CHAPTER LIII.

_RUSSIANS AFLOAT._

Reflections on leaving Siberia.--Departure.--The Russian navy.--The _Djiguitt_.--Seamen’s food, clothing, work.--Relation between officers and men.--Received as captain’s guest.--Progress.--Hospital arrangements.--Arrival at Hakodate.--Divine service.--Religious professions of seamen.--Inspection of ship.--A “strong gale.”--Russian sentiments towards Englishmen.--Cause of dislike.--Misrepresentations by English press.--Russian writings.--Transhipped to American steamer.--Arrivals at San Francisco and London.

“_The sailor sighs as sinks his native shore_

* * * * *

_And climbs the mast to feast his eyes once more._”

Siberia was not my native land, and I did not climb for a last fond look; yet I confess to drawing half a sigh as I was borne away from Vladivostock. At all events I was not unmoved, and various thoughts presented themselves--some, I hope, of thankfulness that I had been permitted to cross the Old World without scratch or bruise.[1]

But my happiest reflections were connected with what has been called my work. I entered the country very much in the dark as to what could be done, and what I did was little enough to boast of; yet, to me, it was a source of gratitude that I had been permitted to place within reach of at least every prisoner and hospital patient in Siberia a portion of the Word of God. A few opportunities also for the exercise of clerical functions had presented themselves, such as the services at Nikolaefsk and Vladivostock, as also some others of a private character, which linger pleasingly in the memory. Since my return, news has come from Archangel that the books I left in 1878 have caused inquiry and demand for the Scriptures. Again, more than one who has followed me in Northern Asia has told of the manner in which the books left at the post-houses are treasured, and, last winter, two gentlemen, travelling over a large portion of Western Siberia, found the tracts I had left in great demand. One of them writes that they have been a boon and a pleasure at many a peasant’s fireside. If, then, the result were no more than this, it would be something to have ministered gratification to tens of thousands of readers. But I had higher aims; for I believed that in those Scriptures and tracts there were germs of new life and thought and hope. I remembered what reading the Scriptures had done for men in other lands,--for Luther in his cell, and Bunyan in prison; and having sown the seed, I was content to leave it with Him in Whose name I went forth. Then I sailed away with the thought that I had done what little I could. Those who labour in similar fields will understand and sympathize with my feelings, and some perhaps will breathe a prayer that in the great day of account the harvest may be plenteous.

As the _Djiguitt_ steamed out of the harbour we fired a salute of seven guns, and, gliding past the admiral’s house, saw his Excellency and Madame Erdmann waving their handkerchiefs from the verandah. Our captain, Charles de Livron, is the admiral’s son-in-law, so that there were hearty farewells passing. Madame Erdmann had kindly expressed to me a wish that our acquaintance thus begun might be continued, and, on leaving, I felt that I was parting from pleasant friends, not only in the Governor’s house, but in the town and country too. As I had applied to Captain de Vries for lodgings, I asked, of course, for my bill; but Mrs. de Vries would not hear of one, and the old captain said, “Well, write me a letter, and tell me how you get home, and then come again as soon as you can.”

We had hardly lost sight of land before I began to inquire about the Siberian fleet, which I understood to consist of 12 ships, divided into four classes, some being of iron and some of wood; 1 is for the China station, and there are besides 5 transports, 2 cruisers, and 4 gunboats, the last with 3 guns each; the whole being manned by 208 officers and 2,240 seamen. Of these about 380 are employed on shore for mechanical and building purposes, and a far larger number live ashore in winter. Their pay is much higher (nearly double, I heard) than that of sailors in the Baltic fleet.[2]

And now a word about the _Djiguitt_ (pronounced “Jee-geet,” and meaning “a horseman”), on board which I was favoured with a passage from Vladivostock to Japan. The clipper had been built four years previously, at a cost of £62,500, and measured 218 feet long, was of 1,300 tons burden, and fitted with engines of 250 nominal, but 1,200 registered, horse-power. She carried 200 men, with three large guns in the middle of the deck, and four small ones at the sides. The captain said he relied less upon his guns than upon his torpedoes, the apparatus connected with which fired 30 for defensive and 5 for offensive purposes. By means of wires the torpedoes--a kind supposed to be in possession only of the Russian navy--could be moved about under the water, and caused to explode automatically or at will. I am incapable of judging how far this information was correct, but I observed subsequently, from one of the English newspapers describing the _Djiguitt_, and some of her sister ships, that they were said to be well fitted to damage merchant shipping; and there is no doubt that, had England and Russia declared war in 1878, this clipper would have done her best to cripple the English commercial navy in the Pacific.

The _Djiguitt_ had three masts, could spread 15,000 square feet of canvas, and, under sail and steam, was supposed to make 13 knots an hour. We were not fortunate enough, however, to get up to anything near this speed, nine knots on the first day being, if I mistake not, our best travelling. Often it was not more than six knots, and one day we made only 103 miles. Everything on board was scrupulously clean. The same thing struck me at Vladivostock, when steering the boat of the chief of the staff, in which I was rowed to the end of the harbour. The boat was manned by six men with 18-feet oars. According to Russian regulations, the men row up to 42 strokes a minute, and I noticed that when their arms were outstretched the men simultaneously bobbed their heads, but whether for obtaining more pulling power, or for appearance’ sake, I did not make out.

