Part 27

Colour, nomenclature of, formerly imperfect, 247

Colour-development as illustrated by humming-birds, 212 local causes of, 216 in animals, summary, 216

Colour-perception, supposed recent growth of, 244

Colour-sense, origin of the, 241 need for, 243 not of recent origin, 246 not wholly explicable, 248

Colours, classification of organic, 172 protective, 172 warning, 174 sexual, 177 typical, 179 of animals, how produced, 184 theory of protective, 187 theory of warning, 189 theory of sexual, 192 theory of typical, 215

Colours and ornaments of humming-birds, 127

Colours of fruits, attractive, 224 protective, 225

Colours, which first perceived, 243

_Cometes sparganurus_, very pugnacious, 214

Compositæ, arborescent in oceanic islands, 276

Continent, past changes of the great Eastern, 321

Continents of Tertiary period, probable aspect of, 343

Copridæ, 95 probable use of horns of, 202

Crematogaster, genus of ants, 83

Cross-fertilization of flowers, use of, 228 complex arrangements for, 229

Cuckoos, 104

D.

Danaidæ, warning colours of, 174

Danainæ, Acræinæ and Heliconiinæ, local resemblances of, 256

_Daphne pontica_, 230

Darwin, Mr., on mode of cross-fertilization and its use, 228 not too highly rated, 252 on vegetation of Galapagos, 272 on use of scented leaves, 277 on former union of West Indian islands and S. America, 306 on oceanic islands, 307 revolution in thought effected by, 284

Deserts on line of tropics, 28

_Desmoncus_, 41

De Vry, Mr., on the sugar-palm, 43

Dews, cause of heavy tropical, 10

Diagram of mean temperature at Batavia and London, 5 of rainfall at Batavia and London, 15

_Dianthus alpinus_, _D. glacialis_, 232

Distribution of humming-birds, 138

Dragons or flying-lizards, 113

Drugs from equatorial forest-trees, 36

Duke-of-York Island, pale-coloured insects of, 259 Islands, remarkable white plumaged birds of, 263

Dyes from equatorial forest-trees, 36

Dynastidæ, 95 probable use of horns of, 202

E.

Earl, Mr. George Windsor, on division of Malay Archipelago, 307

Earth-sculpture or surface-geology, 250

Earthworks, North American, 292

Easter Island, sculptures on, 291

Eciton, genus of foraging ants, 87

Elateridæ, luminous species perhaps mimetic, 205

Emperor-moth, protective coloration of, 174

Environment, relation of living things to, 254

_Epicalia_, sexes of, differently coloured, 178

_Epilobium angustifolium_, _E. parviflorum_, 233

Epimachinæ, 150

Equator, cause of uniform high temperature near, 6 short twilight at, 21

Equatorial climate, general features of, 17 uniformity of in all parts of the world, 18 local diversities of, 19

Equatorial forests, general features of, 29

Equatorial forest-belt, cause of, 27

Equatorial heavens, aspect of, 23

Equatorial zone, temperature of, 3

Ethiopian Region, 317

_Eugenes fulgens_, 134

Eunica and Siderone, resemblance of species of, 257

Euplœa, pale species of, in Moluccas and New Guinea, 258

Euro-Asiatic continent, Miocene fauna of, 323

Eustephanus, 141

_Eustephanus galeritus_, 143

_Euterpe oleracea_, 43

Evaporation and condensation, equalising effects of, 16

F.

