Part 5

+=============================+================================ | | _Ke_ | |--------+------------+---------- | |Per foot|Per bent, |Per cubic | |run of |3 ft, 6 in.,|yard | |tunnel |center to |excavation | | |center | |-----------------------------+--------+------------+---------- |PERMANENT TIMBERING. | | | |Lumber in feet, B. M. | | | | Upper Bent. | 274 | 685 | 7.8 | Blocking. | 294 | 735 | 8.3 | Total. | 568 | 1,420 | 16.1 |Cost, in dollars. | | | | Lumber. | 23.75| 59.38 | 0.67 | Labor. | 37.50| 93.75 | 1.06 | Total. | 61.25| 153.13 | 1.73 | | | | |TEMPORARY TIMBERING. | | | |Lumber in feet, B. M. | | | | Lower Bent. | 479 | 11.97 | 13.6 | Blocking. | 193 | 483 | 5.5 | Total. | 672 | 16.80 | 19.1 |Cost, in dollars. | | | | Lumber. | 29.13| 72.81 | 0.82 | Erection labor. | 28.85| 72.13 | 0.82 | Removal labor. | 8.29| 20.73 | 0.23 | Total labor. | 37.14| 92.86 | 1.05 | Total. | 66.27| 165.67 | 1.87 | | | | |GRAND TOTAL. | | | |Lumber in feet, B. M. |1,240 | 3,100 | 35.2 |Cost, in dollars. | | | | Lumber. | 52.88| 132.19 | 1.49 | Labor. | 74.64| 186.61 | 3.60 | Total. | 127.52| 318.80 | |-----------------------------+--------+------------+---------- | | _Ki_ | |--------+------------+---------- | |Per foot|Per bent, |Per cubic | |run of |3 ft, 6 in.,|yard | |tunnel |center to |excavation | | |center | |-----------------------------+--------+------------+---------- |PERMANENT TIMBERING. | | | |Lumber in feet, B. M. | | | | Upper Bent. | 227 | 830 | 5.3 | Blocking. | 164 | 601 | 3.8 | Total. | 391 | 1,431 | 9.1 |Cost, in dollars. | | | | Lumber. | 16.84| 61.56 | 0.39 | Labor. | 12.82| 46.88 | 0.30 | Total. | 29.66| 108.44 | 0.69 | | | | |TEMPORARY TIMBERING. | | | |Lumber in feet, B. M. | | | | Lower Bent. | 186.33| 681.25 | 4.33 | Blocking. | 42.80 156.50 | 0.99 | Total. | 229.13| 837.75 | 5.32 |Cost, in dollars. | | | | Lumber. | 9.65| 35.31 | 0.22 | Erection labor. | 10.38| 37.97 | 0.24 | Removal labor. | 9.74| 34.09 | 0.23 | Total labor. | 20.12| 72.06 | 0.47 | Total. | 29.77| 107.37 | 0.69 | | | | |GRAND TOTAL. | | | |Lumber in feet, B. M. | 6.20| 22.69 | 14.4 |Cost, in dollars. | | | | Lumber. | 26.49| 96.87 | 0.61 | Labor. | 32.94| 118.94 | 0.77 | Total. | 59.43| 215.81 | 1.38 |-----------------------------+--------+----------------------- | | _Ko_ | |--------+------------+---------- | |Per foot|Per bent, |Per cubic | |run of |3 ft, 6 in.,|yard | |tunnel |center to |excavation | | |center | |-----------------------------+--------+------------+---------- |PERMANENT TIMBERING. | | | |Lumber in feet, B. M. | | | | Upper Bent. | 261 | 962 | 4.1 | Blocking. | 408 | 1,508 | 6.5 | Total. | 669 | 24.70 | 10.5 |Cost, in dollars. | | | | Lumber. | 28.00| 103.38 | 0.44 | Labor. | 29.79| 110.00 | 0.47 | Total. | 57.79| 213.38 | 0.91 | | | | |TEMPORARY TIMBERING. | | | |Lumber in feet, B. M. | | | | Lower Bent. | 350 | 1,291 | 5.5 | Blocking. | 61 | 227 | 1.0 | Total. | 411 | 1,518 | 6.5 |Cost, in dollars. | | | | Lumber. | 18.45| 68.16 | 0.29 | Erection labor. | 20.83| 76.92 | 0.33 | Removal labor. | 12.16| 44.59 | 0.19 | Total labor. | 32.99| 121.51 | 0.52 | Total. | 51.44| 189.67 | 0.81 | | | | |GRAND TOTAL. | | | |Lumber in feet, B. M. |1,080 | 3,988 | 17.1 |Cost, in dollars. | | | | Lumber. | 46.45| 171.54 | 0.73 | Labor. | 62.78| 231.50 | 0.99 | Total. | 109.23| 403.04 | 1.72 +=============================+========+============+=========