The sailors in the Imperial navy are now shorter than formerly. The Russian plan was to give from recruits, taken from all parts of the country, the tallest men to the navy, the next to the artillery, and the next to the infantry; but now they have made an alteration, and the navy takes the shortest.[3]

The food of the seamen on shore I have already alluded to. At sea, each man gets 1 lb. of beef per day and plenty of biscuit. As I saw them eating their meals, sitting at tables, or on deck in circles round a common soup-bowl, they appeared to have enough and to spare, for a good deal of broken victuals was at times thrown overboard; and if, moreover, they do not eat all their allowance (which is usually the case), they may economise and purchase extras for holidays. Rum was served out at least once a day (for the notion that this benefits the men is not yet exploded in Russia), but a man might forego this if he pleased, and receive a trifling pittance instead.[4]

It was difficult sometimes on so small a ship to find work for 200 men; consequently, a large number of them were employed in labour of a time-killing character, polishing the fittings of the ship and guns, making them in some parts as bright as silver plate. Others were weaving stays, or binding fine wire on telegraph lines for use with the torpedoes. Once or twice I saw them at gun drill. The smaller guns were breech-loaders, firing 15-lb. shot, worked by five men each; and the larger were 90-lb. muzzle-loaders, each worked by 19 men.

There seemed to me to exist an excellent feeling between officers and men. The captain, on leaving Cronstadt, hinted to his crew that, as he was proceeding to Siberia, he might leave some of them there if they misbehaved. He gave them, however, an excellent character, and said that, on arriving in Japan, he told an officer to let him know the number of men whose conduct since leaving port had been immaculate, and out of 180 men more than 100 were found without a bad mark. These, by way of encouragement, he treated to a special performance in a circus. On another occasion the captain paid some Chinese jugglers to come on board and give the men an exhibition, whilst, in the tropics, the officers had given the men lectures on scientific subjects, illustrated by a magic lantern.

On boarding the _Djiguitt_ I had as usual “fallen on my feet.” There was a small berth in the vessel set apart for a chance passenger; but the captain honoured me with a place at his table in his own cabin, where things were more than comfortable. My host spoke excellent English, to say nothing of several other languages; and so well educated in this respect were the officers that, although the captain usually invited two of them to dine with us daily, there was seldom or never an occasion when they could not converse with me in English or French. Among the officers were some of the Russian nobility, one a prince, another a baron, and so on; and after sailing with them for 12 days, I came to the conclusion that they were gentlemen and officers of whom any navy might be proud. The doctor played the violoncello, a second officer accompanied on the piano, and others sang part songs. A young baron in Siberia had told me that the officers of the army were badly educated, and worse “elevé”; but this certainly was not the case with the officers of the _Djiguitt_.

On Sunday the captain and I were invited to lunch in the officers’ cabin, where I was reminded of the smallness of the world by the discovery that the first lieutenant sitting next me had been to the Greenwich Observatory, and as he had gained scholastic distinction in Russia, and had the privilege of spending two years in foreign study, he thought of coming again to Greenwich to the Naval College.

We left Vladivostock on Tuesday, the 30th of September, for Yokohama, and made fair progress till, next morning, a slight derangement of the machinery caused us to lift the screw and depend on sails. This piece of brass machinery, weighing nearly five tons, was heaved up by two lines of seamen on either side of the deck, which operation interested me, as did also some of the manœuvres for setting the sails, of which 11 were one day hoisted on the foremast, thereby spreading to the wind about 5,000 square feet of canvas. I accompanied the captain once or twice on his rounds of inspection, and was surprised at the stock of carpenters’ tools and stores on board. In the kitchen, divided into two compartments for officers and men, was a Chinese cook, who received excellent wages (the Chinese cook at Madame Erdmann’s at Vladivostock received £60 a year); and to him I paid the ordinary passenger’s tariff for food of 4_s._ a day. In the fore part of the clipper were two small compartments almost dark, used, when needed, for a prison.[5] There was a lazarette on board, and I found that the doctor was obliged to keep a daily report, showing the number of patients in the ship, the number of cases standing over, new cases, cured, sent to hospital, remaining, and dead.[6]

We sighted Japan on Friday, October 3rd, and early on Saturday morning reached Hakodate, where the ship stayed to get coal. I went on shore, not dreaming that I should know a creature, but soon found a missionary with whom, as a student, I had played football and cricket; and then, walking along the streets, a second surprise awaited me on meeting a youth whom I had known as a boy in Sussex. We stayed only a few hours, but I had time to visit the prison with Mr. Dening, the missionary; and then, getting on board, we steamed away on Saturday afternoon.