Female birds, greater brilliancy of some, 211

Female insects, greater brilliancy of some, 203

Ferns, 46

Ferns, preponderance of in Tahiti and Juan Fernandez, 269, 270

Fiji Islands, pale butterflies of, 259

Fire-ants, 83

Fishes, causes of general coloration of, 171

Flowering trunks, probable cause of, 34

Flowers, comparative scarcity of in equatorial forests, 60

Flowers and insects, 64

Flowers of temperate zones brilliantly coloured, 165 comparatively scarce in tropical forests, 167

Flowers, attractive colours of, 228 fertilized by insects, 228 attractive odours of, 230 when sweet-scented not conspicuously coloured, 230 attractive grouping of, 231 alpine, why so beautiful, 232 why allied species differ in beauty, 233 when wind-fertilized not coloured, 233 relation of colours of, to distribution, 235 and fruits, recent views as to action of light on, 236

Flowers of Auckland and Campbell’s Isles, bright-coloured, 238

Flying-lizards, 113

Foliage, two chief types of, in tropical forests, 33 colours of, 221

Foot of savages does not approach that of apes, 289 (note)

Forest-belt, cause of equatorial, 27

Forest-belts, temperate, 29

Forest-tree, section of a Bornean, 32 formed from climbers, 32

Forest-trees, characteristics of, 30

Forest-trees of low growth, 34

Forest-trees, uses of equatorial, 35

Forests, effect of on rainfall and drought, 19 devastation caused by destruction of, 20 equatorial, 29 undergrowth of tropical, 34

_Formica gigas_, 81

Foxes, none in Isle of Wight in 1605, 305

Frogs and toads, 116

Frog, with bright colours uneatable, 175

Frogs of oceanic islands, 309

Fruit-bats, 119

Fruits of equatorial forest-trees, 36

Fruits, attractive colours of, 224 protective colours of, 225 greater antiquity of protected than attractive, 227

G.

Galapagos, colours of productions of, 163 poor in flowers and insects, 235 weedy vegetation of, 272

Gardner, Dr., on a large water-boa, 115

Geckos, 112

Geiger, on ancient perception of colour, 245

_Geranium pratense_, _G. pusillum_, 233

Gibbons, 116

Ginger-worts, 47

Gladstone, Mr., on the colour-sense, 245

Glow-worm, use of its light, 205

Goliath cuckoo, 105

Gosse, Mr., on Jamaica humming-birds, 132, 135 on the pugnacity of humming-birds, 134 on food of humming-birds, 137

Gould, Mr., on the motions of humming-birds, 131

Grammatophyllums, 51

Green, why the most agreeable colour, 244

Grisebach, on cause of vivid colours of arctic flowers, 237

_Guilielma speciosa_, 42

Gums from equatorial forest-trees, 36

H.

_Habenaria chlorantha_, 230

Habits of humming-birds, 130

Heat due to condensation of atmospheric vapour, 14 changes colours, 183

Heliconiinæ and Acræinæ, local resemblances of, 256

Hindostan and Africa, resemblances of fauna of, 328

Hooker, Sir J. on flowers of Auckland Isles, 238 on deficient odour of New Zealand flowers, 277

Hornbills, 107

Horns of beetles, probable use of, 202

Howling-monkeys, 118

Humming-birds, number of, 124, 133 distinctness of, 125, 129 structure of, 125 colours and ornaments of, 127 descriptive names of, 129 motions and habits of, 130 display of ornaments by males, 134 food of, 135 nests of, 137 geographical distribution and variation of, 138 of Juan Fernandez, 140 influenced by varied conditions in South America, 147 relations and affinities of, 148 sternum of, 151 eggs of, 152 feather-tracts of, 152 resemblance of swifts to, 152 nestlings of, 153 differences from sun-birds, 154

I.

Iguanas, 113

Indian peninsula once an island, 325 ancient fauna of, 325

Insects, wingless, 97 general observations on tropical, 98

Insular plants and insects, relations of, 267

Interference-colours in animals, 184

Islands, influence of locality on colour in, 257

J.

Jacamars, 105

Juan Fernandez, humming-birds of, 140 insects of, 270 abundance of humming-birds in, 273

L.

