Chapter 1
TOWARDS THE GOAL
By MRS. HUMPHRY WARD Author of "ENGLAND'S EFFORT," etc.
With an introduction by THE HON. THEODORE ROOSEVELT
1917
To ANDRÉ CHEVRILLON True Son of France True Friend of England I dedicate this book.
INTRODUCTION
England has in this war reached a height of achievement loftier than that which she attained in the struggle with Napoleon; and she has reached that height in a far shorter period. Her giant effort, crowned with a success as wonderful as the effort itself, is worthily described by the author of this book. Mrs. Ward writes nobly on a noble theme.
This war is the greatest the world has ever seen. The vast size of the armies, the tremendous slaughter, the loftiness of the heroism shown, and the hideous horror of the brutalities committed, the valour of the fighting men, and the extraordinary ingenuity of those who have designed and built the fighting machines, the burning patriotism of the people who defend their hearthstones, and the far-reaching complexity of the plans of the leaders--all are on a scale so huge that nothing in past history can be compared with them. The issues at stake are elemental. The free peoples of the world have banded together against tyrannous militarism and government by caste. It is not too much to say that the outcome will largely determine, for daring and liberty-loving souls, whether or not life is worth living. A Prussianised world would be as intolerable as a world ruled over by Attila or by Timur the Lame.
It is in this immense world-crisis that England has played her part; a part which has grown greater month by month. Mrs. Ward enables us to see the awakening of the national soul which rendered it possible to play this part; and she describes the works by which the faith of the soul justified itself.
What she writes is of peculiar interest to the United States. We have suffered, or are suffering, in exaggerated form, from most (not all) of the evils that were eating into the fibre of the British character three years ago--and in addition from some purely indigenous ills of our own. If we are to cure ourselves it must be by our own exertions; our destiny will certainly not be shaped for us, as was Germany's, by a few towering autocrats of genius, such as Bismarck and Moltke. Mrs. Ward shows us the people of England in the act of curing their own ills, of making good, by gigantic and self-sacrificing exertion in the present, the folly and selfishness and greed and soft slackness of the past. The fact that England, when on the brink of destruction, gathered her strength and strode resolutely back to safety, is a fact of happy omen for us in America, who are now just awaking to the folly and selfishness and greed and soft slackness that for some years we have been showing.
As in America, so in England, a surfeit of materialism had produced a lack of high spiritual purpose in the nation at large; there was much confusion of ideas and ideals; and also much triviality, which was especially offensive when it masqueraded under some high-sounding name. An unhealthy sentimentality--the antithesis of morality--has gone hand in hand with a peculiarly sordid and repulsive materialism. The result was a soil in which various noxious weeds flourished rankly; and of these the most noxious was professional pacificism. The professional pacificist has at times festered in the diseased tissue of almost every civilisation; but it is only within the last three-quarters of a century that he has been a serious menace to the peace of justice and righteousness. In consequence, decent citizens are only beginning to understand the base immorality of his preaching and practice; and he has been given entirely undeserved credit for good intentions. In England as in the United States, domestic pacificism has been the most potent ally of alien militarism. And in both countries the extreme type has shown itself profoundly unpatriotic. The damage it has done the nation has been limited only by its weakness and folly; those who have professed it have served the devil to the full extent which their limited powers permitted.
There were in England--just as there are now in America--even worse foes to national honour and efficiency. Greed and selfishness, among capitalists and among labour leaders, had to be grappled with. The sordid baseness which saw in the war only a chance for additional money profits to the employer was almost matched by the fierce selfishness which refused to consider a strike from any but the standpoint of the strikers.
But the chief obstacle to be encountered in rousing England was sheer short-sightedness. A considerable time elapsed before it was possible to make the people understand that this was a people's war, that it was a matter of vital personal concern to the people as a whole, and to all individuals as individuals. In America we are now encountering much the same difficulties, due to much the same causes.