On Sunday morning, at half-past nine, a white sail with a red cross was run up to the mast-head, the bugle and drum sounded, and the crew assembled on deck for Divine service. Two men, uncovered, reverently brought an ikon, which was fastened by an officer to the captain’s bridge. It was a new ikon (about two feet square) of silver gilt, lately presented by the captain and officers of the ship at a cost of £20. It had been purchased in Petersburg, been sent to Vladivostock _by post_, and was used on this particular Sunday for the first time.[7]

When all was ready the officers and choir were ranged in front and the men behind, and the Commander (in place of Captain de Livron, who is a Lutheran) read prayers and a psalm, the men responding and singing. The service was of short duration, but highly impressive, and very reverential. So, too, was their daily evening prayer, just before going to their hammocks at dusk, when the men, drawn up in double lines facing each other, at a signal doffed their caps, and chanted the Lord’s Prayer.[8]

After Divine service the captain proceeded officially to inspect the ship, which he did in a very thorough manner, looking into every hole and corner for the least speck of dust or disorder. Here a cloth had been left in a recess, and there a piece of biscuit remained on a shelf. Both were ordered to be removed, and the attention of an officer was drawn to the broken hook and eye which attached the hen-house to the bulwarks. The captain even complained because, putting his hand on the polished brass of a gun, he found it somewhat dusty.

This, however, was fine-weather inspection, and we were to have a taste of something different. On Tuesday and Wednesday all had been bright. About two o’clock on Thursday morning a sudden squall struck the ship from right ahead, and caused a commotion, but did no harm, and for the remainder of the day the wind blew coldly from the north. On Friday and Saturday the temperature rose, and on Wednesday, 8th October, we passed through a warm stream with a temperature of 77°, whilst the thermometer on deck indicated only 70°. I had frequently asked how soon we should arrive at Yokohama, and the captain had prudently declined to say; but on Sunday afternoon he volunteered the remark that he was able to assure me that we should be at Yokohama in four days. Luckless boast! for the words had not been long spoken when there came on a tempest such as I had never experienced. Towards sunset the wind whistled and blew “a strong gale,” that would be marked 9 in the Beaufort notation (the remaining three degrees being 10, “a whole gale”; 11, “a storm”; 12, “a hurricane”). The topmasts were lowered, the sails furled, and the heavy guns, lest they should break away, were fastened by two extra lashings. Then followed great running about on deck, and climbing the rigging, at which I was looking on amused rather than otherwise. The captain, perceiving this, said, “Ah! we shall soon have the water rough!” And so it came to pass; there was a pendulum on the deckhouse to indicate the careen of the ship, the scale being marked up to 35°, and when I say that the ship heeled over to 32°, the reader will be prepared for the statement that in the captain’s cabin, where I was writing, the heavy table and myself behind it quitted our respective bases, in a very undignified manner, in favour of the opposite side of the cabin. The carpenter was called, and the table screwed down, after which, by tucking my knees tightly between it and a chair, I managed to hold my own. I know not whether the jolting of the tarantass across Siberia had rendered my nerves sea-proof, but, to my agreeable surprise, I found myself able to write during three severe storms on the Pacific and Atlantic. On Monday there ran “a high sea,” which the captain marked “7” (“8” standing for “very high,” and “9” for “tremendous,” beyond which my figures to indicate the disturbance of the water do not go). After the storm came a calm wind with rough waves. We dropped the screw, used steam, and to some extent steadied the ship; but, with all our efforts, made little progress, and burnt a great deal of coal, so that we had not sufficient to steam the remainder of the voyage. The captain said he had never known, in so short a space of time, so many changes of wind, barometer, and weather.

I had learned that the steamer left Yokohama for San Francisco on Saturday, the 11th of October, and as the mail-packet makes the passage from Hakodate to Yokohama in 64 hours, my hope was that I might land in the early part of the week, take a peep at the capital, and then embark for California; but the storm and the calm upset our calculations completely, and I had nothing to do but to submit, and make the best of my ebbing opportunities of gaining Russian information, and of getting my statistics translated.

Being brought into such close proximity with Russian gentlemen for several days, we naturally became somewhat intimate; restraint wore off, and I learned more fully than I had done before the feelings of educated Russians towards England. When passing through Petersburg a general had said to me, “_J’adore les Anglais, mais je hais leurs conseils_,” which, in 1879, was natural enough. Also the _Djiguitt_ had left Europe during the Russo-Turkish war, and I discovered that her officers had brought away with them unpleasant feelings towards my nation. One of them observed, though not unkindly, that the English had interfered most rudely with Russian affairs, for which, he thought, the English Government was deeply hated by the Russian people, though Englishmen, he said, were not so. He was ready to discuss, very keenly, the probability of war between our two nations; and did not attempt to hide the disappointment of the Russians at being foiled of their purpose to enter Constantinople. He thought that, if war did break out, it would, on the Russian side, be intensely popular.

I set myself to discover, if possible, the cause of the alleged dislike, whereupon I found that, among other reasons, he was extremely sore about the frequent misrepresentation of Russia in English newspapers. He complained that there were certain journals always ready to exaggerate Russian defects; and, to be honest, I could not help allowing there was a measure of truth in what he said. Misrepresentation, however, may arise from two different sources--from ignorance or from malevolence. When passing through the northern capital, I myself saw, in some of the best English newspapers, statements to the effect that Petersburg was then in such a state that it was penal for anyone to stir out after nine without a certificate; that no evening party might be given without leave from the police; that no student might burn the midnight oil; and that a curfew law forbade a light to be seen in a dwelling after ten: all of which I read with amazement, for I myself was out as I pleased till past midnight, and burned a light in packing nearly all the night through. When I returned to London I said so to the editor of one of the papers, and found that his statements had been due to wrong information.

