment when Dr. Schliemann was bringing to light the remains buried in the Hill of Hissarlik, Orientalists were engaged in deciphering the inscriptions found among the antiquities of Cyprus, and upon the rock tablets in the island, by the aid of the still recent results of cuneiform interpretation. The Cyprian characters were proved to belong to a syllabic alphabet, which is a varied form of the cuneiform writing of Babylonia and Assyria, and of an origin older than the Phœnician. The leaders in this work were Mr. George Smith and Dr. Samuel Birch, who assigned a phonetic value to 33 characters of the Cypriote syllabary; and it was followed up with especial zeal by the lamented young scholar, Dr. Johannes Brandis, who determined (as was thought) the remainder of the 60 signs. His unfinished posthumous _Essay on the Decipherment of the Cyprian Inscriptions_ forms the landmark of the state of enquiry in the year in which Dr. Schliemann finished his excavations.[318]

To DR. MARTIN HAUG belongs the honour of first applying this key to the decipherment of the Hissarlik inscriptions. He traced such striking resemblances in some of the characters to those of the Cyprian alphabet, as to make out a good _primâ facie_ case for their identity, and he seemed to have succeeded in deciphering three words. Two of these were formed by the six characters on a whorl from the Trojan stratum, which were afterwards seen to be identical with those on another from the same depth (7 meters), a repetition which seems to show the importance of the inscription. Both had been specially noticed and discussed by Dr. Schliemann on their discovery;[319] and they will be always memorable in the history of this investigation. Haug read these characters _ta. i. o. si. i. go._, which he interpreted as a dedication, θείῳ Σιγῷ, “to the divine Sigo,” a deity whose name was found in Sigeum, the Scamander, and even Sicyon; and he thought he traced the same name on two of Schliemann’s small funnels (Nos. 145, 146, p. 191).[320] But the deity was otherwise as unknown as the transmutation of _ta. i. o._ into θείῳ was forced; and, while Haug was doubtless right in his _method_, his results must be pronounced at best:--

“Fragments of broken words and thoughts, Yet glimpses of the true.”

It was with such a conviction that the enquiry was taken up by PROFESSOR THEODORE GOMPERZ, of Vienna,[322] whose words are well worth quoting as a lesson in the method of investigation: “One circumstance alone appeared to me consoling, namely, that I did not find myself obliged to add a new hypothesis to the numerous ones already existing, and that I felt it still possible to abide by Haug’s discovery, were it only as a starting-point for further efforts. _For the beginning of continuity in enquiry is always the surest harbinger of approaching success._” After making one correction in Haug’s reading of the above inscription, he still found it quite unintelligible, till the thought struck him of reading it from right to left round the whorl, instead of from left to right, and the confused syllables flashed, as by a sudden crystallization, into the pure Greek _ta. go. i. di. o. i._, that is Ταγῷ δίῳ. “To the divine General or Prince,” an interpretation which Professor Max Müller pronounced to be “almost beyond reasonable doubt.”[323] We deem this solution worthy of special record, both as a landmark in the history of the investigation, and still more as a striking example of the power of mere coincidence to produce combinations that seem to bear the stamp of truth.

The other inscriptions, of which Professor Gomperz proposed solutions, were the following: First, three letters on the terra-cotta seal, also from the Trojan stratum, mentioned in the ‘Introduction’ (No. 4, p. 24; Pl. 19, No. 555 in Schliemann’s Atlas), which Professor Max Müller was at one time tempted to read as the very name of _Ilion_ (See the ‘Academy’ for May 16, 1874, p. 546). The second was the “splendidly engraved inscription” round the base of the whetstone of red slate (No. 5, p. 24, Pl. 190, No. 3474, Atlas). The third is round the shoulder of a vase from the Palace of Priam (No. 3, p. 23; Pl. 168, Nos. 3273 and 3278, Atlas), where, however, about one-third of the inscription is wanting. The fourth is on a whorl from _the lower limit_ of the Trojan stratum.

The above record of the process of the investigation will still possess great historical interest, long after the results shall have emerged (as we trust) from the cloud which, for the moment, has come over our hopes; and we believe that its interest will be increased by stating the present position of the case in the words of Professor Gomperz himself[324]:--

“There is not, and there cannot be, the slightest doubt that Professor Haug at Munich was perfectly right, when he first identified the symbols found on several of the Hissarlik vases, &c., with Cypriote characters. I was right too in following up the track, and I think still that I have scarcely once been wrong in identifying those symbols with these characters. Furthermore, my general inferences drawn from the fact, that the Cypriote syllabic writing occurs out of Cyprus, and associated with what I rightly have called _pre-Homeric_ objects of art, I still think unassailable. But--I cannot go further than this! My attempt at _deciphering_ those inscriptions I now look upon as abortive! I hasten to add, that I do not think I deserve any reproach in the matter. I utilized to the best of my abilities the progress which till then had been made in the decipherment of the Cypriote inscriptions found in Cyprus. I used as a key for my decipherment of the Hissarlik inscriptions the phonetic values which Mr. George Smith and Dr. Johannes Brandis had ascertained for those characters. But both these investigators had been only partially right! Wonderful indeed it is, that, applying as I did a key partially right and partially wrong, good and intelligible Greek words emerged. It was a most marvellous coincidence--but nothing else, a mere fortuitous coincidence.

“The labour of ascertaining the phonetic value of the Cypriote characters has since been taken up by several German scholars, Dr. Moritz Schmidt, Professor at Jena, and Messrs. De[.e]ck[.e] and Siegismund at Strasburg, and to a candid critic there cannot remain a doubt that _they are right_, and that I (together with Smith and Brandis) _was wrong_.”[325]

Such a frank, truth-loving spirit in the enquirer is as sure a guarantee of ultimate success as that “continuity in the enquiry,” which Gomperz still holds to be established. In a word, the right track is known, but the sign-posts have to be rectified; the key is found, but its wards need some fresh adjustment; and we may soon hope for results far more fruitful than those of which, for a moment only, we have been disappointed.

Meanwhile it is well to put on record Professor Gomperz’s reply to the objections that may be brought forward against the probable conclusion that, even before the Homeric times, there existed Greeks acquainted with a written language.

“For this supposition is not only opposed by ancient, though possibly unhistoric traditions, such as the denial of the settlement of Asia Minor by European Greeks, but by really historical facts--for instance, the total absence of any mention of the art of writing in these very Homeric poems.

“However this objection--let it count for as much or as little as it may--affects not only our decipherings, but also a firmly established and quite undeniable fact, the existence of a Cyprian syllabic writing. For that a nation which knew of a written language, simple and handy as the Phœnician with its facility of supplying the vowels, should prefer one like the Cyprian, full of the most troublesome characters and yet subject to the worst ambiguity, is surely as unlikely as that a nation in possession of the needle-gun should return to the use of the battle-axe. However, in the ninth and at latest in the eighth-century (and very probably much earlier) the Greeks _must_ already have been acquainted with the so-called Phoenician writing, which at that time was employed with equal readiness both in Moab and in Nineveh. Hence the Cyprian writing must have found its way among the Greeks before this epoch (and we may almost safely say a considerable time before this epoch, for otherwise how could it have taken firm root in Cyprus only?) My opinion is that we shall soon find the definite outlines of an epoch of Greek culture, or semi-culture, which I should be inclined to name the _pre-Cadmean_, the decline of which may probably be dated from the mighty impulse which the conquest of Canaan by the Israelites (about 1300) gave to the migration and the colonization of the Phœnicians.”[326]

We are enabled, by a communication from Dr. Schliemann, to present a list of all the objects in his collection, which Professor Gomperz has recognised as bearing Inscriptions, all of which are figured in our work. We also append the _depth_ at which each object was found, inasmuch as this determines to which of the nations, that dwelt successively on the site of Ilium, each inscription is to be referred; and this is by no means the least interesting point in the investigation.

It will be understood, of course, that this is, in the strongest sense, a “first provisional list” of the results of an enquiry only just begun. We believe that we could make no inconsiderable additions to it; but we await the verdict of the more competent enquirers who are now engaged in the research. Their labours may show that the _lowest stratum_ of remains is not destitute of traces of a written language, as would appear at first sight from the List. Meanwhile the great preponderance of known inscriptions from the “Trojan stratum” (7-10 M.) of Dr. Schliemann is very striking: 11 out of the 18 belong to it. But the ethnic affinity between the Trojans and their successors, already attested by many proofs, is now confirmed by five inscriptions in the Cyprian character from the depths of 4, 5, and 6 meters (Nos. 5, 6, 7, 12 and 16 in the List). The two funnels (Nos. 17, 18) are furnished by the uppermost stratum: each bears only a single letter, which appears also to be Cyprian; but there would seem to be still some doubt whether it may not be Phœnician.

LIST OF INSCRIPTIONS

RECOGNIZED TO THE PRESENT TIME ON OBJECTS IN DR. SCHLIEMANN’S COLLECTION.[327]

I.--INSCRIPTIONS ON WHORLS.

In Translation. In Atlas. Depth. References.

1. Pl. XXIV. No. 353. Pl. 5, No. 166. 9 M. 2. Pl. XXVII. No. 369. Pl. 11, No. 356. 10 M. Pp. 137, 369. 3. Pl. LI. No. 496. Pl. 13, No. 432. 7 M. {Identical 4. No. 115, p. 161. Pl. 6. No. 208. 7 M. {inscription: {pp. 83, 137, {161, 365-368. 5. Pl. XXXIX. No. 435. Pl. 122, No. 2442. 5 M. 6. Pl. XLVI. No. 472. Pl. 162, No. 3134. 6 M. 7. Pl. XXV. No. 360. Pl. 173, No. 3364. 4 M. 8. Pl. LI. No. 494. Pl. 187, No. 3415. 7 M. 9. No. 227, p. 312. Pl. 164, No. 3193. 8 M. Page 312. 10. No. 291, p. 363. Pl. 166, No. 3233. 8 M.

II.--INSCRIPTIONS ON TERRA-COTTA BALLS.

11. Pl. LII. No. 497. Pl. 166, No. 3229. 8 M. 12. No. 300, p. 372. Pl. 135, No. 2699. 4 M.

III.--ON OTHER OBJECTS.

13. _Seal_, No. 4, p. 24. Pl. 19, No. 555. 7 M. Pp. 24, 368. 14. _Whetstone_, No. 5, p. 24. Pl. 190, No. 3474. 7 M. Pp. 24, 368. 15. _Vase_, No. 3, p. 23. {Pl. 168, No. 3273,} 8 M. Pp. 307, 369. { 3278. } 16. _Vase_, Nos. 31, 32, p. 50. Pl. 161, No. 3092. 5½ M. Pp. 50, 309. 17.{Pair of Funnels, Nos.} {Pl. 171, No. 3292.} 3. M. Pp. 191, 366. 18.{ 145, 146, p. 191. } {Pl. 171, No. 3295.}

INDEX.

A.

_Accidents_ in the work, 132, 147, 275; no one killed or seriously injured, 357.

_Achilles_, tumulus of, 177, 178.

_Achilleum_, town of, 178.

_Æneas_, his supposed dynasty at Troy, 19, 182.

_Æsyetes_, tumulus of, 182.

_Agate_, fine, balls of, 165.

_Aianteum_, town of, 178.

_Ajax_, tumulus of, 177, 178, 197.

_Akshi-koï_, as proposed site for Troy, refuted, 45.

_Alexander the Great_, at Ilium, 61, 146, 178, 251.

_Altar_, the great primitive, 277, 278, 291.

_Altars_, flaming, an Aryan emblem on the terra-cottas, 120, 121, 160.

_Amphora_, a large Trojan, 63.

_Antelopes_, an Aryan emblem on the terra-cottas, signifying the winds, 120, 135, 136.

_Antlers_ of deer, 165.

_Apollo_, temple of the Thymbrian, 177; Greek temple at Ilium, and bas-relief of, 32, 145, 223, 257. (TEMPLE METOPÉ.)

_Aqueduct_ from the Thymbrius, remains of, 239.

_Archers_, supposed trench for, on the Tower, 318.

_Aristotle’s_ explanation of the δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον, 15, 313.

_Aruna_, in the Egyptian records, probably denotes Ilium, 126.

_Aryan_ origin of all the settlers at Hissarlik, 16, 252, 347, &c. (See SETTLERS.)

_Assyrian Art_, supposed traces of, 111.

_Athena_, tutelar goddess of Troy, represented with the head of an owl, 20, 54, 113, &c.

----, her temple, where the Trojan matrons went up to supplicate her, 147.

_Atlas_ of photographic illustrations, 357; Preface, p. v. foll.

B.

_Balls_, terra-cotta, with astronomical and religious symbols, 167, 168, 188, 364.

