Part 30
married Livia, issue two sons, Tiberius the Emperor and Drusus I.
Tiberius married first Vipsania, daughter of Agrippa by his first wife, Pomponia, who was daughter of Pomponius Atticus, the banker, and friend of Cicero, issue one son, Drusus II, married Livilla, issue one son, Tiberius, murdered by Caligula.
Secondly, Julia I, daughter of Augustus, no issue.
Drusus I married Antonia II, issue Germanicus, Claudius, Livilla. Germanicus married Agrippina I, daughter of Julia I, granddaughter of Augustus and M. Vipsanius Agrippa; issue Nero I, Drusus III, Caius (Caligula) Agrippina II, Drusilla, Julia Livilla who married M. Vinicius, the friend of Paterculus.
These are the six children whose claims to represent the true Julian stock were so vehemently asserted by their mother, Agrippina I. They derived their Julian blood from Octavia, through their grandmother Antonia II, on the father’s side, and from Augustus through their grandmother, Julia I, on the mother’s side.
MARCUS VIPSANIUS AGRIPPA
married
I. Pomponia, issue Vipsania the first wife of Tiberius, she was thus the mother of Drusus II; after her divorce from Tiberius she married Caius Asinius Gallus.
II. Marcella I, sister to “tu Marcellus eris,” daughter of Octavia by her first husband, no issue; after her divorce she married Julius Antonius.
III. Julia I, daughter of Augustus, and his only child; issue Caius Cæsar, Lucius Cæsar, Julia II, Agrippina I, Agrippa Postumus; on the death of Agrippa, Julia I married Tiberius, she was afterwards divorced and banished on account of misconduct, which appears to have been political, at least as much as it was adulterous.
Caius Cæsar died without issue.
Lucius Cæsar died without issue.
(After being regarded as the probable heirs of Augustus.)
Julia II married an Æmilius Paullus, but was banished like her mother for similar reasons.
Agrippina I married Germanicus.
Agrippa Postumus, the intractable, was banished by Augustus, and put out of the way at the accession of Tiberius; by whose orders is not definitely certain.
Through Agrippina the obscure Agrippa was the grandfather of one Emperor, Caligula, and the great grandfather of another, Nero.
INDEX
A
Achaia demands to be transferred to Imperial provinces, 313, 336, 357
Actium, battle of, 107, 122
Actors in Rome, 359 Banished, 361
Ædiles and sumptuary laws, 362, 366, 367
Africa a Senatorial province, 357
Agrippa: As general, 217 Campaign in Illyria, 225 Death, 173 In Octavian’s household, 145, 168, 169, 172 Minister for war, 153 Sketch of career, 116
Agrippa, Fonteius, 326
Agrippa, grandson of Herod, friend of Caligula, 426
Agrippa Postumus, 249 Banished, 249, 256 Put to death, 257
Agrippina the younger, Memoirs, 266, 292, 329, 333, 398, 402, 425
Agrippina, wife of Germanicus, 211, 249, 269, 332, 338 Conduct after her husband’s death, 341, 343, 345, 350, 400 Banished, 409 Character, 288 Recalled, 425 Starts for Trêves, 284
Alexander: Combines city state with Imperial organization, 7 Effects of his conquests, 5 Fragments of empire, 7 Policy, 8
Alexandria: Antonius’ triumph at, 121 Insurrection in, 87 Jews in, 372
Aliso, Drusus fortifies camp at, 226, 239
Alpine tribes defeated, 225
Antonia, wife of Drusus, 152, 172, 176, 198, 335 In charge of Caligula and his sisters, 410
Antonian family, 168
Antonius, Julius, commits suicide, 190
Antonius, Lucius: At Præneste, 88 Character, 99 Joins Constitutional party, 98 Perusine war, 58
