PART IX

THE PALMS

Palms are tropical plants related to lilies on one hand and grasses on the other. One hundred genera and about one thousand species compose a family in which tree forms rarely occur. A few genera grow wild in the warmest sections of this country, and exotics are familiar in cultivation, wherever they are hardy. The leaves are parallel-veined, fan-shaped, or feather-like, on long stalks that sheath the trunk, splitting with its growth. The flowers are lily-like, on the plan of three, and the fruits are clustered berries, or drupes.

Sago, tapioca, cocoanuts, and dates are foods derived from members of this wonderful family. The fibres of the leaves supply thread for weaving cloth and cordage to the natives of the tropics, where houses are built and furnished throughout from the native palms.

The royal palm, crowned with a rosette of feather-like leaves, each ten to twelve feet long, above the smooth, tall stems, is a favorite avenue tree in tropical cities. In Florida it grows wild in the extreme southwest, but is planted on the streets of Miami and Palm Beach. Its maximum height is one hundred feet.

In California the favorite avenue palm of this feather-leaved type is the Canary Island palm, whose stout trunk, covered with interlacing leaf-bases, wears a crown of plumes that reach fifteen feet in length and touch the ground with their drooping tips. Huge clusters of bright yellow, dry, olive-shaped berries ripen in midsummer.

The date palm of commerce, once confined to the tropical deserts of Asia Minor and North Africa, has been successfully established by the Government in hot, dry localities of the Southwest. Fruit equal to any grown in plantations of the Old World is marketed now from the Imperial and Coachella valleys in California, and from orchards near Phoenix, Arizona. Dry air and a summer temperature far above the hundred degree mark is necessary to insure the proper sugar content and flavor in these fruits, which are borne in huge clusters and ripen slowly, one by one.

Fan-shaped leaves plaited on the ends of long stalks that are usually spiny-edged are borne by the stocky Florida palmettos and the tall desert palm of California, planted widely in cities of the Southwest and in Europe. Several genera of this fan-leaved type are represented in palm gardens, and in the general horticulture of warm regions of this country.

THE END

GENERAL INDEX

PAGE

_Abies balsamea_, 258 _Abies concolor_, 257 _Abies Fraseri_, 253 _Abies grandis_, 256 _Abies magnifica_, 254 _Abies nobilis_, 256 _Acacia dealbata_, 187 _Acacia Melanoxylon_, 186 _Acacia_, Palo verde, 190 Acacias, The, 184-187 _Acer circinatum_, 197 _Acer glabrum_, 199 _Acer macrophyllum_, 197 _Acer nigrum_, 195 _Acer Negundo_, 199 _Acer Pennsylvanicum_, 198 _Acer pseudo-platanus_, 200 _Acer rubrum_, 195 _Acer saccharinum_, 196 _Acer saccharum_, 194 _Acer spicatum_, 198 _Aesculus Californica_, 68 _Aesculus glabra_, 67 _Aesculus Hippocastanum_, 65 _Aesculus octandra_, 67 "Ague tree", 131 Alder, Black, 91 Alder, Oregon, 93 Alder, Red, 93 Alder, Seaside, 92 Alders, The, 91-93 Alligator pear, 129 Almond, 152 _Alnus glutinosa_, 91 _Alnus maritima_, 92 _Alnus Oregona_, 93 _Amelanchier alnifolia_, 160 _Amelanchier Canadensis_, 159 American beech, 42 American elm, 210 American holly, 145 American hornbeam, 85 American larch, 278 American linden, 70 Annual rings, 12 _Anona cherimolia_, 171 _Anona glabra_, 170 Apples, The, 147-149 Arbor-vitaes, The, 268-270 Arboreta, xiv _Arbutus Menziesii_, 121 Arnold arboretum, xiv Ash, Black, 204 Ash, Blue, 206 Ash, European, 208 Ash, Green, 206 Ash, Oregon, 207 Ash, Red, 205 Ash, White, 202 Ashes, Mountain, 116-118 Ashes, The, 201-209 _Asimina triloba_, 168 Aspen, 78 Assam rubber tree, 166 Autumn leaves, 19 Avocado, 129

