Chapter 4

123 213 312 412 512 612 124 214 314 413 513 613 125 215 315 415 514 614 126 216 316 416 516 615 132 231 321 421 521 621 134 234 324 423 523 623 135 235 325 425 524 624 136 236 326 426 526 625 142 241 341 431 531 631 143 243 342 432 532 632 145 245 345 435 534 634 146 246 346 436 536 635 152 251 351 451 541 641 153 253 352 452 542 642 154 254 354 453 543 643 156 256 356 456 546 645 162 261 361 461 561 651 163 263 362 462 562 652 164 264 364 463 563 653 165 265 365 465 564 654 --- --- --- --- --- ---

These Figures stand three and three together, each three represents the three Hunts; that is, the first is the whole Hunt, the second Figure the half Hunt, and the third the quarter Hunt; for Example, the first three are 123, the treble is the whole Hunt, the second the half Hunt, and the third the quarter Hunt: The next three Figures are 124, there the treble is the whole Hunt, the second the half Hunt, and the fourth the quarter Hunt; and the last three Figures are 654, where the sixth is the whole Hunt, the fifth the half Hunt, and the fourth the quarter Hunt, and so of all the rest.

With one whole Hunt, half Hunt, and quarter Hunt, the Seven-hundred and twenty Changes are to be Rang, or set down twelve several wayes; for instance, take the first three Hunts in these Figures, which are 123, where the treble is the whole Hunt, the second the half Hunt, and the third the quarter Hunt, which may be hunted six several wayes, as followeth.

Treble, second and third, all up. Treble and second up, third down. Treble up, second and third down. Treble, second and third, all down. Treble and second down, third up. Treble down, second and third up.

Each of these are to be Rang two wayes, one is to make the Extreams between the two farthest Extream Bells from the quarter Hunt, and the other way is to make the Extream between the two next Bells to the quarter Hunt.

By treble, second and third all up, is meant, that the treble is the whole _hunt_, and to hunt up the first Change at the beginning of the Peal; the second is the half _hunt_, and to half hunt up; that is, to move up towards the hindmost Bells the first time it moves at the beginning of the Peal; and the third is the quarter _hunt_, and to move likewise toward the hindmost Bells the first time it removes. And by treble and second up, and third down, is meant, that the treble and second are to move up towards the hindmost Bell, the first time each removes at the beginning of the Peal; and the third being the quarter _hunt_, is to move down the first time, which are only directions for moving the _hunts_ at first, because they may be hunted either up or down.

Sometimes it happens, that the _hunts_ cannot be hunted that way which is proposed, as in the 720, treble, second and third all down.--

123456

The whole _hunt_ which is the treble, should now be hunted down; but it being already before the Bells, insomuch that it can be removed no lower; I should therefore remove the half _hunt_ down, but that being also down as low as it can go, I should move the quarter _hunt_; and that being also down before the Extream Bells, I can move it no lower, unless I should move it down under the second, which is the half _hunt_, which must not be done; for when the quarter _hunt_ is down next before the _Extream Bell_, it must be removed no lower; and when it is up next behind _Extream Bell_, it is to be removed up no higher; therefore it being now before the _Extream Bell_, the _Extream Change_ is to be made the first of all; and when that is done, the treble, second and third must be hunted up in course. Or if you make treble and second down, and third up, then the first Change is to be made, by moving the quarter _Hunt_ up over one _Bell_. And again, if you make Treble and Tenor both up, and Third down, first hunt up the Treble, and then the Tenor, which is the half _Hunt_, should be moved up; but it being already behind, the quarter _Hunt_, which is the Third, must move under one _Bell_, and then the whole _Hunt_ and half are to hunt in course after each other: Many Examples of this Nature I could set down, which for brevity sake I omit.

I might demonstrate how the 720 are to be Rang twelve wayes, with each of the Six-score Hunts, as I did that of treble, second and third; but I think that altogether needless, since that Example makes it most plain and easie to be understood: But I will give a general Rule for hunting any whole Hunt, half Hunt, and quarter Hunt, so as to produce six several wayes to Ring the 720 Changes, which is this:

Whole Hunt, half Hunt, and quarter Hunt, all hunted up. Whole Hunt, and half Hunt hunted up, and quarter Hunt down. Whole Hunt hunted up, half Hunt and quarter Hunt down. Whole Hunt, half Hunt, and quarter Hunt hunted down. Whole Hunt and half Hunt hunted down, and quarter Hunt up. Whole Hunt hunted down, half Hunt and quarter Hunt hunted up.

