CHAPTER XXIII.
_Troy, June 17th, 1873._
Further discoveries of fortifications--The _great discovery of the_ TREASURE _on the city wall_--Expedient for its preservation--The articles of the Treasure described--The Shield--The Caldron--Bottle and Vases of Gold--The golden δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον--Modes of working the gold--A cup of electrum--Silver plates, probably the _talents_ of Homer--Vessels of Silver--Copper lance-heads: their peculiar form--Copper battle-axes--Copper daggers--Metal articles fused together by the conflagration--A knife and a piece of a sword--Signs of the Treasure having been packed in a wooden chest--The key found--The Treasure probably left behind in an effort to escape--Other articles found near the Treasure--The thousands of gold jewels found in a silver vase--The two golden diadems--The ear-rings, bracelets, and finger-rings--The smaller jewels of gold--Analysis of the copper articles by M. Landerer--Discovery of another room in the palace containing an inscribed stone, and curious terra-cottas--Silver dishes--Greek terra-cotta figures--Great abundance of the owl-faced vases--Limited extent of Troy--Its walls traced--Poetic exaggerations of Homer--_The one great point of_ TROY’S _reality established_--It was as large as the primitive Athens and Mycenæ--The wealth and power of Troy--Great height of its houses--Probable population--Troy known to Homer only by tradition--Question of a temple in Homer’s time--Characteristics of the Trojan stratum of remains, and their difference from those of the lowest stratum--The former opinion on this point recalled--Layer of metallic _scoriæ_ through the whole hill--Error of Strabo about the utter destruction of Troy--Part of the real Troy unfortunately destroyed in the earlier excavations; but many Trojan houses brought to light since--The stones of Troy not used in building other cities--Trojan houses of sun-dried bricks, except the most important buildings, which are of stones and earth--Extent and results of the excavations--Advice to future explorers--Further excavations on the north side--Very curious terra-cotta vessels--Perforated vases--A terra-cotta with hieroglyphics--Heads of oxen and horses; their probable significance--Idols of the Ilian Athena--Greek and Roman medals--Greek inscriptions--Final close of the excavations; thanksgiving for freedom from serious accidents--Commendations of Nicolaus Saphyros Jannakis, and other assistants, and of the artist Polychronios Tempesis, and of the engineer Adolphe Laurent 321
NOTE A. The river _Dumbrek_ is not the Thymbrius, but the Simoïs 358
NOTE B. Table of terra-cotta weights found at Hissarlik 359
NOTE C. Analysis by M. Damour of some of the metallic objects found 361
APPENDIX ON THE INSCRIPTIONS FOUND AT HISSARLIK 363
INDEX 375
COMPARATIVE TABLE of the ILLUSTRATIONS in Dr. Schliemann’s Atlas and the Translation 386
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
MAPS AND PLANS.
MAP OF THE PLAIN OF TROY _End of Volume_
PLAN I. ILIUM, THE GRECIAN COLONY “
PLAN II. RUINS OF TROY--General Plan of Researches made by Dr. Schliemann in 1870, 1871, 1872, and 1873 “
PLAN III. THE TOWER OF ILIUM AND THE SCÆAN GATE _Page_ 306
PLAN IV. TROY AT THE EPOCH OF PRIAM, according to Dr. Schliemann’s Excavations 347
PLATES AND CUTS.
PLATE I. VIEW OF THE HILL OF HISSARLIK, CONTAINING THE RUINS OF TROY, FROM THE NORTH, AFTER DR. SCHLIEMANN’S EXCAVATIONS IN 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873 _Frontispiece_
The excavation to the left is on the site of the Greek Temple of Apollo, where the splendid metopé of the Sun-God was found. Then follows the great platform and the great trench cut through the whole hill. Still further to the right is the cutting of April, 1870, in continuing which, in June, 1873, the Treasure was discovered.
Three Tablets of Terra-cotta, from the Ruins of Greek Ilium (1-2 M.) xv
Two Inscribed Whorls xxxii
Three Tablets of Terra-cotta (2 M.) xxxiii
No. 1. Fragment of _painted_ Pottery, from the lowest stratum 15
No. 2. Small Trojan Axes of Diorite (8 M.) 21
PLATE II. GENERAL VIEW OF THE TREASURE OF PRIAM _To face_ 22
No. 3. Inscribed Terra-cotta Vase from the Palace (8 M.) 23
No. 4. Inscribed Terra-cotta Seal (7 M.) 24
No. 5. Piece of Red Slate, perhaps a Whetstone, with an Inscription (7 M.) 24
No. 6. Terra-cotta Vase Cover (8 M.) 25
No. 7. Ornamented Ivory Tube, probably a Trojan Flute (8 M.) 25
No. 8. Piece of Ivory, belonging to a Trojan Lyre with Four Strings (about 8 M.) 25
No. 9. Ornamented Piece of Ivory belonging to a Trojan Seven-stringed Lyre (7 M.) 27
PLATE III. BLOCK OF TRIGLYPHS, WITH METOPÉ OF THE SUN-GOD. From the Temple of Apollo in the Ruins of Greek Ilium _To face_ 32
Nos. 10, 11, 12. Terra-cotta Covers of Vases, with the Owl’s Face (2, 3, and 7 M.) 34
No. 13. Terra-cotta Vase, marked with an Aryan symbol (6 M.) 35
Nos. 14-30. Rude Idols found in the various Strata (2 to 14 M.) 36
No. 31. Remarkable Trojan Terra-cotta Vase, representing the Ilian Athena (9 M.) 37
No. 32. The largest of the Terra-cotta Vases found in the Royal Palace of Troy. Height 20 inches 48
No. 33. Inscribed Trojan Vase of Terra-cotta (8½ M.) 50
No. 34. Inscription on the Vase No. 33 50
No. 35. Fragment of a second painted Vase, from the Trojan Stratum. (From a new Drawing.) 55
No. 36. A large Trojan Amphora of Terra-cotta (8 M.) 63
Nos. 37-39. Stamped Terra-cottas (1½-2 M.) 65
No. 40. Stamped Terra-cotta (2 M.) 65
PLATE IV. VIEW OF THE NORTHERN PART OF THE PLAIN OF TROY, FROM THE HILL OF HISSARLIK _To face_ 70
With the ancient bed of the _Scamander_, the _Tombs of Achilles_ and _Patroclus_, _Cape Sigeum_, the villages of _Yeni-Shehr_ and _Kum-Kaleh_, the _Hellespont_ and _Ægean Sea_, the peninsula of _Gallipoli_ and the islands of _Imbrus_ and _Samothrace_. The _Tumulus of Æsyetes_ is in the central foreground, in front of the wretched little village of _Kum-koï_.
PLATE V. VIEW OF THE SOUTH-EASTERN PART OF THE PLAIN OF TROY, FROM THE HILL OF HISSARLIK _To face_ 70
The foreground shows the excavations in the eastern part of Troy, the foundations of the _Temple_, and the _Altar of Athena_; beyond is the village of _Chiplak_; in the distance the chain of Mount Ida, capped with snow, except in July and August.
No. 41. A great mixing Vessel (κρατήρ) of Terra-cotta (7 M.) 74
Nos. 42-44. Terra-cotta Whorls (7-14 M.) 80
No. 45. Copper Implements and Weapons from the Trojan stratum (8 M.) 82
No. 46. A Mould of Mica-schist for casting Copper Implements (8 M.) 82
Nos. 47, 48, 49, 50. Stone Instruments from the Trojan stratum (8 M.) 83
Nos. 51, 52. Trojan Terra-cottas (8 M.) 86
No. 53. Small Trojan Vase (9 M.) 87
Nos. 54, 55. Trojan Terra-cotta Vases (8 M.) 87
Nos. 56-61. Stone Implements of the earliest Settlers 94
No. 62. Small Trojan Vase of Terra-cotta, with Decorations 95
No. 63. A Trojan Vase-cover of red Terra-cotta (7 M.) 95
No. 64. A stone Implement of unknown use (2 M.) 97
No. 65. A strange Vessel of Terra-cotta (15 M.) 97
Nos. 66, 67, 68. Trojan Sling-bullets of Loadstone (9 and 10 M.) 101
No. 69. The Foot-print of Buddha 103
No. 70. Large Terra-cotta Vase, with the Symbols of the Ilian Goddess (4 M.) 106
No. 71. A Mould of Mica-schist for casting Ornaments (14 M.) 110
No. 72. Fragment of a large Urn of Terra-cotta with Assyrian (?) Decorations, from the Lowest Stratum (14 M.) 110
No. 73. Trojan Plates found on the Tower (8 M.) 114
No. 74. Vase Cover with a human face (8 M.) 115
No. 75. A Whorl, with three animals (3 M.) 121
No. 76. Fragment of a Vase of polished black Earthenware, with Pattern inlaid in White (14 M.) 129
No. 77. Fragment of Terra-cotta, perhaps part of a box (16 M.) 129
No. 78. A Trojan Terra-cotta Seal (8 M.) 130
No. 78ª. Terra-cottas with Aryan Emblems (4 M.; 3 M.; 5 M.) 130
No. 79. Fragment of a brilliant dark-grey Vessel (13 M.) 135
No. 80. Whorl with pattern of a moving Wheel (16 M.) 137
No. 81. Whorl with Symbols of Lightning (7 M.) 138
No. 82. Two fragments of a great Mould of Mica-schist for casting Copper Weapons and Ornaments (14 M.) 139
PLATE VI. TROJAN BUILDINGS ON THE NORTH SIDE, AND IN THE GREAT TRENCH CUT THROUGH THE WHOLE HILL _To face_ 143
Nos. 83-91. Objects of Metal from the Lowest Stratum 150
Nos. 92-101. Ivory Pins, Needles, &c. (11-15 M.) 150
Nos. 102, 103. Hand Millstones of Lava (14-16 M.) 151
No. 104. A splendid Vase with Suspension-rings (15 M.) 151
No. 105. Singular Double Vase (13-14 M.) 152
No. 106. Black Vase of Terra-cotta (14 or 15 M.) 152
No. 107. Funereal Urn of Stone, found on the Primary Rock, with Human Ashes in it (15½ M.) 153
No. 108. _a_, Hand Millstone of Lava (15 M.). _b_, Brilliant black Dish with side Rings for hanging it up (14 M.). _c_, _c_, _c_, _c_, Small decorated Rings of Terra-cotta (10-14 M.) 155
No. 109. Rude Terra-cotta Idol (14 M.) 155
No. 110. Fragment of Pottery, with the _Suastika_ (14 M.) 157
Nos. 111, 112. Double-handled Vases of Terra-cotta, from the Trojan Stratum (9 M.) 158
No. 113. A Trojan Vase in Terra-cotta of a very remarkable form (8 M.) 159
No. 114. Engraved Terra-cotta Vessel in the form of a Pig (or Hedgehog?). 7 M. 160
No. 115. Inscribed Whorl (7 M.) 161
No. 116. Terra-cotta Seal (1 M.) 162
No. 117. A Trojan Hand Millstone of Lava (10 M.) 163
No. 118. A piece of Granite, perhaps used, by means of a wooden Handle, as an upper Millstone (10 M.) 163
No. 119. A massive Hammer of Diorite (10 M.) 163
No. 120. Piece of Granite, probably used as a Pestle. From the Lowest Stratum (11-16 M.) 163
No. 121. Idol of Athena (8 M.) _a._ Front; _b._ Back 164
Nos. 122-124. Balls of fine red Agate (9 M.) 165
No. 125. A curious Terra-cotta Cup (4 M.) 166
No. 126. Terra-cotta Pitcher of a frequent form (6 M.) 166
No. 127. A small Terra-cotta Vase, with two Handles and three feet (6 M.) 167
No. 128. Terra-cotta Vase of a frequent form (6 M.) 167
No. 129. Terra-cotta Vase of a form frequent at the depth of 3-5 M. 169
No. 130. Terra-cotta Vessel (4 M.) 170
No. 131. A small Terra-cotta Vase with two Rings for suspension (2 M.) 170
Nos. 132, 133. Owl-faced Vase-covers (3 M.) 171
Nos. 134, 135. Two-handled Cups from the upper Stratum (2 M.) 171
No. 136. Terra-cotta Vase (2 M.) 171
No. 137. Perforated Terra-cotta (2 M.) 171
Nos. 138, 139. Deep Plates (_pateræ_) with Rings for suspension, placed (_a_) vertically or (_b_) horizontally (1 and 2 M.) 172
Nos. 140, 141. Idols of the Ilian Athena (3 M.) 172
No. 142. Mould in Mica-schist (2½ M.) 173
PLATE VII. A.--MOUND OF IN-TÉPÉ, THE TRADITIONAL TOMB OF AJAX _To face_ 178
Upon the mound, which stands about one-third of a mile from the Hellespont, are seen the remains of a little temple, which was restored by Hadrian. Beneath the ruins is seen a vaulted passage, built of bricks, nearly 4 feet in height and width.
B.--MOUND CALLED THE TOMB OF ACHILLES.
Formerly on the sea-shore, from which it is now divided by a low strip of sand.