In England the most essential thing to be done was to wake the people to their need, and to guide them in meeting the need. The next most essential was to show to them, and to the peoples in friendly lands, whether allied or neutral, how the task was done; and this both as a reason for just pride in what had been achieved and as an inspiration to further effort.
Mrs. Ward's books--her former book and her present one--accomplish both purposes. Every American who reads the present volume must feel a hearty and profound respect for the patriotism, energy, and efficiency shown by the British people when they became awake to the nature of the crisis; and furthermore, every American must feel stirred with the desire to see his country now emulate Britain's achievement.
In this volume Mrs. Ward draws a wonderful picture of the English in the full tide of their successful effort. From the beginning England's naval effort and her money effort have been extraordinary. By the time Mrs. Ward's first book was written, the work of industrial preparedness was in full blast; but it could yet not be said that England's army in the field was the equal of the huge, carefully prepared, thoroughly coordinated military machines of those against whom and beside whom it fought. Now, the English army is itself as fine and as highly efficient a military machine as the wisdom of man can devise; now, the valour and hardihood of the individual soldier are being utilised to the full under a vast and perfected system which enables those in control of the great engine to use every unit in such fashion as to aid in driving the mass forward to victory.
Even the Napoleonic contest was child's play compared to this. Never has Great Britain been put to such a test. Never since the spacious days of Elizabeth has she been in such danger. Never, in any crisis, has she risen to so lofty a height of self-sacrifice and achievement. In the giant struggle against Napoleon, England's own safety was secured by the demoralisation of the French fleet. But in this contest the German naval authorities have at their disposal a fleet of extraordinary efficiency, and have devised for use on an extended scale the most formidable and destructive of all instruments of marine warfare. In previous coalitions England has partially financed her continental allies; in this case the expenditures have been on an unheard-of scale, and in consequence England's industrial strength, in men and money, in business and mercantile and agricultural ability, has been drawn on as never before. As in the days of Marlborough and Wellington, so now, England has sent her troops to the continent; but whereas formerly her expeditionary forces, although of excellent quality, were numerically too small to be of primary importance, at present her army is already, by size as well as by excellence, a factor of prime importance, in the military situation; and its relative as well as absolute importance is steadily growing.
And to her report of the present stage of Great Britain's effort in the war, Mrs. Ward has added some letters describing from her own personal experience the ruin wrought by the Germans in towns like Senlis and Gerbéviller, and in the hundreds of villages in Northern, Central, and Eastern France that now lie wrecked and desolate. And she has told in detail, and from the evidence of eye-witnesses, some of the piteous incidents of German cruelty to the civilian population, which are already burnt into the conscience of Europe, and should never be forgotten till reparation has been made.
Mrs. Ward's book is thus of high value as a study of contemporary history. It is of at least as high value as an inspiration to constructive patriotism.
THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
SAGAMORE HILLS,
_May 1st_, 1917.
CONTENTS
No. 1
England's Effort--Rapid March of Events--The Work of the Navy--A Naval Base--What the Navy has done--The Jutland Battle--The Submarine Peril--German Lies--Shipbuilding--Disciplined Expectancy--Crossing the Channel--The Minister of Munitions--Dr. Addison--Increase of Munitions--A Gigantic Task--Arrival in France--German Prisoners--A Fat Factory--A Use for Everything--G.H.Q.--Intelligence Department--"The Issue of the War"--An Aerodrome--The Task of the Aviators--The Visitors' Chateau.
No. 2
A French School--Our Soldiers and French Children--Nissen Huts--Tanks--A Primeval Plough--A Division on the March--Significant Preparations --Increase of Ammunition--"The Fosses"--A Sacred Spot--Vimy Ridge--The Sound of the Guns--A Talk with a General--Why the Germans Retreat--Growth of the New Armies--Soldiers at School.