Which is a general Rule to Ring the 720 six wayes on any one of the Six-score Hunts; each of which six wayes, may be Rang two wayes more, by altering the _Extream Changes_, one of which is to make the _Extream Changes_ between the two next _Extream Bells_ to the quarter Hunt, and the other way is to make the _Extreams_ between the two farthest _Extream_ Bells from it.

The 720 Changes are to be Rang 12 wayes with one whole Hunt, half Hunt, and quarter Hunt; so that with the Six-score Hunts, it is to be Rang Six-score times twelve wayes, which makes One thousand four hundred and forty several wayes to Ring this 720 plain Changes.

In the 720, the half Hunt, the quarter Hunt, and the three _Extream_ Bells, makes the Six-score Changes on 5 Bells in a perfect course, the half Hunt and quarter hunt in the 720, being the whole Hunt and half Hunt in the Six-score; for Example, take the 23456, and set down the Six-score Changes on them, making the second the whole hunt, and the third the half hunt; which when you have set down, then take the Treble, and hunt it through every Change of that Six-score, and it will make 720 Changes, the same with those which I have set down before, The Twenty-four Changes on four Bells, and the six changes on three Bells, have also a perfect course in the 720, in the same manner as I told you they had in the Six-scores on five Bells. There is always one change in the Six-score made every time the whole hunt comes before or behind the bells, which is every sixth change; and there's one change of the Twenty-four made, every time the whole hunt and half hunt comes before or behind the bells, which is once in thirty changes; and one change of the six made every extream, that is once in six-score changes. You may take the six-score changes on five bells, treble the whole, and second the half hunt, before set down; and hunt the sixth bell through every change of that six score, which will make the 720 changes; Tenor the whole hunt, Treble the half hunt, and Second the quarter hunt.

This is not material for a Learner to know, it being only for the instructions of those that know how to Ring it, but yet are ignorant of the true grounds thereof; therefore I have dissected it, and shewed the grounds of each part of it.

In this place, I will add a word or two to those that practise to Ring the Changes.

They that Ring the extream bells in the Twenty-four changes, must mind and observe the motion of the hunt, that they may the better know when to make the extream changes; and likewise in a six-score on five bells, he that Rings the half hunt, must observe the motion of the whole hunt; and they that Ring the extream bells, must observe the motions both of the whole hunt, and half hunt, that they may know when the half hunt is to move, and also when to make the extream changes; or else he that does Ring the half hunt, may give notice of the extream changes (by saying _Extream_) the change next before the extream is to be made. The same is to be observed in the changes on six bells. The whole hunt is the easiest bell to Ring in any changes, the half hunt is more plain and easie to Ring, than an extream bell. All changes are to be Rang either by _walking_ them (as the term is) or else Whole-pulls, or Half-pulls. By _walking_ them, is meant, that the bells go round, four, six, eight times, or more, in one change, which is commonly used by young Practisers; it may be sometimes on five bells, Ringing the Twenty-four changes on the treble, second, third, and fourth, the fifth bell striking behind every change; and many other changes of the like nature may be practised this way by young Ringers. Whole-pulls, is to Ring two Rounds in one change, that is, Fore-stroke and Back-stroke, and in a change; so that every time you pull down the bells at Sally, you make a new change differing from that at the Back-stroke next before; this Whole-pulls was altogether practised in former time, but of late there is a more quick and ready way practised, called Half-pulls, which is--only one round in a change, that is, one change made at the Fore-stroke, and another at the Back-stroke, which way is now altogether in use (unless it be at some great bells, which are too weighty to be managed up so high a Compass at the Back-stroke, as Half-pulls requires) it being now a common thing in _London_ to Ring the 720 _Changes_, _Trebles and Doubles_, and _Grandsire Bob_, _Half-pulls_, (which is commonly Rang with so round and quick a Compass, that in the space of half an hour, or little more, the 720 Changes are Rang out from the beginning to the end.) And also the Six-scores _Doubles and Singles_, _Old Doubles_, _Grandsire_, and many other cross Peals on five bells, are commonly Rang Half-pulls.

In Ringing Half-pulls some Peals do cut Compass, that is--the whole _hunt_ comes to lead at the Back-stroke, to remedy which, make the first change of the Peal at the Back-stroke.