_Batiea_ or _Myrina_, tumulus of, 180, 197; now called _Pacha Tépé_, 198; opened, 301; pottery of the same age as the Trojan stratum at Hissarlik, _ibid._

_Battle-axes_, copper, found in the Treasure, 330, 331; of stone, 21, 252. (_See_ WEAPONS.)

_Bellerophon and Prœtus_, the σήματα λυγρά, 138.

_Bit_, a horse’s, a copper instrument resembling, 261.

_Boars'_ tusks, 78, 165.

_Bolts_, copper, of the Scæan Gates, 302.

_Bone_, a piece of, curiously engraved, 295.

_Bones_, found on the Tower, 213; human skull and ashes found in an urn, 267; of animals, 165, &c. (_See_ SKELETONS.)

_Bracelets_, of silver, gold, and electrum, 164, 165; golden, found in the Treasure, 337.

_Braun, Julius_, 46, 111.

_Bronze_, some of the objects of the Treasure found to be of, 361.

_Brush-handle_, Trojan, of terra-cotta, with holes for the bristles, 297.

_Buddha_, sculptured foot-print of, with the 卐 and mystic rose, 103.

_Buildings_, of the first settlers, of stones joined with earth, 14, 134, 155-6.

----, of the second (or Trojans), of unburnt bricks with some stone foundations, 24, 96, 156, 302.

----, of the third settlers, of small stones joined with earth, 28, 166.

----, of the fourth settlers, the _wooden Ilium_, 29, 17.

----, of Greek Ilium, of hewn stone, 173.

----, great ruins of, 128, 132, 133, 134.

----, Trojan, quarry used for, 140, 141.

----, Trojan, burnt, 301, 302.

---- ----, proofs of their successive ages, 302.

----, on north platform, 316.

_Bunarbashi_, opinion of Lechevalier for, as the site of Troy, erroneous, 43, 123, 124, 217; no remains of a great city there, 43; the true site of Gergis, 44; reply to the arguments of M. Nikolaïdes for the site of, 176, 183; the springs at, 176; further excavations at, 318.

_Burnouf, Émile_, explains the Aryan symbols, 47, 51; quotation from, 103, 105; his drawings of whorls, vi., xliv.

_Buttress_, discovery of, 100; supporting the temple, 222; uncovering of great, 233.

_Byzantine remains_, supposed, 230, 250; none at Hissarlik, 32, 272, 319, 320.

C.

_Caldron_, copper, in the Treasure, 324.

_Calvert, Mr. Frank_, 70, 71, 144, 177, 245; reply to his article, 270, 275, 318, 319, 320.

_Canoes_, miniature, of terra-cotta, probably for salt-cellars, 79.

_Carrousel_ (i.e. _top_), name applied to the whorls, 16, 65. (_See_ WHORLS.)

_Cellar_, a small Greek, 279.

_Cellars_, none found, great earthen jars used instead of, 140. (_See_ JARS.)

_Chanaï Tépé_, mound of, 72.

_Chest_, inlaid piece of terra-cotta, supposed to be the lid of a, 129, 130; the chest which held the Treasure, 332; its key, 333; treasure-chests of Priam and Achilles, 333.

_Chimæra_, the, of Homer, 320.

_Chinese Libation Cup_, 326-7.

_Chiplak_, proposed site of Troy at, refuted by absence of remains, 45.

_Chronology of Troy_, 12, 27.

_City walls_, covered with ashes of a conflagration, 16. (_See_ WALLS.)

_Civilization_, progressive decline in, among the successive inhabitants of the hill, 29; higher, below what seemed the “Stone Age,” 75; marks of, increasing with depth reached, 82, 128, 134.

_Coins_, Greek and Roman found at Hissarlik; none later than Constans II., and Constantine II., 32, 62, 64-65, 206, 207, 253, 354.

_Copper_, silver, and gold, contemporaneous use of, for tools, weapons, vases and ornaments, 22; Trojan implements and weapons of, 82; nails and pins with gold and electrum heads, 253, 254; curious plate of, in the Treasure, 325; vase in the Treasure, _ibid._; helmets and a lance, 279, 281; objects comparatively few, as they may have been melted down again and again, 269, 270.

_Covers_, for vases, of terra-cotta; with crown-shaped handles, 25, 48, 86, 95, 268; with a single arched handle, 296; with the face of an owl, 34, 171; with human faces, but still approaching the owl, 115, 268.

_Crucible_ of terra-cotta, still containing some copper, 283.

_Crystal_, hexagon of, 260.

_Cups_, long two-handled, of terra-cotta, 86, 87, 95; larger and finer in the Trojan stratum, 158, than in the fourth stratum, 166, 171; a very large one, 263. (_See_ Δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον.)

_Cuttings_, on the north side, 61, 62; great, construction of, 88; new, 186; new, from S. E. to N. W., 230.

_Cylinder_ of felspar, like the Assyrian signet cylinders, 312.

_Cyprian Inscriptions_ (Appendix), 365, 366; the key to the Trojan, 366; progress of their decipherment, 369, 370.

D.

_Daggers_, copper, found in the Treasure, 331, 332. (_See_ WEAPONS.)

_Damour, M._, his analysis of Trojan metal, 361.

_Depths_ at which the objects were found carefully noted, 27, 219.

_Drawings_ of the objects found, 357.

_Débris_, Diagram of the strata of, 10.

----, thickness of, above native rock, 123; depth of, unexampled in the world, 217, 218; supposed, of the temple of Athena, 221, 222.

_Demetrius_, of Scepsis, his site for Troy at the “Village of the Ilians” adopted by Strabo, 41; refuted, 42.

“Δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον,” the, 15, 50, 128, 313-316; the great golden one of the Treasure, 326-7.

_Destruction_ of walls of former settlers, 156, 157; of third town, 170; of Trojan buildings, in excavating below them, 348.

_Diadems_, the two golden, found in the Treasure, 335, 336.

_Diagram_ of the successive _strata_ of ruins at Hissarlik, 10.

_Dishes_, terra-cotta, with side-rings, 155, 172, 215; (φιάλαι, _pateræ_), of silver, in the Treasure, 329.

_Drawings_, care in making, 219; an artist taken to make good, 225.

_Dumbrek Su_, the ancient Simoïs, 358.

E.

_Ear-rings_, of silver, gold, and electrum, 164, 165; of gold, found in the Treasure, their unique form, 118, 119, 336, 337.

_Ebony_, piece of a musical instrument, 165.

_Electrum_, a mixture of gold and silver, 165, 254, 327; objects of, found, _ibid._, 334.

_Emblems_, Aryan, on the whorls, balls, &c.; their significance, 101, 102; occurrence of, among other Aryan nations, 102; mentioned in old Indian literature, 102, 103; solar, and rotating wheels, 136, 137.

_Epithets_, Homeric, of Ilium, suitable to Hissarlik, 124, 125.

_Etymology_ of Ἴλιος, 125, 126.

_Excavations_, the “grandmother of the,” 316; final close of the, 356; intended resumption of, Preface, p. xxiii. (_See_ WORKS.)

_Explorers_, advice to future, 346.

F.

_Falcon_, the, an Aryan emblem on the terra-cottas, 120, 135.

_Fever_, dangers from, 62, 258.

_Fire_, marks of great in the ruins, 109, 133, 228, 277, 347; narrow escape from, 275.

_Firman_, for making the excavations, 59.

_Fortifications_, of the hill, 289, 290; further discoveries of, 322. (_See_ WALLS.)

_Funereal Urns._ (_See_ URNS.)

_Funnels_, small, of terra-cotta, with inscriptions, 191.

G.

_Gate_, discovery of a double, with copper bolts, 302, 303; the Scæan, of Homer, 303-305.

_Genealogy_ of the kings of Troy, 123.

_Georgios Photidas_, 116.

_Gergis_; identified with the ruins at Bunarbashi, 44, 245.

_Goblets_; curious terra-cotta, 317; of gold, silver, and electrum, found in the Treasure, 325, 327, 329.

----, the double-handled. (_See_ Δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον.)

_Gold_, modes of working, 327.

----, ornaments of. (_See_ ORNAMENTS.)

_Gold._ (_See_ TREASURE.)

_Gomperz, Professor_, on the Trojan and Cyprian inscriptions (Appendix) 367, 370.

_Greek_ camp, 179.

---- inscriptions. (_See_ INSCRIPTIONS.)

----, city of Ilium, area of, 217.

---- sculptured marbles, 226.

---- house, discovery of, 254, 255.

---- bas-relief, remarks on, 255, 257.

---- votive discs of diorite, 269.

---- statuettes and vessels, 317, 343. (_See_ TERRA-COTTAS.)

_Greek Race_, affinity of the Trojans to the (Appendix), p. 364.

_Grote, George_, places Homer’s Troy at Hissarlik, 46.

H.

_Hammer_ (ῥαιστήρ) only once mentioned in Homer, 270. (_See_ IMPLEMENTS and STONE.)

_Handles_ of sticks or sceptres, 260, 265.

_Haug, Dr. Martin_, finds the key to the Trojan Inscriptions (Appendix), 366.

_Hares_, an Aryan emblem on the terra-cotta, signifying the Moon and four seasons, 120.

_Heat_ at Hissarlik, 142, 198.

_Hector_, his so-called tomb and grove, at Ophrynium, 74, 177; place of his death, 176, 195.

_Helmet-crests_, Trojan, their structure, 280.

_Helmets_, found on the skulls of Trojan warriors, 279; found in the Palace, 333.

_Hera_, personification of, as ox-headed (Ἥρα βοῶπις), 113, 114, 293, 353.

_Herodotus_, quoted, 12.

_Hieroglyphics_ on terra-cottas from the Greek stratum, 291, 352.

_Hippotamus_ of terra-cotta, a sign of intercourse with Egypt, 228, 270.

_Hissarlik_, the hill of, ruins upon, 14; limit of Troy’s extent, 18; modern authorities in favour of, 46; the name means “fortress,” 60; description of, 58; the Acropolis of the Greek Ilium, 60, 61; search for its limits, 61; panoramic view from, 68, 69; growth of the Hill, 97; great increase of Hill to east, 227.

_Homer_, knew the Troad, but his knowledge of Troy only traditional, 18, 20, 305; poetic exaggerations of its extent, 344-346; his hot and cold fountains of Scamander, 195; his Great Tower of Ilium, 201, 204; stone implements not mentioned by, 270, 271.

----, the _Iliad_, quoted, 19, 26, 69, 71, 121, 123, 130, 138, 147, 179, 195, 197, 203, 222, 223, 238, 248, 265, 270, 271, 280, 281, 305, 306, 314, 324, 326, 328, 333, 335, 336, 337, 345, 346.

----, the _Odyssey_, quoted, 129, 305.

_Houses_, Trojan, discovered, 133; spacious, 155, 156; mode of building, _ibid._; easily crushed, _ibid._; several storeys high, 345; built of sun-dried bricks, only the important buildings being of small stones joined with earth, 273, 349.

----, succession of, beneath the temple, in strata of different ages, with marks of destruction by fire, 289, 290.

----, two large, of different dates, above the Scæan Gate, 301; the upper and later one, above Priam’s palace, 302, 304; objects found there, 314, 315. (_See_ PALACE.)

----, on the N. side of the hill, and objects found there, 351.

_Humming-top_, a Trojan, 192.

_Hurricane_, continual, on Homer’s “windy Ilium,” 185.

I.

_Ida_, Mount, name of, 121; the Trojans dwelt first on its spurs, 123; snow-clad summits of, but snow not perpetual, 70, 121.

_Idols_, of the Ilian Athena, 35, 36, 100, 112, 154, 155, 163, 164, 170, 172, 229, 234, 235, 236, 260, 292, 296, 353.

----, of terra-cotta, marble, &c., found in all the pre-Hellenic strata, 34-38, &c.; one of slate, 260.

_Ilians_, village of the; no traces of habitation at, 42, 70, 85, 92, 180. (_See_ DEMETRIUS OF SCEPSIS.)

_Ilium_ (Homer’s Ἴλιος), first founded by Dardanus in the Plain, 123; etymology of the name, 125. (_See_ TROY.)

----, Greek, built under the Lydian dominion, about 700 B.C., 12, 13, 174; its duration, 13, 30; extent and population, 32, 198; site described, 57, 58; Greek buildings, 173, 174; springs in front of, 194, 196; name of, given, to the ruins at Hissarlik, 211; patronage of, by the Julii, 232; relation of kings Antiochus I. and III. to, 244, 246; site uninhabited since the end of the fourth century, 318; confused with Alexandria Troas, 319.

_Images_, of the owl-faced Athena. (_See_ IDOLS and ATHENA.)