Bald cypress, 273 Balm of Gilead, 79 Balsam fir, 253 Balsam poplar, 79 "Banana tree, Wild", 169 Banyan tree, 166 Bark, xv, 23 Basket oak, 55 Basswood, Downy, 72 Basswood, White, 71 Basswoods, The, 68-74 Bay, Red, 129 Bay, Rose, 119 Bay, Swamp, 105 Bee tree, 71 Beech, American, 42 "Beech, Blue", 85

"Beech, Water", 85 "Beetle-wood", 86 _Betula lenta_, 90 _Betula lutea_, 89 _Betula nigra_, 90 _Betula papyrifera_, 88 _Betula populifolia_, 89 "Big-cone" pine, 240 Big shellbark, 38 Big Tree, 263 Birch, Canoe, 88 Birch, Cherry, 90 Birch, Paper, 88 Birch, Red, 90 Birch, River, 90 Birch, White, 89 Birch, Yellow, 89 Birches, The, 87-91 Bird cherry, 153 "Bird's-eye" maplewood, 15 Black acacia, 186 Black alder, 91 Black ash, 204 Black cherry, Wild, 153 Black cottonwood, 80 Black dwarf sumach, 140 Black gum, 96 Black haw, 115, 158 Black locust, 178 Black maple, 195 Black mulberry, 165 Black oak, 58 Black oak group, 58-65 Black poplar, 77 Black spruce, 248 Black walnut, 31 Blackwood-tree, 186 Blue ash, 206 "Blue beech", 85 Blue fir, 257 Blue spruce, 250 Box elder, 199 Buckeye, California, 68 Buckeye, Ohio, 67 Buckeye, Sweet, 67 Buds, 3, 23 Bur oak, 51 Burning bush, 136 Butternut, 30 Buttonwoods, The, 93-95

California walnut, 29 California white oak, 57 Cambium, 9, 21 Campbell's magnolia, 103 Camperdown elm, 216 Canada plum, 151 Canary island palm, 280 Canoe birch, 88 Canoe cedar, 269 _Carica papaya_, 169 Carolina poplar, 78 _Carpinus Carolinianum_, 85 _Castanea dentata_, 44 _Castanea pumila_, 44-46 Cedar, Canoe, 269 Cedar, Eastern red, 276 Cedar, Incense, 270 Cedar, Red, 269 Cedar, White, 272 _Celtis Australis_, 162 _Celtis occidentalis_, 161 _Cercidium Torreyanum_, 190 _Cercis Canadensis_, 182 _Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana_, 273 _Chamaecyparis Thyoides_, 272 Chemistry of trees, 5-8 Cherimoya, 171 Cherries, The, 152-155 Cherry birch, 90 Chestnut oak, 53 Chestnuts, The, 44-47 Chinquapin, 44-46 _Chionanthus Virginica_, 126 Chlorophyll, Breaking down of the, 18 Choke cherry, 154 _Cladrastis lutea_, 183 Clammy locust, 179 Cockspur thorn, 156 Coffee tree, Kentucky, 181 Colorado blue spruce, 250 Common lime, 72 Cone-bearing evergreens, 217-279 Conifers, 217-279 Coral-bean, 192 "Cork elm", 215 Cornel, 113 _Cornus Florida_, 111 _Cornus mas_, 113 _Cornus Nuttallii_, 113 _Cotinus_, 142

Cotton gum, 97 Cottonwood, 77 Cottonwood, Black, 80 Cottonwood, Lance-leaved, 80 Cottonwood, Mexican, 80 Cottonwood, Narrow-leaved, 80 Cottonwood, Swamp, 81 Crab, Prairie, 148 Crab, Wild, 148 _Crataegus coccinea_, 158 _Crataegus Crus-galli_, 156 _Crataegus Douglasii_, 158 _Crataegus mollis_, 157 _Crataegus oxyacantha_, 155 _Crataegus pruinosa_, 157 Cuban pine, 236 Cucumber tree, 107 Cucumber tree, Large-leaved, 106 _Cupressus macrocarpa_, 271 _Cupressus sempervirens_, 272 "Curly maplewood", 15 Custard-apple, 168, 170 Cypresses, The, 271-274

Date palm, 281 Digger pine, 239 _Diospyros Virginiana_, 172 Dogwood, European, 113 Dogwood, Flowering, 111 Dogwood, Jamaica, 190 Dogwood, Western, 113 Dogwoods, The, 111-114 Douglas spruce, 258 Downy basswood, 72 Dwarf juniper, 275 Dwarf maple, 199 Dwarf sumach, 140