Antonius, Marcus: Alliance with Cleopatra, 120 At Mutina, 97 Character, 119, 126 Conduct after Cæsar’s death, 93, 111, 142 Expeditions against Parthians, 155 Extravagance, 58 Goes to East, 98, 115, 120 Power wielded by, 215 Share of empire, 118,119 Snatch at supreme power, 301 Tyrant of conventional type, 8
Antony (_see_ Antonius Marcus)
Apicata, wife of Sejanus, 400, 413
Apicius the Epicure, 385
Apion the Greek, nickname, 373
Apollonia, Octavian at, 94
Appian Aqueduct, 85
Appian Way, 85
Apuleius: Accused of magic, 194 Object of travels, 132
Aretas of Arabia, 154
Ariovistus, advance of, 89
Aristogiton, principles of, 8
Armenia: Dynastic troubles in, 336 Rulers of, 154
Arminius adopts Roman military system, 220 Rising of, 239
Arpinum, privileges of Roman citizenship, 37
Arruntius, L., suicide, 262
Asia Minor: Commercial cities of, 98 Roman citizens massacred in, 13
Asprenas, Lucius, decision of, 239
Astronomy and astrology, 193
Atellan farce, 361
Athenian Constitution and Rome, 56
Athens: As place of residence, 192 Constitution provided by Cleisthenes, 16 Politics of, 8
Atticus, Pomponius, 169
Augsburg, Roman military colony at, 235
Augur, functions of, 48
Augustus (_see_ Octavian)
Augustales, 135
B
Bacchus, worship of, 368
Bassus, Ventidius, 155 Career, 273
Bato, Pannonian chief, 238
Bithynia, a Senatorial province, 308, 336
Blæsus, Junius, 391 Arrests ringleaders of mutiny, 277
Brundisium, Octavian lands at, 94, 96
Brutus, Decimus, besieged at Mutina, 97
Brutus’ suicide, difference between Cato’s and, 55
Bull fights, 74
C
Cæcina, Aulus, commander of Lower Army on Rhine, 281, 285
Cæpio, conspiracy of, 246
Cæsar, Agrippa, 200
Cæsar, Caius, 172, 174, 198 Attitude towards Tiberius, 207 Death, 209 Training, 200
Cæsar, Julius: Adopts Octavian, 94 Assassination, 91 Attitude towards Senate, 45, 55, 90, 127 Duration of absolute power, 108 Party supporting, 58 Portrait in British Museum, 141 Power wielded by, 215 Reliance on army, 123 Sketch of career, 88 _seqq._ State of empire after his death, 106
Cæsar, Lucius, 172, 198, 208 Death, 209 Training, 200
Cæsars and Equestrian Order, 22
Caligula (Caius), 249 Adopted by Tiberius, 426 Ashamed of his descent, 387 Burns private notes of Tiberius, 211 Extravagancies only felt in Rome, 384, 415 Jealous of other divinities, 135 Meaning of nickname, 250 Pet of soldiers, 285, 287
Calpurnia, wife of Julius Cæsar, 337
Cappadocia, an Imperial province, 336, 357
Capreæ, Tiberius in, 396, 420 _seqq._
Capua, territory confiscated by Rome, 99
Carthage: Destruction of, 10 Her dominion in Mediterranean, 6
Cassius plunders cities of Asia Minor, 98
Cato’s suicide: Attitude of contemporaries towards, 52 Difference between suicide of Brutus and, 55
Catullus, native of Cis-Alpine Gaul, 119
Catus, Firmius, 324, 326
Celer, Propertius, desires to retire from Senatorial Order, 311
Celsus, Horace’s letter to, 157
Censor: Enrolled members of Equestrian Order, 16, 18 Power of, 50, 255 Revised list of Senate, 43
Censorinus, death of, 208
Chærea, Cassius, centurion, 282
Chaldæans expelled from Italy, 369
Cicero: As governor of frontier province, 15 As politician, 9 Conception of early empire, 88 Conducts case against Verres, 19 Example of advocate, 321 In Rome after Cæsar’s death, 93 Judgment of reformers, 56 Native of Arpinum, 37 On “the Roman people,” 11, 34 Picture of slavery, 69 Second Philippic, 114 Treatment of Tiro, 77 Wishes to remodel Rome on Athenian Constitution, 55
Cimbrians, invasion of, 6, 13
Cinna: Forces reforms on Senate, 56 Proscribed, 57
Claudia Pulchra, accusation against, 401
Claudian family, 168, 250, 407 Associations with, 3 Connexion with Rome, 85