Land and sea, peculiar distribution of, 311 existing distribution of, very ancient, 312

Leaf-insects, 92

Leaves, supposed use of odours of, 277

Lemuria, an hypothetical continent, not required, 328

_Leopoldinia major_, 45

Lepidoptera, diurnal, 72

Leptalis, a good case of mimicry, 189

_Leptena erastus_, 256

Light, theory of, as producing colours, 161 action of, on plants, 222 supposed direct action of, on colours of flowers and fruits, 236

Lizards, 111

Local causes of colour-development, 216

Locusts, richly-coloured tropical, 94

Longicorns, 95

_Lophornis ornatus_, very pugnacious, 214

Lord Howe’s Island, white rail in, 264

Lubbock, Sir John, on colour-perception in insects, 255

M.

Macaws, 100

Madagascar, white-marked butterflies of, 260

Madagascar once united to Africa, 325

Madagascar and Malaya, resemblances of fauna of, 328

Male birds, origin of ornamental plumage of, 205

Male birds which incubate, 212

Male humming-birds produce a shriller sound, 215

Males, theory of display of ornaments by, 207

_Malva sylvestris_, _M. rotundifolia_, 233

Mammals, 116

Mammalia, supposed variations of, comparable to those of butterflies, 261 local resemblances of, in Africa, 262

Mammalia of Palæarctic Region, 315 of Ethiopian Region, 317 of Oriental Region, 319 of Miocene period in Euro-Asia, 321

Man, antiquity and origin of, 280 indications of extreme antiquity of, 285 highly developed at very early period, 286 antiquity of intellectual, 290

Mangroves, 58

_Manicaria saccifera_, 41

Mantidæ, 91

Mantis resembling an orchis-flower, 173

Marantaceæ, 47

Marmosets, 118

Marshall, Messrs. on barbets, 106

Martins, M. Charles, on increased size of leaves of arctic plants, 236

Mates readily found by birds, 200

Mauritia, palm, 40

_Maximiliana regia_, 41

Meiglyptes, 150

Meldola, Mr. R., on variable colouring in insects, 170

Meliphagidæ in Auckland Isles probably flower-fertilizers, 239

Melliss, Mr., on flora of St. Helena, 275

Migrations between N. America and Euro-Asia, 334 between N. America and South America, 335

Mesembryanthemum, stone, 223

Meteorological phenomena, intensity of, at the equator, 23

Mimicry, theory of, 189

_Mimosa pudica_, 59

Mivart, Professor, on animal origin of man, 284 on the divergent affinities of man and apes, 288

Mongredien, Mr., on showy and fragrant flowers, 230

Monkeys, 116

Monkeys and pigeons, 102

Moseley, Mr., on humming-birds of Juan Fernandez, 143

Moseley, Mr. H. N., on birds conveying seeds to islands, 268

Moths, conspicuously-coloured caterpillars of, uneatable, 175

Motmots, 105

Mott, Mr. Albert, on antiquity of intellectual man, 291

Mounds of N. America, antiquity of, 296

Mound-builders, a semi-civilized race, 297

Müller, Dr. Hermann, on fertilization of alpine flowers, 232 on fertilization of Martagon lily, 231 on variations of insect-fertilized flowers, 275 on differences of allied species of flowers, 233

_Musa paradisiaca_, 48

Musaceæ, 48

Mygale, a bird-catching spider, 97

_Mysis chameleon_, changes of colour of, 171

N.

Nearctic Region, mammalia of, 329 birds of, 330

Neotropical region, mammalia of, 331 birds of, 332

Nests of humming-birds, 137

Newton, Professor, on appearance of living humming-birds, 130

New Zealand, poor in flowers and insects, 235

New World, regions of the, 329

North American earthworks, 292

Nuttall, Mr., on the rufous flame-bearer, 131

Nymphalidæ, local resemblances of species of distinct genera of, 257

O.

Oceanic Islands, peculiar floras of, 269 theory of, 307

Odontomachus, genus of ants, 82

Odour deficient in New Zealand flowers, 277

Odours absorbed unequally by differently coloured stuffs, 266 of flowers attractive, 230

_Œcodoma cephalotes_, 85

_Œcophylla smaragdina_, 82

Ogle, Dr., on colour and sense-perception, 265

Oil from palms, 45

Oncidiums, 51

Optical theory of colour, 180

Orchids, 49

Oriental Region, 319

Ornamental humming-birds, the most pugnacious, 214

Ornaments, display of, by male humming-birds, 134

Orthoptera, 91

P.