Eastern arbor-vitae, 268 Eastern mountain ash, 116 Eastern red cedar, 276 Eastern service berry, 159 Ebony, Texas, 191 Elder, Box, 199 Elder-leaved mountain ash, 117 Elm, American, 210 Elm, Camperdown, 216 "Elm, Cork", 215 Elm, English, 215 Elm, Hickory, 214 Elm, Moose, 213 Elm, Mountain, 215 Elm, Red, 213 Elm, Rock, 214 Elm, Scotch, 216 Elm, Slippery, 213 Elm, Small-leaved, 215 Elm, White, 210 Elm, Winged, 215 Elm, Wych, 216 Elms, The, 210-216 "Encina", 64 Engelmann spruce, 250 English elm, 215 English hawthorn, 155 English walnut, 33 _Euonymus atropurpureus_, 136 European ash, 208 European cypress, 272 European dogwood, 113 European holly, 144 European mountain ash, 117 European nettle tree, 162 Evergreens, Cone-bearing, 217-279 Evergreens, Leaves of, 20

_Fagus Americanus_, 42 Fibres of wood, 13 _Ficus aurea_, 167 _Ficus elasticus_, 166 "Fiddleback" ash, 209 Figs, The, 165-167 Fir, Balsam, 253 Fir, Blue, 257 Fir, Noble, 256 Fir, Red, 254 Fir, Red (_A. nobilis_), 256 Fir, Silver, 257 Fir, White, 256 Fir, White (_A. concolor_), 257 Firs, The, 251-257 Flowering dogwood, 111 "Foxtail" pines, The, 229 _Fraxinus Americana_, 202 _Fraxinus excelsior_, 208 _Fraxinus nigra_, 204 _Fraxinus Oregona_, 207 _Fraxinus ornus_, 209 _Fraxinus Pennsylvanica_, 205 _Fraxinus Pennsylvanica_ (_lanceolata_), 206 _Fraxinus quadrangulata_, 206 Frijolito, 192 Fringe tree, 126

Gerarde, 73 _Gleditsia triacanthos_, 180 Golden fig, 167 Grain of wood, 13 Gray pine, 238 Great laurel, 119 Great laurel magnolia, 104 Green ash, 206 "Grete Herball", 73 Gum, Cotton, 97 Gum, Sour or Black, 96 Gum, Sweet, 97 Gum trees, The, 95-100 _Gymnocladus dioicus_, 181 Gymnosperms, 217-279

Hackberries, The, 160-162 _Hamamelis Virginiana_, 134 "Hard-tack", 86 Haw, Black, 115, 158 Haw, Red, 157 Haw, Scarlet, 157-158 Hawthorns, The, 155-159 Hazel, Witch, 133 Heath family, 118 Hemlocks, The, 259-262 _Hicoria alba_, 40 _Hicoria glabra_, 41 _Hicoria lacinata_, 38 _Hicoria ovata_, 37 _Hicoria Pecan_, 38 Hickories, The, 36-41 Hickory elm, 214 Hollies, The, 143-146 Holly, American, 145 Holly, European, 144 Honey locust, 179 Honey pod, 188 Hop hornbeam, 86 Hornbeam, American, 85 Hornbeam, Hop, 86 Horse bean, 191 Horse-chestnut foliage, 17 Horse-chestnuts, The, 65-68 "Horse sugar", 125

_Icthyomethia Piscipula_, 190 _Ilex aquifolium_, 144 _Ilex Opaca_, 145 _Ilex vomitoria_, 145 Incense cedar, 270 "Iron oak", 52 "Ironwood," _see also_ Hornbeam Ironwood, Knowlton's, 87

Jack pine, 238 Jamaica dogwood, 190 Japanese persimmon, 175 Japanese walnut, 33 "Judas-tree", 183 _Juglans, Californica_, 29 _Juglans cinerea_, 30 _Juglans cordiformis_, 33 _Juglans nigra_, 31 _Juglans regia_, 33 _Juglans rupestris_, 29 _Juglans Sieboldiana_, 33 June-berry, 159 Junipers, The, 274-277 _Juniperus Barbadensis_, 277 _Juniperus communis_, 275 _Juniperus occidentalis_, 276 _Juniperus Virginiana_, 276