TABLE 10.--TIMBERING:--DETAILED COST OF TIMBER, LABOR, AND SUPERINTENDENCE. ROCK TUNNEL EXCAVATION UNDER 32D STREET, EAST OF CUT-AND-COVER SECTION.

+====+=======+======================================+====================+ | | | | EXCAVATION | | | | | TIMBER USED, IN | IN CUBIC | COST OF | | | | FEET, B. M. | YARDS | TIMBER | | | |------------------------+-------------+--------------------+ | | | Main |Blocking| Total | | Paid | | | | | |Date |timber.|timber. |timber.|Actual| for. | Main |Block.|Total.| | |-------+-------+--------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+ | |1907 | _a_ | _b_ | _c_ | _d_ | _e_ | _f_ | _g_ | _h_ | | |-------+-------+--------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+ |_Ke_|May | 18,016| 15,234 | 33,250| 1,736| 1,664| $810| $565|$1,375| | |June | 14,048| 11,528 | 25,576| 809| 698| 680| 457| 1,087| | |July | 20,092| 7,339 | 27,431| 1,022| 960| 900| 300| 1,200| | |August | 6,485| 2,632 | 9,117| 743| 716| 290| 110| 400| | |Sept. | 1,632| 2,224 | 3,856| 238| 238| 73| 94| 167| | |Removal| | | | | | | | | | |-------+-------+--------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+ | |Total | 60,273| 38,957 | 99,230| 4,548| 4,276|$2,703|$1,526|$4,229| |----+-------+-------+--------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+ |_Ki_|May | | 3,537 | 3,537| 614| 527| | $150| $150| | |June | 300| | 300| 357| 259| $14| | 14| | |July | 7,776| 5,811 | 13,587| 530| 404| 350| 233| 583| | |August | 19,712| 5,702 | 25,414| 925| 890| 887| 220| 1,107| | |Sept. | 20,556| 9,218 | 29,774| 1,585| 1,501| 925| 325| 1,250| | |Removal| | | | 1,669| 1,407| | | | | |-------+-------+--------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+ | |Total | 48,344| 24,268 | 72,612| 5,680| 4,988|$2,176| $928|$3,104| |----+-------+-------+--------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+ |_Ko_|May | 4,332| 8,788 | 13,120| 250| 188| $175| $366| $561| | |June | 7,132| 10,017 | 17,149| 496| 347| 324| 396| 720| | |July | 3,070| 200 | 3,270| 626| 606| 134| 10| 144| | |August | 10,704| 2,102 | 12,806| 718| 709| 481| 80| 561| | |Sept. | 2,400| 245 | 2,645| 396| 324| 108| 8| 116| | |Removal| | | | 209| 211| | | | |----|-------+-------+--------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+ | |Total | 27,638| 21,352 |48,990 | 2,695| 2,385|$1,242| $860|$2,102| |----|-------+-------+--------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+ | |Grand |136,255| 84,577 |220,832|12,923|11,649|$6,121|$3,314|$9,435| | |total | | | | | | | | | +====+=======+=======+========+=======+======+======+======+======+======+