No. 143. Terra-cotta Ball, representing apparently the climates of the globe (8 M.) 188
No. 144. Small Terra-cotta Vessel from the Lowest Stratum, with four perforated feet, and one foot in the middle (14 M.) 190
Nos. 145, 146. Two little Funnels of Terra-cotta, inscribed with Cyprian Letters (3 M.) 191
No. 147. A Trojan Humming-top (7 M.) 192
No. 148. Terra-cotta Bell, or Clapper, or Rattle (5 M.) 192
No. 149. A Trojan decorated Vase of Terra-cotta (7 M.) 199
PLATE VIII. THE GREAT TOWER OF ILIUM, FROM THE S.E. _To face_ 200
No. 150. Terra-cotta Vase (7 M.) 208
No. 151. Terra-cotta Vase in the form of an Animal (10 M.) 208
No. 152. Terra-cotta Vessel in the shape of a Pig (14 M.) 209
No. 153. Skull of a Woman, found near some gold ornaments in the Lowest Stratum (13 M.) 209
No. 154. Block of Limestone, with a socket, in which the pivot of a door may have turned (12 M.) 211
No. 155. A Trojan Terra-cotta Vase, with an Ornament like the Greek _Lambda_ (8 M.) 214
No. 156. Curious Terra-cotta Vessel in the shape of a Mole (Tower: 7 or 8 M.) 214
No. 157. A Trojan Dish with side Rings, and Plates turned by the Potter (Tower: 7 M.) 215
No. 158. A curious Trojan Jug of Terra-cotta (8 M.) 219
No. 159. Terra-cotta Image of a Hippopotamus (7 M.) 228
No. 160. Remarkable Terra-cotta Vessel in the shape of a Bugle, with three feet (3 M.) 229
No. 161. Terra-cotta Vessel with three feet, a handle, and two ears (5 M.) 229
No. 162. Terra-cotta Image of a Pig, curiously marked with Stars (4 M.) 232
No. 163. One of the largest marble Idols, found in the Trojan Stratum (8 M.) 234
No. 164. Terra-cotta Pot-lid, with symbolical marks (6 M.) 235
No. 165. A curious Terra-cotta Idol of the Ilian Athena (7 M.) 235
No. 166. Pretty Terra-cotta Jug, with the neck bent back (7 M.) 236
No. 167. Remarkable Trojan Idol of Black Stone (7 M.) 236
Nos. 168, 169. Heads of Horned Serpents (4 M.) 237
No. 170. A Serpent’s Head, with horns on both sides, and very large eyes (6 M.) 237
No. 171. Head of an Asp in Terra-cotta (both sides) (4 M.) 238
No. 172. A Whorl, with rude Symbols of the Owl’s Face, Suastika, and lightning (3 M.) 255
No. 173. Splendid Trojan Vase of Terra-cotta, representing the tutelary Goddess of Ilium, θεὰ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη. The cover forms the helmet (8 M.) 258
PLATE IX. UPPER PART OF THE BUILDINGS DISCOVERED IN THE DEPTHS OF THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA. In the background are seen the Altar and the Reservoir _To face_ 259
No. 174. A Lion-headed Sceptre-handle of the finest crystal; found on the Tower (8 M.) 260
No. 175. A mould of Mica-schist, for casting various metal Instruments (Tower: 8 M.) 261
No. 176. A curious Instrument of Copper (3 M.) 261
No. 177. A perforated and grooved piece of Mica-schist, probably for supporting a Spit. Found on the Tower (8 M.) 261
No. 178. A large Terra-cotta Vase, with two large Handles and two small Handles or Rings (5 M.) 262
No. 179. A remarkable Terra-cotta Ball (6 M.) 264
No. 180. A finely engraved Ivory Tube, probably part of a Flute. Found on the Tower (8 M.) 264
No. 181. Knob for a Stick, of fine marble (3 M.) 265
No. 182. Bone handle of a Trojan Staff or Sceptre (7 M.) 265
No. 183. A brilliant Black Vase, with the Symbols of the Ilian Athena, from the Tower (8 M.) 267
No. 184. Vase-cover with Handle in shape of a Coronet (8 M.) 268
No. 185. Vase-cover with a Human Face (Tower, 8 M.) 268
No. 186. Flat piece of Gold, in the form of an Arrow-head: from the Tower (8 M.) 268
No. 187. Prettily decorated Tube of Ivory (Tower, 8 M.) 268
No. 188. Great Altar for Sacrifices, found in the depths of the Temple of Athena (1-25th of the real size) 278
No. 189. Copper Lance of a Trojan Warrior, found beside his Skeleton (7 M.) 279
No. 190. Skull of a Trojan Warrior, belonging to one of the two Skeletons found in the House on the Tower (7 M.) 280
No. 191. The upper and lower pieces of a Trojan Helmet-crest φάλος placed together (7 M.) 280
No. 192. Great Copper Ring, found near the Helmet-crest (7 M.) 281
No. 193. An elegant bright-red Vase of Terra-cotta, decorated with branches and signs of lightning, with holes in the handles and lips, for cords to hang it up by (Tower, 8 M.) 282
No. 194. Terra-cotta Vase. Found on the Tower (8 M.) 282
No. 195. Profile of a Vase-cover, with the Owl’s Face and Helmet of Athena, in brilliant red Terra-cotta. Found in an urn on the Tower (8 M.) 283
No. 196. An Earthenware Crucible on four feet, _still containing some Copper_. Found on the Tower (7 M.) 283
No. 197. Flower Saucer: the flat bottom ornamented. Found on the Tower (8 M.) 284
No. 198. A piece of Terra-cotta, with two holes slightly sunk in front like eyes, and a hole perforated from side to side (8 M.) 285
No. 199. A remarkable Terra-cotta Vessel on three long feet, with a handle and two small ears (7 M.) 285
No. 200. A beautiful bright-red Terra-cotta Box, decorated with a + and four 卐, and a halo of solar rays (3 M.) 286
Nos. 201, 202. Little Decorated Whorls, of a remarkable shape 286
PLATE X. THE TOWER OF ILIUM, SCÆAN GATE, AND PALACE OF PRIAM. Looking North along the cutting through the whole Hill _To face_ 287
PLATE XI. A.--THE EXCAVATIONS IN THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA. From the East _To face_ 290
In front is seen the great Reservoir of the Temple, then the sacrificial Altar. On the right, a stone block of the foundations of the Temple is seen projecting out of the wall of earth. In the background, underneath where the man stands, is the position of the double _Scæan Gate_, of which, however, nothing is here visible. In the left-hand corner is one of the colossal jars, not visible in the next Plate.
B.--THE MAGAZINE, WITH ITS COLOSSAL JARS, in the depths of the Temple of Athena.
Of the _nine_ Jars, _six_ are visible; a _seventh_ (to the right, out of view) is broken. The two largest are beyond the wall of the Magazine, and one of these is seen in the preceding Plate.
No. 203. Fragment of a Terra-cotta Vase, with Egyptian hieroglyphics, from the bottom of the Greek Stratum (2 M.) 291
No. 204. A Greek Lamp on a tall foot (2 M.) 292
No. 205. Fragment of a two-horned Serpent (κεράστης), in Terra-cotta (3 M.) 292
No. 206. Terra-cotta Cylinder, 1¼ in. long, with Symbolical Signs (5 M.) 293
No. 207. Terra-cotta Vase with helmeted image of the Ilian Athena (6 M.) 294
No. 208. Fragment of a large Cup-handle in black Terra-cotta: with the head of an Ox (6 M.) 294
No. 209. A finely decorated little Vase of Terra-cotta (6 M.) 294
No. 210. Terra-cotta Disc stamped with a Swan and an Antelope (6 M.). Remarkable for the depth 295
No. 211. Terra-cotta Disc pierced with two holes, and stamped with the Head of a Warrior (8 M.) 295
No. 212. A piece of Bone, curiously engraved (7 M.) 295
No. 213. Fragment of a Trojan Idol of Terra-cotta (6 M.) 296
Nos. 214, 215. Terra-cotta Cups or Scoops (7 M.) 296
No. 216. Vase-cover in Terra-cotta (8 M.) 296
No. 217. Terra-cotta Handle of a Trojan Brush, with the holes in which the bristles have been fixed (10 M.) 297
No. 218. Copper Bolts, found exactly in the middle of the first and of the second Scæan Gates 302
PLATE XII. THE DOUBLE SCÆAN GATE, PALACE OF PRIAM, AND TOWER OF ILIUM, with the Paved Road leading from the Gate to the Plain from the North West _To face_ 303
Behind the Scæan Gate is seen the Great _Tower of Ilium_, and to the left of it the ruins of the _Palace of Priam_, beneath a mass of later, but still pre-Hellenic, buildings. In the foreground, to the right, is a wall of rubbish, which remains standing; and at the foot of this, where the Greek stands, is the great enclosing Wall of Troy, running in a north-westerly direction from the Scæan Gate. The walls to the left belong to the royal palace, and over this part there are no buildings of the post-Trojan time.
No. 219. Wonderful Vase of Terra-cotta from the Palace of Priam (8 M.) 307
No. 220. Terra-cotta Vase from the House of Priam, with remarkable Decorations (9 M.) 308
No. 221. A Terra-cotta Vase, with two little Ears, and two large perforated Handles, marked with strange characters (5½ M.) 309
No. 222. A splendidly-decorated Vase of Terra-cotta, with three Feet and two Ears. From the Palace (7½ M.) 310
No. 223. A Terra-cotta Vase, with two Ears and covered with dots. From the Palace (7 M.) 310
No. 224. Fine decorated Vase of Terra-cotta, with two Handles and two great upright Wings. From the Palace (7½ M.) 311
No. 225. Five Copper Dress Pins, molten together by the conflagration. From the Palace (8 M.) 312
No. 226. Engraved Cylinder of blue Felspar (Palace, 9 M.) 312
No. 227. Terra-cotta, engraved with ten rude Owls’ Faces (8 M.) 312
No. 228. Terra-cotta Vase, with a curious Decoration. From the upper and later House above the Scæan Gate (6 M.) 315
No. 229. Terra-cotta Vase, with four Handles and a Lid (6 M.) 315
No. 230. A great Jug, with Handle and two Ears (6 M.) 315
No. 231. A remarkable Terra-cotta Cup (4 M.) 317
Nos. 232, 233. Curious Terra-cottas from the Trojan Stratum (8 and 7 M.) 320
PLATE XIII. THE SCÆAN GATE AND PAVED ROAD, THE TOWER OF ILIUM, CITY WALLS, PALACE OF PRIAM, AND THE WALLS OF A TOWER OF THE GREEK AGE. From the South East _To face_ 321
Here we see again the road leading down to the Plain, paved with great slabs of stone. In front of the Gate and Road is seen part of the Great _Tower of Ilium_, and to the right hand, next to and behind the Gate, the ruins of the _Palace of Priam_, partly overladen with later but still pre-Hellenic walls, and partly standing free. Behind, the Scæan Gate appears again, going in a direction W.N.W., then the great City Wall, and upon it, at or about the spot marked _a_, the _Treasure_ was found. In the background, where the man stands, is seen a wall built of massive hewn stones, belonging to a Tower of the Greek age. Behind this Tower-wall appear the Plain of Troy, the Hellespont, the island of Imbros, and above this the mountains of Samothrace. At the right extremity of the picture, also, a part of the Plain of Troy is seen through the great cutting, over the ruins of the royal House.
PLATE XIV. THE TREASURE OF PRIAM _To face_ 324
No. 234. A Copper Shield with a boss (ἀσπὶς ὀμφαλόεσσα).
No. 235. Great Copper Caldron (λέβης).
PLATE XV. THE TREASURE OF PRIAM _To face_ 325
No. 236. Curious Plate of Copper (perhaps a Hasp of the Chest), with Discs fixed on one end, and a Silver Vase welded to the other by the conflagration.
No. 237. Bottle of pure Gold, weighing about 1 lb. Troy.
No. 238. Cup of pure Gold, panelled, weighing 7½ oz. Troy.
PLATE XVI. THE TREASURE OF PRIAM. Remarkable two-handled Cup of Pure Gold (δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον), weighing about 1 lb. 6 oz. Troy _To face_ 326
No. 239. Outside View of the Two-handled Gold Cup.
No. 240. Inside View of the Two-handled Gold Cup.
No. 241. Bronze Cup used in China for Libations and Drinking 327
PLATE XVII. THE TREASURE OF PRIAM _To face_ 328
No. 242. Six Blades of Silver (Homeric Talents?).
Nos. 243, 244. Two Silver Vases, with caps and rings for suspending by cords.
No. 245. A Silver Dish (φιάλη), with a boss in the centre.
No. 246. A Silver Cup, 3-1/3 in. high and nearly 4 in. wide.
PLATE XVIII. THE TREASURE OF PRIAM _To face_ 329
No. 247. A small Silver Cover.
No. 248. A small Cup of Electrum.
No. 249. Large Silver Jug, with handle, in which the small Ornaments were found.
No. 250. Silver Vase with part of another Silver Vase welded to it by the fire.
No. 251. Silver Vase with a quantity of copper fixed to its bottom by the fire.
Nos. 252-256. Trojan Lance-Heads of Copper.--TR. 330
No. 256. Copper Lance and Battle-Axe welded together by the conflagration. The Pin-hole of the Lance is visible.--TR. 330
Nos. 257-60. Trojan Battle-Axes of Copper.--TR. 330
No. 261. Trojan Battle-Axe.--TR. 331
Nos. 262-268. Nos. 262, 263, 264, 266. Trojan Two-edged Copper Daggers, with hooked Stems that have been fastened into Wooden Handles. No. 264 is doubled up by the conflagration. No. 265, Weapons molten together. No. 267, a Copper Sword-Blade, with a sharp edge at the end. No. 268, a Four-sided Copper Bar, ending in a sharp edge.--TR. 332
No. 269. Copper Key, supposed to have belonged to the Treasure-chest--TR. 333
Nos. 270, 271. Cups of Electrum and Silver. Found in the Palace, near the Treasure, 270 inside 271 334
Nos. 272-275. Pieces of Helmet-crests found in a Room of the Palace 334
PLATE XIX. THE TREASURE OF PRIAM _To face_ 335
Nos. 276, 277. The two Golden Diadems (πλεκταὶ ἀναδέσμαι).
PLATE XX. THE TREASURE OF PRIAM. Jewels of Gold _To face_ 336
No. 278. Selection from the small Golden Jewels found in the Silver Jug.
No. 279. Golden Fillet (ἄμπυξ), above 18 inches long.
No. 280. Four Golden Earrings, or Tassels (θύσανοι), each 3½ inches long.
No. 281. Six Golden Bracelets welded together by the conflagration.--[TR.] 337
No. 282. 4610 Small Jewels of Gold.--TR. 339
No. 283. Terra-cotta Vessel in the shape of a Cask (8 M.) 341
No. 284. Large Silver Vase found in the House of Priam (8 M.) 342
No. 285. Splendid Terra-cotta Vase from the Palace of Priam 350
No. 286. Curious double-necked Jug (8 M.) 351
No. 287. Terra-cotta Vessel consisting of three Goblets rising out of a tube on three feet (4 M.) 351
No. 288. Terra-cotta Vessel in the form of a Pig (7 M.) 352
No. 289. A Terra-cotta stamped with Hieroglyphics (1½ M.) 352
No. 290. Fragment of a Terra-cotta Vessel, in the shape of a Horse’s Head (4 M.) 353
No. 291. An Inscribed Trojan Whorl (8 M.) 363
Nos. 292, 293. Two Trojan Whorls from the same depth (7 M.) with an identical inscription 367
No. 294. The above Inscription developed (7 M.) 368
No. 295. Inscription on a Trojan Seal (7 M.) 368
No. 296. Inscription on a Trojan Whetstone (7 M.) 368
No. 297. Inscription on a Trojan Vase from the Palace (8 M.) 369
No. 298. Trojan Whorl, with an Inscription (10 M.) 369
No. 299. The Inscription developed (10 M.) 369
No. 300. Terra-cotta Ball, with an Inscription (4 M.) 372
PLATES XXI.-LII. LITHOGRAPHIC PLATES OF TERRA-COTTA WHORLS AND BALLS.[22]
(_At End of the Volume._)
PLATE XXI. SECTIONS OF WHORLS.
Nos. 301-308. Sections of Plain Whorls (see p. 40) (2-10 M.).
No. 309. Piece of Terra-cotta, of unknown use (see p. 219) (10 M.).
Nos. 310-316. Sections of Decorated Whorls (see p. 60) (3-11 M.).
PLATE XXII. TYPICAL PATTERNS OF WHORLS.[23]
No. 317. A Cross, with 4 nail-marks (7 M.).
No. 318. Do. with the lines double and oblique (7 M.).
No. 319. Do. with three arms (7 M.).
No. 320. Cross with triple lines; rows of triple dots on arms (see p. 187) (8 M.).
No. 321. Six quadruple segments round the edge (called by Schliemann Rising Suns, by Burnouf Stations of the Sun), alternately with 6 Arrow-heads ↑ (see p. 133) (6 M.).
No. 322. Cross, with curved arms; nail-marked (7 M.).
No. 323D.[24] Geometric star-like patterns on both sides (5 M.).
No. 324. A Wheel with 13 spokes (sun-rays?), the spaces filled with dots arranged in circles (7 M.).
No. 325. Two zigzag borders round the central Sun (9 M.).
No. 326. For description, see pp. 84, 137 (8½ M.).
No. 327. Five Suns round the central Sun (see p. 136) (7 M.).
No. 328. Five triple “Rising Suns” (comp. No. 321) round a large central Sun (N.B. The _depth_ 14 M.).
No. 329. Wheel with spokes on both sides: very small (5 M.).
No. 330. The _Rosa Mystica_ (_Qu._, or an Inscription?) (4 M.).
No. 331D. Geometrical Patterns; Signs of Lightning (?) on one side (8 M.).
No. 332. Four strange characters (_Qu._, an Inscription?) (9 M.).
PLATE XXIII. TYPICAL PATTERNS OF WHORLS.
No. 333. A Wheel in motion (9 M.).
No. 334. An Inscription (9 M.).
No. 335. A Flower with 10 petals (3 M.).
No. 336. Five Signs, curiously like Roman numerals (8 M.).
No. 337D. A double moving Wheel, see p. 38 (6 M.).
No. 338D. _Obv._ Three “flaming Altars” (Schl.) and a group of Stars. _Rev._, 3 flaming Altars and a 卐 (see p. 162) (6 M.).
No. 339. The _Rosa Mystica_ (see p. 160) (8 M.).
Nos. 340-341. Wheels in rapid rotation (see p. 38) (9 and 10 M.).
No. 342. A series of Strokes (7 M.).
No. 343. Various marks. The dots are perhaps for stars (10 M.).
No. 344. Geometric Pattern, like a Gothic quatrefoil (7 M.).
No. 345. Concentric Circles, and 4 wave-like sets of Lines (3½ M.).