_Implements_ of stone and copper, found together, 28, 30, 81, 83; stone, of the earliest settlers, 94; stone, further discoveries of, 112, 163, &c.; stone, coarser in third stratum, 167; of copper, of the fourth settlers, 173; of stone, copper, and silver, found on the Tower, 213; of stone and copper, 238, 261, 262; stone, at small depths, 251, 252; smaller quantity of copper than stone explained, 269, 270; stone, 285; found in Priam’s house, 311, 313.

_Inscriptions_, proving the use of a written language, 23, 25, 51.

----, supposed, 83, 84, 96, 130; remarks on, 137, 138, 161.

----, _Trojan_, in the Cyprian character, progress of the attempts to decipher them, and conclusions drawn from them. (Appendix, pp. 363, foll.); List of, 373.

----, _Cyprian_ (Appendix), 366, 369, foll.

----, _Greek_, 67, 68, 205; in honour of Caius Cæsar, 231.

----, discussion of two important, 240, 247; on base of a statue, 297; in honour of C. Claudius Nero, 298, 299; on vases found in the Palace, 339; Greek, 355, 356.

_Instruments._ (_See_ IMPLEMENTS.)

_Interruptions_ of the work, through weather and Greek festivals, 90, 122, 224, 300; from the continual hurricane on the hill, 185.

_Iron_, absence of, 31, 253; does not imply that it was not used, 31.

_Ivory_, ornaments of, 149, 165; ornamented pieces of flutes and lyres, 25, 27, 230, 264; prettily decorated tube of, 268.

J.

_Jars_, Greek, for water and wine, 175; Trojan, large, used for cellars, 140, 239, 251, 277; the nine colossal, 290.

_Jerusalem_, depth of _débris_ at, 218.

_Jugs_, terra-cotta, with long necks bent back, 87, 114, 159, 166, 214, 236; curious double, 152; with two necks, 351.

----, large silver, of the Treasure, in which the small gold jewels were found, 329.

K.

_Key_ of the Treasure-chest, 333.

_Knives_, flint, 94, 271, 274, 275.

---- (_See_ IMPLEMENTS.)

_Konstantinos Kolobos_, 198, 199.

L.

_Lamps_, little bowls perhaps used for, 190.

----, Greek, 292, 317.

_Lance-heads_, copper, one found beside a warrior’s skeleton in the Palace, 279; found in the Treasure, 329, 330; mode of fastening to the shaft, 331. (_See_ WEAPONS.)

_Landerer_, Professor, on the material and colouring of the terra-cottas, 49; his analysis of the copper objects of the Treasure, 342.

_Language_ of the Trojan Inscriptions, probably Greek (Appendix), 369, foll.

_Laurent, Adolphe_, the engineer, 98, 99, 108, 116; his ground plans, 357.

_Lead_, a _pig_ of, _i. e._ a plate stamped with a pig’s head (Greek), 317.

_Libations_, probable use of the δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον, for, 326; a Chinese cup for, 327.

_Lightning_, symbol of, on the whorls, 137, 138.

_Lions_, formerly in the Troad, 260; lion-headed handle of a sceptre, 260.

_Liquorice_, cultivation of, 225, 226.

_Lysimachus_, wall of Greek Ilium, built by, 31, 58, 127, 185, 230, 231.

----, theatre of, 198.

M.

_Medals._ (_See_ COINS.)

_Medicine_; fever and quinine, 88; wounds and arnica, 89; blood-letting priest-doctors, 141; efficacy of sea-baths, 141, 142; ingratitude of peasants cured, 142.

_Metals_, found in various strata, 31.

----, copper and bronze, silver, gold, lead, 22, 31, &c.; no iron or tin, 31.

----, hardly a trace in third stratum, 166.

_Meters_, Table of, in English measures, 56.

_Metopé_ of the Sun-God, 32, 145, 223, 256, 257.

_Metrodorus_, statue of, 297.

_Mill-stones_, 79, 87, 151, 155, 163.

_Monograms_, on the stones of the wall of Lysimachus, 231.

_Moulds_ of mica-schist, for casting implements and ornaments of copper, 82, 88, 110, 139, 162, 173, 253, 260, 269.

_Mouse_, the, as an emblem, 186.

_Musical Instruments_, fragments of, 25, 27, 164, 165, 169, 230, 264.

_Myrina_, Tumulus of. (_See_ BATIEA.)

N.

_Nails_, of copper, 150, 253, 254, 261.

_Nikolaïdes, Mr. G._, reply to his article, 175, foll.

_Novelty of the Discoveries_, and consequent changes of opinion, 12.

O.

_Object_, the great, aimed at in the excavations, 80, 96, 97.

_Objects discovered_, 64; review of, 92, 96; of gold, silver, copper, and ivory, 149; bracelets and ear-rings of silver, gold, and electrum, 164, 165; pins, &c., of ivory and bone, 165; various, 165; little bowls, probably for lamps, 190; funnels, 191; more than 100,000 found, to the end of 1872, 218; sling-bullets, 230; various, 260, 264; a crucible with copper still in it, 283; found to the east of the Tower, 291.

_Ophrynium_, ruins of, 74, 177.

_Ornaments_, of gold, silver, copper, and ivory, 149, 150, 164, 165.

_Owl-faced covers_, 47, 48.

---- idols. (_See_ IDOLS.)

---- vases, 78, 229, &c.; found in the Palace, 340.

_Owl-headed_ goddess, 20, 23; Professor Max Müller on the, 54. (_See_ ATHENA.)

_Ox-headed idols_, old representation of the goddess Hera, 113; expected discovery of, 113, 114; handles in terra-cotta, 293, 294, 353.

P.

_Painted Vases_, only two fragments of, 15, 55, 193.

_Palace of Priam_, discovery of, 276; description of, 305, 306; objects found in it, 307-314, 333, 334; another room discovered, 340; objects found there, 341, foll.

_Pavements_; of flags on road through the Scæan Gate, 16, 287, 302; the part calcined by the conflagration, perishing by exposure to the air, 354, 355; of white sea-pebbles, 351.

_Pegs_ of terra-cotta, for hanging up clothes, 320.

_Pergamus of Troy_, 117, 211; as distinct from the city, an invention of Homer, 18. (But _see_ Preface, p. xvi.)

_Pillars_, no trace of, below the Greek stratum, 211; not mentioned in the Iliad, 211.

----, _Corinthian_, of the age of Constantine, 30, 230, 239, 250, 320.

_Pins_ of copper, ivory, and bone, 150, 165, 253, 254; copper, molten together in the burning of the Palace, 312.

_Plague_ of insects and scorpions, 198.

_Plates_, Trojan, turned by the potter, 114, 215, 263.

_Platform_, great, on the north, 99; progress of, 108, 127, 185.

----, on the south, 127.

----, a third dug, 144.

_Polychronios Lempessis_, the draughtsman, commended, 357.

_Pottery_, splendid remains of Trojan, 25; coarser, in the third stratum, 27; fragments of Hellenic, 44; ancient types of, still made in the Troad, 47; colouring, materials of the, 49, 50; of fine workmanship, 75; resembles the Cyprian and that found at Thera and Therasia, 115; of lowest stratum, distinct from the next above, 153; resembles the Etruscan in quality only, 153; of second settlers, various forms, 158, 159; in third stratum, various forms, 167; of fourth settlers, inferior, 170; articles of, 190, 191; found on the Tower, 213, 215; various, 262, 263, 285; with Egyptian hieroglyphics, 291; Greek, 127.

_Prayer_, man in attitude of, on a whorl, 135.

_Priam_, where he sat to view the Greek forces, 304, 305; his Palace, 276, 306, foll.; his Treasure, 22, 323, foll. (_See_ PALACE; TREASURE.)

----, why the author uses the name, 20, and Preface, xxiii.-xxiv.

_Priapi_ of stone and terra-cotta, 78.

_Pytheas_, sculptor, of Argos, 298.

Q.

_Quarry_ used for the buildings at Troy, 140.

_Quoits_, 94, 154, &c.

R.

_Rain_, injury done by, 221.

_Remains_, ancient, undisturbed, 111, 112; admirable, in lowest stratum but one, 148, 149; in the lowest stratum, 154; of an Aryan race, 166; of house walls, 264.

----, human, paucity of, 210.

_Reservoir_ of the Temple, 249.

_Restoration_ of broken terra-cottas, 41.

_Results_ of the excavations, 92, 216, 346; and Introduction _passim_.

_Road_, paved with flags, through the Scæan Gate, 16, 287, 302, 305.

_Rosa Mystica_, an Aryan emblem on the whorls, 160, 207.

S.

_Sacrifices_, traces of, 108, 109.

_Scamander_, the river and its ancient course, 72-74, 177, 179, 183.

_Scæan Gate_, the double, 16, 26, 287, 303; plan of, 306. (_See_ ROAD.)

----, copper bolts found in both gateways, 302.

_Sceptre_, the Homeric, 265.

_Schliemann, Dr. Henry_, born at Kalkhorst, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 3; enthusiasm as a boy for the Greek heroic legends, _ib._; early disadvantages, 3; shipwreck, 4; self-tuition, 5; goes to Russia, 7; learns Greek, 7; his travels, 7; gains an independent fortune, 8; visits Ithaca, the Peloponnesus, and Troy, 8; devotes his life and fortune to archæology, 8; summary of his work at Hissarlik, the site of Troy, _Introduction_, 12, foll.; excavations in 1871, Chaps. I.-V., pp. 59-97; in 1872, Chaps. VI.-XIV., pp. 98-223; in 1873, Chaps. XV.-XXIII., pp. 224-353.

_Schliemann, Madame_, a Greek lady, enthusiastic for Greek archæology, 62; arrival of, in 1871, 59; finds terra-cottas, 174.

_Schmidt, Moritz_, on the Cyprian Inscriptions (Appendix), p. 370.

_Scoops_ of terra-cotta, 296.

_Scoriæ_, layer of metallic, throughout the hill, 344.

_Sculpture_, numerous fragments of Greek, 32, 249; their wonderful freshness, 320. (_See_ METOPÉ.)

_Seals_ of terra-cotta, 24, 130.

_Serpents_, heads of horned, and without horns, in terra-cotta, 236, 238, 292; superstitious reverence for the horned serpents, _ibid._

_Settlers_, earliest, on the Hill of the Aryan race, 15, 16, 148, 157.

----, second, the Trojans of Homer, 16; long duration of, 157; their Aryan descent proved, 157; their remains, 157, foll.

----, third, also of the Aryan race, 27; their remains, 166, foll.

----, fourth, of Aryan race, 29; but comparatively savage, 170.

----, probable traces of another settlement between the fourth pre-Hellenic people and the Greek colonists, 54, 55.

_Sharks_, bones of, 66, 165.

_Shells_, found in abundance, 66, 165, &c.

_Shield_ represented on an image of the Ilian goddess, 37, 311.

----, copper, in the Treasure, 324.

_Silver_ plates and vessels in the Treasure, 328, 329; vases found in the Palace, 333, 334, 342.

_Simoïs_, valley of, 74, 177; sources and course of, 196, 197; the present _Dumbrek_, 358.

_Site_, purchase of the, 58, 59.

_Skeletons_; of a six-months’ embryo, 153, 154; of a woman, with ornaments of gold, 209, 210; two, of warriors, with arms, 17, 279.

_Sling-bullets_, of load-stone, 101; of copper, alabaster, and diorite, 230; metal, analysis of, 362.

_Snakes_, venomous, 99, 100, 130; snake-weed, 117, 118.

_Socket_, stone, of a door, 211.

_Spits_, supports for, in mica-schist, 261. (NOTE.--_These call to mind the frequent allusions in Homer to roasting pieces of meat on spits._)

_Springs_ close to Hissarlik, 183; the springs of Homer, 195.

_Stone_, weapons of, 21; large blocks of, 90, 109, 110; implements of better workmanship in the lower strata, 112; scarce with fourth settlers, 173; weights, handmills, and knives and saws of flint, 173. (_See_ IMPLEMENTS; WEAPONS.)

“_Stone Age_” not denoted by the stone implements, 21, 22; coincides with the “age of copper,” 21; reappears in full force, 75, 76.

_Stones_ of Troy, carried off for neighbouring buildings, 221.

_Storks_, in the Troad, but none on the hill of Hissarlik, 265.

_Strabo_, adopts the wrong theory of the site of Troy, 41; never visited the Troad, 41; quoted, 41, 74, 123, 146, 177, 178; error of, about the utter destruction of Troy, 348.

_Strata_, four, of remains on the hill of Hissarlik, 13, 14; table of, 10.

_Stratum_, distinction between the Trojan and the lowest, 343, 344; the author’s former opinion recalled, 344.

_Street_, a, in the Pergamus, 287, 288.