But complaint was made not merely of mistakes arising from ignorance or wrong information. It was urged that false statements were frequently put forth, and not properly and honorably rectified, when it afterwards became manifest that they were wrong.[9] I had not up to that time realized to what an extent this was true; but, after reading various books and papers for the present work, I cannot but acknowledge that some of the writers upon Russian affairs do, to put it in the mildest form, make the most extraordinary statements. Some of these, as I have said, arise from ignorance, and are pardonable; but others, it is to be feared, arise from something far worse, which I prefer not to have to name. What, for instance, will the reader think of the following extract from an article in the _Sheffield Daily Telegraph_ of December 6th last, which has come to my hand just before going to press?--“The Russian Government does a regular and an important business with Sheffield. Our Russophiles will be charmed. The Government of ‘the Divine figure from the North’ takes from Sheffield five tons per week of horseflesh. The horses killed for Holy Russia are those which, through decay or disease, are worthless. The dogs’ meat thus obtained is bought as food for human beings in Siberia, and, having to travel so far, it is often in a putrid condition when it arrives there, and in all its horrible putrescence it is so served out.”

This is remarkable information. The cheapest cost of carriage known to me from Petersburg to the Siberian _frontier_ is £5 a ton, taking 12 months in transit (no wonder that the meat is putrid!); and if to this sum be added the cost of the horseflesh and its conveyance from Sheffield, and salt (for the _Telegraph_ is kind enough to say, on Dec. 3rd, that the meat is salted, although it becomes putrid!), then how strange it will seem that the Russian Government should come to Sheffield to buy meat, when live stock, as I have already stated, can be purchased in Western Siberia at less than ½_d._ per pound! This, with a vengeance, is “carrying coal to Newcastle”! But the article goes on to speak of the prisoners working “in quicksilver-mines, where the mercury produces an artificial leprosy that rots blood, bones, and skin”; and then the writer pathetically adds that this “is the unspeakable fate of thousands of Russians in whom education and a disposition and temperament naturally brave have aroused thoughts too deep for tears, and a devoted courage worthy of the Christian martyrs.” These “martyrs,” moreover, are fed with “flesh swept up from English knackers’ yards”--that is to say, with horseflesh carried overland 8,000 miles!--I suppose to Nertchinsk, for the writer wisely abstains from naming the locality of his mines. O wonderful information from the _Sheffield Daily Telegraph_! Would that I could be informed where there exists in Siberia a quicksilver-mine at all, that I might hasten thither if only to clear up this mystery about--Sheffield horseflesh!

To return, however, to serious writing. Is it surprising if Russians feel annoyed at calumnies so gross? and ought one who knows them to be so to abstain from giving such statements the lie? Few Englishmen, one trusts, will be proud to read misstatements like these, and the exposure of them, it is to be hoped, may lead the unimpassioned to reflect on such injustice, and to call it by its proper name. For my own part (humiliating as it is to acknowledge), I have learned to expect from certain quarters exaggerations and misstatements respecting Russian affairs. If any complain to me of the character of Russian diplomacy I reply that I do not defend it. I say nothing of Russians as politicians, and so long as human nature remains as it is there will probably not be wanting writers to fan national jealousies and misgivings to a flame; but no right-minded persons will ever look upon misstatements like those I have quoted, other than with shame and disgust. Such misrepresentations carry also their own Nemesis, for the uninformed, led astray thereby, when they see themselves duped often espouse the opposite cause. Such unfairness has taught me at least to sympathize with Russians who are thus misrepresented; and perhaps I ought to confess that this feeling had something to do with my resolving to write this book.

It does one an immensity of good sometimes to have to listen calmly to an opponent, and I was thankful for the plain speaking I heard on the _Djiguitt_. I am indebted for other similar thoughts to various writings by Russians, among them to Madame Novikoff’s “Russia and England--a Protest and an Appeal” (by “O. K.”); all the more forcibly put because so politely written. I have said in my preface that of politics I know next to nothing, and it is not in this connection that I agree or disagree with what that accomplished lady has published; but I perceive that “O. K.” has found in England what I have found in Russia--a number of warm and generous friends, between whom one would desire that only the best of feelings should exist. If Russia were but better known, a similar feeling would grow, I feel sure, between Englishmen and Russians generally, and both would be gainers thereby. There are many who wish to know the truth respecting Siberia, and to form an unbiassed opinion, and if what I have written should tend in any degree to this end, I shall be thankful indeed.