Palæarctic Region, 314

Palms, 40 height of, 41 climbing, 41

Palm-wine, 43

Palm-trees, uses and products of, 42-46

Pandanaceæ, 49

Papilio, pale varieties of, in Moluccas and New Guinea, 258

Papilionidæ and Nymphalidæ, local resemblances of, 255

_Papilio nireus_, changes of colour of pupa of, 168

Parrots, 99 red in Moluccas and New Guinea, 264 black in New Guinea and Madagascar, 264

Passeres, 108

Phyllostoma, 120

Phasmidæ, 91-93

_Phœnix sylvestris_, 45

Phaëthornithinæ, 136

Pheasants, brilliant plumage of, in cold countries, 163

Pheidole, genus of ants, 84

Philippine Islands, metallic colours of butterflies of, 259 white-marked birds of, 263

Picariæ, 103

Pickering, Mr., on plants of Pacific Islands, 269

Pieridæ and Lycænidæ, local resemblances of, 256

Pigeons, 102 black in Australia and Madagascar, 264

Pigs, white poisoned in Virginia, black not, 265

Pipes from N. American mounds, 295

Plantain, 48

Plantain-eaters, 197

Plants, protective coloration in, 223

Platycerium, 47

Plumage of tropical birds, 109 of humming-birds, 128

Polyrachis, genus of ants, 81

_Polyalthea_, tree with flowers on trunk, 35

_Polygonum bistorta_, _P. aviculare_, 233

_Pontia rapæ_, changes of colour of chrysalis of, 168

_Ponera clavata_, terrible sting of, 82

Portraits on sculptured pipes from mounds, 295

Prosthemadera in the Auckland Isles, 239

Protective colours, theory of, 187

_Psittacula diopthalma_, sexual difference of colour of, 178

Pterylography, 151

Pyramid, the Great, 298 the Great, indicates an earlier civilization, 300

Pythons, 115

R.

Rabbits, why white-tailed, 197

Rainbow, how described by ancient writers, 245

Rainfall at London and Batavia, diagram of, 15

Rainfall, greatest recorded at Batavia, 24

Ramsay, Prof. on ancient fresh-water deposits, 313

_Raphia tædigera_, 41

Rattan-palms, 42

Recognition aided by colour, 196

Reed, Mr., on humming-birds in Juan Fernandez, 146 Mr. Edwyn C., on insects of Juan Fernandez, 270

Reptiles, 111

Reptiles of oceanic islands, 309

Rhamphococcyx, 105

S.

Salvin, Mr., on the pugnacity of humming-birds, 134, 214

Saüba ant, 85

_Saxifraga longifolia_, 233

_S. cotyledon_, 233

_S. oppositifolia_, 233

Scorpions, 97

Screw-pines, 49

Scythrops, 105

Seeds, how protected, 226

Sensitive-plants, 59

Sexes of butterflies differently coloured for recognition, 196

Sexual colours, 177 theory of, 192

Sexual selection not a cause of colour, 198 neutralized by natural selection, 210

Sickle-bill humming-bird, 136

Size, correspondence of, in tropical flowers and insects, 236

Sky, colour of not mentioned in old books, 245

Smith, Mr. Worthington, on mimicry in fungi, 223

Smyth, Professor Piazzi, on the Great Pyramid, 298

Snakes, 114

Sobralias, 51

Soil, heat of, 8 influence of temperature on climate, 8

Solenopsis, genus of ants, 84

Sorby, Mr., on composition of chlorophyll, 221

South America, extinct fauna of, 336 geographical changes of, 338 its parallelism with Africa, 339 an area of preservation of ancient types, 339

Spices from equatorial forest-trees, 36

Spiders, 97

Spruce, Dr. Richard, on number of ferns at Tarrapoto, 47 on inconspicuousness of tropical flowers, 61 on use of aromatic secretions of leaves, 278