No. 3
America Joins the Allies--The British Effort--Creating an Army--_L'Union Sacrée_--Registration--Accommodation--Clothing--Arms and Equipment--A Critical Time--A Long-continued Strain--Training--O.T.C.'S--Boy Officers--The First Three Armies--Our Wonderful Soldiers--An Advanced Stage--The Final Result--Spectacle of the Present--Snipers and Anti-snipers--The Result.
No. 4
Vimy Ridge--The _Morale_ of our Men--Mons. le Maire--Ubiquitous Soldiers--The Somme--German Letters--German Prisoners--Amiens--"Taking Over" a Line--Poilus and Tommies--"Taking Over" Trenches--French Trenches--Unnoticed Changes--Amiens Cathedral--German Prisoners --Confidence.
No. 5
German Fictions--Winter Preparation--Albert--La Boisselle and Ovillers--In the Track of War--Regained Ground--Enemy Preparations--German Dug-outs--"There were no Stragglers" --Contalmaison--Devastation--Retreating Germans--Death, Victory, Work--Work of the R.E.--A Parachute--Approaching Victory.
No. 6
German Retreat--Enemy Losses--Need of Artillery--Awaiting the Issue--Herr Zimmermann--Training--A National Idea--Training--Fighting for Peace--Stubbornness and Discipline--Training of Officers --Responsibility--The British Soldier--Soldiers' Humour--A Boy Hero--"They have done their job"--Casualties--Reconnaissance--Air Fighting--Use of Aeroplanes--Terms of Peace.
No. 7
Among the French--German Barbarities--Beauty of France--French Families--Paris--To Senlis--Senlis--The Curé of Senlis--The German Occupation--August 30th, 1914--Germans in Senlis--German Brutality--A Savage Revenge--A Burning City--Murder of the Mayor--The Curé in the Cathedral--The Abbé's Narrative--False Charges--Wanton Destruction--A Sudden Change--Return of the French--Ermenonville--Scenes of Battle--Vareddes.
No. 8
Battle of the Ourcq--Von Kluck's Mistake--Anniversary of the Battle--Wreckage of War--A Burying Party--A Funeral--A Five Days' Battle--Life-and-Death Fighting--"_Salut au Drapeau_"--Meaux --Vareddes--Murders at Vareddes--Von Kluck's Approach--The Turn of the Tide--The Old Curé--German Brutalities--Torturers --The Curé's Sufferings--"He is a Spy"--A Weary March--Outrages --Victims--Reparation--To Lorraine.
No. 9
Épernay-Châlons--Snow--Nancy--The French People--_L'Union Sacrée_--France and England--Nancy--Hill of Léomont--The Grand Couronné--The Lorraine Campaign--Taubes--Vitrimont--Miss Polk--A Restored Church--Society of Friends--Gerbéviller--Soeur Julie--Mortagne--An Inexpiable Crime--Massacre of Gerbéviller--"Les Civils ont tiré"--Soeur Julie--The Germans come--German Wounded--Barbarities in Hospital--Soeur Julie and Germans--The French Return--Germans at Nancy--Nancy saved--A Warm Welcome--Adieu to Lorraine
No. 10
Doctrine of Force--Disciplined Cruelty--German Professors--Professor von Gierke--An Orgy of Crime--Return Home--Russia--The Revolution--Liberty like Young Wine--What will Russia do?--America joins--America and France--The British Advance--British Successes--The Italians--A Soldier's Letter--Aircraft and Guns--The German Effort--April Hopes--Submarines--Tradition of the Sea--Last Threads--The Food Situation--More Arable Land--Village Patriotism--Food Prices--The Labour Outlook--Finance--Messines--The Tragedy of War--A Celtic Legend--Europe and America
TOWARDS THE GOAL
No. 1
_March 24th, 1917._
DEAR MR. ROOSEVELT,--It may be now frankly confessed--(you, some time ago, gave me leave to publish your original letter, as it might seem opportune)--that it was you who gave the impulse last year, which led to the writing of the first series of Letters on "England's Effort" in the war, which were published in book form in June 1916. Your appeal--that I should write a general account for America of the part played by England in the vast struggle--found me in our quiet country house, busy with quite other work, and at first I thought it impossible that I could attempt so new a task as you proposed to me. But support and encouragement came from our own authorities, and like many other thousands of English women under orders, I could only go and do my best. I spent some time in the Munition areas, watching the enormous and rapid development of our war industries and of the astonishing part played in it by women; I was allowed to visit a portion of the Fleet, and finally, to spend twelve days in France, ten of them among the great supply bases and hospital camps, with two days at the British Headquarters, and on the front, near Poperinghe, and Richebourg St. Vaast.