On Saturday morning, October 11th, the _Djiguitt_ was creeping along, without coal and almost without wind, when a five-masted steamer was seen on the horizon, coming away from Yokohama. “That,” said the captain, “is your steamer. Shall I ask them if they will take a passenger?” I quickly decided in the affirmative, packed my luggage, and embarked in a gig. The commander of the _City of Peking_ did not stay to read the signals, but, seeing a boat put off from a man-of-war, concluded that it could be nothing short of an officer with important dispatches, and came to a standstill, to discover, however, that it was only to pick up a man “escaped from Siberia.” San Francisco was reached in sixteen days. From thence I visited the Yo-Semite Valley, Salt Lake City, Chicago, and Niagara; and then, pushing on to New York, crossed the Atlantic to Liverpool, and on November 25th re-entered London, having compassed the world in nearly a straight line of 25,500 miles.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] For the Author’s itinerary round the globe, _see_ Appendix F.

[2] The pay of sailors in the Siberian fleet, afloat and on shore, per month, is as follows:--Deck sailors, 4_s._; rigging sailors, 4_s._ 4_d._; steersmen and gunners, 4_s._ 9_d._; cooks, firemen, carpenters, divers, and assistant clerks, 9_s._; quartermaster, machinists, and head firemen, 15_s._; boatswain’s mate and foreman of machine room, 18_s._; boatswain and clerks, 54_s._ Some have extras as perquisites, thus:--Hospital servants, per month, 9_d._; chief gunners, 1_s._; and torpedo men, 9_s._ The pay of officers, per month, is as follows:--Midshipmen from £7 10_s._ to £14 14_s._; lieutenants, £7 10_s._ to £17 10_s._; commander, £13 to £80; captain of second rank (frigate), £15 10_s._ to £100; and captain of first rank (ship), £17 4_s._ to £100. Seamen have all found for them. Officers provide themselves with everything except cabin and furniture, the captain having one man from the ship’s company for a servant, the higher officers having one servant for two cabins, and the midshipmen one servant for four cabins. The mess on the _Djiguitt_ cost each officer about £6 a month, including holiday wines, and entertainment to guests in port. The officers gave an entertainment before leaving Vladivostock.

[3] The method of Russian conscription is as follows:--The empire is divided into districts, each of which has annually to send a number of men according to the requirements of the Government. Lots are drawn from the men of 21 years of age, and those thus taken are examined as to size of chest, eyes, ears, teeth, pulling force and general health; and the faulty ones rejected. If sound, they have to serve seven, three, two, one, or half a year, according to their education; after which they pass into the first reserve. Those who escape the lot fall at once into the first reserve. They may then marry; and, if following certain callings, are free from further conscription, and in any case are liable to be drawn again only in time of war or emergency. At 28 these escaped ones fall into the second reserve, which is called up only in case of home invasion. There are besides for those upon whom the lot falls several exemptions, by reason of which they are either free or their service may be postponed.

[4] The clothing served out to the men was similar in character to that of the soldiers already referred to, with the following yearly additions: a flannel shirt and two blue flannel jerseys, two pairs white shoes, two pairs white trousers, and three white shirts with collars, also five yards of towelling and two white cap-covers for hot climates. There is allowed them also 1_s._ for ribbons, 4_s._ for bed-linen, 1_s._ for spoon and knife, and the quartermaster 4_s._ for whistles. The machinists and firemen have each a further addition of two pairs of shoes and a black canvas coat.

With regard to work, Russian sailors usually lift half-a-ton a day. In harbour they work eight hours, and on shore 12 hours, with two hours for rest. On the _Djiguitt_ the men rose soon after five, breakfasted, stowed away hammocks, washed the decks and got all clean before 8 o’clock. They then worked till 11, at which hour they dined and rested till 2; then worked again till 5.30, supped, and at 7 retired; but this programme varies, of course, according to time, place, and circumstances. The watches for the men were divided into two of six hours each by day, and three of four hours each by night; but the officers took in rotation five watches of four hours each.

[5] I met at Vladivostock the officer who had to do with the legal affairs of the Siberian fleet, acting as judge (aided by three or four others), but whose sentences had to be approved by the admiral.

[6] The form to be filled up for a patient was something to this effect:--Name of patient, To what duty assigned, Number of his ship at Cronstadt, Age, How long in service, From what province, How often in hospital before, How often ill on board before, Name of disease, When taken ill, When cured or died, How many days ill; and beneath this was a form for showing diagnosis of the disease, heat of body, internal and external treatment, and food. A monthly report also had to be forwarded by the medical officer to Petersburg.

[7] Each ship has, I believe, its particular ikon, as I found at Kara was the case with each company of Cossacks, who carry the picture in a special carriage. Some of the ikons that have accompanied Tsars to the battlefield are treasured very highly in Russia. Private individuals, when travelling, frequently carry with them ikons, before which in their lodging they light lamps, as I saw in the case of a merchant at Tomsk.