Claudian Marcellan family, 168
Claudius, Appius, Censor, B.C. 312, 85, 86, 190
Claudius, Emperor: Portrait, 141 Sketch of, 148
Claudius Nero defeats Hasdrubal, 86
Claudius Pulcher, 86, 127
Cleisthenes provides constitution for Athens, 16
Cleopatra, alliance with Antony, 120
Cleopatra and Antony: amusements at Alexandria, 177
Cologne, mutineers at, 284
Comitia Centuriata, 11
Comitia Tributa and rabble, 11
Consuls, election of, 319
Corinth, mercantile importance, 192
Corsica, territorial province, 23
Cotys, King of Thrace, 394
Crispinus, Cæpio, charge against G. Marcellus, 307
Crispinus, Quintius, 190
Crispus, C. Sallustius, advice to Tiberius, 257
Cromwell, Oliver: Claims special providence, 136 Forced to rely on military organization, 123
Curia, attitude towards monarchy, 3
D
Dalmatians, 219 Speak Latin, 220
Dangerous tracks, injuries to workers in, 62
Dictatorship an absolute monarchy, 54
Dio on Drusus’ death, 388
Dionysius on relations of patron and client, 30
Dolabella, son-in-law of Cicero, 97 Plunders cities of Asia Minor, 98, 120
Domitian, extravagancies only felt in Rome, 384
Drusus Livius, father of Livia and grandfather of Tiberius, 53, 58 Forces reforms on Senate, 56 Political programme, 36
Drusus, Nero Claudius, brother of Tiberius, 150 Death, 183, 227 Marries Antonia, 172 Prefect of city, 402 Victory in Alps, 225
Drusus, son of Agrippina, 424, 425
Drusus, son of Tiberius: Character, 332 Death, 353, 388, 400, 407 Funeral, 390 Introduced to public life, 209 Marries sister of Germanicus, 250 Presides at gladiatorial shows, 313 Reception of Piso, 343 Remedies grievances of mutineers, 278 Succeeds Germanicus, 287, 332
E
Eastern Mediterranean, first period of conquest in, 10
Egypt as granary for Rome, 368
Electors and free government, 31
Elymas the sorcerer, 195
Emperor an institution at death of Tiberius, 3
England: Caricatures in papers, 359 Expansion of, 34 Rules of party government, 302 Significance of Roman walls in, 221
English army, policy of recruiting for, 228, 275, 276
Englishman, attitude towards law, 9
Englishmen, political careers open to, 17
Ephesus, flourishing state of, 192
Equestrian Order: Admission to, 18, 73 Growth of, 14 _seqq._ Origin of, 16 Ranged against Senate, 19, 20 Represents civil administration and financiers, 51 Represents party of empire, 21 Slaves rising through, 70
Essenians, 373
F
Falanius, accusations against, 306
Felix, Procurator of Judæa, a freed man, 70
Fimbria forces reforms on Senate, 56
Flaccus, M. Verrius, taught Augustus’ grandchildren, 72
Flamen Dialis, 375
Florus, Julius: Accompanies Tiberius to Armenia, 156 Horace’s letter to, 156 Social rank, 91
Fulvia, wife of Marcus Antonius, 98, 114 At Præneste, 88 Character, 99
G
Gallic chieftains in communication with Rome, 219
Gallus, C. Asinius, husband of Vipsania, 181, 262, 390, 414
Gallus, Cornelius, Transalpine Gaul, 91, 119, 152, 248
Gallus, Licinus, 248
Gaul: Cæsar’s conquest of, 89, 96 Position in empire, 119
Gauls, invasions of, 6
Generals of Augustan age, 217
Germanic tribes: Civilization of, 219 Defeat M. Lollius, 224
Germanicus: Character, 332 Conducts census of Gaul, 281 Death, 331, 341, 342 Destined successor to Tiberius, 331 Endeavours to quell mutiny, 282, 284 Finishes Pannonian war, 238, 250 Loyalty of, 259, 290 Marries Agrippina, 173 Proconsul of eastern frontier, 287, 336 Proconsul of Gaul, 269 Recalled, 289 Relations with Piso, 339, 349 Tour in Egypt, 340 Travels in East, 132
Gladiators, 75
Glaucia forces reforms on Senate, 56
Gnipho, M. Antonius, gave lessons in Cæsar’s house, 71