_Suastika_, the sign, of the, 16, 39; its different forms, 卐 and [Illustration: block-style cross], 101; its origin and significance, 101, foll.; wide prevalence among the Aryan nations, 102, foll.; in the Vedic hymns, 104, 105; on the whorls, 107, 118, 119; on a piece of pottery, 157.

_Succession_ of nations on the hill, regular, proved, 175.

_Sun_, the, constantly on the whorls, 161, 187, &c.

_Superstition_ of Greeks about Saints’ days, 131.

_Sword_, copper, in the Treasure, 332.

_Symbols_ on terra-cottas, 16; prove the Trojans to be an Aryan race, 25; of the moon, 136; astronomical and religious, 167, 168. (See EMBLEMS; TERRA-COTTAS; WHORLS.)

----, of the Ilian Athena, on vases, 35, 37. (_See_ ATHENA.)

T.

_Table_ of French and English measures, 56; of Trojan weights, 359, 360; of Inscriptions found at Hissarlik, 373.

_Talents_, of Homer, their small value, 328; probably such as the blades of silver found in the Treasure, 328.

_Tassels_, golden, in the Treasure, 336; on the ægis of Athena and the zone of Hera, 336, 337.

_Temple_ of Ajax, 177, 178.

----, Greek, of Apollo, 146, 257.

_Temple_, Trojan, of Athena, on the Pergamus, mentioned by Homer, 147, 222, 223; doubt as to its real existence, 346.

----, Greek, of Athena, excavation of, 186; supposed débris of, 221, 222; drain of, 223; Doric style of, 223; excavations on site of, 226; ruins of, 240, 249, 278, 279; reservoir of, 249; ancient houses under, 289, 290.

----, a small, at Ilium, in the time of Alexander, 146, 147, 251; traces of a small, and objects found on its site, 234, 236.

_Terra-cottas_ found at Hissarlik, 15, foll.; their materials and colours, 49; with two holes and a stamp in the Greek stratum, 65, 174, 269; at lower depths, 295; models of canoes, 79; small round perforated pieces, perhaps for spindles, 79; fine vessels of remarkable form, 85, 87; a remarkable one, 130; with Aryan symbols, 135, 136 (_see_ WHORLS); remarkable vessels of, 149, 152; seals, 162; coarser in third stratum, 167; balls, with astronomical and religious symbols, 167, 168, 188; with inscriptions, 372, 373; plain and painted, of Greek Ilium, 174; Greek statuettes in, 186; balls, with suns, stars, &c., 188, 364; a bell, 192; various and beautiful, 192, 194; material, colour, and mode of engraving, 193-4; found at small depths, 207; hippopotamus, bright red, 228; vases of curious shape, 229; serpents’ heads, 236, 238; a decorated tube of, 293; found on the Tower, 281, foll., 286, 340; found in the Palace, 307-314; found in the later house above it, 314, 315; Greek, 279, 291, 317, 343; curious vessels found on the north side, 351; with hieroglyphics, 291, 351; heads of oxen and horses, 353. (_See_ VASES.)

_Thera_ (_Santorin_) and _Therasia_, the house-walls and pottery at Hissarlik like those in these islands, 79, 80, 115, 204.

_Thymbria_, 70, 71.

_Thymbrius_, the, 177; aqueduct from, 239.

_Tomb_ of Batiea or Myrina, 179, 180; identified with the Pacha Tépé, 198.

_Tombs_, the three so called, of heroes near Bunarbashi, are Greek, 44.

----, of Patroclus and Antilochus, 178.

_Tower_, Great, of Ilium, 16, 21, 26; discovery of, 201; splendid view from, 202; further excavation of, 212, 213; objects found on, 213; and on each side of, 215, 216; excavation of, 249, 250, 251; original height of, 254; great house on, 276, 277; plan of, 305; top discovered, 318; trench for archers, _ibid._; steps, _ibid._

----, of the Greek age, 323.

_Treasure_, of Priam, 17; the great discovery of, 323; expedient for its preservation, 323, 324; articles described, 324; copper shield, 324; copper caldron, 325; curious copper plate and silver vase, 325; copper vase, _ibid._; bottle and vases of gold, 325, 326; the golden δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον, 326, 327; electrum cup, 327; six blades or plates (_talents_), 328; silver vases, 329; silver goblet and dish, 329; copper lance-heads, 329, 330; copper battle-axes, 330, 331; copper daggers, sword, &c., 331; the articles fused together by the conflagration, 332; signs of having been packed in a wooden chest, 332, 333; key to chest found, 333; probably left behind in an effort to escape, 333, 334; great wall built over it, 334; gold jewels in a silver vase, 334, 335; two gold diadems, 335, 336; gold fillet and ear-rings, 336; bracelets and finger-rings, 337; ear-rings, 337; 8750 small jewels of gold, 338-340.

----, copper articles analysed, 340, 361, 362.

_Tree of Life_ (the _Sôma-tree_), an Aryan emblem on the terra-cottas, 119, 120, 135, 160.

_Triglyphs_, block of (_See_ METOPÉ.)

_Troad_, good wine of the, 232.

_Trojans_ of Homer, 16, &c.; their affinity to the Greek race (Appendix), 364.

_Troy_, chronology of, 12, 123; first city destroyed by Hercules, 26; small extent of the Homeric, 18, 343, 344; discussion of site, 41; opinions of modern authorities, 43-46; plain of, and heroic _tumuli_, 70; the plain _not_ alluvial, 71; supposed ruins reached, 90; extent of the Pergamus, 117; naming of site as, 211; Homer’s, identified with the site of Greek Ilium, 216; return to, to take plans and photographs, 220; plain of, spring weather in, 248; tests of extent of, 304; its walls traced, 344; its reality established, 344; small, but as large as Athens and Mycenæ, 117, 344, 345; its wealth and power, 345; great height of its houses, 345; probable population, 17, 71, 176, 345; known to Homer only by tradition, 345, 346; its strata of burnt wood-ashes, 347; plan of, in Priam’s time, 347; part of real, destroyed in excavations, 348; the buildings brought to light by Schliemann, 349, 350; stones of, not used in building other cities, 348.

_Tub_ of terra-cotta, 341.

_Turkish Government_, the author’s relations with the, 52, 53, and Preface, p. xxiii.

_Turks_, traces of former excavations by, 144.

U.

_Urns_, fragments of great, 110, 111, 129; one containing human remains, 153, 267; their _upright_ position, 111, 112, 175.

V.

_Vases_, with symbols of the Ilian Athena, 35, 37, 106, 159, 208, 214, 258, 293, 294, 317; with uplifted wings, 48, 87; small two-handled, on feet, 87, 169; with rings for hanging up, 159, 167; of remarkable forms, 114, 115, 151, 152; fragments of decorated, 128, 135; in forms of animals, 159, 208, 209, 214, 352; finely decorated, 193; owl-faced, 229, 292; splendid, found on the Tower, 226; splendid, found in the Palace, 307, foll.; with cuneiform decorations, 193; perforated, 352. (_See_ TERRA-COTTAS.)

_Vases_, silver, found in the Treasure, 325, 328, 329; in the Palace of Priam, 334, 342.

_Virgil_ quoted, 74, 177, 358.

W.

_Wall_, ancient, on northern slope, 200, 201, 217; retaining, on the south side of the hill, 221; of Troy, 227, 228, 316, 340; of Lysimachus, 230, 231.

_Walls_, damage done to remaining, 220; enormous, close below the surface, 230; further discoveries of, 250, 251; curious stone, three sets one above the other, near the Scæan Gate, of different periods, 288, 290.

_Weapons_, of stone, 21, 22, 79, 83, 168; of copper, and moulds for casting, 139, 162; and ornaments of stone, copper, and silver, 213.

_Weights_, supposed Trojan, 154; table of, 359, 360.

_Well_, Roman, 64, 93, 123.

----, in third stratum, 169.

----, Greek, 175, 162.

_Wheels_ in motion, whorls representing, 136, 137, 162.

_Whetstones_, 79, 169.

----, inscription on a, 24, 368.

_Whorls_, perforated, mostly of terra-cotta, with Aryan symbols, 38, 39; found in Italy, 39, 101; plain, 40, 41; in all the strata below the Greek, 65, &c.; sizes and materials, 66; a great number of, 77, 297; their use discussed, 77, 78, 84, 189, 190; engraved with the suastika, 101; with central suns, stars, suastika, the Sôma, and altars, 118, 121; with inscriptions (_see_ INSCRIPTIONS); with Aryan symbols, 133, 135, 136; with antelopes, praying man, altars, hares, 136; plain and engraved, 149; of lowest stratum, 160; their interesting devices, 160, 162; some of lead and fine marble, 162; in third stratum, 168; of fourth settlers, of a degenerate form, 170, 174; many with suastikas and suns, 186, 187; wheel-shaped, with simple patterns, 187; just below the surface, 207; on site of the Temple, 230; important distinction between plain and decorated, 232; various types, 255, 264; new types, 268, 269, 286; extreme fineness of engravings on, 284.

_Winds_, cold north, Homer’s “blasts of Boreas,” 224, 225.

“_Windy_” (ἠνεμόεσσα), fit epithet of Ilium, 185.

_Wooden Ilium_, built by the fourth settlers; its burnt _débris_, 29.

_Works_, the, difficulties of, 61, 96; cost of, 98, 204; dangers, and engineering expedients, 115, 116, 131, 132; narrow escape of six men, 132; fall of an earth-wall, 147, 148; plan of a trench through the whole hill, 148; cost of, 184, 185; for security during the winter, 221; progress of, at S. E. corner, 239; difficulties of excavation of the Tower, 249; progress of, 259; further excavations on north side, 346, 347.

_Workmen_, number of, 64; new, 98; increase of, 184, 233; attempt forgery, 194; mode of naming them, 194; want of, 225, 226.

_Writing_, used at Troy long before Homer (Appendix), 369, foll.; answer to objections, 371.

X.

_Xerxes_, sacrifices at Ilium, 12, 61, 174.

ERRATUM.

Page 345.--After the third paragraph, ending “from all quarters,” insert the following:--

“Troy had therefore no separate Acropolis; but as one was necessary for the great deeds of the Iliad, it was added by the poetical invention of Homer, and called by him _Pergamus_, a word of quite unknown derivation.”

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS IN DR. SCHLIEMANN’S ATLAS AND THE TRANSLATION.

NOTE.--In the columns headed “Translation” the _Roman numerals_ refer to the _Plates_.

A (?) against Schliemann’s Numbers signifies that we have not been able to identify the objects _certainly_ with those engraved by us from M. Burnouf’s drawings.

+--------------------+-----------------------+ | Atlas. | Translation. | +--------------------+-----------------------+ | Pl. No. | No. Pl. | | | | | 1, 1 | 317, XXII. | | 4 | 318, XXII. | | 10 | 475, XLVI. | | 12 | 319, XXII. | | 20 | 320, XXII. | | 2, 34 | 381, XXX. | | 35 | 380, XXIX. | | 36 | 382, XXX. | | 37 | 321, XXII. | | 42 | 410, XXXV. | | 51 | 322, XXII. | | 53 | 329, XXII. | | 57 | 42, p. 80. | | 58 | 324, XXII. | | 60 | 325, XXII. | | 61 | 482, XLVIII. | | 64 | 323, XXII. | | 65 | 413, XXXV. | | 66 | 327, XXII. | | 3, 70 | 328, XXII. | | 93 | 471, XLV. | | 4, 105 | 437, XXXIX. | | 124 | 480, XLVIII. | | 125 | 81, p. 138. | | 132 | 333, XXIII. | | 4, 133 | 330, XXII. | | 5, 134 | 430, XXXVIII. | | 136 | 398, XXXIII. | | 140 | 460, XLIII. | | 142 | 489, XLIX. | | 143? | 354, XXIV. | | 145 | 476, XLVI. | | 156 | 408, XXXIV. | | 160 | 419, XXXVI. | | 161 | 332, XXII. | | 166 | 334, XXIV. | | 168 | 423, XXXVII. | | 6, 174 | 44, p. 80. | | 175 | 478, XLVII. | | 176 | 389, XXXI. | | 193 | 335, XXIII. | | 208 | 115, pp. 161, 367 | | 7, 224 | 337, XXIII. | | 231 | 336, XXIII. | | 8, 237 | 352, XXIV. | | 242 | 490, XLIX. | | 245 | 384, XXX. | | 252 | 403, XXXIV. | | 253 | 400, XXXIII. | | 259 | 483, XLVIII. | | 8, 260 | 402, XXIII. | | 261 | 331, XXII. | | 263 | 43, p. 80. | | 264? | 396, XXXII. | | 266 | 80, p. 137. | | 270 | 361, XXVI. | | 9, 272 | 416, XXXVI. | | 273 | 414, XXXV. | | 274 | 365, XXVII. | | 276 | 424, XXXVII. | | 279 | 338, XXIII. | | 282 | 356, XXV. | | 285 | 359, XXV. | | 288 | 377, XXVIII. | | 289? | 372,[A] XXVIII. | | 289? | 411,[328] XXXV. | | 294 | 370, XXVII. | | 295 | 362, XXVI. | | 296 | 380, XXIX. | | 297 | 447, XLI. | | 298 | 381, XXX. | | 299 | 379, XXIX. | | 10, 307 | 339, XXIII. | | 326 | 340, XXIII. | | 327 | 341, XXIII. | | 337 | 458, XLIII. | | 11, 344 | 387, XXXI. | | 346 | 392, XXXII. | | 356 | 369, XXVII. | | 356 | 298-9, p. 369. | | 12, 384 | 428, XXXVIII. | | 410 | 391, XXXII. | | 13, 418 | 344, XXIII. | | 13, 422 | 342, XXIII. | | 424 | 346, XXIII. | | 426 | 444, XL. | | 427 | 343, XXIII. | | 428 | 347, XXIII. | | 430? | 466, XLV. | | 431 | 465, XLIV. | | 432 | 496, LI. & p. 367. | | 433 | 345, XXIII. | | 434 | 348, XXIII. | | 436 | 301, XXI. | | 438 | 302, XXI. | | 442 | 303, XXI. | | 443 | 304, XXI. | | 445 | 305, XXI. | | 446 | 306, XXI. | | 448 | 307, XXI. | | 449 | 308, XXI. | | 14, 450 | 493, LI. | | 452 | 491, L. | | 15, 460 | 498, LII. | | 471 | 486, XLIX. | | 16, 472 | 484, XLVIII. | | 473 | 149, p. 199. | | 474 | 62, p. 95. | | 485 | 309, XXI. | | 486 | 310, XXI. | | 487 | 311, XXI. | | 488 | 312, XXI. | | 489 | 313, XXI. | | 491 | 314, XXI. | | 494 | 315, XXI. | | 497 | 316, XXI. | +--------------------+-----------------------+

