Part 1

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TREES OF INDIANA

(First Revised Edition)

by

CHAS. C. DEAM

April, 1921

Fort Wayne Printing Company Contractors for Indiana State Printing and Binding Fort Wayne, Indiana 1921

The Department of Conservation State of Indiana W. A. Guthrie, Chairman. Stanley Coulter. John W. Holtzman. E. M. Wilson, Secretary.

Publication No. 13

Richard Lieber. Director.

Preface

The first edition of Deam's "Trees of Indiana" was published in 1911. By limiting the distribution, the edition of 10,000 lasted about three years. The demand for a book of this kind was so great that a second edition of 1,000 copies was published in March 1919. This edition was exhausted within five days after its publication was announced, and thousands of requests for it could not be filled. These came from all classes of people, but the greatest demand was from the school teachers of the State.

Since forestry is an integral part of agriculture which is now taught in our public schools, and since a book on the trees of the State is in demand, the Conservation Commission has authorized a revised edition of "The Trees of Indiana." What was formerly Bulletin No. 3 of the Division of Forestry is now published as Publication No. 13 of the Department. The reader's attention is called to a new departure in illustrations, which were made from photographic reproductions of specimens in Mr. Deam's herbarium. The photographs were taken by Mr. Harry F. Dietz of the Division of Entomology. It is believed that it will be gratefully received by the public and will stimulate an interest in forestry that should achieve practical results.

RICHARD LIEBER, Director, The Department of Conservation.

Table of Contents.

Preface 7

List of illustrations 10

Introduction 13

Key to families 17

Trees of Indiana 19

Excluded Species 290

Measurements of some large trees that grow in Indiana 297

Specific gravity of Indiana woods 299

Index 305

Illustrations.