[8] The religious professions of the seamen (excluding officers) in the Russian fleet I gathered from the Naval Almanack for April, 1879, to be as follows:--

BALTIC. BLACK. | Afloat.|Ashore.|Afloat.|Ashore.| Orthodox Russian Ch. | 16,669 | 289 | 4,729 | 31 | Gregorians | | | 1 | | Protestants | 759 | 16 | 8 | 7 | Roman Catholics | 51 | 8 | 13 | | Jews | | | | | Mohammedans | 47 | | 5 | | Sects {Molokans | | | | | {Pomorski | | | | | Pagans | | | | | | ------ | ---- | ----- | ---- | | 17,526 | 313 | 4,756 | 38 | \-------v------/ \------v------/ 17,839 4,794

CASPIAN. ARAL. SIBERIAN. TOTAL. |Afloat.|Afloat.|Afloat.|Ashore.| Orthodox Russian Ch. | 1,281 | 291 | 2,028 | 308 | 25,626 Gregorians | 3 | | | | 4 Protestants | | 8 | 7 | 3 | 808 Roman Catholics | 1 | 9 | 3 | | 85 Jews | | | 2 | | 2 Mohammedans | 43 | 19 | 4 | 1 | 119 Sects {Molokans | 3 | | | | 3 {Pomorski | 3 | | | | 3 Pagans | | 3 | | | 3 | ----- | ---- | ----- | ----- | ------- | 1,334 | 330 | 2,044 | 312 | 26,653 \--v--/ \--v--/ \------v------/ \---v---/ 1,334 330 2,356 26,653

[9] As a flagrant instance, they complained of the falseness of the _Daily Telegraph_, respecting the carriage of convicts by the _Nijni Novgorod_, to which I have alluded in my first volume (page 45). I learn from the same paper of November 16th, 1881, that the Russians have been further annoyed by some untrue statements published by the _Daily Telegraph_ on June 28th of this year, concerning “judicial and administrative abuses in Russia.” These misrepresentations were copied by other papers, from which Mr. Tallack, compiling his report for the Howard Association, and falling into the pit, reproduced the matter thus: “Yet even an Imperial commissioner has recently reported atrocious cruelties to prisoners in Central Russia, including the torture of women with red-hot tongs; the killing of numbers by imprisoning them in dark dungeons; other prisoners reduced to almost naked skeleton figures in hideous caverns; inhuman floggings, 125 lashes being inflicted even for addressing warders in the old peasant style of ‘thou’ instead of ‘you’; and other brutalities.” When I read these charges I felt sure they were untrue, but as I had not visited the prisons of Orenburg, where the atrocities were alleged to have occurred, all I could say was that I had seen prisons nearly all over Russia, and had witnessed nothing answering to such abominations. I ventured, however, to write to the editor of the _Daily Telegraph_ for information respecting the Russian paper, the _Sjeverny Viestnik_ (suppressed, I have since learnt, at least three years ago), from which the statements were said to have come, and I received a polite reply that the writer of the article was travelling in Russia. I then wrote to Mr. Tallack, who inquired concerning the matter of Mr. Kokovtzeff, one of three inspectors-general of prisons, who denied the truth of what had appeared. Accordingly Mr. Tallack (whose zeal in the cause of prison reform is well known), finding that he had been deceived, wrote to the _Daily Telegraph_ to say so; but I was sorry to see that, though this paper had given a whole column in bold type to the misstatements, which had been multiplied therefrom by hundreds of thousands, yet all the space they could spare for contradiction was 15 lines in very small type!

GRATIAS DEO.

APPENDIX A.

THE HISTORY OF THE RUSSIAN CHURCH.

(_From page 162._)

The history of the Russian Church may be treated under the four periods of its foundation, consolidation, transition, and reformation. Its foundation period extends from the end of the tenth century to the beginning of the fourteenth. In the year 957 a Russian princess, named Olga, visited Constantinople, was baptized, and returned with the Christian name of Helena. About thirty years afterwards there came to her grandson, Vladimir, envoys from the different religious communities of the known world,--from the Mussulmans, the Pope, the Jews, the Greeks,--inviting him to adopt their respective creeds. To these he replied by sending elders and nobles to examine their various religions; and shortly afterwards, in 988, he was baptized and joined the Greek Church. Vladimir then gave orders for a wholesale baptism of his docile subjects at Kieff. A church was built there, and the work of conversion advanced rapidly. The Holy Scriptures had been translated into Sclavonic a century before for the nations on the Danube; so that the Greek priests, on going to Russia, had this powerful lever ready to hand in the language of the people.

The period of the _consolidation_ of the Russian Church dates from the beginning of the fourteenth century to the middle of the seventeenth, during which time the local centre of ecclesiastical history was transferred from Kieff to Moscow, and three great powers came prominently forward--the Tsars, the Metropolitans, and the Monks. The Tsar, in his ecclesiastical position, represented the laity of the Church, and received the unbounded veneration of the people; and the Metropolitans, second only to the Tsar, almost without exception supported the authority of the Sovereign. In the middle of the fifteenth century the Metropolitans became independent of the See of Constantinople; and in 1589, Job, the Metropolitan of Moscow, was elevated to the dignity of a patriarch. Again, the hermits and monks acquired an immense influence. In 1338 was founded the famous Troitza monastery--a seminary, cathedral, church, and fortress all in one--the monks and clergy of which have more than once taken an active part in the deliverance of their country from the Tatars and Poles.