+--------------------+-----------------------+ | Atlas. | Translation. | +--------------------+-----------------------+ | Pl. No. | No. Page. | | 17, 503-4 | 2, 21 | | 512 | 142, 173 | | 513 | 37, 65 | | 518 | 38, 65 | | 519 | 39, 65 | | 18, 529 | 40, 65 | | 537 | 162, 232 | | 540 | 290, 353 | | 19, 541 | 143, 188 | | 546 | 116, 162 | | 553 | 147, 192 | | 554 | 148, 192 | | 555 | 4, 24, 368 | | 556 | 78, 130 | | 20, 562 | 109, 155 | | 564 | 24, 36 | | 565 | 18, 36 | | 566 | 15, 36 | | 567 | 12, 164 | | 568 | 16, 36 | | 570 | 20, 36 | | 572 | 141, 172 | | 577 | 23, 36 | | 578_a_ | 77, 129 | | 578_b_ | 76, 129 | | 21, 583 | 26, 36 | | 586 | 28, 36 | | 587 | 144, 190 | | 22, 592 | 71, 110 | | 601 | 56, 94 | | 610 | 57, 94 | | 24, 639 | 66, 101 | | 643 | 47, 83 | | 644 | 48, 83 | | 645 | 49, 83 | | 24, 646 | 50, 83 | | 656 | 67, 101 | | 657 | 68, 101 | | 660 | 122, 165 | | 661 | 123, 165 | | 662 | 124, 165 | | 25, 665 | 14, 36 | | 666 | 92, 159 | | 669 | 93, 150 | | 670 | 94, 150 | | 671 | 95, 150 | | 672 | 96, 150 | | 674 | 97, 150 | | 675 | 98, 150 | | 678 | 99, 150 | | 681 | 100, 150 | | 682 | 101, 150 | | 683 | 58, 94 | | 685 | 61, 94 | | 687 | 59, 94 | | 689 | 60, 94 | | 26, 700 | 83, 150 | | 701 | 84, 150 | | 702 | 85, 150 | | 703 | 86, 150 | | 705 | 87, 150 | | 713 | 90, 150 | | 718 | 88, 150 | | 719 | 89, 150 | | 720 | 91, 150 | | 721 | 79, 135 | | 27, 722 | 1, 15 | | 732 | 110, 157 | | 734 | 19, 36 | | PLATE 30 | PLATE III. | | 32, 774 | 131, 170 | | 775 | 10, 34 | | 776 | 11, 34 | | 779 | 64, 97 | | 782 | 136, 171 | | 786 | 137, 171 | | 787 | 134, 171 | | 788 | 135, 171 | | 34, 867 | 138, 172 | | 868 | 139, 172 | | 35, 872_a_ | 129, 169 | | 874 | 132, 171 | | 882 | 133, 171 | | 41, 994 | 125, 166 | | 996 | 130, 170 | | 1003 | 70, 106 | | 48, 1152 | 127, 167 | | 52, 1158 | 128, 167 | | 1257 | 126, 166 | | 54, 1275 | 13, 35 | | 55, 1287 | 41, 74 | | 61, 1374 | 233, 320 | | 64, 1433-5 | 157, 215 | | 65, 1440 | 150, 208 | | 1441 | 55, 87 | | 1446 | 12, 34 | | 67, 1497-8 | 232, 320 | | 1505 | 184, 268 | | 68, 1520 | 158, 219 | | 69, 1535 | 45_a_, 82 | | 1536 | 45_b_, 82 | | 1537 | 45_c_, 82 | | 1538 | 45_d_, 82 | | 1539 | 45_e_, 82 | | 1540 | 45_f_, 82 | | 69, 1541 | 45_g_, 82 | | 1553 | 46, 82 | | 72, 1582 | 6, 25 | | 75, 1623 | 74, 115 | | 1628 | 155, 214 | | 1630 | 113, 159 | | 1632 | 51, 86 | | 84, 1762 | 53, 87 | | 1768 | 111, 158 | | 1770 | 112, 158 | | 90, 1864 | 117, 163 | | 1880 | 118, 163 | | 1886 | 119, 163 | | 91, 1893 | 151, 208 | | 97, 2022 | 153, 209 | | 2025 | 104, 151 | | 98, 2044 | 8, 25 | | 101, 2272_a-d_ | 108, 155 | | 2272_g_ | 120, 163 | | 2272_l_ | 154, 211 | | 102, 2290-1 | 73, 114 | | 2292 | 102, 151 | | 2293 | 103, 151 | | 103, 2294 | 107, 153 | | 2296 | 106, 152 | | 104, 2298 | 105, 152 | | 2299 | 152, 209 | | PLATE 110 | PLATE VIII. | | 114, 2317 | 156, 214 | | 2325 | 72, 110 | | PLATE 118 | MAP. | | 119, 2330 | 159, 228 | | 2331 | 65, 97 | | 120, 2352 | 160, 229 | | 2362 | 161, 229 | | 120, 2363 | 170, 237 | | 121, 2389 | 454, XLII. | | 2390-1? | 477, XLVII. | | 2392 | 451, XLII. | | 2393 | 367, XXVII. | | 122, 2423 | 384 XXX. | | 2432 | 171, 238 | | 2435 | 9, 27 | | 2438 | 165, 235 | | 2442 | 435, XXXIX. | | 2444 | 167, 236 | | 123, 2467 | 166, 236 | | 125, 2515 | 489, XLIX. | | 126, 2554 | 455, XLIII. | | 2555 | 164, 235 | | 2560 | 163, 234 | | PLATE 127 | PLATE IV. | | 130, 2561 | 176, 261 | | 2577 | 177, 261 | | 132, 2613 | 172, 255 | | 2615 | 473, XLVII. | | 133, 2633 | 179, 264 | | 2638 | 180, 264 | | 2639 | 174, 260 | | 2662 | 202, 286 | | 134, 2664 | 193, 282 | | 2674 | 195, 283 | | 2683 | 192, 281 | | 135, 2694 | 404, XXXIV. | | 2699 | 300, 372 | | 2706 | 187, 268 | | 2707 | 186, 268 | | 2708 | 181, 265 | | 2721 | 189, 279 | | 138, 2741 | 82, 139 | | 138, 2746 | 63, 95 | | 139, 2755 | 178, 262 | | 140, 2768 | 52, 86 | | 2769 | 196, 283 | | 141, 2778 | 36, 63 | | 2780 | 197, 284 | | 2782 | 194, 282 | | 2784 | 199, 285 | | 142, 2791 | 191, 280 | | 2803 | 198, 285 | | 2806 | 200, 286 | | 2815 | 422, XXVII. | | 143, 2827 | 201, p. 286 | | 2840 | 395, XXXII. | | 145, 2838 _bis_ | 215, 296 | | 2839 _bis_ | 204, 292 | | 146, 2850 | 190, 280 | | 147, 2862 | 209, 294 | | 2865 | 210, 295 | | 2889 | 29, 36 | | 2892 | 371, XXVII. | | 148, 2898 | 439, XL. | | 2899 | 29, p. 36. | | 2912 | 206, 293 | | 2921 | 216, 296 | | 2924 | 217, 297 | | 149, 2951 | 213, 296 | | 2952 | 209, 296 | | 2964 | 378, XXVIII | | 150, 2975 | 211, 295 | | 2977 | 203, 291 | | 2981 | 205, 292 | | 2984 | 487, XLIX. | | 2988 | 212, p. 295 | | 2998 | 214, 296 | | PLATE 153 | PLATE V. | | 154, 3050 | 168, 237 | | 3051 | 169, 237 | | PLATE 156 | PLATE XI. B. | | PLATE 157 | PLATE IX. | | 158, 3063 | 231, 317 | | 3065 | 220, 308 | | PLATE 159 | 188, 278 | | 160, 3084 | 229, 315 | | 161, 3087 | 228, 315 | | 3088 | 230, 315 | | 3089 | 54, 87 | | 3092 | 221, 309 | | 3092 | 33-4, 50 | | 3094 | 224, 311 | | 3095 | 222, 310 | | 3096 | 223, 310 | | 162, 3111 | 363, XXVI. | | 3117 | 464, XLIV. | | 3124 | 448, XLI. | | 3131 | 226, 312 | | 3134 | 472, XLVI. | | 163, 3143 | 385, XXXI. | | 3158 | 421, XXXVI. | | 3166 | 225, 312 | | 164, 3171-3 |HEADING TO CONTENTS. | | 3174-7 |LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. | | 3187 | 366, XXVII. | | 3189 | 431, XXXVIII. | | 3193 | 227, 312 | | 165, 3224 | 453, XLII. | | 166, 3229 | 497, LII. | | 3233 | 291, 363 | | 3248 | 21, 36 | | 3249 | 31, 37 | | 166, 3252 | 388, XXXI. | | 3258 | 7, 25 | | 168, 3273 | 3_a_, 23 | | 3278 | 3_b_, 23, 369 | | PLATE 169 | PLATE X. | | PLATE 170 | PLATE XI. A. | | 171, 3290 | 349, XXIV. | | 3292 | 145, 191 | | 3295 | 146, 191 | | 3296 | 289, 352 | | 172, 3323 | 386, XXXI. | | 3341 | 405, XXXIV. | | 173, 3364 | 360, XXV. | | 174, 3380 | 288, 352 | | 175, 3384 | 287, 351 | | 3390 | 286, 351 | | 176, 3401 | 284, 342 | | PLATE 177 | PLATE VII. A. | | PLATE 178 | PLATE VII. B. | | PLATE 180 | PLATE I. | | PLATE 186 | PLATE VI. | | 187, 3407 | 182, 265 | | 3415 | 494, LI. | | 188, 3439 | 207, 294 | | 3450 | 114, 160 | | 189, 3455 | 173, 258 | | 3462 | 283, 341 | | 190, 3464 | 374, XXVIII. | | 3474 | 5, 24, 368 | | 191, 3483 | 219, 307 | | 192, 3484 | 262, 332 | | 3485 | 264, 332 | | 3486 | 247, XVIII. | | 3489 | 256, 330 | | 3490 | 269, 333 | | 192, 3490_a_ | 243, XVII. | | 3490_b_ | 244, XVII. | | 3490_c_ | 245, XVII. | | 3490_d_ | 246, XVII. | | 193, 3492 | 257, 330 | | 3493 | 258, 330 | | 3495_d_ | 259, 330 | | 3495_e_ | 260, 330 | | 3495 | 218, 302 | | 3495_a_ | 218, 302 | | 3495_g_ | 267, 332 | | 194, 3496 | 273, 334 | | 3497_a_ | 274, 334 | | 3497_b_ | 275, 334 | | 3499 | 263, 332 | | 3502 | 252, 330 | | 3503 | 253, 330 | | 3504_a_ | 261, 331 | | 3504_f_ | 254, 330 | | 3504_g_ | 255, 330 | | 3504_i_ | 272, 334 | | 195, 3511 | 285, 350 | | 196, Selection. | 278, XX | | 197, 3585 | 270, 334 | | 3586 | 271, 334 | | 3586_a_ | 236, XV | | 198, 3587 | 234, XIV | | 199, 3588 | 235, XIV | | 200, 3489-94 | 242, XVII | | 3595 | 250, XVIII | | 3596 | 251, XVIII | | 201, 3600 | 265, 332 | | 3600_a_ | 266, 332 | | 3600_b_ | 268, 332 | | 3600_c_ | 249, XVIII | | 202, 3601 | 281, 337 | | 3602 | 238, XV. | | 3603 | 248, XVIII. | | 3603_a_ | 237, XV. | | 3603_b_ | 240, XVI. | | 203_a_ | 239, XVI. | | 204 | PLATE II. | | 205 | 276, XIX. | | 206 | 277, XIX. | | 208 | 282, 339 | | 209 | 279-80, XX. | | 211 | PLATE XII. | | 212 | PLATE XIII. | | 213 | PLAN I. | | 214 | PLAN II. | | 215 | PLAN IV. 347 | | 216 | PLAN III. 306 | | 217 and last. | 32, 48. |

* * * * *

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] See the Appendix, pages 369, 370.