No. 346. Three curious Signs (_Qu._, letters?) (7 M.).
No. 347. A cable-like Wreath (6 M.).
No. 348. Four concentric Circles and 6 quadruple “Rising Suns” (8 M.).
PLATE XXIV. WHORLS WITH SUASTIKAS, &C.
No. 349. One of the thin round Terra-cottas, with 2 holes, found chiefly in the Greek Stratum (see p. 65). The 卐 on this example[25] forms a link with the Whorls of the lower strata. Of impure yellow earth (2 M.).
No. 350. Three curved 卐. Grey earth (4 M.).
No. 351. Four 卐 in a zigzag Border. “The 4 sacrifices of the month or of the year."--B. Fine yellow earth; polished; good work.[26]
No. 352. Three curved 卐. Grey; polished; good work (4 M.).
No. 353. An Inscription. Dull brown; polished; very coarse (9 M.).
No. 354. Three Rising Suns, and a Sign like a letter (?). Brown; polished; the lines white (5 M.).
No. 355. Three 卐. “The 3 sacrifices."--B. (M.).
PLATE XXV. WHORLS WITH 卐 AND INSCRIPTIONS.
No. 356. Four 卐 of peculiar form. “The 4 sacrifices of the month or of the year."--B. Dark grey; polished; beautiful work (7 M.).
No. 357. Apparently an Inscription. Blackish earth; burnt; badly kneaded.
No. 358. Two 卐 and 2 Crosses. Grey; very rude material and work (7 M.).
No. 359. Six 卐. Black; polished; lines white.
No. 360. An Inscription (4 M.).
PLATE XXVI. ASTRONOMICAL SIGNS AND 卐.
No. 361. Three triple “Rising Suns,” a 卐, and 2 round Spots, viz. “The sun and full moon, or the day of the full moon."--B. Fine brown earth (3½ M.).
No. 362. “The 6 bi-monthly sacrifices."--B. (comp. p. 187). Fine yellow earth (7 M.).
No. 363. “The morning and evening sacrifices: the 3 stations of the Sun."--B. Yellowish; very coarse (5 M.).
No. 364. “The 4 epochs (quarters) of the month or of the year, and the holy sacrifice."--B. Grey; polished; coarsely kneaded. Worn a little on the rim.
PLATE XXVII. ARYAN EMBLEMS AND AN INSCRIPTION.
No. 365. Three triple “Rising Suns” and a 卐. Fine black earth; polished; beautiful work (6 M.).
No. 366. Similar design. Greyish yellow (6 M.).
No. 367. Four Hares, representing the 4 weeks of the month, or the 4 quarters of the year (see p. 136). Fine black earth (6 M.).
No. 368. Four curved Crosses round the rim. “The 4 sacrifices of the month or year."--B. Black; polished; good work; lines white (3½ M.).
No. 369. An Inscription from the Trojan Stratum. Dark grey; very coarse (10 M.). (See Appendix, p. 369.)
No. 370. Divided into 2 fields by a line through the centre. In the left is a 卐 with 2 spots ("the sun and full moon."--B.) and dots (stars?--“the 7 at the top being the Great Bear."--B.). In the right M. Burnouf finds 28 strokes for the days of the month. Black; polished; lines white. N.B. Much worn by rubbing, especially on the under side (10 M.).
No. 371. “At top, 4 Crosses for the 4 weeks, with a 卐, or sacrifice, set on fire by a flash of lightning; below, the 4 great Sacrifices."--B. Greyish yellow; polished (4 M.).
PLATE XXVIII. RELIGIOUS AND ASTRONOMICAL EMBLEMS.
No. 372. Three 卐 (2 of a curious form), and 3 “flaming Altars” (SCHL.). Grey; polished; lines white (6 M.).
No. 373. “The 3 stations of the Sun, or 3 mountains, with the 4 sacrifices of the year or the month round the circle of the Sun."--B. Yellow; polished; rudely kneaded; the lines scratched in with a fine point.
No. 374. “Divided into 2 fields by 2 points. _Left_: the mountain of the E., the Sun, and 卐. _Right_: the mountains of the N. and W. and the full moon. The ring is the circle of the year."--B. Grey; polished. Worn all round by circular friction (7 M.).
No. 375. Various Symbols. Blackish yellow; very coarse. Worn all round and on the under side.
No. 376. The Sôma Tree, or Tree of Life, a 卐, with Strokes indicating numbers 2, 4, and 8. Yellow.
No. 377. Four Hares (the 4 quarters of the moon) round a Ring (the circle of the year). Iron grey; polished (see p. 136) (10 M.).
No. 378D. _Obv._, an Inscription (?). _Rev._, a sort of Wheel. Part of the edge worn down to a straight line (9 M.).
PLATE XXIX. ANIMALS AND OTHER SYMBOLS.
No. 379D. _Obv._, three Crosses (one with 4 nail-marks [Illustration: cross with four dots]). _Rev._ (see the developed pattern): “_a._ 3 Antelopes with dots (stars); _b._ The Great Bear; _c._ Lightning, or Water; _d._ Five 卐"--(B.) Grey; polished (see p. 136) (4 M.).
No. 380. “Two Antelopes, the halves of the month (_quinzaines_), round the circle of the year."--B. Black; polished (see p. 135) (6 M.).
PLATE XXX. ANIMALS AND THE PRAYING MAN.
No. 381. A Hare and 2 Antelopes (_i. e._ the moon and the 2 winds prevailing in the 2 half-months) round the circle of the year. Grey. (7 M.).
No. 382. The same subject (see p. 120). Grey; polished (3 M.). (_Observe the different depths_).
No. 383. Three Animals, with _a Man in the attitude of Prayer_; “the holy sacrifice of the full moon” (B.); but see Schliemann’s explanation pp. 135, 137 (7 M.).
No. 384. The same subject as Nos. 381 and 382. Black; polish lost. _Part of the edge worn flat_ (7 M.).
PLATE XXXI. ANIMALS AND OTHER SYMBOLS.
No. 385. Same subject as Nos. 381, 382, 384, but still ruder. Grey; polished; very coarse (8 M.).
No. 386. Same subject. Yellow; polished; rude work (7 M.).
No. 387. Scroll Pattern round large, deep-sunk centre. Dark grey; polished (10 M.).
No. 388. Six ÷ alternately with six [Illustration: symbol], having, perhaps, some numerical meaning. The lines and dots filled in with white on a polished black ground (8 M.).
No. 389. Four wave lines [Illustration: symbol] around the centre. Grey; polished; worn (3 M.).
No. 390. Similar Pattern round the edge of a Whorl remarkable for its small size. Black; polished; lines white. The space between the hole and the inner ring is filled with yellow ochre.
PLATE XXXII. GEOMETRICAL AND OTHER PATTERNS.
No. 391. Rings of dots, which M. Burnouf attempts to explain as relating to the Astronomical Calendar. Black; rude work (9 M.).
No. 392. Eleven Radii divide the field into spaces filled with cuneiform characters (where the question of true _writing_ is still to be investigated). Black; polished; rude work (10 M.).
No. 393. Six triple Rising Suns, with dots (5, 6, or 7) in the middle space. Yellow; polished; pattern white (9 M.).
No. 394. Three 卐 (one with 2 dots), and a Sign (like a letter or letters?). Yellow; polished; pattern white.
No. 395. An ornamental Quatrefoil. Brown; polished; pattern white, good work (4½ M.).
No. 396D. A Geometrical Pattern, composed of triple segments, slightly varied on two sides. Yellow; polished; patterns white (8 M.).
PLATE XXXIII. THE SÔMA TREE AND OTHER SYMBOLS.
No. 397. A sort of 5-armed Star, or 5 triple “mountains (B.),” alternately with 5 triple Signs of Lightning. The ring of beads round the centre is remarkable. Black; pattern white; fine work. Worn all over by rubbing.
No. 398. Three triple Rising Suns and a Sôma Tree (see p. 119). Black; polished. The hole is conical (9 M.).
No. 399. Five Sôma Trees and a triple Rising Sun.
No. 400. Three Sôma Trees and 2 other Signs. Dark brown; polished. Has been used (5 M.).
No. 401. Four Sôma Trees forming a Cross (see p. 119). Black; polished; pattern white. Slightly worn.
No. 402D. _Obv._ Eight irregular Rising Suns (double or quadruple).[27] _Rev._ Twelve Sôma Trees radiating from the centre (see p. 187). Greyish yellow; highly polished; rude work. The tip of the back worn by rubbing (10 M.).
PLATE XXXIV. SÔMA TREES, FLAMING ALTARS, ETC.
No. 403. A Sôma Tree and 4 Rising Suns (3 triple and 1 double). Grey; polished. Worn all over (see p. 187) (5 M.).
No. 404. Six Sôma Trees, pointing alternately to and from the centre (see p. 269). Black; polished; lines white; rude (7 M.).
No. 405. Five 卐 and an Altar with 3 flames (?). Hole conical. Yellowish; polished. Worn on under side (5½ M.).
No. 406. Four Rising Suns and a flaming Altar. Grey; polished. Worn on under side (5 M.).
No. 407. Four Rising Suns and 2 Altars. Hole conical. Small size. Black; polished; lines white. Worn on under side (8 M.).
No. 408. Three Rising Suns and an Altar. Small size. Very black earth, like trachyte; lines white. Worn (5 M.).
No. 409. Similar Pattern on a larger Whorl. Grey. Hole conical.
PLATE XXXV. FLAMING ALTARS AND SÔMA TREES.
No. 410. Four Sôma Trees, forming a Cross (see p. 119). Ashy grey; unpolished; coarse (9 M.).
No. 411. Three Altars and 3 irregular 卐. Brownish grey; polished; pattern yellow (6 M.).
No. 412. Four Altars (?) arranged in a Cross, with dots (stars?). Dark grey; very coarse.
No. 413. Six flaming Altars. Black; polished; lines white; good work (7 M.).
No. 414. Four Altars forming a Cross (see p. 121). Yellow; polished (8 M.).
No. 415. Five Altars. Small size. Black; pattern white; work good.
PLATE XXXVI. VARIOUS PATTERNS.
No. 416. Three flaming Altars. Grey; pattern white; good (8 M.).
No. 417. A double Circle, with 5 broad arms; on each a Sign of Lightning. Brownish yellow; slightly polished; well made. Hole conical (4 M.).
No. 418. Five Signs (_Qu._, letters?). Brown.
No. 419. A five-armed irregular Cross, with 2 卐 and 2 Signs of Lightning. Yellowish; coarsely kneaded (7 M.).
No. 420. Two triple Rising Suns and a double zigzag (lightning) round more than half the circumference. A beautiful black; polished; lines white. A little worn on under side.
No. 421D. _Obv._ Irregular cross with zigzags (Signs of Lightning) on arms. _Rev._ A curious Geometric Pattern (7 M.).
PLATE XXXVII. GEOMETRIC AND OTHER PATTERNS.
No. 422D. A triangular Pattern on both sides (8 M.).
No. 423. A six-armed cross with Signs of Lightning on the arms. Fine yellow earth; polished; white pattern (9 M.).
No. 424. Four triple Rising Suns (one broken off) and a flaming Altar. Black; polished; coarse (8 M.).
No. 425. Four Segmental Curves, with dots (see Plate). Much worn. Brownish yellow (10 M.).
No. 426. Irregular marks, [Illustration: cross with four dots], zigzags, &c. Brown; polished; work bad.
PLATE XXXVIII. VARIOUS PATTERNS.
No. 427. (See the Plate.) Yellow; polished; pattern white (8 M.).
No. 428. A double Rising Sun and 3 Owls’ Faces (?). Yellow; pattern white (2 M.).
No. 429. Very irregular Star with numerous dots. Red earth; coarse; very bad work.
No. 430. Two Spots between 2 large double Arcs. Yellow; polished (8 M.).
No. 431. (See the Plate.) Brownish yellow; pattern white (5 M.).
No. 432. Zigzag Pattern round edge (see the Plate). Brown; very good.
PLATE XXXIX. INSCRIPTION, AND OTHER PATTERNS.
No. 433. Fine six-pointed Star. Yellow; polished; pattern white.
No. 434. Three curious Figures round margin. (See the Plate.) Greyish yellow; fair work (7 M.).
No. 435. An Inscription. Brown; very coarse (5 M.).
No. 436. Three double Rising Suns and an Altar (?). Coarse.
No. 437. Three |‘s alternately with 3 =V='s. Much worn all round[28] (5 M.).
No. 438. Looks like an Inscription. Brown. Worn at the ends.
PLATE XL. VARIOUS PATTERNS.
No. 439. Four triple Rising Suns and an Altar (?) (5 M.).
No. 440. A fine double Polygonal Star, with dots in the space between. Brown; pattern white (10 M.).
No. 441. Three triple Rising Suns and an Arrow-head [Illustration: double-V]. Light brown; polished (7 M.).
No. 442. Signs like Figures round a broad, deep centre.
No. 443. Two double Rising Suns and 5 large Spots (_Qu._, the 5 planets?) Dark brown; fine; polished.
No. 444. A plain Whorl, modelled into a sort of seven-pointed Star. Brownish black (8 M.).
No. 445D. A very curious Pattern on both sides (see the Plate). Black; polished; good work.
PLATE XLI. VARIOUS IRREGULAR PATTERNS.
No. 446. Sun with rays, Altar, 卐 through a sun or moon (?), &c. M. Burnouf explains the 3 dots [Illustration: two lines with three dots] as denoting “royal majesty.”
No. 447. Curious composition of 卐, long lines, and short lines. Yellowish earth; badly modelled (9 M.).
No. 448D. Curious Pattern on both sides (see Plate). Brown; polished (9 M.).
No. 449D. _Obv._ Eleven straight Rays, with rows of dots between, and 1 zigzag Ray. _Rev._ 2 Rising Suns and a 卐. Grey; not polished. N.B. “The edge cut all round by the friction of thread, like the kerbstone of a well by the cord"--(B.) (8 M.).
No. 450D. _Obv._ 3 double Rising Suns and 2 curious signs -|-. _Rev._ 3 concentric Circles, with short Rays between the first and second. Grey; polished; good work.
PLATE XLII. VARIOUS REMARKABLE PATTERNS.
No. 451D. _Obv._ Pentagonal Star, with Spots ☉, and dots, and raised rim with dots round the hole. _Rev._ Sun, with 5 hooked rays (?) and 3 Spots ☉. Yellow earth; badly kneaded; not polished.
No. 452. A pair of |‘s and a pair of [Illustration: double up-side down V] round a deep broad centre. Reddish earth, very badly kneaded; polished.
No. 453. Two small Segmental Curves, filled with dots, and 2 Signs like ladders. Brown; polished (6 M.).
No. 454. Two quadruple Rising Suns, a + with curved arms, several dots, and a curious cruciform Sign. Fine brown earth (4 M.).
PLATE XLIII. VARIOUS PATTERNS.
No. 455D. Four Triangles on each side. Fine black earth; polished (6 M.).
No. 456. Six groups of Stars (?). A dirty yellowish brown; rudely kneaded. Wheel-shaped, with lines on the broad flat edge.
No. 457. Dots and strange Characters (_Qu._, letters?). Blackish earth; burnt; pattern white (?).
No. 458. Four Arrow-heads ↑ alternately with 4 Spots ☉ Brown-black; polished (7 M.).
No. 459. Wheel-shaped, with Pattern on the broad flat edge (see Plate). Reddish earth.
No. 460. Three double Rising Suns and a Sign of 3 Strokes (_Qu._, a letter?). Black; polished; pattern white (5 M.).
PLATE XLIV. VARIOUS PATTERNS.
No. 461. Covered with strange Characters (_Qu._, letters?). Coarse brown earth; very badly modelled.
No. 462. Strange Characters looking like letters. Reddish earth; polished; very coarse.
No. 463. Strange rude Marks. Black; very coarse.
No. 464D. _Obv._ Four Quatrefoils. _Rev._ (see Plate). Red earth; burnt on one side. Much worn at both ends (9 M.).