The _transition_ period of the Russian Church extends from the middle of the seventeenth to the beginning of the eighteenth centuries, during which time lived Nikon, the famous Patriarch of Moscow. He has been called a Russian Chrysostom, a Russian Luther, a Russian Wolsey. Ivan the Terrible, in his own savage way, had done something towards rectifying the abuses of the Church. The Patriarch did more; he took in hand the Russian hierarchy, whom he found idle and drunken. He set them a good example, on one hand, by founding hospitals, feeding the hungry, visiting prisons, and, above all, after the silence of many centuries, by preaching; but, on the other hand, he administered clerical discipline with uncommon severity. He was perpetually sending his officers round the city, with orders that, if they found priest or monk in a state of intoxication, they were to imprison, strip, and scourge him; and numbers of dissolute clergy he banished to Siberia. His name, however, is chiefly remembered by reason of his innovations, or perhaps resuscitation of forgotten details in ritual. Finding that copyists’ errors had crept into the service books, which were in manuscript, he sent deputations to Mount Athos, and throughout the Eastern Churches, for correct copies, put the printing press to work to circulate new rubrics, and set on foot a work of revision, which met with frantic opposition on the part of the ignorant among the people, and was ultimately made the occasion of the secession of a large part of what are now known as the Russian _raskolniks_, or dissenters.

The fourth period, which has been called--though, alas! in only a very limited sense--the _reformation_ of the Russian Church, extends from the time of Peter the Great to our own day. The patriarchate had attained to a position of great power, and the great Peter was not the man to brook such a rival as Nikon had been to his father Alexis; accordingly, on the death of the Patriarch Adrian, in 1700, his chair was allowed to remain vacant for twenty years, at the end of which time Peter abolished the patriarchate and appointed a synod. He also carried out many reforms and improvements, which he had the good sense to see were sorely needed. He established schools for the children of the clergy, abolished anchorites, reformed the monasteries, and issued regulations enjoining bishops to read the Scriptures carefully, and not to be absent from their dioceses without permission of the synod. Many of his changes, however, excited great dissatisfaction. The measures of Nikon had sadly perturbed the orthodox Russians; those of Peter drove them to desperation and to further schism. Among the charges brought against the Tsar were such as these: that he had introduced into the churches pictures by Western artists; and this was said to be a mortal sin. Besides this, at the opening of the eighteenth century, Peter changed the calendar, gave his people the 1st of January for their New Year’s Day, and began to reckon the year from the birth of Christ instead of from the creation of the world. This, among other like things, was regarded as the very sign of Antichrist, inasmuch as he was “to change times and laws”; and Peter the Great is still designated Antichrist by a large proportion of the Russian dissenters. Since the time of the great reformer the Russian Church has gone on very much as he left it, the few minor reforms introduced by the Emperors Alexander the First and Second being in the right direction.

APPENDIX B.

THE DOCTRINES OF THE RUSSIAN, ROMAN, AND ENGLISH CHURCHES.

(_From page 163._)

The doctrines of the Russian Church are not set forth in any one public document like the “Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion,” but must be sought in its creeds, councils, Church services, and catechisms. Generally speaking, it may be said that the Bible and tradition form the Russian rule of faith, and excommunication is the penalty of heterodoxy. The Nicene Creed we know the Russians receive, with the exception of the clause relating to the procession of the Holy Ghost from the Son; and the Athanasian Creed finds a place in their Church books, though it is not read in the public services. There are likewise certain works by eminent Russian divines which have been promulgated or received with more or less authority by councils or the general consent of the Eastern Church. Such are the treatise of St. John Damascene on the Orthodox Faith; the Answers of the Patriarch Jeremiah to the Lutherans, 1574-1581; Peter Mogila’s Orthodox Confession of Faith of the Catholic and Apostolic Church of the East, 1643-1662; the Eighteen Articles of the Synod of Bethlehem, 1672; and the Orthodox Doctrine of Platon, 1762. We get a better insight, however, into the doctrines of the Russian Church, as they are taught in the present day, from Mr. Blackmore’s translation of the Russian Primer, the Catechisms, and the Treatise on the Duty of Parish Priests--a perusal of which last seems to me to bring the Russian Church nearer to the English, and further from the Roman, than is generally supposed. Some idea of the divergences of the three Churches will be obtained by briefly enumerating their differences, thus:--

1. The principal differences between the Russian and English Church are upon--

(1) The number of the Œcumenical Councils. (2) The number of the sacraments. (3) Confirmation by priests. (4) Marriage of clergy after ordination. (5) Consecration of married priests to the episcopate. (6) Transubstantiation. (7) Invocation of saints. (8) Reverence to sacred pictures and relics. (9) Prayer for the faithful departed. (10) The procession of the Holy Ghost.

2. The differences between the Russian and English Churches on one side, and the Roman on the other, are upon--

(1) Papal supremacy. (2) Purgatory. (3) Communion in one kind. (4) Celibacy of priests and deacons. (5) Indulgences. (6) Works of supererogation. (7) Judicial absolution. (8) The doctrine of intention in priestly acts. (9) The Apocrypha. (10) Service in an unknown tongue. (11) Withdrawal of the Scriptures from the laity. (12) Use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist. (13) The immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary. (14) Papal infallibility.