By these following Rules, you shall know what Peals do cut Compass, and what not (i.e.) of plain and single changes. _On six Bells_,

In hunting either the treble, the third, or the fifth bells down, cuts Compass; hunting them up, does not cut Compass.

In hunting the second, fourth, or sixth bells up, cuts Compass; but hunting them down, does not cut Compass.

These Rules (leaving out the Tenor) serves for five bells; and leaving out the fifth and Tenor, they serve for four bells.

The Twelve score LONG HUNTS: Or the ESQUIRE'S Twelve-score.

This Peal is to be Rang on six bells, having two whole _hunts_, and one half _hunt_; the common way of Ringing, it is to make the fifth and Tenor the whole _hunts_, and the Treble the half _hunt_. The Tenor and fifth does each _hunt_ down by turns, and when either of them comes down before the bells, it leads twice, and then _hunts_ up again.

The Treble, second, third, and fourth, makes the Twenty-four changes, one of which is made every time either of the whole _hunts_ leads: For instance, the Tenor is first to be _hunted_ down, thus.--

123456 123465 123645 126345 162345 612345

The tenor being hunted down, and lying before the bells, there is one change in the Twenty-four now to be made between treble and second, thus.--

621345

The tenor is to be hunted up into its place, and the fifth hunts down.--

261345 216345 213645 213465 213456 213546 215346 251346 521346

The fifth being now before the bells, there is another change in the Twenty-four to be made between the treble and third, as in this change.--

523146

The fifth is now to hunt up, and the tenor to hunt down again, in which course they continue to the end of the Peal, observing to make an extream change, when the treble (which is the hunt in the Twenty-four) comes before or behind the extream bells.

253146 235146 231546 231456 231465 231645

This Peal may be Rang by making the Twenty-four changes Doubles and Singles, in the place of the Twenty-four plain Changes, and many other wayes, which I leave to the Learner to practise.

The Variety of Changes on any Number of Bells.

The changes on bells do multiply infinitely. On two bells there are two changes. On three bells are three times as many changes as there are on two; that is--three times two changes, which makes six. On four bells there are four times as many changes as on three; that is--four times six changes, which makes Twenty-four. On five bells there are five times as many changes as there are on four bells; that is--five times Twenty-four changes, which makes Six-score. On six bells are six times as many changes as there are on five; that is--six times Six-score changes, which makes Seven-hundred and twenty: And in the same manner, by increasing the number of bells, they multiply innumerably, as in the Table of Figures next following; where each of the Figures in the Column of the left hand, standing directly under one another (which are 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.) do represent the number of bells; and the Figures going along towards the right hand, directly from each of those twelve Figures, are the number of changes to be rung on that number of bells which the Figure represents: For Example, the uppermost Figure on the left hand is 2, which stands for two bells; and the Figure next to it on the right hand is also 2, which stands for two changes; that is to say, on two bells there are two changes. The next Figure below in the left Column is 3, which stands for three Bells; and the Figure next to it on the right hand is 6, which stands for six changes; that is--on three bells are six changes, and so of the rest as follows.

bells changes

2 2 3 6 4 24 5 120 6 720 7 5040 8 40320 9 362880 10 3628800 11 39916800 12 479001600

The lowest of these figures are 479001600, that is, Four hundred seventy nine Millions, one thousand six hundred, which are all the changes that can be made on twelve bells: And supposing that twelve men should take 12 bells with intent to ring the changes on them, they would be Seventy five Years, ten Months, one Week and three Dayes in ringing them, according to the proportion of ringing 720 changes in an hour; reckoning 24 hours to the day, and 365 dayes in the Year.

Having given Directions for all sorts of plain and single Changes, I will now proceed to Cross-peals, and first to Doubles and Singles on four Bells.

Doubles And Singles on four Bells.

On four bells there are 24 changes to be made Doubles and Singles, wherein are twelve double changes, and 12 single; next to every double change, there is a single; so that 2 double changes do not come together in any place throughout the Peal, neither does two single changes at any time come together; but one change is double, and the next is single, to the end of the Peal. Every double change is made between the four bells; that is--there are two changes made at one time, between the bells in treble and seconds places, and the bells in third and fourths places. Every single change is made between the two bells in the middle (i.e.) in seconds and thirds places; excepting the extream changes, which are single, and made between the two farthest extream bells from the Hunt. An Example I here set down, making the treble the Hunt, and I hunt it up at the beginning of the Peal (for it may be hunted either up or down at pleasure) and I make an extream change every time the whole Hunt comes before the bells. In ringing it, 'tis observed, that every bell hunts in course, and lies twice before, and twice behind, except only when the extream is to be made, and then the two farthest extream bells from the Hunt, does make a dodge, and then moves in their former course, as in these changes.--

1234 2143 2413 4231 4321 3412 3142 1324

Now the hunt is before the bells, there is an extream change made between the two farthest bells from it, which are the 2 and 4, thus.--

1342

The extream change being made, the bells are to move, as before, observing to make an extream change every time the whole hunt comes before the bells.