+====+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+======+=======+=====+=====| | | | | | COST PER | COST PER | | | | | | CUBIC YARD | CUBIC YARD | | | |COST OF| TOTAL | (ACTUAL). | (PAID FOR). | | | | Labor | Cost. |-------+-------+------+-------+-----+-----+ | |DATE | | |Timber.|Labor. |Total.|Timber.|Labor|Total| | |-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-----+-----+ | | | | | _h_ | _i_ | _j_ | _h_ | _i_ | _j_ | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | |1907 | _i_ | _j_ | _d_ | _d_ | _d_ | _e_ | _e_ | _e_ | |----+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-----+-----+ |_Ke_|May | $1,792| $3,167| $0.79 | $1.03 | $1.82| $0.82 |$1.07|$1.90| | |June | 1,576| 2,663| 1.34 | 1.95 | 3.29| 1.55 | 2.25| 3.81| | |July | 1,580| 2,780| 1.16 | 1.55 | 2.72| 1.25 | 1.64| 2.89| | |August | 300| 700| 0.53 | 0.40 | 0.94| 0.57 | 0.41| 0.98| | |Sept. | 60| 227| 0.70 | 0.25 | 0.95| 0.70 | 0.25| 0.95| | |Removal| 663| 663| | | | | | | | |-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-----+-----+ | |Total | $5,971|$10,200| $0.91 | $1.51 | $2.22| $1.00 |$1.40|$2.40| |----+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-----+-----+ |_Ki_|May | $100| $250| $0.24 | $0.16 | $0.40| $0.28 |$0.19|$0.47| | |June | 44| 58| 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.16| 0.05 | 0.17| 0.22| | |July | 525| 7,108| 1.10 | 0.99 | 2.09| 1.44 | 1.30| 2.74| | |August | 1,018| 2,125| 1.20 | 1.10 | 2.30| 1.24 | 1.14| 2.38| | |Sept. | 1,028| 2,278| 0.79 | 0.65 | 1.44| 0.83 | 0.68| 1.51| | |Removal| 1,139| 1,139| | 0.68 | 0.68| | 0.81| 0.81| | |-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-----+-----+ | |Total | $3,854| $6,958| $0.55 | $0.68 | $1.23| $0.63 |$0.77|$1.40| |----+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-----+-----+ |_Ko_|May | $303| $864| $2.24 | $1.21 | $3.45| $3.00 |$1.61|$4.61| | |June | 562| 1,282| 1.45 | 1.18 | 2.58| 2.07 | 1.61| 3.68| | |July | 156| 300| 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.48| 0.23 | 0.26| 0.49| | |August | 727| 1,288| 0.78 | 1.01 | 1.79| 0.80 | 1.02| 1.82| | |Sept. | 400| 516| 0.29 | 1.01 | 1.30| 0.36 | 1.23| 1.59| | |Removal| 535| 535| | 2.56 | 2.56| | 2.54| 2.54| | |-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-----+-----+ | |Total | $2,683| $4,785| $0.78 | $1.00 | $1.78| $0.88 |$1.12|$2.00| |----+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-----+-----+ | |Grand |$12,508|$21,943| $0.73 | $0.97 | $1.70| $0.81 |$1.07|$1.88| | |total | | | | | | | | | +====+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+======+=======+=====+=====+