[2] “_Trojanische Alterthümer. Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Troja_, von DR. HEINRICH SCHLIEMANN. Leipzig, in Commission bei F. A. Brockhaus, 1874.” It may be convenient to state here, lest the reader should be disappointed at finding no details of the excavations at Hissarlik in the first year (1870), that the work of that year was merely preliminary to the systematic researches of 1871-3. An account of that first year’s work, and of the arguments which convinced Dr. Schliemann that he must search for Troy at Hissarlik and no where else, will be found in his earlier work, “_Ithaque, le Péloponnèse, et Troie_.”

[3] Several misprints and wrong references in the original have been corrected. For the correction respecting the _débris_ at Jerusalem (note to p. 218), the Editor is indebted to his friend Mr. George Grove.

[4] The Anglicized form of the word is used as a matter of common sense and convenience. Dr. Schliemann does the same in German.

[5] See the Letter of Mr. S. Comnos in the _Athenæum_ of August 8th, and the Answer of Dr. Schliemann in the _Academy_ of November 7th, 1874.

[6] See Mr. Newton’s Report, and the discussion thereupon, in the _Academy_ of February 14th, 1874, and in the ‘Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries.'

[7] The _Athenæum_, November 7th, 1874. Some of Mr. Calvert’s corrections seem of importance, but we have not felt it right to use them in the absence of the reply which Dr. Schliemann will doubtless make, as he has done to his other critics.

[8] _Iliad_, II. 486. See the full quotation at p. 346. Professor Max Müller quotes the same passage in favour of the non-reality of Homer’s Troy; but surely the κλέος ἀκούομεν implies a positive tradition, and the οὐδέ τι ἴδμεν confesses ignorance of details only. Are Homer’s Hellespont, and his Plain of Troy, watered by the Scamander and Simoïs, also “to be sought rather among the Muses who dwell on Olympus than” about “the Hill of Hissarlik"?

[9] The excellent dissertation by Dr. Eckenbrecher, to which Schliemann refers at page 46, has just been republished in a revised edition, “_Die Lage des Homerischen Troja_, von Dr. GUSTAV VON ECKENBRECHER.” With 2 Maps and a View of Hissarlik, 1875. The Author has purposely kept his argument in favour of the site at Hissarlik, from Homer and the later classical writers, distinct from what he distinctly accepts as its confirmation by Schliemann’s discoveries.

[10] See the remarks on this point in the _Appendix_, p. 364. Lest the views here indicated should seem to be at variance with the frequent use of the term “pre-Hellenic” throughout this work, it may be well to explain, once for all, that “pre-Hellenic” is to be taken as signifying nothing else than “before the occupation of the site by the people of the historical Greek Ilium.”

[11] The _Phrygians_ (of which race the Trojans were a branch) are among the nations mentioned as having held in succession the supremacy at sea (θαλασσοκρατία).

[12] The evidence of the Egyptian monuments to the power of Troy, and the bearing of that evidence on the date of the remains at Hissarlik, are among the subjects which we must refrain from discussing, as both too large and as yet too imperfectly investigated. It must suffice at present to refer to the letters by M. FRANÇOIS LENORMANT in the _Academy_ for March 21st and March 28th, 1874, and to the two articles in the _Contemporary Review_ for June and July, 1874, which it is understood that Mr. GLADSTONE is about to republish under the title of ‘_Homer and Egypt_; a Contribution towards determining the Place of Homer in Chronology.'

[13] Those desirous of pursuing this study from its fountain-head may consult, besides the works quoted by Dr. Schliemann, SPIEGEL’S ‘Iranian Antiquities’ (_Eranische Alterthumskunde_, Vols. I. and II., Leipzig, 1871, 1873).

[14] Professor Van Benschoten’s ‘Remarks on Dr. Schliemann’s Discoveries,’ in the ‘Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Session of the American Philological Association, held at Hartford, July 1874.’ We have been pleased to find this testimony, while correcting this sheet for press, in the _Academy_ for January 9th, 1875.

[15] Had the first conclusions of Haug and Gomperz remained good, we should have had the very significant evidence that all the inscriptions were in the nature of dedications or invocations; but of course this question must now be held in suspense.

[16] See Max Müller’s Review of Schliemann in the _Academy_, Jan. 10th, 1874, p. 39; Schliemann’s Reply, entitled ‘Hera Boöpis and Athené Glaukopis,’ _Ibid._ Nov. 21st, 1874, p. 563, and Max Müller’s Rejoinder, _Ibid._ Nov. 24th, p. 585.

[17] On the whole subject of this symbolism see the recent work of PROFESSOR CONZE on the ‘Figures of Heroes and Gods’ (_Heroen-und Götter-Gestalten_). He shows that the _symbol_ preceded the _image_, two things which have been confounded in the discussion. A fuller illustration may be obtained from the use of _animals_ in the _armorial devices of the Greeks_, which has been recently discussed by Professor Curtius in a paper contributed to the Berlin Academy of Science. He believes that the practice came originally from _Assyria_, so that _Troy_ would be on the route.

[18] While writing this, we remember (though without the means of verification at hand) that Niebuhr maintains the same view in his ‘Lectures on Ancient History'; and it is confirmed by the tradition among the Æolians of the Troad, that Agamemnon was the founder of their colony (κτίστης).

[19] See the _Academy_, Jan. 9th, 1875.

[20] ‘_Anatolica_; or the Journal of a Visit to some of the ancient Ruined Cities of Caria, Phrygia, Lycia, and Pisidia. By the Rev. E. J. DAVIS, H.B.M.'s Consular Chaplain, Alexandria, 1874.’ Page 101.

[21] The _Academy_, Nov. 7th, 1874.

[22] The only exceptions to this description are the two terra-cottas, Pl. XXI. No. 309, and Pl. XLVIII. No. 484, and the one on Pl. XXIV. No. 349, which links the whorls with the round terra-cottas of the Greek strata.

[23] The descriptions of the patterns are partly from Dr. Schliemann’s work, and partly added by the Editor; but the chief part are from M. Burnouf’s descriptions appended to the original drawings by himself and his accomplished daughter, from which all, from Plate XXIV. and onwards, have been engraved. These descriptions are quoted simply for what they may be worth, as the _speculations_ of so eminent an orientalist. We have omitted some of them as too speculative. In special cases the initial (B) is added. The material, colour, and style of work are given from M. Burnouf’s notes. Those on Plates XXI., XXII., XXIII., are engraved from the photographs in Schliemann’s Atlas.

[24] D for _double_, denotes a whorl decorated on both sides.

[25] In M. Burnouf’s descriptions the 卐 is called “_le sacrifice_,” or “_le saint sacrifice_.”

[26] Where the depth is not given, we have been unable to discover the objects in the Atlas; neither the numbers nor the depths being given on the drawings.

[27] One of numerous examples showing the workman’s _free hand_; he has not measured his spaces with any exactness.

[28] This is rather suggestive of a _teetotum_.

[29] An example of one of the rudest attempts at drawing from the _latest_ pre-Hellenic stratum; some equally rude figures are scratched on a wall at Pompeii.

[30] This is an example of many cases, in which the pattern may be viewed quite differently, according as we start from the centre or from the circumference.

[31] Dr. Schliemann desires us to add that this ship was the “Dorothea” (Captain Simonsen), owned by the merchants Wachsmuth and Kroog.--{ED.}

[32] Each of these Memoirs forms a chapter of the Translation.

[33] For this remarkable vessel see Chapter XXIII. and Plate XVII.

[34] But a second was found in the stratum above (see the Illustration, No. 35, at the end of the Introduction).

[35] The word by which Dr. Schliemann usually denotes these curious objects is _carrousels_, as a translation of _fusaioli_, the term applied by the Italian antiquaries to the similar objects found in the marshes about Modena. It is difficult to choose an English word, without assuming their use on the one hand, or not being specific enough on the other. _Top_ and _teetotum_ are objectionable on the former grounds, and _wheel_ is objectionable on both. On the whole, _whorl_ seems most convenient, and Dr. Schliemann gives his approval to this term. Their various shapes are shown in the Plates at the end of the volume. Those in the form of single cones, with flat bases, seem to be what Dr. Schliemann calls volcanoes (_Vulkans_), the hole representing the _crater_.--{ED.}

[36] See p. 280.

[37] See the Plan of Greek Ilium (Plan I.).

[38] See the Plan of Dr. Schliemann’s Researches. (Plan II.).

[39] The double form of an outer and inner gate, and the use of πύλαι in the plural for a city gate, are both far too frequent to justify our founding an argument merely on the plural form of the Σκαίαι πύλαι.--{ED.}

[40]

Νῦν δὲ δὴ Αἰνείαο βίη Τρώεσσιν ἀνάξει, Καὶ παίδων παῖδες, τοί κεν μετόπισθε γένωνται.

“But o’er the Trojans shall Æneas reign, And his sons’ sons, through ages yet unborn.”

This is the declaration of Poseidon to the gods, when Æneas was in peril of his life by the sword of Achilles. (But compare p. 182).--{ED.}

[41] To this statement there are at least some exceptions. See the Analysis by M. Damour, of Lyon, at the end of the book.--{ED.}

[42] We omit here the Author’s further enumeration of the objects composing the “King’s Treasure,” as they are fully described on the occasion of their wonderful discovery (Chapter XXIII.). Meanwhile the Plate opposite gives a general view of the whole.--{ED.}

[43] Engraved among the lithographic plates at the end of the volume, Pl. LI., No. 496. Since the publication of Dr. Schliemann’s work, many of these Trojan inscriptions have been more certainly determined to be real inscriptions in the _Cyprian syllabic character_, through the researches of Dr. Martin Haug and Professor Gomperz of Vienna. (See the Appendix.)--{ED.}

[44] Dr. Schliemann has since pronounced these crown-shaped vessels to be _covers_ of vases; though they may, he thinks, have been used for cups as well. One is seen placed on the splendid vase on p. 48.--[ED]

[45] See Plan III., p. 306.

[46] _Iliad_, V. 640-642, where Tlepolemus boasts of his ancestor Hercules--

Ὅς ποτε δεῦρ’ ἐλθὼν ἕνεχ’ ἵππων Λαομέδοντος, Ἓξ οἴῃς σὺν νηυσὶ καὶ ἀνδράσι παυροτέροισιν, Ἰλίου ἐξαλάπαξε πόλιν, χήρωσε δ’ ἀγυιάς.

“With but six ships, and with a scanty band, The horses by Laomedon withheld Avenging, he o’erthrew this city, Troy, And made her streets a desert.”

[47] This most important key to the archæological evidence collected by Dr. Schliemann has been preserved in the present translation. The depths are given in _meters_ for the reasons stated in the Preface.

[48] These objects resemble those from other strata, engraved in Chapter IV. and subsequently.

[49] Chapter XVI., p. 239; comp. Chap. XV., p. 230, XVII., p. 250, XIX., p. 272.

[50] It will be seen, however, from the analysis of M. Damour, that traces of iron (probably in the state of an ore) are found in one of the sling-bullets discovered by Dr. Schliemann.--{ED.}

[51] See Plan II. at the end of the volume.

[52] Chapter X.

[53] _Nimbus und Strahlenkranz._

[54] See the Sections on the Plates of Whorls.

[55] For examples of this type see Nos. 337, 340, 341, &c.

[56] See the Illustrations to Chapter II., p. 65.