3124 3214 2341 2431 4213 4123 1432 1423 4132 4312 3421 3241 2314 2134 1243 1234

In this last Twenty-four, the treble is hunted up at the beginning; it may be rang by hunting it down, which is to be down, by making the first a single change, and then hunt it up as before.

With one hunt this Peal may be rang six wayes (viz.) three wayes in hunting it up at the beginning of each Peal, and the other three wayes by hunting it down; the three wayes in hunting it up, differs only in making the extream changes; in one of the three wayes you must make an extream change every time the hunt comes before the bells to lead, as in the Twenty-four changes before set down. Another way is to make an extream every time the hunt comes behind. And the third way, is to make an extream every time the hunt comes before and behind the bells. The three wayes in hunting it down, are to be rang by making the extream changes, as in the three wayes before; in hunting one bell, there are six wayes to ring this Peal; therefore with the four bells (in making each of them to hunt) there are four times six wayes to ring it, which makes Twenty-four several wayes. And for the benefit of the Learner, I have set down certain Rules, shewing how to begin any of the aforesaid Peals (viz.)

In hunting either the treble or third up, the first change is double; but in hunting either of them down, the first is single.

In hunting the second or the fourth up, the first change is single; but in hunting either of them down, the first change in each Peal must be double.

Doubles and Singles on five Bells.

There is a Peal to be rang on five bells, called Doubles and Singles, wherein are Six-score several changes, sixty of which are double changes, and sixty are single; the double and single changes are so intermixt, that two double changes does not at any time come together in the Six-score; neither are two single changes made next to each other in any part of this Peal, but one change is double, and the next single, in which course they are made to the end. Every double change is made between the four foremost bells (i.e.) in treble, second, third, and fourth places. When the whole hunt is hunting up, each single change is made between the whole hunt, and the next bell above it. In hunting down the single changes are made between the whole hunt, and the next bell below it, the whole hunt being alwayes one of the two bells which makes every single change, except only when it leads, and then the single change is made in third and fourths places; but the extream is also a single change, and made (when the whole hunt leads) between the two farthest extream bells from the half hunt; the half hunt is to lie either before or behind the extream bells, when the extream changes are made, of which I shall shew you more anon.

In this Peal there is a whole hunt, a half hunt, and three extream Bells; the whole hunt in a direct course does hunt up and down, and lies twice before, and twice behind all the way; every other bell leads twice together throughout the Peal.

And when the whole hunt leaves the thirds place, hunting up, then every bell that comes into second and thirds places, does lie in each of those places twice together, until the whole hunt comes down again into thirds place, at which time the bell in fourths place lies there twice, and then makes a dodge with the bell in thirds place (unless an extream change is to be made) and so removes directly down before the bells. And that bell which comes into the tenors place (when the whole hunt leaves that place hunting down) lies still there, until the whole hunt removes up into that place again, except only when the extream is made behind, and then the bell in fourths place moves into tenors place, and lies there until the whole hunt moves up into that place.

With one whole hunt, and half hunt, this Peal may be rang six wayes, in three of which the whole hunt is to be hunted up at the beginning of each Peal, which three wayes differs only in making the extream changes. One way, is to make an extream change every time the half hunt comes before the extream bells, as in the following Six-score. The second way, is to make an extream change every time the half hunt comes behind the extream bells. And the third way, is to make an extream every time, the half hunt comes before and behind the extream bells. In this last way there are six extreams in each Peal, but in the other two ways there are but three extreams in each Peal.

The three wayes aforesaid, are to be rang, by hunting up the whole hunt; but it may be rang three wayes more, in hunting down the same whole hunt, in which three ways the extreams are to be made, as I shewed you before. The whole hunt is alwayes to lead when every extream change is made.

This Peal I have set down at large, making the treble the whole hunt, the second the half hunt; and an extream change every time the half hunt comes before the extream bells, as in the following changes. I have drawn a Line between the figures at the extream changes, that next below the Line is the extream.