Gracchus, Caius, liberal schemes, 35
Gracchus, Tiberius, attempts agrarian legislation, 35
Greek ideals of city state, 7
Greek influence on Romans, 46, 53
H
Hannibal, invasion of, 6
Harmodius, principles of, 8
Hasdrubal defeated by Claudius Nero, 86
Hawthorne, plot of _Transformation_, 138
Hercynian forest, 222, 234
Herod Antipas, 426
Herod family, 147
Herod the Great, 338 Policy, 154
Herodotus, temper of, 132
Hesiod, _Farm and the Calendar_, 133
Hesiod, unitarian tendencies, 132
Hispo, charges against G. Marcellus, 307
Historians between deaths of Augustus and Vespasian, 2
Horace: Allusion to M. Verrius Flaccus, 72 Compliments to Augustus, 160 Epistles, Book I, 160 Jests at Jewish Sabbath, 137 Journey from Rome to Brundisium, 106 Letter to Celsus quoted, 157 Letter to Julius Florus quoted, 156 Letter to Tiberius quoted, 161 Letters to Lollius, 158, 201, 202 Moral earnestness, 158 Ode to Lollius, 204 On character of Tiberius, 154 On merits of simplicity, 153 On Roman empire, 5 Picture of slavery, 69 Reminds Romans of their debt to Neros, 86
Hortalus, case of, 377
Hortensius, example of advocate, 321
Hypnotism, 194
I
Iapygia, Antonius descends on coast of, 121
Italian agriculture depressed, 39
Italian superstition, 134
Italy drained of free population, 65
J
Jerusalem, Roman generals at, 372
Jews: Attitude towards other religions, 370 Influence of their faith on educated classes at Rome, 137 Persecution of, 369 Protest against worship of Augustus, 135 Sketch of their customs, 370
Josephus: Boast about Sabbath, 137 On Agrippa, 427 References to Livia, 175
Judæa unquiet, 336
Judas Maccabæus: Asks help from Senate, 12 Respect for Senate, 50
Jugurtha defies Senate, 12, 42
Julia, Augustus’ daughter, 169, 175 Banished, 190 Her character, 176, 178, 186 Wife of Agrippa, 171 Wife of Marcellus, 170 Wife of Tiberius, 173, 182
Julian family, 3, 168, 407 Attitude towards Tiberius, 214
L
Leland, Charles, on traces of faith in Fauns and Satyrs, 138
Lentulus, Gnæus, 279
Lepidus, Marcus, 229, 248, 390 Defends Piso, 344 Holds office under Tiberius, 262 Proconsul, 93, 97, 98, 118 Stops mutiny in Spain, 286
Lex Majestatis, 303, 320, 355 History of, 304
Liberators: Attitude towards Octavian, 94, 110 Position after Cæsar’s death, 93
Libo, Drusus Scribonius, case of, 323 _seqq._ Suicide, 327
Licinus, governor of S. Gaul, 224
Livia, wife of Tiberius Nero and of Octavian, 80, 102, 104 Agrippa Postumus and, 258 Attitude towards Tiberius, 198 Character, 175 Death, 398 Friend of Plancina, 338, 350 Hatred of Agrippina, 332 Portraits, 175 Skilled in intrigue, 167, 177
Livian family, 4
Livilla, wife of Drusus, 399, 402, 406
Livy, _History_ of, 387 Native of Cis-Alpine Gaul, 119 On Servian Constitution, 16
Lollius, Marcus, 158, 201 _seqq._ Adviser to Caius Cæsar, 200 Death, 208 Defeated by German tribes, 224
Lombards, 232
M
Macedonia: Demands to be transferred to Imperial provinces, 313, 336 Devastated, 235
Macedonian empire, 125
Macro, commander at Capreæ, 411, 428
Macro, Pompeius, Prætor, 304
Mæcenas, C. Cilnius: Death, 183 Friend of Horace, 159 Friend of Octavian, 111 His manners, 151 Journey from Rome to Brundisium, 107 Master of finance and diplomacy, 153
Magians, 370, 373
Magic, 328
Maluginensis, Servius, Flamen Dialis, 375
Mamaloi of Hayti, knowledge of poisons, 375
Marcellus, death of, 170
Marcellus, Granius, Governor of Bithynia, accusations against, 306
Marcellus, M. Pomponius, 71 Reproves Tiberius for solecism, 73
Marcius killed, 329
Marion Crawford, description of Roman palaces, 144