PLATE NUMBER PLATES PAGE

1. Frontispiece; Sycamore, largest hardwood tree in U.S. 5 2. Pinus Strobus (White Pine) 21 3. Pinus Banksiana (Gray or Jack Pine) 23 4. Pinus virginiana (Scrub Pine) 24 5. Larix laricina (Tamarack) 27 6. Tsuga canadensis (Hemlock) 29 7. Taxodium distichum (Cypress) 31 8. Thuja occidentalis (Arbor-Vitæ) 33 9. Juniperus virginiana (Red Cedar) 35 10. Salix nigra (Black Willow) 37 11. Salix amygdaloides (Peach-leaved Willow) 39 12. Salix alba (White Willow) 41 13. Salix fragilis (Crack Willow) 42 14. Salix discolor (Pussy Willow) 44 15. Populus alba (Silver-leaf Poplar) 46 16. Populus heterophylla (Swamp Cottonwood) 48 17. Populus deltoides (Cottonwood) 49 18. Populus grandidentata (Large-toothed Aspen) 51 19. Populus tremuloides (Quaking Aspen) 53 20. Juglans cinerea (Butternut) 55 21. Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) 57 22. Carya illinoensis (Pecan) 60 23. Carya cordiformis (Pignut Hickory) 62 24. Carya ovata (Shellbark Hickory) 64 25. Carya laciniosa (Big Shellbark Hickory) 67 26. Carya alba (White Hickory) 69 27. Carya glabra (Black Hickory) 71 28. Carya ovalis (Small-fruited Hickory) 73 29. Carya Buckleyi var. arkansana 77 30. Carpinus caroliniana (Water Beech) 79 31. Ostrya virginiana (Ironwood) 81 32. Betula lutea (Yellow Birch) 83 33. Betula populifolia (Gray or White Birch) 86 34. Betula papyrifera (Paper or Canoe Birch) 87 35. Betula nigra (Black or Red Birch) 89 36. Alnus incana (Speckled Alder) 91 37. Alnus rugosa (Smooth Alder) 93 38. Fagus grandifolia (Beech) 95 39. Castanea dentata (Chestnut) 97 40. Quercus alba (White Oak) 102 41. Quercus bicolor (Swamp White Oak) 105 42. Quercus Muhlenbergii (Chinquapin Oak) 106 43. Quercus Michauxii (Cow or Basket Oak) 108 44. Quercus Prinus (Chestnut Oak) 111 45. Quercus stellata (Post Oak) 113 46. Quercus macrocarpa (Bur Oak) 115 47. Quercus lyrata (Overcup Oak) 118 48. Quercus imbricaria (Shingle Oak) 120 49. Quercus rubra (Red Oak) 122 50. Quercus palustris (Pin Oak) 124 51. Quercus Schneckii (Schneck's Red Oak) 125 52. Quercus ellipsoidalis (Hill's Oak) 128 53. Quercus velutina (Black Oak) 129 54. Quercus coccinea (Scarlet Oak) 132 55. Quercus falcata (Spanish Oak) 134 56. Quercus marilandica (Black Jack Oak) 136 57. Ulmus fulva (Slippery or Red Elm) 139 58. Ulmus americana (White Elm) 141 59. Ulmus Thomasi (Hickory or Rock Elm) 143 60. Ulmus alata (Winged Elm) 144 61. Celtis occidentalis (Hackberry) 147 62. Celtis pumila var. Deamii (Dwarf Hackberry) 149 63. Celtis mississippiensis (Sugarberry) 152 64. Morus rubra (Red Mulberry) 154 65. Maclura pomifera (Osage Orange) 156 66. Magnolia acuminata (Cucumber Tree) 158 67. Liriodendron Tulipifera (Tulip Tree or Yellow Poplar) 160 68. Asimina triloba (Pawpaw) 162 69. Sassafras officinale (Sassafras) 164 70. Liquidambar Styraciflua (Sweet Gum) 167 71. Platanus occidentalis (Sycamore) 169 72. Malus glaucescens (American Crab Apple) 173 73. Malus lancifolia (Narrow-leaved Crab Apple) 175 74. Malus ioensis (Western Crab Apple) 176 75. Amelanchier canadensis (Juneberry or Service Berry) 178 76. Amelanchier lævis (Smooth Juneberry or Service Berry) 179 77. Cratægus Crus-galli (Cock-spur Thorn) 183 78. Cratægus cuneiformis (Marshall's Thorn) 184 79. Cratægus punctata (Large-fruited Thorn) 186 80. Cratægus Margaretta (Judge Brown's Thorn) 187 81. Cratægus collina (Chapman's Hill Thorn) 189 82. Cratægus succulenta (Long-spined Thorn) 190 83. Cratægus neo-fluvialis (New River Thorn) 192 84. Cratægus Calpodendron (Pear Thorn) 193 85. Cratægus chrysocarpa (Round-leaved Thorn) 195 86. Cratægus viridis (Southern Thorn) 196 87. Cratægus nitida (Shining Thorn) 198 88. Cratægus macrosperma (Variable Thorn) 199 89. Cratægus basilica (Edson's Thorn) 201 90. Cratægus Jesupi (Jesup's Thorn) 202 91. Cratægus rugosa (Fretz's Thorn) 204 92. Cratægus filipes (Miss Beckwith's Thorn) 205 93. Cratægus Gattingeri (Gattinger's Thorn) 207 94. Cratægus pruinosa (Waxy-fruited Thorn) 208 95. Cratægus coccinoides (Eggert's Thorn) 210 96. Cratægus coccinea (Scarlet Thorn) 211 97. Cratægus mollis (Red-fruited or Downy Thorn) 213 98. Cratægus Phænopyrum (Washington's Thorn) 215 99. Prunus americana (Wild Red Plum) 217 100. Prunus americana var. lanata (Woolly-leaf Plum) 219 101. Prunus nigra (Canada Plum) 220 102. Prunus hortulana (Wild Goose Plum) 222 103. Prunus pennsylvanica (Wild Red Cherry) 224 104. Prunus serotina (Wild Black Cherry) 225 105. Cercis canadensis (Redbud) 228 106. Gleditsia triacanthos (Honey Locust) 229 107. Gleditsia aquatica (Water Honey Locust) 231 108. Gymnocladus dioica (Coffeenut Tree) 234 109. Robinia Pseudo-Acacia (Black Locust) 236 110. Ailanthus altissima (Ailanthus or Tree of Heaven) 238 111. Acer Negundo (Box Elder) 241 112. Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple) 243 113. Acer rubrum (Red Maple) 245 114. Acer nigrum (Black Maple) 247 115. Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple) 249 116. Æsculus glabra (Buckeye) 252 117. Æsculus octandra (Sweet Buckeye) 254 118. Tilia glabra (Linn or Basswood) 256 119. Tilia heterophylla (White Basswood) 258 120. Nyssa sylvatica (Black Gum) 260 121. Cornus florida (Dogwood) 262 122. Oxydendrum arboreum (Sour Wood or Sorrel Tree) 264 123. Diospyros virginiana (Persimmon) 266 124. Fraxinus americana (White Ash) 269 125. Fraxinus biltmoreana (Biltmore Ash) 271 126. Fraxinus lanceolata (Green Ash) 273 127. Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Red Ash) 275 128. Fraxinus profunda (Pumpkin Ash) 277 129. Fraxinus quadrangulata (Blue Ash) 279 130. Fraxinus nigra (Black Ash) 281 131. Adelia acuminata (Pond Brush or Crooked Brush) 283 132. Catalpa bignonioides (Catalpa) 285 133. Catalpa speciosa (Hardy Catalpa) 286 134. Viburnum prunifolium (Black Haw) 289 135. County Map of Indiana 301 136. Map showing certain areas of forest distribution 302 137. English and Metric Scales compared 303

Trees of Indiana

_INTRODUCTION_

The present edition has been entirely rewritten. While the general plan of the first edition has been followed, some changes have been made.