No. 465D. _Obv._ Two very rude Quadrupeds.[29] _Rev._ Three Signs (_Qu._, letters?). Coarse grey earth; very bad work. Worn (3½ M.).
PLATE XLV. VARIOUS PATTERNS.
No. 466. Six irregular V-shaped Signs. Bright brown (8 M.).
No. 467. Three Characters (_Qu._, letters?) and 5 Spots ☉. Yellowish; polished; rude (5 M.).
No. 468. Five rude Birds, perhaps the Falcon of the Aryan mythology (see pp. 120, 135). Reddish yellow; burnt.
No. 469. Three strange Characters (_Qu._, letters?) with Spots (stars?). Brown; polished; badly kneaded. Hole badly made.
No. 470. Cross of a curious form. Rose-coloured earth; good. Looks _new_, though from the _lowest Stratum_ (12 M.).
No. 471. Four triple Rising Suns, and a + with a Spot ☉. Black; pattern white; good (7 M.).
PLATE XLVI. VARIOUS REMARKABLE PATTERNS.
No. 472. An Inscription. Greyish; polished; letters white; coarse (6 M.).
No. 473. Two Circles of Strokes and Dots. Reddish yellow; very coarse (4 M.).
No. 474. Five strange Characters. Brown-black; polish gone. Irregularly worn all round (4 M.).
No. 475. (See the Plate.) Black; polished; bad work (8 M.).
No. 476. Four double Rising Suns and a Sign (_Qu._, letter?). Black; polished; pattern white (7 M.).
PLATE XLVII. GEOMETRIC AND OTHER PATTERNS.
No. 477D. _Obv._ A six-pointed Star, with circle in middle and triple edges (or 6 such figures as Burnouf calls _mountains_ in other cases).[30] _Rev._ A Circle with 8 rays, alternately double and triple. Black.
No. 478. The _Rosa Mystica_, as a cinquefoil, with rows of triple dots along each petal (see p. 160). Dark grey; polished; good. N.B. Completely worn by circular friction (7 M.).
No. 479. Six Spots round the centre, enclosed by a Circle with crooked rays (_Qu._, the moon and 5 planets within the revolving sphere of heaven?). Grey; coarse.
No. 480. Four quadruple Zigzags (Signs of Lightning), arranged as a Cross (see p. 160). Very beautiful black; polished; pattern very white; angles very sharp; very hard. One of the finest Trojan Whorls (10 M.).
No. 481D. Five parallel Circles of quadruple lines on the edge and both faces, probably meant for a wheel in rapid motion (comp. Plate XXIII. No. 340). “The exactly parallel circular lines were marked on the moist clay with a _comb_, as is proved by the way in which their extremities cross at the point of junction."--B.
PLATE XLVIII. VARIOUS PATTERNS.
No. 482. Three 卐 (Sacrifices) and 2 obscure Signs.--B. (Comp. Plate XXII. No. 326, and Schliemann’s description, pp. 84 and 137.) Reddish; very rude; kneaded. The _axes_ of the Whorl and the hole do not coincide (8½ M.).
No. 483. A 卐 and rude Figures (_Qu._, animals or letters?). Grey; polished; very coarse (4 M.).
No. 484. A Terra-cotta Tripod. The top (in the upper figure) shews the Tree of Life (in the middle) attacked by the Caterpillar (on the right), the symbol of the Powers of Mischief. On the left is a 卐 and other Marks. Grey; polished; work rude (3 M.).
No. 485. Three concentric rows of Dots: 12 in the inner, 14 in the next, and 17 in the outer border, which is marked by a Circle and divided by straight lines. M. Burnouf explains the inner ring of dots as the 12 months of the year, and the 2 outer as referring to the days and lunations (8 M.).
PLATE XLIX. A BALL AND WHORLS.
No. 486. A Celestial Sphere, with lines marking the Zones and the Ecliptic. (The Ecliptic is not continued across the S. hemisphere, but ends at the extremities of a hole pierced through the middle of the Ball, possibly signifying the ancient belief that the nocturnal course of the Sun was subterranean.) Black; unpolished (8 M.).
No. 487. Three quintuple Rising Suns, with a Sun crossed by a 卐. Grey; polished; very regular (7 M.).
No. 488. Three Arcs, enclosing dots, and 2 卐. “The 3 stations of the Sun. The Morning and Evening Sacrifices, with their priests: the Noon has 3 priests."--B. Grey. Worn by circular friction.
No. 489. Four triple Arcs (Rising Suns) and a 卐. “The 4 quarters of the month or of the year, with the Holy Sacrifice."--B. Fine black earth (10 M.).
No. 490D. _Obv._ Three Suns and 3 卐 alternately. “The 3 stations of the Sun and the 3 Sacrifices.” _Rev._ Three triple Radii. Fine black earth; polished (4 M.).
PLATE L. REMARKABLE BALL AND WHORL.
No. 491. Six faces of a Terra-cotta Ball, with Celestial Emblems, fully described at p. 168. “One of the most interesting objects in the whole collection” (SCHL.) Yellowish earth (5 M.).
No. 492. A Whorl, so nearly globular as to form a transition to the Balls. Triple lines and rows of dots round the border; curious characters (_Qu._, letters?) round the whole. Reddish yellow; badly kneaded; not polished.
PLATE LI. A BALL AND INSCRIBED WHORLS.
No. 493. A Ball, with its 8 segments developed, fully described at pp. 167-8. Black earth; polished; patterns white (5 M.).
No. 494. Whorl with an Inscription. Blackish earth; badly kneaded. (M. Burnouf pronounces this and No. 496 to be by the same workman as the Whorl with the developed pattern (Plate XXV. No. 357) and the two Inscribed Vases, No. 3, p. 23, and No. 33, P. 50) (7 M.).
No. 495D. A small Whorl, with cruciform Pattern on both sides (see Plate). Light brown (M.).
No. 496. Very important Inscribed Whorl. The Inscription is the same as that shown in No. 115, p. 161. (See Appendix, pp. 366-368.) Red coarse earth; not polished; work very coarse (7 M.).
PLATE LII. TWO REMARKABLE TROJAN BALLS.
No. 497. Ball with an Inscription; showing 3 Faces and the Pattern developed. Brownish grey; polished; pattern white (8 M.).
No. 498. Ball, with its 8 segments developed, representing the starry heavens, with a 卐 and the Tree of Life. Yellow earth; badly modelled (8 M.). (Dr. Schliemann has 25 Terra-cotta Balls, most of them covered with dots, and representing stars, with or without lines denoting the equator, the colures, the zones, and the ecliptic.)
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE
OF
DR. HENRY SCHLIEMANN.
FROM THE PREFACE TO HIS
‘ITHACA, THE PELOPONNESUS, AND TROY.’
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE.
When, in the year 1832, at Kalkhorst, a village in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, at the age of ten, I presented my father, as a Christmas gift, with a badly written Latin essay upon the principal events of the Trojan war and the adventures of Ulysses and Agamemnon, little did I think that, six-and-thirty years later, I should offer the public a work on the same subject, after having had the good fortune to see with my own eyes the scene of that war, and the country of the heroes whose names have been immortalized by Homer.
As soon as I had learnt to speak, my father related to me the great deeds of the Homeric heroes. I loved these stories; they enchanted me and transported me with the highest enthusiasm. The first impressions which a child receives abide with him during his whole life; and, though it was my lot, at the age of fourteen, to be apprenticed in the warehouse of E. Ludwig Holtz in the small town of Fürstenberg, in Mecklenburg, instead of following the scientific career for which I felt an extraordinary predisposition, I always retained the same love for the famous men of antiquity which I had conceived for them in my first childhood.
In the small shop where I was employed for five years and a half, first by Mr. Holtz and then by his successor, the excellent Mr. Th. Huckstädt, my occupation consisted in retailing herrings, butter, brandy, milk and salt, grinding potatoes for the still, sweeping the shop, and so forth. I only came into contact with the lower classes of society.
From five in the morning to eleven at night I was engaged in this work, and had not a moment free for study. Moreover I rapidly forgot the little that I had learnt in my childhood, but I did not lose the love of learning; indeed I never lost it, and, as long as I live, I shall never forget the evening when a drunken miller came into the shop. He was the son of a Protestant clergyman in a village near Teterow, and had almost concluded his studies at the Gymnasium when he was expelled on account of his bad conduct. To punish him for this, his father made him learn the trade of a miller. Dissatisfied with his lot, the young man gave himself up to drink, which however had not made him forget his Homer; for he recited to us about one hundred lines of the poet, observing the rhythmic cadence. Although I did not understand a word, the melodious speech made a deep impression upon me, and I wept bitter tears for my unhappy fate. Thrice I got him to repeat to me those god-like verses, paying him with three glasses of brandy, which I bought with the few pence that made up my whole fortune. From that moment I never ceased to pray God that by His grace I might yet have the happiness to learn Greek.
There seemed, however, no hope of my escaping from the sad and low position in which I found myself. And yet I was released from it as if by a miracle. In lifting a cask too heavy for me, I hurt my chest; I spat blood and was no longer able to work. In despair I went to Hamburg, where I succeeded in obtaining a situation as cabin-boy on board of a ship bound for La Guayra in Venezuela.[31]
On the 28th of November, 1841, we left Hamburg, but on the 12th of December we were shipwrecked in a fearful storm off the island of Texel. After innumerable dangers, the crew were saved. I regarded it as my destiny to remain in Holland, and resolved to go to Amsterdam and enlist as a soldier. But this could not be done as quickly as I had imagined, and the few florins, which I had collected as alms on the island of Texel and in Enkhuyzen, were soon spent in Amsterdam. As my means of living were entirely exhausted, I feigned illness and was taken into the hospital. From this terrible situation I was released by the kind ship-broker J. F. Wendt of Hamburg, who heard of my misfortune and sent me the proceeds of a small subscription which had been raised for me. He at the same time recommended me to the excellent Consul-General of the North German Confederation in Amsterdam, Mr. W. Hepner, who procured me a situation in the office of Mr. F. C. Quien.
In my new situation my work consisted in stamping bills of exchange and getting them cashed in the town, and in carrying letters to and from the post-office. This mechanical occupation suited me, for it left me time to think of my neglected education.
First of all I took pains to learn to write legibly, and then, in order to improve my position, I went on to the study of the modern languages. My annual salary amounted only to 800 francs (32_l._), half of which I spent upon my studies; on the other half I lived, miserably enough to be sure. My lodging, which cost 8 francs a month, was a wretched garret without a fire, where I shivered with cold in winter and was scorched with the heat in summer; my breakfast consisted of rye-meal porridge, and my dinner never cost more than a penny farthing. But nothing spurs one on more to study than misery and the certain prospect of being able to release oneself from it by unremitting work. I applied myself with extraordinary diligence to the study of English. Necessity showed me a method which greatly facilitates the study of a language. This method consists in reading a great deal aloud, without making a translation; devoting one hour every day to writing essays upon subjects that interest one, correcting these under a teacher’s supervision, learning them by heart, and repeating in the next lesson what was corrected on the previous day. My memory was bad, since from my childhood it had not been exercised upon any object; but I made use of every moment, and even stole time for study. I never went on my errands, even in the rain, without having my book in my hand and learning something by heart; and I never waited at the post-office without reading. By such means I gradually strengthened my memory, and in half a year I had succeeded in acquiring a thorough knowledge of the English language. I then applied the same method to the study of French, the difficulties of which I overcame likewise in another six months. These persevering and excessive studies had in the course of one year strengthened my memory to such a degree that the study of Dutch, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese appeared very easy, and it did not take me more than six weeks to write each of these languages and to speak them fluently. But my passion for study caused me to neglect my mechanical occupation in the office, especially when I began to consider it beneath me. My principals would give me no promotion; they probably thought that a person who shows his incapacity for the business of a servant in an office is therefore quite worthless for any higher duties.
At last, through the intercession of my worthy friends, L. Stoll of Mannheim and Ballauff of Bremen, I had the good fortune to obtain a situation as correspondent and bookkeeper in the office of Messrs. B. H. Schröder and Co. in Amsterdam, who engaged me at a salary of 1200 francs (48_l._); but when they saw my zeal, they paid me 2000 francs as an encouragement. This generosity, for which I shall ever be grateful to them, was in fact the foundation of my prosperity; for, as I thought that I could make myself still more useful by a knowledge of Russian, I set to work to learn that language also. But the only Russian books that I could procure were an old grammar, a lexicon, and a bad translation of Telemachus. In spite of all my inquiries I could not find a teacher of Russian, for no one in Amsterdam understood a word of the language: so I betook myself to study without a master, and, with the help of the grammar, I learnt the Russian letters and their pronunciation in a few days. Then, following my old method, I began to write short stories of my own composition and to learn them off by heart. As I had no one to correct my work, it was, no doubt, very bad indeed, but I tried at the same time to correct my faults by the practical exercise of learning Telemachus by heart. It occurred to me that I should make more progress if I had some one to whom I could relate the adventures of Telemachus; so I hired a poor Jew for 4 francs a week, who had to come every evening for two hours to listen to my Russian recitations, of which he did not understand a syllable.
As the ceilings of the rooms in Holland consist of single boards, people on the ground-floor can hear what is said in the third storey. My recitations therefore, delivered in a loud voice, annoyed the other tenants, who complained to the landlord, and twice during my study of the Russian language I was forced to change my lodgings. But these inconveniences did not diminish my zeal, and in the course of six weeks I wrote my first Russian letter to a Russian in London, and I was able to converse fluently in this language with the Russian merchants who had come to Amsterdam for the indigo auctions.
After I had concluded my study of the Russian language, I began to occupy myself seriously with the literatures of the languages which I had learnt.
In the beginning of the year 1846, my worthy principals sent me as their agent to St. Petersburg, where a year later I established a mercantile house on my own account; but, during the first eight or nine years that I spent in Russia, I was so overwhelmed with work that I could not continue my linguistic studies, and it was not till the year 1854 that I found it possible to acquire the Swedish and Polish languages.
Great as was my wish to learn Greek, I did not venture upon its study till I had acquired a moderate fortune; for I was afraid that this language would exercise too great a fascination upon me and estrange me from my commercial business. When, however, I could no longer restrain my desire for learning, I at last set vigorously to work at Greek in January 1856; first with Mr. N. Pappadakes, and then with Mr. Th. Vimpos of Athens, always following my old method. It did not take me more than six weeks to master the difficulties of modern Greek, and I then applied myself to the ancient language, of which in three months I learned sufficient to understand some of the ancient authors, and especially Homer, whom I read and re-read with the most lively enthusiasm.
I then occupied myself for two years exclusively with the ancient Greek literature; and during this time I read almost all the old authors cursorily, and the Iliad and Odyssey several times.
In the year 1858 I travelled to Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Italy and Egypt, where I sailed up the Nile as far as the second cataract in Nubia. I availed myself of this opportunity to learn Arabic, and I afterwards travelled across the desert from Cairo to Jerusalem. I visited Petra, traversed the whole of Syria, and in this manner I had abundant opportunity of acquiring a practical knowledge of Arabic, the deeper study of which I afterwards continued in St. Petersburg. After leaving Syria, I visited Athens in the summer of 1859, and I was on the point of starting for the island of Ithaca when I was seized with an illness which obliged me to return to St. Petersburg.
Heaven had blessed my mercantile undertakings in a wonderful manner, so that at the end of 1863 I found myself in possession of a fortune such as my ambition had never ventured to aspire to. I therefore retired from business, in order to devote myself exclusively to the studies which have the greatest fascination for me.
In the year 1864 I was on the road to visit the native island of Ulysses and the Plain of Troy, when I allowed myself to be persuaded to visit India, China and Japan, and to travel round the world. I spent two years on this journey, and on my return in 1866 I settled in Paris, with the purpose of devoting the rest of my life to study, and especially to archæology, which has the greatest charm for me.
At last I was able to realize the dream of my whole life, and to visit at my leisure the scene of those events which had such an intense interest for me, and the country of the heroes whose adventures had delighted and comforted my childhood. I started, therefore, last summer, and visited in succession the places which still possess such living poetic memorials of antiquity.