Kaki, 175 Kalm, Peter, xx _Kalmia latifolia_, 120 Kentucky coffee tree, 181 Knob-cone pine, 240 Knowlton's ironwood, 87

Lance-leaved Cottonwood, 80 "_Langues de femmes_", 81 Larches, The, 277-279 Large-leaved cucumber tree, 106 _Larix Americana_, 278 _Larix occidentalis_, 279 Laurel family, 127-133 Laurel, Great, 119 Laurel, Mountain, 120 Laurel oak, 63 _Laurus nobilis_, 129 Lawson cypress, 273 Leaves, 4, 16-20 "Lever-wood", 86 _Librocedus Decurrens_, 270 Lime, Common, 72 "Lime Trees," _see_ Lindens Linden, American, 70 Lindens, The, 68-74 Linnaeus, xviii, 73 _Liquidamber styraciflua_, 97 _Liriodendron tulipifera_, 109 Live oak, 56 Live oak (_Q. aquifolia_), 64 Loblolly pine, 236 Locusts, The, 177-184 Lodge-pole pine, 245 Lombardy poplar, 77 Longleaf pine, 232

Madroña, 121 _Magnolia acuminata_, 107 Magnolia, Campbell's, 103 _Magnolia foetida_, 104 _Magnolia Glauca_, 105 Magnolia, Great laurel, 104 _Magnolia macrophylla_, 106 Magnolia, Starry, 103 _Magnolia stellata_, 103 _Magnolia tripetala_, 108 _Magnolia yulan_, 102 Magnolias, The, 101-111 _Malus coronaria_, 148 _Malus ioensis_, 148 Maple, "Bird's eye" and "Curly", 15 Maple, Black, 195 Maple, Dwarf, 199 Maple, Mountain, 198 Maple, Norway, 200 Maple, Oregon, 197 Maple, Red, 195 Maple, Silver, 196 Maple, Soft, 196 Maple, Striped, 198 Maple, Sugar, 194 Maple, Sycamore, 200 Maple, Vine, 197 Maple, Wier's weeping, 196 Maples, The, 193-201 Melon papaw, 169 Mesquite, 188 Mexican cottonwood, 80 Mississippi Valley chestnut oak, 54 Mockernut, 40 _Mohrodendron diptera_, 124 _Mohrodendron tetraptera_, 123 Monterey cypress, 271 Monterey pine, 241 Moose elm, 213 _Morus alba_, 164 _Morus nigra_, 165 _Morus rubra_, 163 Mountain ashes, 116-118 Mountain elm, 215 Mountain hemlock, 261 Mountain laurel, 120 Mountain maple, 198 Mountain pine, 224 Mountain sumach, 140 Muir, John, xvi Mulberries, The, 163-165

Names of trees, xvii-xxiii Nannyberry, Rusty, 115 Narrow-leaved cottonwood, 80 "Necklace-bearing" poplar, 78 Nettle tree, European, 162 Noble fir, 256 Nomenclature of trees, xvii-xxiii Norway maple, 200 Norway pine, 246 Norway spruce, 248 Nut pines, 230-232 Nut trees, The, 28-74 _Nyssa aquatica_, 97 _Nyssa sylvatica_, 96

Oak, Basket, 55 Oak, Black, 58 Oak, Bur, 51 Oak, California white, 57 Oak, Chestnut, 53 Oak, "Iron", 52 Oak, Live, 56 Oak, Live (_Q. agrifolia_), 64 Oak, Mississippi Valley chestnut, 54 Oak, Pacific post, 57 Oak, Pin, 60 Oak, Post, 52 Oak, Red, 61 Oak, "Rock chestnut", 53 Oak, Scarlet, 59 Oak, Single or Laurel, 63 Oak, Swamp white, 54 Oak, White, 49 Oak, Willow, 62 Oak, "Yellow", 54 Oaks, Black, 58-65 Oaks, The, 46-65 Oaks, White, 49-58 Ohio buckeye, 67 Oilnut, 30 Old field pine, 236 One-leaved nut pine, 231 Oregon alder, 93 Oregon ash, 207 Oregon maple, 197 Oriental plane, 95 Osage orange, 99 _Ostrya Knowletoni_, 87 _Ostrya Virginiana_, 86 _Oxydendrum arboreum_, 122