Marius, C.: Incapacity of, 57 Influence in Roman politics, 36 Native of Arpinum, 37 Power wielded by, 215 Reliance on army, 123 Reorganization of army, 37
Maroboduus, King of Marcomanni: Adopts Roman military system, 220 Conception of German Empire, 233
Martina, poisoner, 346
Mediterranean, piracy not quelled in, 54
Merivale on policy of Augustus, 221
Messala, Marcus Valerius, hails Augustus as “Father of his country,” 245
Metaurus, battle of the, 86
Mithridates defies Senate, 13
Mommsen on “ablest of Roman Emperors,” 84
Munda, Pompeius’ sons defeated at, 94, 101
Murena, conspiracy of, 246
Mutina, Decimus Brutus besieged at, 97
Mutinies in Pannonia and on Rhine, 270 _seqq._
N
Napoleon, army of spies, 124
Nauportus, news of mutiny reaches, 276
Negro slavery in America, 60, 77
Nero: Courts popular favour, 403 Extravagancies only felt in Rome, 384, 415 Line of Cæsars ended in, 292 Recalled from banishment, 425
Nicopolis, Germanicus and Drusus meet at, 339
O
Octavia, wife of Antonius, 124, 150, 169
Octavian: A great civilian, 109, 122, 124 Adopts Tiberius, 210, 251 Amnesty to S. Pompeius, 102, 115 Asserts legal rights, 97 “Augustus,” significance of, 129 Character, 113, 127, 128, 135, 139 Conduct after Cæsar’s death, 94, 110 Connexions, 126, 128 Conspiracies against, 246 Death, 1, 4, 79 _seqq._, 252 Dislike to army, 124, 125, 222 Empire of, 118 Exceptional man, 255 Funeral ceremonies, 81 Household, 103, 150, 152, 168, 172, 249 Hostile forces in, 175, 191 In Gaul, 224, 226 Invites Horace to be his private secretary, 127, 159 Julian laws of, 358 Lands at Brundisium, 94, 96 Last years, 245 Letters, fragments of, 211 Marriage, 102, 104, 114 Orator, 153 Overtures to Cicero, 112, 113, 114 Palace, 145 Panegyrics on, 80 Patronage, 246 Personal appearance, 141 Policy, 58, 142, 171, 221, 242, 290 Policy towards Senate, 50, 262 Popularity, 110 Princeps Senatus, 165 Progress to East, 154 Relations with Tiberius, 211, 214 Remodels army, 115 Scheme of representative government, 382 Successor, 83 Tiberius Nero associated with, 88 Vision of hereditary succession, 165 Worship of, 134, 226, 299, 306
Octavian family, 3
Orbilius, teacher of Horace, 71, 72
Ovid: _Fasti_, 387 On barbarians at Tomi, 221 Withdraws from Rome, 246
P
Pallas, a freedman of Claudius, 70
Pandateria Isle: Agrippina banished to, 409 Julia banished to, 190
Pannonia: Army, how reinforced, 270 Mutiny in, 270 _seqq._, 392 Tiberius’ campaigns in, 226
Pannonians, 219
Pantheon, dome of, 116
Papaloi of Hayti, knowledge of poisons, 375
Parthians: Antonius’ victory over, 121 Expeditions against, 155 Show signs of restlessness, 336
Paterculus, C. Velleius: Associated with Tiberius Nero, 88, 100 Commits suicide, 100, 104
Paterculus, Velleius: Accompanies Tiberius in campaigns, 231, 236 Epitome of Roman history, 229 Indifferent to chronology, 224 Narrative, 2 On age of Tiberius, 104 Fidelity, 77 Germanicus, 332 M. Lollius and Tiberius, 201 Rule of Tiberius, 354 Sejanus, 387, 391 Young Cæsars, 210 Praises Tiberius for discrimination, 312
Patricians and plebeians, distinction between, 45
Paulus, L. Æmilius, marries Julia’s daughter, 210, 246, 257
Percennius: Killed, 279 On grievances of soldiers, 271 Speech to soldiers quoted, 274
Pergamus, rights of sanctuary in temple of Æsculapius, 376
Perusia, siege of, 99, 100
Petronius, slaves in _Satyricon_, 70
Philippi, battle at, 98, 104
Philo the Jew, picture of Caligula, 427
Piso, Gnæus, Governor of Syria, 263, 308, 337 Conduct to Germanicus, 338 _seqq._, 349 Suicide, 347, 352 Trial of, 343
Piso, Lucius, 390 Prætor, 334, 337