I had not, however, the ambition of publishing a work on the subject; this I only decided upon doing when I found what errors almost all archæologists had spread about the site once occupied by the Homeric capital of Ithaca, about the stables of Eumæus, the Island of Asteris, ancient Troy, the sepulchral mounds of Batiea and of Æsyetes, the tomb of Hector, and so forth.
Apart from the hope of correcting opinions which I hold to be erroneous, I should consider myself fortunate could I aid in diffusing among the intelligent public a taste for the beautiful and noble studies which have sustained my courage during the hard trials of my life, and which will sweeten the days yet left me to live.
HENRY SCHLIEMANN.
_6, Place St.-Michel, Paris, Dec. 31st, 1868._
INTRODUCTION.
DIAGRAM
SHEWING THE SUCCESSIVE _STRATA_ OF REMAINS ON THE HILL OF HISSARLIK.
_Meters._ _Feet (abt.)_ _Surface._ +----+----------------------------------------------------+ 2 |////| Remains of Greek Ilium. | 2 +----+ 6½-------------------------------------------------+ 2 |\\\\| 4th Stratum. | 4 +----+ 13 ------------------------------------------------+ 3 |////| 3rd Stratum. | |////| | 7 +----+ 23 ------------------------------------------------+ 3 |\\\\| 2nd Stratum. The Troy of Homer, according | |\\\\| to Schliemann. | 10 +----+ 33 ------------------------------------------------+ 4 |////| | to |////| 1st Stratum. | 6 |////| | 14 |////| 46 ................................................| to |////| to | 16 +----+ 52½ -----------------------------------------------+ | | Native rock.
INTRODUCTION.
CONTENTS.
Form of the Work--Changing and progressive opinions due to the Novelty of the Discoveries--Chronology--Duration of the GREEK ILIUM--Four successive strata of remains beneath its ruins on the hill of _Hissarlik_--Remains of the _Earliest Settlers_, who were of the Aryan race--Symbols on their terra-cottas--The _Second Settlers_, the Trojans of Homer--The Tower of Ilium, Scæan Gate, and City Walls, covered with the ashes of a conflagration--Skeletons denoting a bloody war--The Royal Treasure--Small extent of Troy: not beyond the hill of Hissarlik--Poetical exaggerations of Homer, who only knew it by tradition--The city was wealthy and powerful, though small--Stone weapons and implements, _not_ denoting the “Stone Age"--Contemporaneous use of copper, silver, and gold, for tools, weapons, vases, and ornaments--Inscriptions proving the use of a written language--Splendid remains of pottery--Symbols proving that the Trojans were an Aryan race--Their buildings of stone and wood--Antiquity of the City--The _Third Settlers_, also of the Aryan race--Their pottery coarser--Musical instruments--Their mode of building--Fewer implements of copper, but those of stone abundant--The _Fourth Settlers_, of the Aryan race, built the _Wooden Ilium_--Their progressive decline in civilization--Some copper implements, with tools and weapons of stone--The _Greek Ilium_ built about B.C. 700: ceased to exist in the fourth century after Christ--Evidence of Coins--No Byzantine remains--The Walls of Lysimachus--Metals found in the various strata: copper and bronze, silver, gold, lead: no iron or tin--Sculptures of the Greek age--Metopé of the Sun-God--Images of the owl-faced Athena common to all the pre-Hellenic strata: their various forms--The perforated whorls of terra-cotta, with Aryan symbols--The sign of the _Suastika_ 卐--The plain whorls--Discussion of the site of Troy--Traditionally placed on that of the Greek Ilium--View of Demetrius and Strabo refuted--Opinion of Lechevalier for Bunarbashi, generally accepted, but erroneous--No remains of a great city there--The site really that of Gergis--Fragments of Hellenic pottery only--The three so-called tombs of heroes also Greek--Proposed sites at Chiplak and Akshi-Koï refuted by the absence of remains--Modern authorities in favour of Hissarlik--Ancient types of pottery still made in the Troad--Covers with owl-faces, and vases with uplifted wings--Colouring materials of the pottery--The inscriptions--The author’s relations with the Turkish Government--Professor Max Müller on the owl-headed goddess--Some probable traces of another settlement between the fourth pre-Hellenic people and the Greek colonists.
The present book is a sort of Diary of my excavations at Troy, for all the memoirs of which it consists were, as the vividness of the descriptions will prove, written down by me on the spot while proceeding with my works.[32]
If my memoirs now and then contain contradictions, I hope that these may be pardoned when it is considered that I have here revealed a new world for archæology, that the objects which I have brought to light by thousands are of a kind hitherto never or but very rarely found, and that consequently everything appeared strange and mysterious to me. Hence I frequently ventured upon conjectures which I was obliged to give up on mature consideration, till I at last acquired a thorough insight, and could draw well-founded conclusions from many actual proofs.
One of my greatest difficulties has been to make the enormous accumulation of _débris_ at Troy agree with chronology; and in this--in spite of long-searching and pondering--I have only partially succeeded. According to Herodotus (VII. 43): “Xerxes in his march through the Troad, before invading Greece (B.C. 480) arrived at the Scamander and went up to Priam’s Pergamus, as he wished to see that citadel; and, after having seen it, and inquired into its past fortunes, he sacrificed 1000 oxen to the Ilian Athena, and the Magi poured libations to the manes of the heroes.”
This passage tacitly implies that at that time a Greek colony had long since held possession of the town, and, according to Strabo’s testimony (XIII. i. 42), such a colony built Ilium during the dominion of the Lydians. Now, as the commencement of the Lydian dominion dates from the year 797 B.C., and as the Ilians seem to have been completely established there long before the arrival of Xerxes in 480 B.C., we may fairly assume that their first settlement in Troy took place about 700 B.C. The house-walls of Hellenic architecture, consisting of large stones without cement, as well as the remains of Greek household utensils, do not, however, extend in any case to a depth of more than two meters (6½ feet) in the excavations on the flat surface of the hill.
As I find in Ilium no inscriptions later than those belonging to the second century after Christ, and no coins of a later date than Constans II. and Constantine II., but very many belonging to these two emperors, as well as to Constantine the Great, it may be regarded as certain that the town began to decay even before the time of Constantine the Great, who, as is well known, at first intended to build Constantinople on that site; but that it remained an inhabited place till about the end of the reign of Constans II., that is till about A.D. 361. But the accumulation of _débris_ during this long period of 1061 years amounts only to two meters or 6½ feet, whereas we have still to dig to a depth of 12 meters or 40 feet, and in many places even to 14 meters or 46½ feet, below this, before reaching the native ground which consists of shelly limestone (_Muschelkalk_). This immense layer of _débris_ from 40 to 46½ feet thick, which has been left by the four different nations that successively inhabited the hill _before_ the arrival of the Greek colony, that is before 700 B.C., is an immensely rich _cornucopia_ of the most remarkable terra-cottas, such as have never been seen before, and of other objects which have not the most distant resemblance to the productions of Hellenic art. The question now forces itself upon us:--Whether this enormous mass of ruins may not have been brought from another place to increase the height of the hill? Such an hypothesis, as every visitor to my excavations may convince himself at the first glance, is perfectly impossible; because in all the strata of _débris_, from the native rock, at a depth of from 14 to 16 meters (46 to 52½ feet) up to 4 meters (13 feet) below the surface, we continually see remains of masonry, which rest upon strong foundations, and are the ruins of real houses; and, moreover, because all the numerous large wine, water, and funereal urns that are met with are found in an upright position. The next question is:--But how many centuries have been required to form a layer of _débris_, 40 and even 46½ feet thick, from the ruins of pre-Hellenic houses, if the formation of the uppermost one, the Greek layer of 6½ feet thick, required 1061 years? During my three years’ excavations in the depths of Troy, I have had daily and hourly opportunities of convincing myself that, from the standard of our own or of the ancient Greek mode of life, we can form no idea of the life and doings of the four nations which successively inhabited this hill before the time of the Greek settlement. They must have had a terrible time of it, otherwise we should not find the walls of one house upon the ruined remains of another, in continuous but _irregular_ succession; and it is just because we can form no idea of the way in which these nations lived and what calamities they had to endure, that it is impossible to calculate the duration of their existence, even approximately, from the thickness of their ruins. It is extremely remarkable, but perfectly intelligible from the continual calamities which befel the town, that the civilization of all the four nations constantly declined; the terra-cottas, which show continuous _décadence_, leave no doubt of this.
The first settlement on this hill of _Hissarlik_ seems, however, to have been of the longest duration, for its ruins cover the rock to a height of from 4 to 6 meters (13 to 20 feet). Its houses and walls of fortification were built of stones, large and small, joined with earth, and manifold remains of these may be seen in my excavations. I thought last year that these settlers were identical with the Trojans of whom Homer sings, because I imagined that I had found among their ruins fragments of the double cup, the Homeric “δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον.” From closer examination, however, it has become evident that these fragments were the remains of simple cups with a hollow stem, which can never have been used as a second cup. Moreover, I believe that in my memoirs of this year (1873) I have sufficiently proved that Aristotle (_Hist. Anim._, IX. 40) is wrong in assigning to the Homeric “δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον” the form of a bee’s cell, whence this cup has ever since been erroneously interpreted as a double cup, and that it can mean nothing but a cup with a handle on either side. Cups of such a form are _never_ met with in the _débris_ of the first settlement of this hill; but they frequently occur, and in great quantities, among those of the succeeding people, and also among those of the two later nations which preceded the Greek colony on the spot. The large golden cup with two handles, weighing 600 grammes (a pound and a half), which I found in the royal treasure at the depth of 28 feet in the _débris_ of the second people, leaves no doubt of this fact.[33]
The terra-cottas which I found on the native rock, at a depth of 14 meters (46 feet), are all of a more excellent quality than any met with in the upper strata. They are of a brilliant black, red, or brown colour, ornamented with patterns cut and filled with a white substance; the flat cups have horizontal rings on two sides, the vases have generally two perpendicular rings on each side for hanging them up with cords. Of painted terra-cottas I found only one fragment.[34]
All that can be said of the first settlers is that they belonged to the Aryan race, as is sufficiently proved by the Aryan religious symbols met with in the strata of their ruins (among which we find the _Suastika_ 卐), both upon the pieces of pottery and upon the small curious terra-cottas with a hole in the centre, which have the form of the crater of a volcano or of a _carrousel_ (_i.e._ a top).[35]
The excavations made this year (1873) have sufficiently proved that the second nation which built a town on this hill, upon the _débris_ of the first settlers (which is from 13 to 20 feet deep), are the Trojans of whom Homer sings. Their _débris_ lies from 7 to 10 meters, or 23 to 33 feet, below the surface. This Trojan stratum, which, without exception, bears marks of great heat, consists mainly of red ashes of wood, which rise from 5 to 10 feet above the Great Tower of Ilium, the double Scæan Gate, and the great enclosing Wall, the construction of which Homer ascribes to Poseidon and Apollo; and they show that the town was destroyed by a fearful conflagration. How great the heat must have been is clear also from the large slabs of stone upon the road leading from the double Scæan Gate down to the Plain: for when I laid this road open a few months ago, all the slabs appeared as uninjured as if they had been put down quite recently; but after they had been exposed to the air for a few days, the slabs of the upper part of the road, to the extent of some 10 feet, which had been exposed to the heat, began to crumble away, and they have now almost disappeared, while those of the lower portion of the road, which had not been touched by the fire, have remained uninjured, and seem to be indestructible. A further proof of the terrible catastrophe is furnished by a stratum of scoriæ of melted lead and copper, from 1/5 to 1-1/5 of an inch thick, which extends nearly through the whole hill at a depth of from 28 to 29½ feet. That Troy was destroyed by enemies after a bloody war is further attested by the many human bones which I found in these heaps of _débris_, and above all by the skeletons with helmets, found in the depths of the temple of Athena;[36] for, as we know from Homer, all corpses were burnt and the ashes were preserved in urns. Of such urns I have found an immense number in all the pre-Hellenic strata on the hill. Lastly, the Treasure, which some member of the royal family had probably endeavoured to save during the destruction of the city, but was forced to abandon, leaves no doubt that the city was destroyed by the hands of enemies. I found this Treasure on the large enclosing wall by the side of the royal palace, at a depth of 27½ feet, and covered with red Trojan ashes from 5 to 6½ feet in depth, above which was a post-Trojan wall of fortification 19½ feet high.
Trusting to the data of the Iliad, the exactness of which I used to believe in as in the Gospel itself, I imagined that _Hissarlik_, the hill which I have ransacked for three years, was the Pergamus of the city, that Troy must have had 50,000 inhabitants, and that its area must have extended over the whole space occupied by the Greek colony of Ilium.[37]
Notwithstanding this, I was determined to investigate the matter accurately, and I thought that I could not do so in any better way than by making borings. I accordingly began cautiously to dig at the extreme ends of the Greek Ilium; but these borings down to the native rock brought to light only walls of houses, and fragments of pottery belonging to the Greek period,--not a trace of the remains of the preceding occupants. In making these borings, therefore, I gradually came nearer to the fancied Pergamus, but without any better success; till at last as many as seven shafts, which I dug at the very foot of the hill down to the rock, produced only Greek masonry and fragments of Greek pottery. I now therefore assert most positively that Troy was limited to the small surface of this hill; that its area is accurately marked by its great surrounding wall, laid open by me in many places; that the city had no Acropolis, and that the Pergamus is a pure invention of Homer; and further that the area of Troy in post-Trojan times down to the Greek settlement was only increased so far as the hill was enlarged by the _débris_ that was thrown down, but that the Ilium of the Greek colony had a much larger extent at the time of its foundation.[38]
Though, however, we find on the one hand that we have been deceived in regard to the size of Troy, yet on the other we must feel great satisfaction in the certainty, now at length ascertained, that Troy really existed, that the greater portion of this Troy has been brought to light by me, and that the Iliad--although on an exaggerated scale--sings of this city and of the fact of its tragic end. Homer, however, is no historian, but an epic poet, and hence we must excuse his exaggerations.
As Homer is so well informed about the topography and the climatic conditions of the Troad, there can surely be no doubt that he had himself visited Troy. But, as he was there long after its destruction, and its site had moreover been buried deep in the _débris_ of the ruined town, and had for centuries been built over by a new town, Homer could neither have seen the Great Tower of Ilium nor the Scæan Gate, nor the great enclosing Wall, nor the palace of Priam; for, as every visitor to the Troad may convince himself by my excavations, the ruins and red ashes of Troy alone--forming a layer of from five to ten feet thick--covered all these remains of immortal fame; and this accumulation of _débris_ must have been much more considerable at the time of Homer’s visit. Homer made no excavations so as to bring those remains to light, but he knew of them from tradition; for the tragic fate of Troy had for centuries been in the mouths of all minstrels, and the interest attached to it was so great that, as my excavations have proved, tradition itself gave the exact truth in many details. Such, for instance, is the memory of the Scæan Gate in the Great Tower of Ilium, and the constant use of the name Scæan Gate in the plural, because it had to be described as double,[39] and in fact it has been proved to be a double gate. According to the lines in the Iliad (XX. 307, 308), it now seems to me extremely probable that, at the time of Homer’s visit, the King of Troy declared that his race was descended in a direct line from Æneas.[40]
Now as Homer never saw Ilium’s Great Tower, nor the Scæan Gate, and could not imagine that these buildings lay buried deep beneath his feet, and as he probably imagined Troy to have been very large--according to the then existing poetical legends--and perhaps wished to describe it as still larger, we cannot be surprised that he makes Hector descend from the palace in the Pergamus and hurry through the town in order to arrive at the Scæan Gate; whereas that gate and Ilium’s Great Tower, in which it stands, are in reality directly in front of the royal house. That this house is really the king’s palace seems evident from its size, from the thickness of its stone walls, in contrast to those of the other houses of the town, which are built almost exclusively of unburnt bricks, and from its imposing situation upon an artificial hill directly in front of or beside the Scæan Gate, the Great Tower, and the great surrounding Wall. This is confirmed by the many splendid objects found in its ruins, especially the enormous royally ornamented vase with the picture of the owl-headed goddess Athena, the tutelary divinity of Ilium (see No. 219, p. 307); and lastly, above all other things, by the rich Treasure found close by it (Plate II.). I cannot, of course, prove that the name of this king, the owner of this treasure, was really PRIAM; but I give him this name because he is so called by Homer and in all the traditions. All that I can prove is, that the palace of the owner of this treasure, this last Trojan king, perished in the great catastrophe, which destroyed the Scæan Gate, the great surrounding Wall, and the Great Tower, and which desolated the whole city. I can prove, by the enormous quantities of red and yellow calcined Trojan ruins, from five to ten feet in height, which covered and enveloped these edifices, and by the many post-Trojan buildings, which were again erected upon these calcined heaps of ruins, that neither the palace of the owner of the Treasure, nor the Scæan Gate, nor the great surrounding Wall, nor Ilium’s Great Tower, were ever again brought to light. A city, whose king possessed such a treasure, was immensely wealthy, considering the circumstances of those times; and because Troy was rich, it was powerful, had many subjects, and obtained auxiliaries from all quarters.