+====+===========+======================+ | | | COST, PER 1,000 | | | | FT., B. M., OF | | | | TOTAL TIMBER. | | | |-------+------+-------| | | | Total | | | | | Date |timber.|Labor.|Total. | | |-----------+-------+------+-------| | | | _h_ | _i_ | _j_ | | | | --- | --- | --- | | | 1907 | _c_ | _c_ | _c_ | |----+-----------+-------+------+-------| |_Ke_|May |$41.35 |$53.89| $95.24| | |June | 42.50 | 61.62| 104.12| | |July | 43.74 | 57.60| 101.34| | |August | 43.87 | 32.90| 76.77| | |Sept. | 43.31 | 15.56| 58.87| | |Removal | | | | | |-----------+-------+------+-------| | |Total |$42.62 |$60.19|$102.81| |----+-----------+-------+------+-------| |_Ki_|May |$42.41 |$28.27| $70.68| | |June | 46.66 |146.33| 193.33| | |July | 42.91 | 38.64| 81.54| | |August | 43.56 | 40.06| 83.61| | |Sept. | 41.98 | 34.53| 76.51| | |Removal | | | | | |-----------+-------+------+-------| | |Total |$42.75 |$53.09| $95.84| |----+-----------+-------+------+-------| |_Ko_|May |$42.76 |$23.10| $65.86| | |June | 41.98 | 32.77| 74.75| | |July | 44.04 | 47.70| 91.74| | |August | 43.80 | 56.77| 100.57| | |Sept. | 43.85 |151.23| 195.08| | |Removal | | | | | |-----------+-------+------+-------| | |Total |$42.91 |$54.75| $97.65| |----+-----------+-------+------+-------| | |Grand total|$42.73 |$56.65| $99.38| +====+===========+=======+======+=======+

Work was begun on September 1st, 1904, immediately on the completion of the work on the shaft. The North and South Tunnels in this case are completely independent, as will be seen from Plate XXXIV. The procedure adopted was to drive a top heading on the center line of each tunnel and to break down the bench from this. The drilling was at first supplied with steam power from a temporary plant, as the contractor was at that time installing his permanent plant, which was finished at the end of November, 1904. At this time the rate of advance averaged 3½ lin. ft. of full section per day of 24 hours. By the end of January the Weehawken rock tunnels were completely excavated, and by the middle of April, 1905, the excavation for the shield chambers was finished; the erection of the shields was started at the end of that month.

TABLE 11.

==================+=========+========+=============+========+========== Grade. |Total No.|Rate per|Drilling and |Mucking:|Timbering: | | day. |blasting: No.| No. | No. ------------------+---------+--------+-------------+--------+---------- Superintendent | 1 | $7.70 | ½ | 1/8 | 3/8 Assistant engineer| 1 | 5.80 | ½ | 1/8 | 3/8 Electrician | 1 | 3.50 | ½ | 1/8 | 3/8 Engineer | 1 | 3.50 | | 1 | Signalman | 1 | 2.00 | | 1 | Foreman | 3 | 4.00 | 1 | 1 | 1 Driller | 5 | 3.00 | 5 | | Driller's helper | 5 | 2.00 | 5 | | Laborers | 14 | 2.00 | | 14 | Timbermen | 3 | 3.00 | | | 3 " helpers | 4 | 2.00 | | | 4 Machinist | 1 | 4.00 | 1 | | Blacksmith | 2 | 3.50 | 2 | | " helper | 2 | 2.00 | 2 | | Nipper | 2 | 2.00 | 2 | | Waterboy | 1 | 2.00 | 1 | | ------------------+---------+--------+-------------+--------+--------- Total | 47 | | 20½ | 17-3/8 | 9-1/8 ==================+=========+========+=============+========+=========

The general scheme of excavation is shown by Plate XXXIII. The bench was kept 50 or 60 ft. behind the face of the heading. The powder used was 60% Forcite. The general system of drilling was as shown in Fig. 7. The average length of hole drilled per cubic yard of excavation was 2.9 ft., as against 7.70 ft. at Manhattan; and the amount of powder used was 1.96 lb. per cu. yd., as against 1.24 lb. at Manhattan. There was little timbering. A length of about 30 or 40 ft. adjoining the Weehawken shaft was timbered, and also a shattered seam of about 17 ft. in width between Stations 262 + 10 and 262 + 27.

The two entirely separate tunnels gave a cross-section which was much more easily timbered than the wide flat span at Manhattan, and the segmental timbering was amply strong without posts or other reinforcement.

Table 12 is a summary of the cost of excavating the Land Tunnels, based on actual records carefully kept throughout the work.

TABLE 12.--COST OF EXCAVATION OF LAND TUNNELS, IN DOLLARS PER CUBIC YARD.