The result was a short book which has been translated into many foreign tongues--French, Italian, Dutch, German, Russian, Portuguese, and Japanese--which has brought me many American letters from many different States, and has been perhaps most widely read of all among our own people. For we all read newspapers, and we all forget them! In this vast and changing struggle, events huddle on each other, so that the new blurs and wipes out the old. There is always room--is there not?--for such a personal narrative as may recall to us the main outlines, and the chief determining factors of a war in which--often--everything seems to us in flux, and our eyes, amid the tumult of the stream, are apt to lose sight of the landmarks on its bank, and the signs of the approaching goal.
And now again--after a year--I have been attempting a similar task, with renewed and cordial help from our authorities at home and abroad. And I venture to address these new Letters directly to yourself, as to that American of all others to whom this second chapter on England's Effort may look for sympathy. Whither are we tending--your country and mine? Congress meets on April 1st. Before this Letter reaches you great decisions will have been taken. I will not attempt to speculate. The logic of facts will sweep our nations together in some sort of intimate union--of that I have no doubt.
How much further, then, has Great Britain marched since the Spring of last year--how much nearer is she to the end? One can but answer such questions in the most fragmentary and tentative way, relying for the most part on the opinions and information of those who know, those who are in the van of action, at home and abroad, but also on one's own personal impressions of an incomparable scene. And every day, almost, at this breathless moment, the answer of yesterday may become obsolete.
I left our Headquarters in France, for instance, some days before the news of the Russian revolution reached London, and while the Somme retirement was still in its earlier stages. Immediately afterwards the events of one short week transformed the whole political aspect of Europe, and may well prove to have changed the face of the war--although as to that, let there be no dogmatising yet! But before the pace becomes faster still, and before the unfolding of those great and perhaps final events we may now dimly foresee, let me try and seize the impressions of some memorable weeks and bring them to bear--so far as the war is concerned--on those questions which, in the present state of affairs, must interest you in America scarcely less than they interest us here. Where, in fact, do we stand?
Any kind of answer must begin with the Navy. For, in the case of Great Britain, and indeed scarcely less in the case of the Allies, that is the foundation of everything. To yourself the facts will all be familiar--but for the benefit of those innumerable friends of the Allies in Europe and America whom I would fain reach with the help of your great name, I will run through a few of the recent--the ground--facts of the past year, as I myself ran through them a few days ago, before, with an Admiralty permit, I went down to one of the most interesting naval bases on our coast and found myself amid a group of men engaged night and day in grappling with the submarine menace which threatens not only Great Britain, not only the Allies, but yourselves, and every neutral nation. It is well to go back to these facts. They are indeed worthy of this island nation, and her seaborn children.
To begin with, the _personnel_ of the British Navy, which at the beginning of the war was 140,000, was last year 300,000. This year it is 400,000, or very nearly three times what it was before the war. Then as to ships,--"If we were strong in capital ships at the beginning of the war"--said Mr. Balfour, last September, "we are yet stronger now--absolutely and relatively--and in regard to cruisers and destroyers there is absolutely no comparison between our strength in 1914 and our strength now. There is no part of our naval strength in which we have not got a greater supply, and in some departments an incomparably greater supply than we had on August 4th, 1914.... The tonnage of the Navy has increased by well over a million tons since war began."