Pacific post oak, 57 Palms, The, 280 Palo verde acacia, 190 Papaws, The, 167-170 Paper birch, 88 _Parkinsonia aculeata_, 191 Pecan, 38 "Pepperidge", 96 _Persea Borbonia_, 129 _Persea gratissima_, 129 Persimmons, The, 172-175 _Picea Engelmanni_, 250 _Picea excelsa_, 248 _Picea Mariana_, 248 _Picea Parryana_, 250 _Picea rubens_, 249 _Picea Sitchensis_, 251 Pie cherry, 152 Pignut, 41 Pin cherry, 153 Pin oak, 60 Pine, "Big-cone", 240 Pine, Cuban, 236 Pine, Digger, 239 Pine, Gray, 238 Pine, Jack, 238 Pine, Knob-cone, 240 Pine, Loblolly, 236 Pine, Lodge-pole, 245 Pine, Longleaf, 232 Pine, Monterey, 241 Pine, Mountain, 224 Pine, Norway, 246 Pine, Old field, 236 Pine, One-leaved nut, 231 Pine, Pitch, 237 Pine, Prickle-cone, 229 Pine, Red, 246 "Pine, Red", 258 Pine, Rocky Mountain white, 228 Pine, Rosemary, 237 Pine, Scrub, 244 Pine, Shortleaf, 235 Pine, Slash, 236 Pine, "Southern", 233 Pine, Sugar, 225 Pine, Swamp, 236 Pine, Tamarack, 245 Pine, Western pitch, 239 Pine, Western yellow, 242 Pine, White, 222 Pine, White bark, 228 Pines, "Foxtail", 229 Pines, Nut, 230-232 Pines, The, 220-247 Piñon, 230 _Pinus albicaulis_, 228 _Pinus aristata_, 229 _Pinus attenuata_, 240 _Pinus Balfouriana_, 229 _Pinus Caribaea_, 236 _Pinus cembroides_, 230 _Pinus contorta_, 244 _Pinus Coulteri_, 239 _Pinus divaricata_, 238 _Pinus echinata_, 235 _Pinus edulis_, 230 _Pinus flexilis_, 228 _Pinus Lambertiana_, 225 _Pinus monophylla_, 231 _Pinus Monticola_, 224 _Pinus palustris_, 232 _Pinus ponderosa_, 242 _Pinus quadrifolia_, 230 _Pinus radiata_, 241 _Pinus resinosa_, 246 _Pinus rigida_, 237 _Pinus Sabiniana_, 239 _Pinus Strobus_, 222 _Pinus Taeda_, 236 Pitch pine, 237 Pitch pine, Western, 239 Pitch pines, The, 232 Plane, Oriental, 95 _Platanus occidentalis_, 93 _Platanus orientalis_, 95 Plums, The, 149-152 "Pod-bearers," The, 176-192 Poison sumach, 141 Pond apples, The, 170-172 Poplar, Balsam, 79 Poplar, Black, 77 Poplar, Carolina, 78 Poplar, Lombardy, 77 Poplar, "Necklace-bearing", 78 Poplar, Silver-leaved, 76 Poplar, White, 76 Poplars, The, 75-81 _Populus acuminata_, 80 _Populus alba_, 76 _Populus angustifolia_, 80 _Populus balsamifera_, 79 _-Populus deltoidea_, 77 _Populus heterophylla_, 81 _Populus Mexicana_, 80 _Populus nigra_, 77 _Populus tremuloides_, 78 _Populus trichocarpa_, 80 Post oak, 52 Prairie crab, 148 Prickle-cone pine, 229 Prickwood, 137 _Prosopis pubescens_, 189 _Prosopis Tuliflora_, 188 _Prunus Americanus_, 150 _Prunus avium_, 152 _Prunus cerasus_, 152 _Prunus nigra_, 151 _Prunus Pennsylvanica_, 153 _Prunus pseudo-Cerasus_, 152 _Prunus serotina_, 153 _Prunus Virginiana_, 154 _Pseudotsuga mucronata_, 258 Pussy willow, 84