[57] ‘Le Signe de la Croix,’ pp. 88-89.

[58] See the Sections of Plain Whorls, Pl. XXI., Nos. 436-440.

[59] This statement needs considerable qualification. The notes on M. Burnouf’s drawings, supplied by Dr. Schliemann for this book, frequently describe the decorated whorls as worn and rubbed, especially on the under side and at the point, in some cases “by a circular motion.” All this strongly favours the hypothesis of their use for spindles.--{ED.}

[60] These restorations are indicated in the engravings by light shading.

[61] XIII. i., p. 122, Tauchnitz edition.

[62] Strabo, XIII. i., p. 99. See the Map of the Plain of Troy.

[63] XIII. i., p. 103.

[64] ‘Rheinisches Museum,’ Neue Folge, III., s. 573-608.

[65] ‘Jahresbericht über das Gymnasium Fridericianum,’ Schwerin, 1871 und 1872.

[66] ‘Rheinisches Museum,’ Neue Folge, 2. Jahrg., s. 1 fg.

[67] ‘Dissertation on the Topography of the Trojan War.’ Edinburgh, 1822. Second Edition. ‘The Plain of Troy described,’ &c. 1863. Dr. Schliemann might have added the weighty authority of Mr. Grote, ‘History of Greece,’ vol. i., chap. xv.--{ED.}

[68] Dr. Émile Burnouf has published a very clear and interesting account of Dr. Schliemann’s discoveries, in the ‘Revue des Deux Mondes’ for Jan. 1, 1874.--{ED.}

[69] As we call it, _lamp-black_, that is, tolerably pure carbon.--{ED.}

[70] See the Cut No. 1 on p. 15.

[71] These are the vases so often mentioned as having the form of great champagne glasses (see the Cuts on pp. 85, 158, 166, 171). Dr. Schliemann also applies the name to the unique boat-shaped vessel of pure gold found in the Treasure.--{ED.}

[72] If M. Burnouf meant this seriously at the time, it can now only stand as a curious coincidence, interesting as one example of the tentative process of this new enquiry. (See the Appendix.)--{ED.}

[73] These indications of a fifth pre-Hellenic settlement, if confirmed by further investigation, would seem to point to the spread of the Lydians over western Asia Minor.--ED.

[74] This date refers to Dr. Schliemann’s former opinion, that there were Byzantine remains at Hissarlik. He now places the final destruction of Ilium in the fourth century, on the evidence of the latest coins found there. See pp. 318, 319.--ED.

[75] _Voyage de la Troade_ (3e éd. Paris, 1802).

[76] See Plan I., of Greek Ilium, at the end of the volume.

[77] See the Frontispiece.

[78] See Plan II., of the Excavations, at the end of the volume.

[79] The Turkish _piaster_ is somewhat over twopence English.

[80] Herod. VII. 43.

[81] Strabo, XIII. 1. 8; Arrian, I. 11.; Plutarch, Life of Alexander the Great, viii.

[82] See Plan II., of the Excavations.

[83] The various forms of the whorls are shown in the lithographed plates at the end of the volume.

[84] See Plate IV. View of the Northern part of the Plain of Troy.

[85] Homer, _Iliad_, II. 790-794:--

Ἀγχοῦ δ’ ἱσταμένη προσέφη πόδας ὠκέα Ἶρις· Εἴσατο δὲ φθογγὴν υἷϊ Πριάμοιο Πολίτῃ, Ὃς Τρώων σκοπὸς ἵζε, ποδωκείῃσι πεποιθὼς, Τύμβῳ ἐπ’ ἀκροτάτῳ Αἰσυήταο γέροντος, Δέγμενος ὁππότε ναῦφιν ἀφορμηθεῖεν Ἀχαιοί--

“Swift Iris stood amidst them, and the voice Assuming of Polites, Priam’s son, The Trojan scout, who, trusting to his speed, Was posted on the summit of the mound Of ancient Æsyetes, there to watch Till from their ships the Grecian troops should march--”

[86] See Plate V., View of the South-eastern part of the Plain of Troy. The word “perpetual” (_ewigem_) in reference to the snow on Ida is omitted at the desire of the Author, who has ascertained that the summit is clear of snow in July and August.--{ED.}

[87] The difference of temperature in the springs seems to have been disproved afterwards. (See Chapter V., p. 92.)--{ED.}

[88] This work has now been done. See ‘Introduction,’ p. 51.

[89] The ‘Introduction’ has already shown how Dr. Schliemann changed his opinion as to the magnitude of Troy. Compare also Chapter XXIII. It is hard to see how the vague poetic language of the passage cited furnishes any _data_ for the computation in the text.--{ED.}

[90] See the Map.

[91] Lycophron’s _Cassandra_; Virgil’s _Æneid_, III., 302-305; Strabo, XIII., 1.

[92] For the further and most interesting discoveries which speedily led Dr. Schliemann to recal this conjecture, and which have affected all previous theories about the ages of stone and bronze, see the beginning of Chapter IV.

[93] The stone implements here described are so similar in form to the better-made objects of the same sort, exhibited in subsequent illustrations, that it seems superfluous to engrave them here.--{ED.}

[94] This depth of 10 meters, or 33 feet, is that which Dr. Schliemann came to regard as the _lower_ limit of the ruins of the true heroic Troy. The depth of 7 meters, or 23 feet, presently mentioned is the _upper_ limit of the same stratum. (See the Introduction and the later Memoirs.)--{ED.}

[95] These, like all the objects of copper found at Troy, are coated with verdigris and malachite. (Letter-press to the Atlas.)

[96] See Plate LI., No. 496. Comp. Chapter IX., p. 138. This is one of the most important of the inscriptions determined to be such by Professor Gomperz. It has _six_ characters. (See the Appendix.)

[97] This is given on Plate XXII., No. 326, from the Photograph, and more accurately from M. Burnouf’s drawing on Plate XLVIII., No. 482. Dr. Schliemann supposed that it bore an inscription; but he afterwards recalled the opinion. (See Chapter IX., p. 137.)--[ED.]

[98] These cups, as already observed, are really covers of vases, the “coronet” being the upper, instead of the under part.--{ED.}

[99] In these the Author afterwards recognized moulds for casting instruments and ornaments of copper. (See Chapter IX.)--[ED.]

[100] This refers to the _lowest_ of the _strata_, which Dr. Schliemann long took for the ruins of the Homeric Troy.--[ED.]

[101] A few, however, were afterwards found in lower strata, at 6 and even 8 meters. (See p. 295.)--[ED.]

[102] See the Frontispiece and Plan II.

[103] Gabriel de Mortillet, _Le Signe de la Croix avant le Christianisme_.

[104] Plates XXI. to LII. at the end of the volume.

[105] Copied in the _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Organ der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie und Urgeschichte_, 1871, Heft III.

[106] Émile Burnouf, _La Science des Religions_.

[107] A. W. Franks, _Horæ ferales_, pl. 30, fig. 19.

[108] The cut, for which we are indebted to Mr. Fergusson, represents the foot-print of Buddha, as carved on the Amraverti Tope, near the river Kistna. Besides the _suastika_, repeated again and again on the heels, the cushions, and the toes, it bears the emblem of the _mystic rose_, likewise frequently repeated (comp. the lithographed whorls, Nos. 330, 339, &c.), and the central circles show a close resemblance to some of the Trojan whorls.--{ED.}

[109] See an illustration to Chapter X. for similar ivories, still more interesting, from their greater depth, than those mentioned in the text, which are very imperfectly shown on the original photograph.

[110] See the Plate of Idols, p. 36.

[111] See Cut, No. 13, p. 35.

[112] Dr. Schliemann is here speaking of the “cups” which he afterwards decided to be _covers_, which of course represent only the _head_, the _body_ being on the vase.--{ED.}

[113] See Cut, No. 54, p. 86.

[114] _Ithaque, le Péloponnèse et Troie._ Dr. Schliemann’s subsequent change of opinion on this point is explained in subsequent chapters, and in the Introduction.

[115] The various types of whorls spoken of here and throughout the work are delineated in the lithographic Plates at the end of the volume, and are described in the List of Illustrations.

[116] These “rising suns” are the arcs with their ends resting on the circumference of the whorl, as in Nos. 321-28, and many others on the Plates. M. Burnouf describes them as “stations of the sun.”

[117] For the type of whorls with “sôma-trees” or “trees of life” (four, or more, or fewer), see Nos. 398, 400, 401, 404, &c. In No. 410 the four trees form a cross.

[118] Plate LII., No. 498.

[119] This falcon seems to be represented by rude two-legged figures on some of the whorls:--_e. g._ on Plate XLV., No. 468 (comp. p. 135).

[120] _Abhandlungen der K. bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften_, 1846, S. 127.

[121] A. Kuhn, ‘Herabkunft des Feuers.'

[122] _Geschichte der Kunst._

[123] See the cut No. 75 and also on Plate XXX., No. 382. M. Burnouf describes the animal to the right as a _hare_, the symbol of the Moon, and the other two as the _antelopes_, which denote the prevailing of the two halves of the month (_quinzaines_).

[124] See Plate XXXV., No. 414. The same symbol is seen on several other examples.

[125] _Iliad_, XIV. 346-351. An English writer ought surely to use our old-fashioned form _Jove_, which is also even philologically preferable as the stem common to Ζεύς and _Ju_-piter (Διο = Ζεϝ = _Jov_), rather than the somewhat pedantically sounding Ζεύς.--{ED.}

[126] _Essays_, II. 93.

[127] _Iliad_, XX. 216-218:--

Κτίσσε δὲ Δαρδανίην· ἐπεὶ οὔπω Ἴλιος ἱρὴ Ἐν πεδίῳ πεπόλιστο, πόλις μερόπων ἀνθρώπων, Ἀλλ’ ἔθ’ ὑπωρείας ᾤκεον πολυπίδακος Ἴδης.

“By Dardanus, of cloud-compelling Jove Begotten, was Dardania peopled first, Ere sacred Ilion, populous city of men, Was founded on the plain; as yet they dwelt On spring-abounding Ida’s lowest spurs.”

[128] See Plate XXII., No. 327.

[129] _Essays_, II. 324.

[130] _Herabkunft des Feuers_, p. 59.

[131] See, for example, _Iliad_, XI. 633-635, _Odyssey_, XV. 116, 446.

[132] Dr. Schliemann found afterwards that these fragments did not belong to double cups. (See Chap. XXII., p. 313, and ‘Introduction,’ p. 15.)

[133] As the device on a seal may be presumed to be significant, and as patterns strikingly similar to this occur on some of the whorls (_e.g._ on Plate XLIV., No. 461), we have a strong argument for the significance of the latter class of devices.--{ED.}

[134] See Plate XXII., No. 321.

[135] That is, belonging to the lowest stratum.

[136] Chapter VII., p. 121.

[137] See No. 380, on Plate XXIX.

[138] See No. 383, on Plate XXX.

[139] Plate XXIX., No. 379. The front bears 4 卐; on the back are the emblems described, which are shown separately in detail, and of which M. Burnouf gives an elaborate description. (See List of Illustrations.)

[140] Plate XXVIII., No. 377; compare Plate XXVII., No. 367.

[141] See Plate XXII., No. 328; the _depth_ (14 M.) deserves special notice. The _wheel-shape_, which is characteristic of the whorls in the lowest stratum, is seen at No. 314, Plate XXI.

[142] Chapter IV., p. 84. See Plate XXII., No. 326, from the Atlas of Photographs, and Plate XLVIII., No. 482, from M. Burnouf’s drawings.

[143] Plate XXX., No. 383.

[144] Page 83, and Plate LI., No. 496. This is one of the inscriptions examined by Professor Gomperz. (See Appendix.)

[145] See Cut, No. 81, and Plate XXVII., No. 369. The latter is an inscription, which Professor Gomperz has discussed. (See Appendix.)

[146] Iliad, VI. 168-170:--

Πέμπε δέ μιν Λυκίηνδε, πόρεν δ’ ὅ γε σήματα λυγρά, Γράψας ἐν πίνακι πτυκτῷ θυμοφθόρα πολλά, Δεῖξαι δ’ ἠνώγειν ᾧ πενθερῷ ὄφρ’ ἀπόλοιτο.

“But to the father of his wife, the King Of Lycia, sent him forth, with tokens charged Of dire import, on folded tablets traced, Which, to the monarch shown, might work his death.”

[147] Chapter IV., pp. 83-84. Though not Phœnician, these are Cyprian letters, and they have been discussed by Professor Gomperz, who found in this very whorl his _experimentum crucis_. (See Appendix.)

[148] Chapter IV., p. 87.

[149] Some examples of these jars, still more interesting on account of the great depth at which they were found, are seen in Plate XI., p. 290.