Troy had therefore no separate Acropolis; but as one was necessary for the great deeds of the Iliad, it was added by the poetical invention of Homer, and called by him Pergamus, a word of quite unknown derivation.
Last year I ascribed the building of the Great Tower of Ilium to the first occupants of the hill; but I have long since come to the firm conviction that it is the work of the second people, the Trojans, because it is upon the north side only, within the Trojan stratum of ruins, and from 16 to 19½ feet above the native soil, that it is made of actual masonry. I have, in my letters, repeatedly drawn attention to the fact, that the terra-cottas which I found upon the Tower can only be compared with those found at a depth of from 36 to 46 feet. This, however, applies only to the beauty of the clay and the elegance of the vessels, but in no way to their types, which, as the reader may convince himself from the illustrations to this work, are utterly different from the pottery of the first settlers.
It has been hitherto thought that the occurrence of stone implements indicates the “Age of Stone.” My excavations here in Troy, however, prove this opinion to be completely erroneous; for I very frequently find implements of stone even immediately below the _débris_ belonging to the Greek colony, that is at a depth of 6½ feet, and they occur in very great quantities from a depth of 13 feet downwards. Those, however, in the Trojan _stratum_, from 23 to 33 feet below the surface, are in general of much better workmanship than those above. I wish to draw attention to the fact that unfortunately, when writing the present book, I made the mistake, which is now inconceivable to me, of applying the name of _wedges_ to those splendidly-cut weapons and implements, the greater part of which are made of diorite, but frequently also of very hard and transparent green stone, such as are given here and in several later illustrations. They are, however, as anyone can convince himself, not wedges but axes, and the majority of them must have been used as battle-axes. Many, to judge from their form, seem to be excellently fitted to be employed as lances, and may have been used as such. I have collected many hundreds of them. But, together with the thousands of stone implements, I found also many of copper; and the frequently discovered moulds of mica-schist for casting copper weapons and implements, as well as the many small crucibles, and small roughly made bowls, spoons, and funnels for filling the moulds, prove that this metal was much used. The strata of copper and lead scoriæ, met with at a depth of from 28 to 29½ feet, leave no doubt that this was the case. It must be observed that all the copper articles met with are of pure copper, without the admixture of any other metal.[41] Even the king’s Treasure contained, besides other articles made of this metal, a shield with a large boss in the centre; a great caldron; a kettle or vase; a long slab with a silver vase welded on to it by the conflagration; and many fragments of other vases.[42]
This Treasure of the supposed mythical king Priam, of the mythical heroic age, which I discovered at a great depth in the ruins of the supposed mythical Troy, is at all events a discovery which stands alone in archæology, revealing great wealth, great civilization and a great taste for art, in an age preceding the discovery of bronze, when weapons and implements of pure copper were employed contemporaneously with enormous quantities of stone weapons and implements. This treasure further leaves no doubt that Homer must have actually seen gold and silver articles, such as he continually describes; it is, in every respect, of inestimable value to science, and will for centuries remain the object of careful investigation.
Unfortunately upon none of the articles of the Treasure do I find an inscription, or any other religious symbols, except the 100 idols of the Homeric “θεὰ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη,” which glitter upon the two diadems and the four ear-rings. These are, however, an irrefragable proof that the Treasure belongs to the city and to the age of which Homer sings.
Yet a written language was not wanting at that time. For instance, I found at a depth of 26 feet, in the royal palace, the vase with an inscription, of which a drawing is here given; and I wish to call especial attention to the fact, that of the characters occurring in it, the letter like the Greek P occurs also in the inscription on a seal, found at the depth of 23 feet; the second and third letter to the left of this upon a whorl of terra-cotta,[43] likewise found at a depth of 23 feet; and the third letter also upon two small funnels of terra-cotta, from a depth of 10 feet (see p. 191). I further found in the royal palace the excellent engraved inscription on a piece of red slate; but I see here only one character resembling one of the letters of the inscription on the above-mentioned seal. My friend the great Indian scholar, Émile Burnouf, conjectures that all these characters belong to a very ancient Græco-Asiatic local alphabet. Professor H. Brunn, of Munich, writes to me that he has shown these inscriptions to Professor Haug, and that he has pointed out their relationship and connection with the Phœnician alphabet (from which the Greek alphabet is however derived), and has found certain analogies between them and the inscription on the bronze table which was found at Idalium in Cyprus, and is now in the _Cabinet des Médailles_ in Paris. Professor Brunn adds that the connection of things found at Troy with those found in Cyprus is in no way surprising, but may be very well reconciled with Homer, and that at all events particular attention should be paid to this connection, for, in his opinion, Cyprus is the cradle of Greek art, or, so to speak, the caldron in which Asiatic, Egyptian, and Greek ingredients were brewed together, and out of which, at a later period, Greek art came forth as the clear product.
I find in these Trojan layers of _débris_ an abundance of splendid pottery, and more especially large and small cups with two handles, or with one from below in the form of a crown;[44] vases with rings on the sides and with holes in the same direction in the lip, for hanging them up by cords; all kinds of domestic utensils; also a beautifully ornamented flute made of bone, several pieces of other flutes, and a splendidly ornamented piece of ivory, which is part of a lyre _with only four strings_.
Like the first settlers on this sacred spot, the Trojans also were of the Aryan race; for I find among their remains enormous quantities of the small articles of terra-cotta in the form of volcanoes and tops (_carrousels_), with carvings of Aryan religious symbols.
The building materials of the Trojans are of various kinds. With but few exceptions, all the house-walls which I have uncovered are composed of unburnt sun-dried bricks, which in the heat of the conflagration have become a kind of really burnt bricks. But the royal palace and two small buildings in the depths of the temple of Athena, as well as the Great Tower of Ilium, the Scæan Gate, and the great enclosing Wall, are generally composed of unhewn stones joined with earth, the less rough face of the stones being turned to the outside, so that the walls have a tolerably smooth appearance.
I thought last year, upon uncovering the Great Tower of Ilium, that it must have been at one time higher than it now is, namely 6 meters or 20 feet; but its flat-built top beside the Scæan Gate, and the _benches_ (not ruins, as I formerly thought) afterwards found upon it, prove that it can never have been higher.[45] I would draw especial attention to the fact, that the masonry of the Scæan Gate, upon being uncovered, looked as wonderfully fresh as if it had been erected quite recently. It is quite certain that it possessed strong wooden fortifications, and probably also a wooden tower above the gateway; for otherwise it is inexplicable to me how the entrance of the Gate can have been covered to the height of 10 feet by those red Trojan wood-ashes, and especially how it was that there, far from the other buildings, the heat should have been so great that even the thick slabs of stone have been destroyed by it.
Homer speaks of Troy as having been destroyed by Hercules previous to the Trojan war,[46] and it will ever remain an enigma to us whether this information, which had been preserved by traditions down to his time, really refers to the Ilium of Priam, or to the very ancient town of the first settlers.
As to the chronology of Troy, we have only the general supposition of antiquity that the Trojan War occurred about B.C. 1200, and Homer’s statement (_Iliad_, XX. 215-237) that Dardanus, the first Trojan King, founded Dardania, which town I agree with Virgil and Euripides in considering identical with Ilium, and that after him it was governed by his son Erichthonius, and then by his grandson Tros, by his great-grandson Ilus, and then by his son Laomedon, and by his grandson Priam. Even if we allow every one of these six kings a long reign of 33 years, we nevertheless scarcely carry the foundation of the town beyond 1400 B.C., that is 700 years before the Greek colony.
The site of Troy, which at the time of its foundation was 10 meters (about 33 feet) below the present surface, was only 7 meters (23 feet) below it after its destruction, when Ilium was again rebuilt by another people of Aryan origin; for, in the _débris_ of this people, which extends to a depth of from 7 to 4 meters (23 to 13 feet) below the present surface, I find the same objects of terra-cotta with religious symbols.
On the photographic plates of the Atlas I have carefully stated the depth at which every object was found, so that it is very easy to find out which of them belong to this people.[47] Their pottery resembles that of the Trojans, but it is worse and coarser, and we meet with many new types. Almost all their vases have a tube on either side for hanging them up by cords. I here found, at a depth of 16½ feet, part of a lyre made of stone, with six strings; and at a depth of 13 feet the beautifully ornamented ivory piece of another lyre, with seven strings, here shown.
The architecture of this people, as may be seen from the many house-walls which I have uncovered, was always of small stones joined with earth. Yet in two places in the depths of the temple of Athena there is a wall of sun-dried bricks, which appears to belong to this nation. Their houses were smaller, and less wood was employed in their construction than in those of the Trojans; for, although the ruins of houses lying one upon another show that several great convulsions have taken place, still we find here far fewer charred ruins than among those of the preceding people; nay, these layers of _débris_ have in the majority of cases a grey or black appearance, and they contain millions of small mussel-shells, bones, fish-bones, and so forth. It is curious that in these strata certain types of terra-cottas are only found exactly at the same depth, and that, for instance, the splendid _black_ cups in the form of an hourglass, and with two large handles, are confined to a depth of 6 meters (nearly 20 feet).
During the first two years of my excavations, at the depth of from 4 to 7 meters (13 to 23 feet), I found scarcely any copper, and consequently I believed that the metal was but rarely, if at all, known to this people. This year, however, I found a number of copper nails in this stratum, as well as some knives and battle-axes, together with moulds of mica-schist for casting them, besides other weapons and implements.[48] Yet copper must have been rare with them; for stone implements, such as knives of silex, hammers and axes of diorite, and so forth, are found by thousands.
This people also seem to have disappeared simultaneously with the destruction of their town; for not only do I find, at a depth of from 4 meters up to 2 meters (13 to 6½ feet), many new types of terra-cotta vessels, but I no longer find any remains of house-walls; nay, even single stones are scarcely ever met with. At all events, directly after its destruction, the town was rebuilt of wood by another tribe of the Aryan race; for the small terra-cottas, adorned with Aryan religious symbols, although frequently of new types, occur in numbers in these layers of _débris_. Walls of fortification are indeed met with in these depths, but they had been built by the preceding people; as, for instance, the wall 19½ feet in height, whose base is at a depth of 5 to 6½ feet above the treasure, and which reached to within 1¼ ft. of the surface. This _wooden Ilium_ was, to all appearance, still less fortunate than the stone town of its predecessors; for, as is proved by the numerous calcined layers of _débris_, it was frequently desolated by fire. Whether these fires broke out accidentally, or were kindled by the hands of enemies, must for ever remain a riddle to us; but thus much is certain and evident from the terra-cottas found at these depths, that the civilization of the people, which had been but slight from the beginning, continued to decrease during the perpetual misfortunes of their town. I find, among the ruins of this nation, lances, battle-axes, and implements, of pure copper, and moulds for casting them; likewise a number of copper nails, which, however--as in the case of the preceding peoples who have inhabited this hill--are too long and thin to have been employed for fastening wood together, and must in all probability have been used as brooches: this seems to be proved by two nails of this kind on the top of which I found rows of perforated beads of gold or _electrum_ soldered upon them. These two copper nails were, it is true, found immediately below the surface, but they must in any case belong to the pre-Hellenic time.
In the ruins of this people, at a depth of from 13 to 6½ feet, we also meet with stone implements, such as hammers, splendidly polished axes and battle-axes of diorite, but considerably fewer than in the preceding stratum.
When the surface of the hill was about 2 meters (6½ feet) lower than it is now, Ilium was built by a Greek colony; and we have already endeavoured to prove that this settlement must have been founded about the year 700 B.C. From that time we find the remains of Hellenic house-walls of large hewn stones joined without cement. From about 1 meter (3¼ feet) below the surface, and upwards, there are also ruins of buildings, the stones of which are joined with cement or lime. We also meet with great numbers of copper coins of Ilium of the time of the Roman empire, from Augustus to Constans II. and Constantine II.; likewise older Ilian coins with the image of Athena, and medals of Alexandria Troas; also with some coins of Tenedos, Ophrynium and Sigeum, in some few cases at 3¼ feet, but generally at less than 20 inches below the surface. I once remarked erroneously that Byzantine coins were also met with here near the surface. But in my three years’ excavations I have not found a single medal of a later date than Constans II. and Constantine II., except two bad coins belonging to a Byzantine monastery, which may have been lost by shepherds; and, as there is here not the remotest trace of Byzantine masonry or of Byzantine pottery, it may be regarded as certain that the Ilium of the Greek colony was destroyed towards the middle of the fourth century after Christ, and that no village, much less a town, has ever again been built upon its site. The wall I mentioned in my memoir of the 1st of March, 1873,[49] as consisting of Corinthian pillars joined with cement, and which I believed to have belonged to the Middle Ages, must be referred to the time of Constantine I. or to Constans II., when the temple of Athena was destroyed by the pious zeal of the first Christians.
Of the walls and fortifications of the Greek colony, almost the only portions that have been preserved are those which were apparently built by Lysimachus. The lower and prominent portion of the wall of the Tower belongs to more ancient times, probably to the beginning of the Greek colony. Of great political convulsions or catastrophes there seem now to have been but few or none at all; for the accumulation of _débris_ during the long duration of the Greek colony, about 10½ centuries, amounts only to 2 meters (6½ feet).
Curiously enough, I find extremely little metal in the _débris_ of the Greek colony. Half-a-dozen scythe-shaped knives, a double-edged axe, about two dozen nails, a cup, a few lances and arrows, are pretty nearly all that I discovered. I have described these objects in my memoirs as made of copper; but upon a more careful examination they have been found to be bronze, and pure copper is no longer met with in the Greek colony. The only objects of iron which I found were a key of curious shape, and a few arrows and nails, close to the surface. From Homer we know that the Trojans also possessed iron, as well as the metal which he calls κύανος, and which, even in antiquity, was translated by χάλυψ (steel). I am sure, however, that I have not discovered even a trace of this metal, either among the Trojan ruins or among those of any of the other nations which preceded the Greek colony on the hill.[50] Yet articles of iron and steel may have existed: I believe positively that they did exist: but they have vanished without leaving a trace of their existence; for, as we know, iron and steel become decomposed much more readily than copper. Of tin, which Homer so repeatedly mentions, I found of course no trace: this metal, as we know, is corroded very rapidly even when lying in a dry locality. Lead is found in the ruins of all the different nations which have inhabited the hill; but, among those which preceded the Greek settlement, it is found principally in lumps of a hemispherical form. I find it first in general use only in the Greek colony, where it was employed as a means for uniting stones in building.