======================================+=========+=========+============= | | |Total yardage | | | and |Manhattan|Weehawken|average cost. --------------------------------------+---------+---------+------------- Cubic yards excavated |43,289 | 8,311 | 51,600 _Labor._ | | | Surface transport | $0.49| $0.87| $0.55 Drilling and blasting | 2.37| 1.55| 2.24 Mucking | 2.49| 2.08| 2.42 Timbering | 0.87| 0.18| 0.76 --------------------------------------+---------+---------+------------- Total labor | $6.22| $4.68| $5.97 --------------------------------------+---------+---------+------------- _Material._ | | | Drilling | $0.15| $0.15| $0.15 Blasting | 0.21| 0.21| 0.21 Timber | 0.39| 0.20| 0.36 --------------------------------------+---------+---------+------------- Total material | $0.75| $0.56| $0.72 --------------------------------------+---------+---------+------------- Plant running | $0.76| $0.65| $0.74 Surface labor, repairs and maintenance| 0.15| 0.08| 0.14 Field office administration | 1.05| 1.18| 1.07 --------------------------------------+---------+---------+------------- Total field charges | $8.96| $7.15| $8.64 --------------------------------------+---------+---------+------------- Chief office administration | $0.34| $0.38| $0.34 Plant depreciation | 0.66| 1.01| 0.72 Street and building repairs | 0.27| | 0.23 --------------------------------------+---------+---------+------------- Total average cost per cubic yard | $10.23| $8.54| $9.93 ======================================+=========+=========+=============

Masonry Lining of Land Tunnels.

Plates XXXII and XXXIV show in detail the tunnels as they were actually built. It will be seen that in all work, except in the Gy-East contract, there was a bench at each side of each tunnel in which the cable conduits were embedded. In Gy-East the bank of ducts which came next to the middle wall was carried below subgrade, and the inner benches were omitted.

The side-walls and subgrade electric conduits were water-proofed with felt and pitch. The water-proofing was placed on the outside of the side-walls (that is, on the neat line), and the space between the rock and the water-proofing was filled with concrete. This concrete was called the "Sand-Wall."

The general sequence of building the masonry lining is shown in Fig. 8. The operations were as follows:

1.--Laying concrete for the whole height of the sand-walls, and for the floor and foundations for walls and benches up to the level of the base of the conduits;

2.--Water-proofing the side-walls, and, where there was a middle trench containing subgrade conduits, laying and water-proofing these conduits;

3.--Building concrete wall for conduits to be laid against, and, where there was a middle trench, filling up with concrete between the conduits;

4.--Laying conduits;

5.--Laying concrete for benches and middle-wall;

6.--Building haunches from top of bench to springing of brick arch;

7.--Building brick arch and part of concrete back-filling;

8.--Finishing back-filling.

The whole work will be generally described under the headings of Concrete, Brickwork, Water-proofing, and Electric Conduits.

_Concrete._--The number of types and the obstructions caused by the heavy posting of the timbering made it inadvisable to use built-up traveling forms at the Manhattan side, though they were used in the Weehawken Rock Tunnels.

The specifications required a facing mixture of mortar to be deposited against the forms simultaneously with the placing of the concrete. This facing mixture was dry, about 2 in. thick, and was kept separate from the concrete during the placing by a steel diaphragm. The diaphragm was removed when the concrete reached the top of each successive layer, and the facing mixture and concrete were then tamped down together. This method was at first followed and gave good results, which was indeed a foregone conclusion, as the Weehawken shaft had been built in this way. However, it was found that as good results, in the way of smooth finish, were to be obtained without the facing mixture by spading the concrete back from the forms, so that the stone was forced back and the finer portion of the mixture came against the forms; this method was followed for the rest of the work. All corners were rounded off on a 1-in. radius by mouldings tacked to the forms. The side-bench forms were used about four times, and were carefully scraped, planed, filled at open joints, and oiled with soap grease each time they were set up. When too rough for face work they were used for sand-wall and other rough work.