[150] Chapter VIII.

[151] For a further description and discussion of this splendid relief, see the Introduction, pp. 32-34. An acute critic has suggested to us that the metopé is a sculpture of the best age of Greek art, before or about the time of Alexander, inserted in a Doric frieze of late debased work, as is proved by the difference of styles, and by the evident fact that the metopé was originally too large for the space between the triglyphs. The temple to which it belonged, in Dr. Schliemann’s final opinion, was a temple of Apollo, which he discovered later (comp. Chap. XIV., p. 223, and Chap. XVII., p. 257).--{ED.}

[152] Iliad, VI. 302-304:--

Ἡ δ’ ἄρα πέπλον ἑλοῦσα Θεανὼ καλλιπάρῃος Θῆκεν Ἀθηναίης ἐπὶ γούνασιν ἠϋκόμοιο, Εὐχομένη δ’ ἠρᾶτο Διὸς κούρῃ μεγάλοιο.

“But fair Theano took the robe and placed On Pallas’ knees, and to the heavenly maid, Daughter of Jove, she thus addressed her prayer.”

[153] The reader should bear in mind that Dr. Schliemann finally came back to this opinion. It is not “_second_ thoughts” (say the authors of ‘Guesses at Truth'), but _first_ and _third_ thoughts, that are “best."--{ED.}

[154] Compare the sections shown on Plate XXI.

[155] See No. 14, on page 36.

[156] At the end of the volume, pp. 359, 360.

[157] Dr. Schliemann afterwards pronounced these “wedges” to be battle-axes. See Introduction, p. 21.

[158] Here, as well as in what goes before, Dr. Schliemann writes on the supposition, which he afterwards abandoned, that the remains in the lowest stratum are those of the Trojans of the Iliad.--{ED.}

[159] We believe that naturalists are now agreed that such appearances of toads imprisoned for long periods are deceptive. Into what depths cannot a tadpole (whether literal or metaphorical) wriggle himself down?--{ED.}

[160] This description itself suggests an inversion of the so-called “cup,” which is, in fact, a vase-cover. For its form see No. 74, on p. 115.--{ED.}

[161] See Plate XXIII., No. 339; Plate XLVII., No. 478.

[162] According to Dr. Schliemann’s later view these “successors to the Trojans” were, as we have seen, the Trojans themselves.--{ED.}

[163]The drawing, Plate XLVII., No. 480, shows the sign 20 times in 5 groups of 4 each. This seems to be a similar type to the one described, but from a lesser depth.--[_Ed._]

[164] The inscription, which Professor Gomperz has pointed out, is identical with that on Pl. LI., No. 496. (See pp. 83-84 and Appendix.)--{ED.}

[165] The types here described will be found on the Lithographs.

[166] Similar jewels are depicted among the articles of the Treasure (Chapter XXIII., Plate XX.).

[167] Chapter IX., pp. 132-3.

[168] See Plate LI., No. 493. M. Burnouf’s drawings, from which our engraving is taken, seem to differ from Dr. Schliemann’s description in a few of the minuter details.--{ED.}

[169] On Plate I., No. 491, this ball is represented from M. Burnouf’s drawings, showing six different faces.

[170] See No. 5, p. 24.--{ED.} Perhaps they were used to polish the terra-cotta vases.

[171] See No. 13, p. 35.

[172] Compare these with Cut No. 74 on p. 115.

[173] See Plate XLVIII., No. 484.

[174] We do not feel it right to spoil the unity of the following disquisition by striking out the few repetitions of arguments urged in other parts of the work.--{ED.}

[175] Strabo, XIII. i. p. 103; Lycophron, _Cassandra_, 1208. See further, on the Simoïs, Note A, p. 358.

[176] _Odyssey_, XXIV. 80-81:

Ἀμφ’ αὐτοῖσι δ’ ἔπειτα μέγαν καὶ ἀμύμονα τύμβον Χεύαμεν Ἀργείων ἱερὸς στρατὸς αἰχμητάων, Ἀκτῇ ἐπὶ προυχούσῃ, ἐπὶ πλατεῖ Ἑλλησπόντῳ, Ὥς κεν τηλεφανὴς ἐκ ποντόφιν ἀνδράσιν εἴη Τοῖς, οἳ νῦν γεγάασι, καὶ οἳ μετόπισθεν ἔσονται.

“We the holy army of the spear-throwing Argives, then raised round these (bones) a great and honourable tomb on the projecting shore of the broad Hellespont, so that it might be seen from the sea by the men who are now born and who shall be hereafter."--Dr. Schliemann’s translation.

[177] Strabo, XIII. 1.

[178] Plutarch, ‘Life of Alexander the Great'; Cicero, pro Archia, 10; Ælian, _V. H._, 12, 7.

[179] Dio Cassius, LXXVII.

[180] _Iliad_, XX. 215-218.

[181] Herodotus, I. 27; _Iliad_, III. 189-190; Strabo, XIII. 3.

[182] But see further on this point, Chapter XI., pp. 197-8.--{ED.}

[183] _Iliad_, XX. 307-308, quoted in the Introduction, p. 19.

[184] See the Plates of Whorls, Nos. 350, 351, 352, 356, 357, 359, &c.

[185] Plate XXVI., No. 362. M. Burnouf calls these “the 6 bi-monthly sacrifices.”

[186] Plate XXXIII., No. 402.

[187] Plate XXXIV., No. 403.

[188] Plate XXII., No. 320.

[189] See the Sections on Plate XXI.

[190] In the ball here depicted there is no mistaking the significance of the line of 卐, the symbols of fire, as denoting the torrid zone. The three dots are, according to M. Burnouf, the symbol of royal majesty therein residing. The two rows of dots parallel to the torrid zone may possibly represent the inhabited regions of the temperate zones, according to the oriental theory followed by Plato.--{ED.}

[191] See the qualification of this statement on p. 40.

[192] In the Atlas, Dr. Schliemann describes this and another such as Trojan lamps, but adds that they may be only vase covers.

[193] The one meant seems to be that engraved on p. 115 (No. 74).

[194] See Cut, No. 149, p. 199.

[195] See Cut, No. 1, p. 15.

[196] _Iliad_, XXII. 145-156:--

Οἱ δὲ παρὰ σκοπιὴν καὶ ἐρινεὸν ἠνεμόεντα Τείχεος αἰὲν ὑπὲκ κατ’ ἀμαξιτὸν ἐσσεύοντο, Κρουνὼ δ’ ἵκανον καλλιρρόω, ἔνθα τε πηγαὶ Δοιαὶ ἀναΐσσουσι Σκαμάνδρου δινήεντος. Ἡ μὲν γάρ θ’ ὕδατι λιαρῷ ῥέει, ἀμφὶ δὲ καπνὸς Γίγνεται ἐξ αὐτῆς ὡς εἰ πυρὸς αἰθομένοιο· Ἡ δ’ ἑτέρη θέρεϊ προρέει ἐϊκυῖα χαλάζῃ Ἢ χιόνι ψυχρῇ ἢ ἐξ ὕδατος κρυστάλλῳ. Ἔνθα δ’ ἐπ’ αὐτάων πλυνοὶ εὐρέες ἐγγὺς ἔασιν Καλοὶ λαΐνεοι, ὅθι εἵματα σιγαλόεντα Πλύνεσκον Τρώων ἄλοχοι καλαί τε θύγατρες Τὸ πρὶν ἐπ’ εἰρήνης, πρὶν ἐλθεῖν υἷας Ἀχαιῶν.

“They” (Hector and Achilles, in flight and pursuit) “They by the watch-tower, and beneath the wall Where stood the wind-beat fig-tree, raced amain Along the public road, until they reached The fairly-flowing founts, whence issued forth, From double source, Scamander’s eddying streams. One with hot current flows, and from beneath, As from a furnace, clouds of steam arise; ‘Mid Summer’s heat the other rises cold As hail, or snow, or water crystallized; Beside the fountains stood the washing-troughs Of well-wrought stone, where erst the wives of Troy And daughters fair their choicest garments washed, In peaceful times, ere came the sons of Greece.”

[197] See _Iliad_, II. 811-815, quoted above, p. 179.

[198] Chapter II., p. 69.

[199] See Plan II.

[200] _Iliad_, VII. 452-453.

[201] The Tower is marked No. 4, and is also named, on Plan II.

[202] This opinion was changed afterwards. See Chapter XXII., p. 318.--{ED.}

[203] _Iliad_, VI. 386, 387:--

Ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ πύργον ἔβη μέγαν Ἰλίου, οὕνεκ’ ἄκουσεν Τείρεσθαι Τρῶας, μέγα δὲ κράτος εἶναι Ἀχαιῶν.

“But to the height of Ilion’s topmost tower Andromache is gone; since tidings came The Trojan force was overmatched, and great The Grecian strength.”

[204] Similar rings are shown among the articles of the Treasure (Chapter XXIII., Plate XX).

[205] Others, even more interesting, were found later (Chapter XX., pp. 279-80).

[206] This last name was afterwards recalled by Dr. Schliemann, and that of “Ilium” or “Troy” confined to the Hill of Hissarlik. See Chapter XXIII., p. 343; and Introduction, p. 18.

[207] Respecting these steps, which are marked No. 6, on Plan II., and c on Plan III., p. 306, see further in Chapter XXII., p. 318, where the idea of an upper storey is rejected.--{ED.}

[208] The cut represents a vase of this type, with the upper part joined on by Dr. Schliemann, who remarks that it is doubtful whether the owl’s face belongs to this vase, as the Ilian goddess is in no other case represented on vases without the breasts and abdomen. (Description in the Atlas of Photographs.)

[209] See Plate XXI., No. 309.

[210] According to Mr. Gladstone’s theory, these masses of masonry, and the tradition ascribing them to Poseidon and Apollo, are signs of Phœnician influence.--{ED.}

[211] This statement is hardly accurate. The greatest depth of _débris_ discovered by the officers of the Palestine Exploration Fund at Jerusalem was not in the valleys, but on the Eastern slope of Mount Moriah. The accumulation reached from the foot of the wall down the slope to the bed of the Kedron, and beyond it some distance up the slope of the Mount of Olives. The usual depth at the wall was 60 or 70 feet, but at the north end it reached as much as 120, owing to the descent of the original ground at that spot. The masons’ marks on the lowest courses of the stones, reached by sinking shafts through these great depths, seemed to show a date nearer that of Solomon than of Titus.--{ED.}

[212] We leave this, like other such passages, as landmarks of the rapid progress made in the discoveries opened up by Dr. Schliemann.--{ED.}

[213] _Iliad_, VII. 83 and IV. 508.; see pp. 145-6, 257.

[214] See note ([+]), p. 218.

[215] This recals to mind Homer’s frequent mention of the blasts of Boreas.--{ED.}

[216] See Cut, No. 9, p. 27.

[217] Dr. Schliemann afterwards assigned these Corinthian pillars to the time of Constantine. (See Chapter XXII., p. 320, and Introduction, p. 30.--{ED.})

[218] Strabo, XIII., pp. 100, 101, Tauchnitz edition.

[219] Velleius Paterculus, II. 102.

[220] See Cut, No. 13, p. 35.

[221] The serpents’ heads, found so frequently among the ruins of Troy, cannot but recal to mind the superstitious regard of Homer’s Trojans for the reptile as a symbol, and their terror when a half-killed serpent was dropped by the bird of Jove amidst their ranks (_Iliad_, XII. 208, 209):--

Τρῶες δ’ ἐρρίγησαν, ὅπως ἴδον αἰόλον ὄφιν Κείμενον ἐν μέσσοισι, Διὸς τέρας αἰγιόχοιο.

“The Trojans, shuddering, in their midst beheld _The spotted serpent_, dire portent of Jove.”

[222] That is, in the strata of the _third_ dwellers on the hill.

[223] sic

[224] sic.

[225] sic.

[226] _Archæological Journal_, vol. xxi. 1864.

[227] _Die Ausgrabungen auf der homerischen Pergamos_, s. 24.

[228] sic.

[229] sic.

[230] sic

[231] Compare Homer’s picture of the marshalling of the Greek forces: _Iliad_, II. 467-8:--

Ἔσταν δ’ ἐν λειμῶνι Σcαμανδρίῳ ἀνθεμόεντι Μυρίοι, ὅσσα τε φύλλα καὶ ἄνθεα γίγνεται ὥρῃ.

“Upon _Scamander’s flowery mead_ they stood Unnumbered as _the vernal leaves and flowers_."--{ED.}

[232] Plutarch, _Life of Alexander_, viii. Comp. p. 146.

[233] As elsewhere, the wedges here spoken of are what the Author afterwards decided to be axes, and especially battle-axes.--{ED.}

[234] An engraving of a similar mould, found on the Tower, is given in