To judge from the area of the Ilium of the Greek colony,[51] it may have possessed 100,000 inhabitants. It must in its best days have been very rich, and the plastic art must have attained a high degree of perfection here. Accordingly the site of the town, which is covered with abundant relics of grand buildings, is strewn with fragments of excellent sculptures, and the splendid block of triglyphs--6½ feet in length and 2 feet 10 inches in height, with a _metopé_ which represents Phœbus Apollo with the four horses of the Sun--is one of the most glorious masterpieces that have been preserved from the time when Greek art was in its zenith. I discovered it in the depths of the temple of Apollo, and it now adorns my garden at Athens. In describing this treasure of art in my memoir of the 18th of June, 1872,[52] directly after having discovered it, I made the remark that it must have belonged to the time of Lysimachus, that is to say to about the year 306 B.C. I sent a plaster cast of it to the Museum of Casts in Munich, and the Director of the Museum, Professor H. Brunn, who is certainly one of the greatest authorities in the world respecting the plastic works of antiquity, wrote me the following communication with regard to it. “Even photographs furnish no adequate means of judging of plastic works, and, in the present case, the cast alone has quite convinced me that this work must be judged much more favourably than it has been in the ‘Archäologische Zeitung.’ I do not venture to speak decidedly about the triglyphs: the history of the Doric style after the time of the Parthenon and the Propylæa is still utterly obscure: yet the straight cutting of the channellings can certainly be referred to pre-Roman times. Of external criteria the halo of rays is the only one. According to the investigations of Stephani,[53] this first occurs about the time of Alexander the Great. For the special form of long and short rays, we have the coins of Alexander I., of Epirus and of Ceos (Carthæa), mentioned by Curtius. The most recent example that I have as yet found is the Hades vase of Canosa, in our Museum, which belongs _at latest_ to the second century before Christ; hence the extreme termini for the relief would be about the end of the fourth and the middle of the second centuries. The composition, as a work of art, shows the greatest skill in solving one of the most difficult problems. For the team of four horses ought _not_ to move on the surface of the relief, but to appear as if it came out of it in a half-turn. This has been attained principally by making the right hinder thigh of the horse in the foreground pressed back while the left foot steps forward, and moreover this same horse is slightly foreshortened, and the surface of the thigh lies deeper than the upper surface of the triglyphs, while, on the other hand, the surfaces of the withers and of the neck are higher, and the head, in conformity with the rules of Greek reliefs, is again almost parallel with the base. For this reason there is no indication of a chariot, which has to be imagined as concealed by the foremost horse. Moreover the position of the god is half turned forwards, slightly following that of the head, and here also the arm is again strongly turned inwards, but not so as to bring the position in conflict with the rules of relief. If the encroachment of the head on the upper border of the triglyph is considered inaccurate, I find in this a very happy thought, which may remind us of the differently conceived pediment of the Parthenon, where only the head and shoulders of Helios rise out of the chariot still under the ocean. Helios here, so to speak, bursts forth from the gates of day and sheds the light of his glory over all. These are beauties peculiar only to Greek art in the fulness of its power. The execution corresponds perfectly with the excellence of the ideas, and thus I do not hesitate to place the relief nearer to the commencement than to the end of the above limited space of time. If, therefore, for other reasons, you believe it to belong to the time of Lysimachus, I, from an archæological point of view, have no objection to make against the supposition, but I rejoice to see our treasure of monuments enriched by an original from those times.”
I have already proved the relationship of the four different peoples, who inhabited the site of Troy before the arrival of the Greek colony, by the small terra-cottas in the form of volcanoes and tops which are met with in quantities in all of the strata, and by the similarity of the Aryan religious symbols engraved upon them. I prove this relationship further, and above all, by the plastic representations of Athena, the owl-faced tutelary goddess of Ilium, for this representation is common to all the four nations which preceded the Greek colony. Immediately below the strata of the last, at a depth of 2 meters (6½ feet), I found this owl’s face upon terra-cotta cups with a kind of helmet, which likewise occur in all the succeeding layers of _débris_ to a depth of 12 meters (39½ feet), and are of very frequent occurrence down to a depth of 9 meters (29½ feet). These cups may, as my learned friend Émile Burnouf thinks, have served only as lids to the vases which occur contemporaneously with them, and which have two up-raised wings, and the breasts and abdomen of a woman, for they fit these vases perfectly. I found likewise in all the layers of _débris_, from a depth of 3 meters (nearly 10 feet) down to a depth of 10 meters (33 feet), vases with owls’ faces, two upraised wings (not arms, as I formerly thought), and the two large breasts and abdomen of a woman, and even, at a depth of 6 meters (nearly 20 feet), a vase upon which the navel is ornamented with a cross and four nails. As far down as a depth of 14 meters (46 feet) I found the upper portion of a vase and the fragment of a dish adorned with owls’ faces. Besides these, in all the layers of _débris_, from a depth of 6½ feet downwards, as far as the primary soil, there were found idols of very fine marble, of bone, of mica-schist, of slate, and even of ordinary limestone, which are from ¼ of an inch to 7¼ inches in length, and from 0·6 of an inch to 4·8 inches in breadth. Upon a great many of these there is an owl’s face, and some have even long female hair engraved upon them; many also have a woman’s girdle. As upon several of the idols, upon which I find the owl’s head, it is not cut, but represented in a red or black colour, I presume that this was once the case with all the idols which now possess no indications of an owl, and that the colour upon these latter has been destroyed by damp, during the course of thousands of years. Upon several idols of marble and bone there are mere indications of wings on the sides. But I also find the petrified vertebra of an antediluvian animal upon which the Trojans have carved a large owl’s head. Further, at a depth of 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 14 meters (10, 13, 20, 23, 26, 30 and 46 feet), I found twelve idols of terra-cotta, and all, with only one exception, have owls’ faces upon them; most of them also have the two breasts of a woman, and upon the back traces of long female hair. One of these owl-headed idols has the form of a vessel, with a funnel on each side in the shape of a smaller vessel; the front part of the body of the goddess, up to the neck, is covered by a long shield, and on the back of the body there is the long female hair hanging down, like that of the Karyatides in the Acropolis of Athens. Upon several of these terra-cotta idols there are indications of wings.
These owl-faced female figures, which occur so frequently upon the cups, vases and idols, can represent but one goddess, and this goddess can be none other than Athena, _the tutelary goddess of Troy_, all the more so as Homer continually calls her “θεὰ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη;” for “γλαυκῶπις” has been wrongly translated by the scholars of every century, and does not signify “with bright and sparkling eyes,” but “_with the face of an owl_.” The natural conclusion, in the first place, is that Homer perfectly well knew that the owl-faced Athena was the tutelary goddess of Troy; secondly, that the locality whose depths I have ransacked for three years must be the spot “ubi Troja fuit;” and thirdly, that, in the progress of civilization, Pallas Athena received a human face, and her former owl’s head was transformed into her favourite bird, the owl, which as such is quite unknown to Homer. At a depth of from 4 to 9 meters (13 to 29½ feet), I also found some vases and cups with a human face, but which have a good deal of the owl about them.
As I did not find a trace of the owl’s face among the ruins of the Greek colony, we may regard it as certain that it had already advanced beyond the civilization of the old Ilians of whose town it took possession, and that it brought the idea of the goddess with a human face with it to Troy.
With regard to the often mentioned perforated terra-cottas in the form of a top and the crater of a volcano, adorned with Aryan religious symbols, it is possible that their original form was that of a wheel, for they occur frequently in this shape upon the primary rock at a depth of from 14 to 16 meters (46 to 52½ feet).[54] In the upper layers of _débris_, these objects in the form of wheels are indeed rare, but the representation of the wheel in motion, effected by the incisions being more numerous, still occurs very frequently.[55] In spite of all my searching and pondering, I have not yet succeeded in arriving at an opinion as to what these extremely interesting objects were used for. As has now become evident by the excavation of the temple of Athena, it is only among the pre-Hellenic peoples that they were adorned with Aryan symbols. In the Greek colony these occur but rarely; they are of a different form, and they possess no trace of carved decorations; instead of these, we find the much larger objects of terra-cotta, round, and twice perforated, which occasionally bear the mark of a kind of stamp.[56]
Through the kindness of my friend Professor Giuseppe G. Bianconi in Bologna, I have received the drawings of ten similar round articles of terra-cotta in the form of the top or volcano, which are preserved in the Museum of Modena, and were found in the terramares of that district, in the lake-habitations of the stone age. To my extreme astonishment, I found that six of them possessed the same ornamental carvings which I found upon the articles of the same form here in Troy. Three of them have a circle round the central sun, a triple cross, which, as I have endeavoured minutely to explain in my sixth memoir, was the symbol of the two pieces of wood of our Aryan forefathers for producing the holy fire, and is an emblem of the highest importance. The fourth represents one of these machines for producing fire with five ends, and Indian scholars may possibly find that one of the staves represents the piece of wood called “pramantha,” with which fire was generated by friction, and which the Greeks at a later time transformed into their Prometheus, who, as they imagined, stole fire from heaven. The fifth represents a somewhat different form of the fire producer of our remote ancestors; and the sixth has twelve circles round the central sun. Probably these are the twelve stations of the sun which are so frequently mentioned in the Rigvêda, and which are personified by the twelve Adityas, the sons of Adity (the Indivisible or Infinite Space), and represent the twelve signs of the Zodiac.
The same friend has also sent me drawings of eighteen similar round terra-cottas found in the graves of the cemetery in Villanova, and now in the Museum of Count Gozzadini in Bologna. As the count found an “aes rude” in one of the graves, he thinks that the cemetery, like it, belongs to the time of King Numa, that is, to about 700 years before Christ. G. de Mortillet,[57] however, ascribes a much greater age to the cemetery. But, at all events, fifteen of the eighteen drawings lying before me have a modern appearance compared with the ten in the Museum of Modena, and compared with my small terra-cottas in the form of tops, volcanoes, and wheels, found in Troy; for not only the decorations, but the forms also of the articles are very much more elaborate. Only three of the eighteen articles show a shape and decorations like those met with in Troy. All three have the form of a top: the first has seven suns in a circle round the central sun; the second has two crosses, one of which is formed by four stars, the other by four lines. The third has five triangles and five stars in the circle round the central point. The comparison of these eighteen articles with those from Troy convinces me that Count Gozzadini is right in ascribing no greater age to the cemetery of Villanova than 700 B.C.
But besides the articles ornamented with religious symbols, we meet in Troy with thousands of terra-cottas of a similar, but in most cases more lengthened form, with no decorations whatever; at a depth of 3 metres (10 feet), they occur also in the shape of cones.[58] Formerly, at a depth of 10 feet, I found similar pieces in blue or green stone, which I have also recently met with frequently at a depth of from 23 to 33 feet. Among the unembellished terra-cottas of this description I find some, but scarcely more than 2 per cent., which show signs of wear, and may have been used on spindles. The pieces adorned with carvings, on the other hand, never show signs of any kind of wear, and the symbols engraved upon them are filled with white clay so as to make them more striking to the eye.[59] This white clay must have disappeared directly, if the pieces had been used on spindles or as coins. They cannot have been worn as amulets, on account of their size and weight: I am therefore forced to believe that they were employed as offerings, or that they were worshipped as idols of the Sun, whose image is seen in the centre.
Unfortunately, owing to the great extent of my excavations, the hurry in which they were carried on, and the hardness of the _débris_, by far the greater portion of the terra-cotta vessels found by me in the depths of Ilium were brought out more or less broken. But everything that could in any way be repaired I have restored by means of shell-lac and gypsum, and in this state they are represented in the drawings.[60] In all cases where I found a piece broken off and wanting, I restored it according to the model of other vessels of the same kind which I obtained in an unbroken condition; but where such models were wanting, or where I had the slightest doubt, I did not attempt to restore the articles.
The town of Ilium, upon whose site I have been digging for more than three years, boasted itself to be the successor of Troy; and as throughout antiquity the belief in the identity of its site with that of the ancient city of Priam was firmly established and not doubted by anyone, it is clear that the whole course of tradition confirms this identity. At last Strabo lifted up his voice against it; though, as he himself admits, he had never visited the Plain of Troy, and he trusted to the accounts of Demetrius of Scepsis, which were suggested by vanity. According to Strabo,[61] this Demetrius maintained that his native town of Scepsis had been the residence of Æneas, and he envied Ilium the honour of having been the metropolis of the Trojan kingdom. He therefore put forward the following view of the case:--that Ilium and its environs did not contain space enough for the great deeds of the Iliad; that the whole plain which separated the city from the sea was alluvial land, and that it was not formed until after the time of the Trojan war. As another proof that the locality of the two cities could not be the same, he adds that Achilles and Hector ran three times round Troy, whereas one could not run round Ilium on account of the continuous mountain ridge (διὰ τὴν συνεχῆ ῥάχην). For all of these reasons he says that ancient Troy must be placed on the site of the “Village of the Ilians” (Ἰλιέων κώμη), 30 stadia or 3 geographical miles from Ilium and 42 stadia from the coast, although he is obliged to admit that not the faintest trace of the city has been preserved.[62]
Strabo, with his peculiarly correct judgment, would assuredly have rejected all these erroneous assertions of Demetrius of Scepsis, had he himself visited the Plain of Troy, for they can easily be refuted.
I have to remark that it is quite easy to run round the site of Troy; further, that the distance from Ilium to the coast, in a straight line, is about 4 miles, while the distance in a straight line north-west to the promontory of Sigeum (and at this place tradition, as late as Strabo’s time, fixed the site of the Greek encampment) amounts to about 4½ miles. For Strabo says:[63] “Next to Rhœteum may be seen the ruined town of Sigeum, the port of the Achæans, the Achæan camp, and the marsh or lake called Stomalimne, and the mouth of the Scamander.”
In November, 1871, I made excavations upon the site of the “Ἰλιέων κώμη,” the results of which completely refute the theory of Demetrius of Scepsis; for I found everywhere the primary soil at a depth of less than a foot and a half; and the continuous ridge on the one side of the site, which appeared to contain the ruins of a large town-wall, consisted of nothing but pure granulated earth, without any admixture of ruins.
In the year 1788, Lechevalier visited the plain of Troy, and was so enthusiastically in favour of the theory that the site of Homer’s Troy was to be found at the village of Bunarbashi and the heights behind it, that he disdained to investigate the site of Ilium: this is evident from his work ‘Voyage de la Troade’ (3e éd., Paris, 1802) and from the accompanying map, in which he most absurdly calls this very ancient town “Ilium Novum,” and transposes it to the other side of the Scamander, beside _Kumkaleh_, close to the sea and about 4 miles from its true position. This theory, that the site of Troy can only be looked for in the village of Bunarbashi and upon the heights behind it, was likewise maintained by the following scholars: by Rennell, ‘Observations on the Topography of the Plain of Troy’ (London, 1814); by P. W. Forchhammer in the ‘Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,’ vol. xii., 1842; by Mauduit, ‘Découvertes dans la Troade’ (Paris et Londres, 1840); by Welcker, ‘Kleine Schriften;’ by Texier; by Choiseul-Gouffrier, ‘Voyage Pittoresque de la Grèce’ (1820); by M. G. Nikolaïdes (Paris, 1867); and by Ernst Curtius in his lecture delivered at Berlin in November, 1871, after his journey to the Troad and Ephesus, whither he was accompanied by Professors Adler and Müllenhof, and by Dr. Hirschfeldt. But, as I have explained in detail in my work, ‘Ithaque, le Péloponnèse et Troie’ (Paris, 1869), this theory is in every respect in direct opposition to all the statements of the Iliad. My excavations at Bunarbashi prove, moreover, that no town can ever have stood there; for I find everywhere the pure virgin soil at a depth of less than 5 feet, and generally immediately below the surface. I have likewise proved, by my excavations on the heights behind this village, that human dwellings can never have existed there; for I found the native rock nowhere at a greater depth than a foot and a half. This is further confirmed by the sometimes pointed, sometimes abrupt, and always anomalous form of the rocks which are seen wherever they are not covered with earth. At half-an-hour’s distance behind Bunarbashi there is, it is true, the site of quite a small town, encircled on two sides by precipices and on the other by the ruins of a surrounding wall, which town I formerly considered to be Scamandria; but one of the inscriptions found in the ruins of the temple of Athena in the Ilium of the Greek colony makes me now believe with certainty that the spot above Bunarbashi is not the site of Scamandria, but of Gergis. Moreover, the accumulation of _débris_ there is extremely insignificant, and the naked rock protrudes not only in the small Acropolis, but also in very many places of the site of the little town. Further, in all cases where there is an accumulation of _débris_, I found fragments of Hellenic pottery, and of Hellenic pottery only, down to the primary soil. As archæology cannot allow the _most ancient_ of these fragments to be any older than from 500 to 600 years before Christ, the walls of the small town--which used to be regarded as of the same age as those of Mycenæ--can certainly be no older than 500 to 600 B.C. at most.