Quaking asp, 78 _Quercus acuminata_, 54 _Quercus agrifolia_, 64 _Quercus alba_, 49 _Quercus chrysolepis_, 63 _Quercus coccinea_, 59 _Quercus Garryana_, 57 _Quercus lobata_, 57 _Quercus macrocarpa_, 51 _Quercus Michauxii_, 55 _Quercus minor_, 52 _Quercus palustris_, 60 _Quercus Phellos_, 62 _Quercus platanoides_, 54 _Quercus prinus_, 53 _Quercus rubra_, 61 _Quercus velutina_, 58 _Quercus Virginiana_, 56

Ram's horn ash, 209 Red alder, 93 Red ash, 205 Red bay, 129 Red birch, 90 Red cedar, 269 Red cedar, Eastern, 276 Red elm, 213 Red fir, 254 Red fir (_A. nobilis_), 256 Red haw, 157 Red juniper, 277 Red maple, 195 Red mulberry, 163 Red oak, 61 Red pine, 246 "Red pine", 258 Red plum, Wild, 150 Red spruce, 249 Redbud, 182 Redwood, 266 Retama, 191 Rhododendron, 118 _Rhododendron maximum_, 119 _Rhus copallina_, 140 _Rhus glabra_, 141 _Rhus hirta_, 138 _Rhus Vernix_, 141 Rings, The Annual, 12 River birch, 90 _Robinia Pseudacacia_, 178 _Robinia viscosa_, 179 "Rock chestnut" oak, 53 Rock elm, 214 Rocky Mountain white pine, 228 Rose bay, 119 Rosemary pine, 237 Rowan tree, 117 Royal palm, 280 Rubber plant, 166 Rum cherry, 153 Rusty nannyberry, 115

_Salix Babylonica_, 83 _Salix discolor_, 84 Sap, 6 Sargent, Professor, xxi Sassafras, 130 Scarlet haw, 157 Scarlet oak, 59 Scientific names, xvii Scotch elm, 216 Screw-bean, 189 Screw-pod, 189 Scrub pine, 244 Seaside alder, 92 _Sequoia sempervirens_, 266 _Sequoia Wellingtonia_, 263 Sequoias, The, 262-268 Service-berries, The, 159-160 Shad-bush, 159 Shagbark, 37 Shaw botanical garden, xiv Sheepberry, 114 Shellbark, 37 Shellbark, Big, 38 Shingle oak, 63 Shortleaf pine, 235 "Silva of North America", xxi Silver bell trees, 123 Silver fir, 257 Silver-leaved poplar, 76 Silver maple, 196 Silver wattle, 187 Slash pine, 236 Slippery elm, 213 Small-leaved elm, 215 Smoke tree, 142 Smooth sumach, 141 Snowdrop tree, 124 "Snowdrop tree", 123 Soft maple, 196 Soft pines, 222-229 _Sophora secundiflora_, 192 _Sorbus Americana_, 116 _Sorbus Aucuparia_, 117 _Sorbus sambucifolia_, 117 Sorrel tree, 122 Sour gum, 96 Sour-wood, 122 "Southern" pine, 233 Southwestern walnut, 29 "_Species plantarum_", xix Spruce, Black, 248 Spruce, Blue, 250 Spruce, Douglas, 258 Spruce, Engelmann, 250 Spruce, Norway, 248 Spruce, Red, 249 Spruce, Tideland, 251 Spruces, The, 247-251 Staghorn sumach, 138 Starch, 7 Starry magnolia, 103 Striped mapl, 198 Sugar maple, 194 Sugar pine, 225 Sumach, Black dwarf, 140 Sumach, Dwarf, 140 Sumach, Mountain, 140 Sumach, Poison, 141 Sumach, Smooth, 141 Sumach, Staghorn, 138 Sumachs, The, 137-142 Swamp bay, 105 Swamp Cottonwood, 81 Swamp pine, 236 Swamp white oak, 54 Sweet buckeye, 67 Sweet cherry, 152 Sweet gum, 97 Sweet leaf, 124 Sycamore maple, 200 Sycamores, The, 93-95 _Symplocos tinctoria_, 125

Tamarack pine, 245 Tamaracks, The, 277-279 "Tassel trees", 186 _Taxodium distichum_, 273 Texas ebony, 191 _Thuya occidentalis_, 268 _Thuya plicata_, 269 Tideland spruce,, 251 _Tilia Americana_, 70 _Tilia heterophylla_, 71 _Tilia pubescens_, 72 _Tilia vulgaris_, 72 _Toxylon pomiferum_, 99 Transpiration, 23 Trees, Bark of, xv, 23 Trees, Breathing of, 22 Trees, Buds of, 3, 23 Trees, Chemistry of., 5-8 Trees, Food of, 6 Trees, Growth of, 9-16 Trees, How to know the, xiv-xvi