The number of trees included has been wholly arbitrary. All woody plants of the State which generally attain a maximum diameter of 10 cm. (4 inches) at breast high are regarded as tree forms. _Alnus rugosa_ which so closely resembles _Alnus incana_, is an exception, and a description of it is given to aid in the identification of our tree form of _Alnus_. Also several species of Cratægus are included which commonly do not attain tree size. The species of all Cratægus begin to flower and fruit many years before they attain their maximum size. The genus is much in need of study, and the smaller forms are included to stimulate a study of the genus, and in order that the larger forms may be more easily and certainly identified.

The number of introduced trees has been limited to those that more or less freely escape at least in some parts of the State. The one exception is _Catalpa bignonioides_, which is given to help separate it from our native catalpa, both of which are now commonly planted.

=Botanic Description.=--The botanic descriptions have been made from specimens collected in Indiana. In most instances the material has been quite ample, and collected from all parts of the State. Technical terms have been avoided, and only when precision and accuracy were necessary have a few been used which can be found in any school dictionary. The length of the description varies in proportion to the importance and interest of the species and the number of characters necessary to separate it from other forms. The characters used are those which are the most conspicuous, and are generally with the specimen at hand. In most instances mature leaves are at hand, and these are most fully described. When leaves are discussed, only mature and normal leaves are considered. The descriptions are not drawn to include the leaf forms, and sizes of coppice shoots or seedlings. Measurements of simple leaves do not include the petiole unless mentioned.

When the term twig is used, it means the growth of the year. Branchlets and branches mean all growth except the present year. By seasons are meant the calendar seasons.

The size of trees is designated as small, medium and large. These terms are defined as follows: Small trees are those that attain a diameter of 2 dm.; medium-sized trees are those whose maximum diameter is between 2 dm. and 6 dm.; large-sized trees are those which are commonly more than 6 dm. in diameter. Diameter measurements are at 14 dm. (4-1/2) feet above the ground, or breast high.

The common names given are those most generally used in our area. Where common names are rarely applied to our forms, the common commercial or botanical common name is given. In some instances where a tree is known by several names, one or more of which are often applied to a related species, the liberty has been taken to select a common name which should be restricted to the one species.

Botanical names are usually pronounced according to the English method of pronouncing Latin. The accented syllables have been marked as follows: the grave (\) accent to indicate the long English sound of the vowel and the acute (/) accent to show the short or otherwise modified sound.

Measurements have been given in the metric system, and in some instances the English equivalent has also been given.

The nomenclature attempted is that of the International Code. The sequence of families is that of Gray's Manual, 7th Edition.

=Distribution.=--The general distribution of the species is first given, which is followed by the distribution in Indiana. The general distribution has been obtained by freely consulting all the local floras and general works on botany. The Indiana distribution has been obtained for the greater part from specimens represented in the writer's herbarium and from notes in doing field work during the past 24 years. Since the first edition of the "Trees of Indiana" was published the writer has traveled over 27,000 miles in Indiana, via auto, making a special study of the flora of the State, and has visited every county and has traversed practically every township in the State. In discussing numbers in distribution it was decided to use terms already in common use, but to assign a definite meaning to each as follows: Very common means more than 25 trees to the acre; common, 5-25 trees to the acre; frequent 1-5 trees to the acre; infrequent, 1 tree to 2-10 acres; rare, 1 tree to every 11-100 acres; very rare, 1 tree to more than 100 acres; local when the distribution is circumscribed or in spots.

Where a species has the limit of its range in our area, its distribution is sometimes given at length for scientific reasons. It should be remembered that some of the older records of distribution were made by geologists or inexperienced botanists, and when such records are questioned it is done with a spirit of scientific accuracy. Some of our early authors did not distinguish between cultivated and native trees, which involves the distribution of certain species.

The habitat of many species is discussed; which suggests forestal, horticultural and ornamental possibilities. Then too, the habitat of a tree, helps to identify it. When associated trees are given, those are enumerated which are characteristic of the species throughout its range in our area and they are arranged in the order of their abundance.