Stainton, Mr., on insects attacking scented leaves, 277

Stick-insects, 92

St. Helena, indigenous flowers of, 275

St. John, Mr., on large python, 115

Structure of humming-birds, 125

Sugar from palm-trees, 44

Sunda Islands and Japan once joined to Asia, 326

Sun-birds, differences from humming-birds, 154

Sun’s noonday altitude in Java and London compared, 6

Sun’s rays, heating effect of, 7

Sunrise in the equatorial zone, 22

Swifts, resemblances of to humming-birds, 152

_Symmachia trochilus_, 75 _colubris_, 75

T.

Tahiti, preponderance of ferns in, 269

Temperature of London and Batavia compared, 6 of different latitudes, various causes of, 7

Temperature, influenced by heat of soil, 8 influenced by aqueous vapour of atmosphere, 9

Temperature of tropical and temperate zones, cause of, illustrated, 12

Tertiary faunas and their relations, 344, 347

_Thaumastura cora_, very pugnacious, 214

Timor and Scotland, climates compared, 14

Timor and Flores, white-marked birds of, 263

Toucans, 106

Tree-frogs, 116

Tristan d’Acunha, bright-coloured Pelargonium of, 275

Trochilidæ, 125

Trogons, 105

Tropical vegetation, concluding remarks on, 65 probable causes of its luxuriance and variety, 66 Mr. Belt on, 67

Tropical birds, dull-coloured, 110 coloration of, 110 green, 110

Tropics, limitation of, 3 aspects of animal life in, 121

Trunks, variety of, 31, 33 probable cause of flowering, 34

Twilight, short at equator, 21

Typical colours, 179

V.

_Vanda lowii_, 51

Vampyre-bats, 119

Variation, how influenced, 142

Vegetation, equatorial, 27

Vipers, green, 114

Vitality a cause of bright colour, 193

W.

Warning Colours, theory of, 189

Wasps and bees, 90

Wave-lengths of coloured rays, 180

Weale, Mr. J. P. Mansel, on plants of Karoo, 223 on _Ajuga ophrydis_, 223

Webber, Mr., on food of humming-birds, 137

West-Indian Islands, large and brilliant butterflies of, 261 peculiarly coloured birds of, 262

Whip-snakes, 114

White animals poisoned where black escape, 265

White colours influencing sense-perception, 265

White colour doubly prejudicial to animals, 266

White tropical birds, 110

Wilson, Dr., on pottery from N. American mounds, 295

Winds, influence of on temperature, 11 direction of near equator, 11, 12 cause of cold near equator, 12, 13

Wolves in England show its union with continent, 305

Woods from equatorial forest-trees, 36

Z.

Zebra, possible use of its stripes, 197

Zingiberaceæ, 47

Zoological regions, 314

Zoological regions of the New World, 329

LONDON: R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, BREAD STREET HILL.

Transcriber's Notes

The following changes have been made to the text as printed.

1. Illustrations and footnotes have been located in appropriate paragraph breaks.

2. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. Other than these and particular changes noted below, inconsistencies in spelling have been retained as printed.

3. Where a word is used repeatedly in the same way, hyphenation has been made consistent, preferring the form most often used in the printed work, or failing that the more usual form in general use at the time of publication. No typographical change has been made within direct quotes from other works.

4. Page 47: "single volcanic mountains" has been changed to "single volcanic mountain".

5. Page 51: "Cælogynes" has been changed to "Cœlogynes".

6. Page 115 and Index: "Dr. Gardiner" has been changed to "Dr. Gardner". (George Gardner, author of "Travels in the Interior of Brazil", London, 1846).

7. Page 221: The chapter heading "CHAPTER VI" has been changed to "VI", consistently with the other chapter headings.

8. Page 259 and footnote: "Euplæa" has been changed to "Euplœa".

9. Page 264 (footnote): "Phlogænas johannœ" has been changed to "Phlogœnas johannæ".