Trees in winter, 20-27 Trees, Leaves of, 4, 16-20 Trees, Life of, 3-27 Trees, Names of, xii, xvii-xxiii Trees, Opposite-leaved, xv Trees, Sap of, 6 Trembling aspen, 78 _Tsuga Canadensis_, 260 _Tsuga heterophylla_, 261 _Tsuga Martensiana_, 231 Tulip tree, 109 "Tupelo", 96

_Ulmus alata_, 215 _Ulmus Americana_, 210 _Ulmus campestris_, 215 _Ulmus fulva_, 213 _Ulmus montana_, 216 _Ulmus Thomasi_, 214 Umbrella tree, 108

_Viburnum lentago_, 114 _Viburnum prunifolium_, 115 _Viburnum rufidulum_, 115 Viburnums, The, 114 Vine maple, 197 "Virgilia", 183

Wahoo, 137 "Wahoo", 215 Walnut, Black, 31 Walnut, California, 29 Walnut, English, 33 Walnut, Japanese, 33 Walnut, Southwestern, 29 Walnut, White, 30 Walnuts, The, 28-35 "Water Beech", 85 Wattles, The, 184-187 Weeping maple, Wier's, 196 Weeping willow, 83 Western dogwood, 113 Western hemlock, 261 Western juniper, 276 Western larch, 279 Western pitch pine, 239 Western service-berry, 160 Western yellow pine, 242 White ash, 202 White-bark pine, 228 White basswood, 71 White birch, 89 White cedar, 272 White elm, 210 White fir, 256 White fir (_A. concolor_), 257 White mulberry, 164 White oak, 49 White oak group, 49-58 White pine, 222 White pine, Rocky Mountain, 228 White poplar, 76 White walnut, 30 Wier's weeping maple, 196 "Wild banana tree", 169 Wild black cherry, 153 Wild cherry, 153 Wild crab, 148 Wild red plum, 150 Willow oak, 62 Willow, Pussy, 84 Willow, Weeping, 83 Willows, The, 81-84 Winged elm, 215 Winter, Trees in, 20-27 "Winter berries", 143 Witch hazel, 133 Wood, 12-16 Wych elm, 210

Yaupon, 145 Yellow birch, 89 Yellow locust, 178 "Yellow oak", 54 Yellow pine, Western, 242 Yellow plum, 150 Yellow-wood, 183 Yulan magnolia, 102

_Zigia flexicaulis_, 191

Transcriber's Notes

Where images split paragraphs and in some cases would split off a short section of a species description, the text was moved above or below the images to rejoin the text. Small caps formatting is usually converted to ALL CAPS. Although the section header lists on the chapter title pages were printed in small caps and the section header text are printed in ALL CAPS where they occur within the chapter, it was decided that the header lists would be left as mixed caps for better readability.

Where text is printed as superscripts, they are presented using a carat symbol (ex., CO^2 for the Carbon Dioxide). When text is printed as subscripts, an underscore is used (ex., H_{2}O for water). Although current usage would display the numbers in chemical formulæ as subscripts (ex., H_{2}O, CO_{2} and C_{6}H_{10}O_{5}), they are displayed here as printed.

Original gramatical constructions were left as is (ex. P. 83, "...the light seeds ... floats away...").

In order to match the most commonly used spelling, the instances where Arbor-vitae was printed with an ae ligature were converted to individual letters. The oe ligature on page xxi was converted to the letters "oe". As three variant spellings birdseye, birds-eye and bird's-eye appear, the others were converted to the most prevalent form--bird's-eye. This was also the case with a number of other words which were changed; but are not specifically listed here.

Typographical Corrections

Page Correction

67 Raffinesque => Rafinesque 89 uniniviting => uninviting 156 hawthrons => hawthorns 284 Black haw, 115-158 => Black haw, 115, 158 285 Diospyrus => Diospyros 286 Bardadensis => Barbadensis 289 Rew Haw => Red haw

Emphasis Notation

=Text= - bold

_Text_ - italic

End of Project Gutenberg's Trees Worth Knowing, by Julia Ellen Rogers