A county map of the State is included which will assist in finding the range of each species. A forestal area map is also added to visualize certain habitats of the State.

The range and distribution of the species in the State has been given considerable attention to encourage investigation along this line.

=Remarks.=--Under this title the economic uses of the trees and their products have been given. In addition horticultural and unclassified information is included.

=Illustrations.=--All of the illustrations except two are photographic reproductions of specimens in the writer's herbarium. The two drawings were used in the first edition.

About 20 of the photographs were made by Paul Ulman, and the remainder by Harry F. Dietz, who has laboriously tried to obtain good reproductions from the material at hand.

=Explanation of Map of Certain Forestal Areas.=--In describing the distribution of certain species of trees within the State, it was found convenient to speak of certain forestal areas which are here described, and are illustrated by a map which may be found at the end of the text.

_Lake Region_:--The southernmost lakes in Indiana are those located in the southwestern part of Wells County; Lake Galacia about five miles northeast of Fairmount in Grant County; Lake Cicott in Cass County; and Kate's Pond about 1-1/2 miles northwest of Independence in Warren County. Roughly estimated, all of Indiana north of a line connecting these lakes might be considered the lake area of the State. _Prairie Area_:--While the interior of Indiana has quite a few small areas called prairies, the real western prairie did not extend far into the State. The dividing line is very irregular, and several elongated lobes extended farther east than indicated by the map. The larger areas east of the line were the extensive prairie area of the Kankakee Valley; the northern part of Pulaski County; and parts of White and Tippecanoe Counties. _"Knob" Area_:--This is the hilliest part of the State and is located in the southcentral part. It is contained in the unglaciated portion of the State, and includes the "knobs" of the Knobstone, Chester and Mansfield sandstone areas of Indiana. In this area are included the scrub pine and chestnut oak, with one exception; sorrel tree and the chestnut, with two possible exceptions. _The Flats_:--This is a level stretch of country, here and there deeply eroded. Being level, and the soil a fine compact clay, the drainage is poor which suggested the local name "flats." _The Lower Wabash Valley_:--This is part of Knox, Gibson and Posey Counties which is usually inundated each year by the Wabash River.

=Acknowledgments.=--The character and qualities of the wood have for the greater part been taken from the works of Britton and Brown, Hough, and Sargent, to whom indebtedness is acknowledged.

The _Salicaceæ_, except the genus _Populus_ was written by C. R. Ball, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. The _Malaceæ_ was contributed by W. W. Eggleston, also of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. These authors were asked to make their part conform to the general plan of the book. Mr. Ball and Mr. Eggleston are recognized authorities on the respective parts they have written and users of this book will appreciate the value of having these difficult parts written by our best authorities. The author wishes to gratefully acknowledge this great favor.

The most grateful acknowledgement is given to Prof. Stanley Coulter, Dean, School Science, Purdue University, who has read all of the manuscript and made valuable suggestions, corrections and criticisms.

I wish to acknowledge the assistance of Stella M. Deam, my wife, in field and clerical work.

I wish to thank the Department of Conservation for the opportunity of doing this work.

Key to the Families.

PAGE

Leaves linear or scale-like. Pinaceæ 19

Leaves not as above.

A. Leaves compound.

Leaves palmately compound. Æsculaceæ 251

Leaves without an odd leaflet at the end. Cæsalpinaceæ 226

Leaves with an odd leaflet at the end.

Leaves alternate.

Leaflets toothed all around. Juglandaceæ 52

Leaflets entire, or with 1-4 teeth near the base.

Trees with thorns, leaflets entire, generally less than 4 cm. (1-1/2 inches) long. Fabaceæ 233

Trees without thorns, leaflets entire or with 1-4 teeth near the base, generally longer than 4 cm. (1-1/2 inches). Simarubaceæ 237

Leaves opposite.

Leaflets 3-5, fruit in pairs. Aceraceæ 239

Leaflets 5-11, fruit single. Oleaceæ 267

A. Leaves simple.

Leaves opposite or whorled.

Petioles more than 4 cm. (1-1/2 inches) long.

Blades palmately 3-5 lobed. Aceraceæ 239

Blades entire or with 1 or 2 lateral lobes. Bignoniaceæ 284

Petioles less than 4 cm. (1-1/2 inches) long.

Flowers 4-parted, stone of fruit round. Cornaceæ 259

Flowers 5-parted, stone of fruit flattened. Caprifoliaceæ 288

Leaves alternate.

B. Leaves entire.