Immediately below this little town there are three tombs of heroes, one of which has been assigned to Priam, another to Hector, because it was built entirely of small stones. The latter grave was laid open in October 1872, by Sir John Lubbock, who found it to contain nothing but painted fragments of Hellenic pottery to which the highest date that can be assigned is 300 B.C.; and these fragments tell us the age of the tomb likewise.
The late Consul J. G. von Hahn, who in May 1864, in his extensive excavations of the acropolis of Gergis down to the primary soil, only discovered the same, and nothing but exactly the same, fragments of Hellenic pottery as I found there in my small excavations, writes in his pamphlet, ‘Die Ausgrabungen des Homerischen Pergamos:’ “In spite of the diligent search which my companions and I made on the extensive northern slope of the Balidagh, from the foot of the acropolis (of Gergis) to the springs of Bunarbashi, we could not discover any indication beyond the three heroic tombs, that might have pointed to a former human settlement, not even antique fragments of pottery and pieces of brick,--those never-failing, and consequently imperishable, proofs of an ancient settlement. No pillars or other masonry, no ancient square stones, no quarry in the natural rock, no artificial levelling of the rock; on all sides the earth was in its natural state and had not been touched by human hands.”
The erroneous theory which assigns Troy to the heights of Bunarbashi could, in fact, never have gained ground, had its above-named advocates employed the few hours which they spent on the heights, and in Bunarbashi itself, in making small holes, with the aid of even a single workman.
Clarke and Barker Webb (Paris, 1844) maintained that Troy was situated on the hills of _Chiplak_. But unfortunately they also had not given themselves the trouble to make excavations there; otherwise they would have convinced themselves, with but very little trouble, that all the hills in and around Chiplak, as far as the surrounding Wall of Ilium, contain only the pure native soil.
H. N. Ulrichs[64] maintains that Troy was situated on the hills of _Atzik-Kioï_, which in my map I have called _Eski Akshi köi_. But I have examined these hills also, and found that they consist of the pure native soil. I used a spade in making these excavations, but a pocket-knife would have answered the purpose.
I cannot conceive how it is possible that the solution of the great problem, “ubi Troja fuit"--which is surely one of the greatest interest to the whole civilized world--should have been treated so superficially that, after a few hours’ visit to the Plain of Troy, men have sat down at home and written voluminous works to defend a theory, the worthlessness of which they would have perceived had they but made excavations for a single hour.
I am rejoiced that I can mention with praise Dr. Wilhelm Buchner,[65] Dr. G. von Eckenbrecher,[66] and C. MacLaren,[67] who, although they made no excavations, have nevertheless in their excellent treatises proved by many irrefutable arguments that the site of Ilium, where I have been digging for more than three years, corresponds with all the statements of the Iliad in regard to the site of Troy, and that the ancient city must be looked for there and nowhere else.
It is also with gratitude that I think of the great German scholar, who unfortunately succumbed five years ago to his unwearied exertions, Julius Braun, the advocate of the theory that Homer’s Troy was to be found only on the site of Ilium, in the depths of the hill of HISSARLIK. I most strongly recommend his excellent work, ‘Die Geschichte der Kunst in ihrem Entwickelungsgang,’ to all those who are interested in whatever is true, beautiful and sublime.
Neither can I do otherwise than gratefully mention my honoured friend, the celebrated Sanscrit scholar and unwearied investigator Émile Burnouf, the Director of the French school in Athens, who personally, and through his many excellent works, especially the one published last year, ‘La Science des Religions,’ has given me several suggestions, which have enabled me to decipher many of the Trojan symbols.[68]
It is also with a feeling of gratitude that I think of my honoured friend, the most learned Greek whom I have ever had the pleasure of knowing, Professor Stephanos Kommanoudes, in Athens, who has supported me with his most valuable advice whenever I was in need of it. In like manner I here tender my cordial thanks to my honoured friend the Greek Consul of the Dardanelles, G. Dokos, who showed me many kindnesses during my long excavations.
I beg to draw especial attention to the fact that, in the neighbourhood of Troy, several types of very ancient pottery--like those found in my excavations at a depth of from 10 to 33 feet--have been preserved down to the present day. For instance, in the crockery-shops on the shores of the Dardanelles there are immense numbers of earthen vessels with long upright necks and the breasts of a woman, and others in the shape of animals. In spite of their gilding and other decorations, these vessels cannot, either in regard to quality or elegance of form, be compared with the Ilian terra-cottas, not even with those from a depth of 10 feet; but still they furnish a remarkable proof of the fact that, in spite of manifold political changes, certain types of terra-cottas can continue in existence in one district for more than 3000 years.
After long and mature deliberation, I have arrived at the firm conviction that all of those vessels--met with here in great numbers at a depth of from 10 to 33 feet, and more especially in the Trojan layer of _débris_, at a depth of from 23 to 33 feet--which have the exact shape of a bell and a coronet beneath, so that they can only stand upon their mouth, and which I have hitherto described as cups, must necessarily, and perhaps even exclusively, have been used as _lids_ to the numerous terra-cotta vases with a smooth neck and on either side two ear-shaped decorations, between which are two mighty wings, which, as they are hollowed and taper away to a point, can never have served as handles, the more so as between the ear-shaped decorations there is a small handle on either side. Now, as the latter resembles an owl’s beak, and especially as this is seen between the ear-shaped ornaments, it was doubtless intended to represent the image of the owl with upraised wings on each side of the vases, which image received a noble appearance from the splendid lid with a coronet. I give a drawing of the largest vase of this type, which was found a few days ago in the royal palace at a depth of from 28 to 29½ feet; on the top of it I have placed the bell-shaped lid with a coronet, which was discovered close by and appears to have belonged to it.
My friend M. Landerer, Professor of Chemistry in Athens, who has carefully examined the colours of the Trojan antiquities, writes to me as follows:--“In the first place, as to the vessels themselves, some have been turned upon a potter’s wheel, some have been moulded by the hand. Their _ground-colour_ varies according to the nature of the _clay_. I find some of them made of black, deep-brown, red, yellowish, and ashy-grey clay. All of these kinds of clay, which the Trojan potters used for their ware, consist of clay containing oxide of iron and silica (_argile silicieuse ferrugineuse_), and, according to the stronger or weaker mode of burning, the oxide of iron in the clay became more or less oxidised: thus the black, brown, red, yellow, or grey colour is explained by the oxidation of the iron. The beautiful black gloss of the vessels found upon the native soil, at a depth of 46 feet, does not contain any oxide of lead, but consists of _coal-black_ (_Kohlenschwarz_),[69] which was melted together with the clay and penetrated into its pores. This can be explained by the clay vessels having been placed in slow furnaces in which resinous wood was burnt, and where there was consequently dense smoke, which descended upon the earthenware in the form of the finest powder and was likewise burnt into the clay. It is also possible, but by no means probable, that they used a black pitch or asphalt, which was dissolved in oil of turpentine; perhaps they used liquid pitch, and painted the vessels with it. The burning of these would likewise produce coal-black, which in later times was called the _Atramentum indelibile_ of Apelles. This is the manner in which colour and gloss were given to Hellenic terra-cottas.
“The white colour with which the engraved decorations of the Trojan terra-cottas were filled, by means of a pointed instrument, is nothing but pure white clay. In like manner, the painting on the potsherd given above,[70] is made with white clay, and with black clay containing coal. The brilliant red colour of the large two-handled vessels (δέπα ἀμφικύπελλα)[71] is no peculiar colour, but merely oxide of iron, which is a component part of the clay of which the cups were made. Many of the brilliant yellow Trojan vessels, I find, are made of grey clay, and painted over with a mass of yellow clay containing oxide of iron; they were then polished with one of those sharp pieces of diorite which are so frequently met with in Troy, and afterwards burnt.
The large marshes lying before the site of Ἰλιέων κώμη, and discussed in my second memoir, have long since been drained, and thus the estate of Thymbria (formerly Batak) has acquired 240 acres of rich land. As might have been expected, they were not found to contain any hot springs, but only three springs of cold water.
In my twenty-second memoir I have mentioned a Trojan vase, with a row of signs running round it, which I considered to be symbolical, and therefore did not have them specially reproduced by photography. However, as my learned friend Émile Burnouf is of opinion that they form a real inscription in Chinese letters,[72] I give them here according to his drawing.
M. Burnouf explains them as follows:--
and adds: “Les caractères du petit vase ne sont ni grecs ni sanscrits, ni phéniciens, ni, ni, ni--ils sont parfaitement lisibles en chinois!!! Ce vase peut être venu en Troade de l’Asie septentrional, dont tout le Nord était touranien.” Characters similar to those given above frequently occur, more especially upon the perforated terra-cottas in the form of volcanoes and tops.
As the Turkish papers have charged me in a shameful manner with having acted against the letter of the firman granted to me, in having kept the Treasure for myself instead of sharing it with the Turkish Government, I find myself obliged to explain here, in a few words, how it is that I have the most perfect right to that treasure. It was only in order to spare Safvet Pacha, the late Minister of Public Instruction, that I stated in my first memoir, that at my request, and in the interest of science, he had arranged for the portion of Hissarlik, which belonged to the two Turks in Kum-Kaleh, to be bought by the Government. But the true state of the case is this. Since my excavations here in the beginning of April 1870, I had made unceasing endeavours to buy this field, and at last, after having travelled three times to Kum-Kaleh simply with this object, I succeeded in beating the two proprietors down to the sum of 1000 francs (40_l._) Then, in December 1870, I went to Safvet Pacha at Constantinople, and told him that, after eight months’ vain endeavours, I had at last succeeded in arranging for the purchase of the principal site of Troy for 1000 francs, and that I should conclude the bargain as soon as he would grant me permission to excavate the field. He knew nothing about Troy or Homer; but I explained the matter to him briefly, and said that I hoped to find there antiquities of immense value to science. He, however, thought that I should find a great deal of gold, and therefore wished me to give him all the details I could, and then requested me to call again in eight days. When I returned to him, I heard to my horror that he had already compelled the two proprietors to sell him the field for 600 francs (24_l._), and that I might make excavations there if I wished, but that everything I found must be given up to him. I told him in the plainest language what I thought of his odious and contemptible conduct, and declared that I would have nothing more to do with him, and that I should make no excavations.
But through Mr. Wyne McVeagh, at that time the American Consul, he repeatedly offered to let me make excavations, on condition that I should give him only one-half of the things found. At the persuasion of that gentleman I accepted the offer, on condition that I should have the right to carry away my half out of Turkey. But the right thus conceded to me was revoked in April 1872, by a ministerial decree, in which it was said that I was not to export any part of my share of the discovered antiquities, but that I had the right to sell them in Turkey. The Turkish Government, by this new decree, broke our written contract in the fullest sense of the word, and I was released from every obligation. Hence I no longer troubled myself in the slightest degree about the contract which was broken without any fault on my part. I kept everything valuable that I found for myself, and thus saved it for science; and I feel sure that the whole civilized world will approve of my having done so. The new-discovered Trojan antiquities, and especially the Treasure, far surpass my most sanguine expectations, and fully repay me for the contemptible trick which Safvet Pacha played me, as well as for the continual and unpleasant presence of a Turkish official during my excavations, to whom I was forced to pay 4¾ francs a day.
It was by no means because I considered it to be my duty, but simply to show my friendly intentions, that I presented the Museum in Constantinople with seven large vases, from 5 to 6½ feet in height, and with four sacks of stone implements. I have thus become the only benefactor the Museum has ever had; for, although all firmans are granted upon the express condition that one-half of the discovered antiquities shall be given to the Museum, yet it has hitherto never received an article from anyone. The reason is that the Museum is anything but open to the public, and the sentry frequently refuses admittance even to its Director, so everyone knows that the antiquities sent there would be for ever lost to science.
The great Indian scholar, Max Müller of Oxford, has just written to me in regard to the owl-headed tutelary divinity of Troy. “Under all circumstances, the owl-headed idol cannot be made to explain the idea of the goddess. The ideal conception and the naming of the goddess came first; and in that name the owl’s head, whatever it may mean, is figurative or ideal. In the idol the figurative intention is forgotten, just as the sun is represented with a golden hand, whereas the ideal conception of ‘golden-handed’ was ‘spreading his golden rays.’ An owl-headed deity was most likely intended for a deity of the morning or the dawn, the owl-light; to change it into a human figure with an owl’s head was the work of a later and more materializing age.”
I completely agree with this. But it is evident from this that the Trojans, or at least the first settlers on the hill, spoke Greek, for if they took the epithet of their goddess, “γλαυκῶπις,” from the ideal conception which they formed of her and in later times changed it into an owl-headed female figure, they must necessarily have known that γλαῦξ meant _owl_, and ὠπή _face_. That the transformation took place many centuries, and probably more than 1000 years, before Homer’s time, is moreover proved by owls’ heads occurring on the vases and even in the monograms in the lowest strata of the predecessors of the Trojans, even at a depth of 46 feet.
I have still to draw attention to the fact, that in looking over my Trojan collection from a depth of 2 meters (6½ feet), I find 70 very pretty brilliant black or red terra-cottas, with or without engraved decorations, which, both in quality and form, have not the slightest resemblance either to the Greek or to the pre-historic earthenware. Thus it seems that just before the arrival of the Greek colony yet another tribe inhabited this hill for a short time.[73] These pieces of earthenware may be recognised by the two long-pointed handles of the large channelled cups, which also generally possess three or four small horns.
DR. HENRY SCHLIEMANN.
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF FRENCH METERS AND ENGLISH MEASURES, EXACT AND APPROXIMATE.
+-----+-----------+-------------+-----------------+ | M. | Inches. | Ft. Inches. | Approximate. | | | | | 1 M. = 3¼ ft. | +-----+-----------+-------------+-----------------+ | | | | Feet. | | 1 | 39·3708 | 3 3·3708 | 3¼ | | 2 | 78·7416 | 6 6·7416 | 6½ | | 3 | 118·1124 | 9 10·1124 | 10 | | 4 | 157·4832 | 13 1·4832 | 13 | | 5 | 196·8540 | 16 4·8540 | 16-1/3 | | 6 | 236·2248 | 19 8·2248 | 19-2/3 | | 7 | 275·5956 | 22 11·5956 | 23 | | 8 | 314·9664 | 26 2·9664 | 26¼ | | 9 | 354·3372 | 29 6·3372 | 29½ | | 10 | 393·7089 | 32 9·7080 | 33 | | 11 | 433·0788 | 36 1·0788 | 36 (12 yds.) | | 12 | 472·4496 | 39 4·4496 | 39-1/3 | | 13 | 511·8204 | 42 7·8204 | 42-2/3 | | 14 | 551·1912 | 45 11·1912 | 46 | | 15 | 590·5620 | 49 2·5620 | 49¼ | | 16 | 620·9328 | 52 5·9328 | 52½ | | 17 | 669·3036 | 55 9·3036 | 55¾ | | 18 | 708·6744 | 59 0·6744 | 59 | | 19 | 748·0452 | 62 4·0452 | 62-1/3 | | 20 | 787·416 | 65 7·4160 | 65-2/3 | | 30 | 1181·124 | 98 5·124 | 98½ | | 40 | 1574·832 | 131 2·832 | 131¼ | | 50 | 1968·54 | 164 0·54 | 164 | | 100 | 3937·08 | 328 1·08 | 328 (109 yds.) | +-----+-----------+-------------+-----------------+
N.B.--The following is a convenient approximate Rule:--“To turn _Meters_ into _Yards_, add 1-11th to the number of Meters.”
WORK AT HISSARLIK IN 1871.