So Mr. Balfour, six months ago. Five months later, it fell to Sir Edward Carson to move the naval estimates, under pressure, as we all know, of the submarine anxiety. He spoke in the frankest and plainest language of that anxiety, as did the Prime Minister in his now famous speech of February 22nd, and as did the speakers in the House of Lords, Lord Lytton, Lord Curzon and Lord Beresford, on the same date. _The attack is not yet checked. The danger is not over._ Still again--look at some of the facts! In two years and a quarter of war--
Eight million men moved across the seas--almost without mishap.
Nine million and a half tons of explosives carried to our own armies and those of our Allies.
Over a million horses and mules; and--
Over forty-seven million gallons of petrol supplied to the armies.
And besides, twenty-five thousand ships have been examined for contraband of war, on the high seas, or in harbour, since the war began.
And at this, one must pause a moment to think--once again--what it means; to call up the familiar image of Britain's ships, large and small, scattered over the wide Atlantic and the approaches to the North Sea, watching there through winter and summer, storm and fair, and so carrying out, relentlessly, the blockade of Germany, through every circumstance often of danger and difficulty; with every consideration for neutral interests that is compatible with this desperate war, in which the very existence of England is concerned; and without the sacrifice of a single life, unless it be the lives of British sailors, often lost in these boardings of passing ships, amid the darkness and storm of winter seas. There, indeed, in these "wave-beaten" ships, as in the watching fleets of the English Admirals outside Toulon and Brest, while Napoleon was marching triumphantly about Europe, lies the root fact of the war. It is a commonplace, but one that has been "proved upon our pulses." Who does not remember the shock that went through England--and the civilised world--when the first partial news of the Battle of Jutland reached London, and we were told our own losses, before we knew either the losses of the enemy or the general result of the battle? It was neither fear, nor panic; but it was as though the nation, holding its breath, realised for the first time where, for it, lay the vital elements of being. The depths in us were stirred. We knew in very deed that we were the children of the sea!
And now again the depths are stirred. The development of the submarine attack has set us a new and stern task, and we are "straitened till it be accomplished." The great battle-ships seem almost to have left the stage. In less than three months, 626,000 tons of British, neutral and allied shipping have been destroyed. Since the beginning of the war we--Great Britain--have lost over two million tons of shipping, and our Allies and the neutrals have lost almost as much. There is a certain shortage of food in Great Britain, and a shortage of many other things besides. Writing about the middle of February, an important German newspaper raised a shout of jubilation. "The whole sea was as if swept clean at one blow"--by the announcement of the intensified "blockade" of the first of February. So the German scribe. But again the facts shoot up, hard and irreducible, through the sea of comment. While the German newspapers were shouting to each other, the sea was so far from being "swept clean," that twelve thousand ships had actually passed in and out of British ports in the first eighteen days of the "blockade." And at any moment during those days, at least 3,000 ships could have been found traversing the "danger zone," which the Germans imagined themselves to have barred. One is reminded of the _Hamburger Nachrichten_ last year, after the Zeppelin raid in January 1916. "English industry lies in ruins," said that astonishing print. "The sea has been swept clean," says one of its brethren now. Yet all the while, there, in the danger zone, whenever, by day or night, one turns one's thoughts to it, are the three thousand ships; and there in the course of a fortnight, are the twelve thousand ships going and coming.
Yet all the same, as I have said before, there is danger and there is anxiety. The neutrals--save America--have been intimidated; they are keeping their ships in harbour; and to do without their tonnage is a serious matter for us. Meanwhile, the best brains in naval England are at work, and one can feel the sailors straining at the leash. In the first eighteen days of February, there were forty fights with submarines. The Navy talks very little about them, and says nothing of which it is not certain. But all the scientific resources, all the fighting brains of naval England are being brought to bear, and we at home--well, let us keep to our rations, the only thing we can do to help our men at sea!