Piso, Marcus: Advice to his father, 342 Tiberius bestows his father’s property on, 348
Pituarius thrown from Tarpeian rock, 329
Planasia Isle, Agrippa Postumus in, 256
Plancina, wife of Gnæus Piso, 338, 339, 340, 342, 350 Charges against, 348, 351
Plancus: At Alexandria, 126 Suggests use of “Augustus,” 130
Plato, politics of _Republic_, 8, 56
Pliny (elder): Account of journey of Tiberius, 183 On Tiberius, 162
Polybius, respect for Senate, 50
Polytheism, 132, 138, 374
Pompeius, Sextus, 98 Brigandage of, 58 Descent on coast of Iapygia, 121 Native of Picenum, 37 Power wielded by, 215 “Province” assigned to, 23 Reliance on army, 123 Seizes Sicily, 101, 107
Pontifex Maximus, 255 Functions, 48
Pontius Pilate, Governor of Judæa, 273
Portents, faith in, 138
Præneste, fall of, 88
Prætorian guards organized, 392
Prætors, 320 Right to beat actors, 360
Princeps, 255
Probus, Valerius, 71
_Punch_, cartoons in, 360
Pyrrhus, invasion of, 6
R
Republic and empire, 2, 4
Rhine: Mutiny on, 280 _seqq._, 392 Importance of, 290 Romanized, 227
Rhodes, flourishing state of, 192
Rome: As universal peacemaker and ruler, 23 Disturbances after death of Sejanus, 412, 416 Fires in, 396, 397 Food supplies from Sicily, Africa and Sardinia, 39 Government of city, 59 Indifferent to municipal matters, 381 Prefect of city, 166 Resident aliens in, 27 Riot in theatre, 315 Umpire of world, 125
Roman armies: Barrack system, 395 Centurion, position of, 273 Concessions to soldiers, 283, 286 “Garrison” service, 272 Grievances of soldiers, 271, 272, 273 On Rhine frontier, 281 Pay of soldier, 272 Prætorian guard, 392 Recruiting for, 6, 38, 65, 76, 227, 241, 270, 275 Superstition of soldiers, 279
Roman Civil Service (_see_ Equestrian Order)
Roman electorate, 31, 33, 34
Roman Empire: A religion as well as a state, 140 Area of wars, 107, 122 Change of officials, 317 Christianity and, 430 Conquests: Conditions of, 6 Effects of, 5 Organization, 7 Constitution: Hereditary succession, 164 People an organized part of, 11 Theories on, 8, 31 Working changed, 32, 34 Decentralized, 247 Expansion of, 1 _seqq._ Finances, 228 Frontiers vulnerable, 217 How broken up, 228 Imperial Executive founded on Equestrian Order, 15 Information from authors on, 2 Local life of, 382 Policy to allies, 33 Politics of, 4 Popular government a legal fiction, 12 “Province”: Division of, 59, 313, 357 Signification of, 22 Slavery in, 60 State prosecutions, 321 Supreme Court of Appeal, 382 Taxes farmed, 14 Tendency of, 75 Wars forced on, 6 Wars of aggression, 6 (_See_ also Equestrian Order, etc.)
Roman family a community, 147
Roman generals, 216
Roman history: Connexion of great houses with, 146 Greek influence on, 53 Turning point of, 6
Roman law courts, 310
Roman palaces, 144
Roman people: As financiers, 13 Character, 40, 41 Citizen privileges, 27 Composed of three elements, 47 Diversions, 177 Early marriages, 168 Estimate of generals, 216 Faith in portents, 138 Gods of, 130, 133, 134, 226 Individual independence, 25, 26 Legal temperament, 9, 40, 46 Legends of early history, 47 Love of spectacular bloodshed, 74, 314, 362 Meaning of phrase, 24, 41 Morality and religion, 133 No affection for Rome or Senate, 40 Patrons and clients, 28, 29, 30, 321 Religion and superstition, 131 Religious temperament, 47 Roman nobles, territorial magnates, 29 Roman residents in Asia Minor, 13 Rule of, 41 Senatorial career, 17 Sympathy with army, 40 Training of young, 147, 149 Two political careers open to, 16 (_See_ also Equestrian Order)
Roman Proconsul: Only check upon, 19 Power in province, 20