3. Once more, the differences between the English Church and the Russian and Roman combined are upon--

(1) The number of the sacraments. (2) Married bishops. (3) Invocation of saints. (4) Reverence of pictures and relics. (5) Prayer for the faithful departed. (6) Compulsory confession.

These are some of the principal differences between the three branches of the Catholic Church, besides which there are others connected with usage and ritual.

APPENDIX C.

THE SCHISMS OF THE RUSSIAN CHURCH.

(_From page 163._)

It cannot be denied that there is a very considerable amount of toleration of foreign religions in the Russian Empire. The Tsar does not emulate the Roman Pontiff, who, as long as he could prevent it, which was up to about 12 years ago, would not allow a Protestant place of worship to be built within the walls of his capital. On the contrary, at the fair of Nijni Novgorod, the Mohammedan mosque and the Armenian church stand side by side with the orthodox cathedral, and I am not sure that I did not see in the Chinese quarter a Buddhist temple. Notwithstanding all this, however, the religious toleration of the Tsar is of a somewhat one-sided character. A man is usually left in peace to practise the religion in which he was born, so long as he does not try to proselytize. Again, should an English Churchman, or any one else living in Russia, be convinced that the Greek Church is more scriptural and catholic than his own, the Greek Church will receive him into her communion. But not _vice versâ_. On the contrary, should a Russian Churchman living in Russia be convinced that the English Church is more scriptural and catholic than his own, and should he attempt to carry out his convictions, he would thereby render himself liable, I believe, to expatriation, confiscation of property, and other pains and penalties too dreadful to mention; and to receive the convert into the English Church would be more than the Chaplain at Petersburg or Moscow dare do. Again, in mixed marriages--that is, when either father _or_ mother is “orthodox”--the children _must_ be orthodox, and follow the religion of the State. Russians abroad sometimes change their religious profession, in which case they remain Russian subjects, but are not permitted to return to their country unless they recant.

The matter therefore stands thus, that whilst the Russian Church is ready to receive from all, she gives to none--that is, if she can help it. Consequently, what she will not give, there are some who choose to take. The rich, who are possessed of broad acres, be they ever so convinced that some of the doctrines of the Greek Church are unscriptural and uncatholic, naturally think twice before they render their estates liable to confiscation. But there are others, who have less to lose, for whom confiscation has no such terrors; or, if it has, dare to face them, and bid the law do its worst.

Persecution, however, such as we have known in England, has never been a characteristic of the Church of Russia. I do not mean that her repressive measures have never taken a form which can with difficulty be distinguished from persecution. But she has never had an Inquisition; neither Petersburg nor Moscow has a Smithfield; and the plains of Russia have never heard such cries as once resounded through the valleys of Piedmont. On the whole, I am disposed to think that, in religious matters at all events, the hug of the bear is not so bad as might be expected from his growl; and that the powers that be, when they see a religious point cannot be carried, meet the difficulty half-way.

I left Siberia in a Russian man-of-war, and heard a story that will illustrate this. Formerly the law obtained in the Russian navy that all the seamen should have shaven chins. Now, at the Council of Moscow in the seventeenth century, to shave the beard was pronounced “a sin which even the blood of martyrs could not expiate”; and some of the Russian dissenters still believe that to cut the hair or the beard is altogether unscriptural and unorthodox. Accordingly, one fine day two recruits appeared in the navy with flowing beards. They were ordered to cut them off, but they obstinately refused. Their insubordination was reported to higher quarters, and an order was returned that the men must shave or be shaved. The men still refused, and in consequence were shaved, to the saving of their consciences, but the loss of their beards. But nature gave them new ones, and the difficulty came up again, the men once more refusing to obey orders. Their obstinacy was again reported, this time to very high authorities--to one of the Grand Dukes, if not to the Emperor himself--when it occurred to one of them, in his wisdom, to ask _why_ these men should be made to shave; and, no satisfactory answer being forthcoming, another question followed--why should _any_ of the men be made to shave? and shortly there went forth a regulation that, throughout the whole of the navy, men should be left to do as they liked with their beards. So in many things respecting religion: when the Government of the present day cannot carry a point, they not unfrequently give it up, or cease what looks like active persecution.

The Russians have, however, certain fanatical sects to deal with, whose tenets are so outrageous that no enlightened Government could do otherwise than try to repress them. Some of their ideas are sufficiently ludicrous. “Cursed be the man,” said one of these people to an acquaintance of mine--“Cursed be the man who presumes to pray to God in a pair of trousers!” from which, I suppose, we are to infer that in public worship these individuals think it right to divest themselves of their nether garments. I am not aware, however, that persons such as these are persecuted. Among the fanatical sects also are the Scoptsi, some of whom are banished to a village on the Yenesei. There are certain sectarians also who have no settled home, but wander about as strangers and pilgrims. We met some of them in the Siberian wilds. The great mass, however, of the Raskolniks, or Russian dissenters, estimated at eight millions in number, are very different from those I have mentioned.

When, in the seventeenth century, the Patriarch Nikon began to have the Church books revised and corrected, he met with fierce opposition. He was charged with interpolating instead of correcting the books, and nothing would persuade many of the ignorant people to the contrary. Many thus became unsettled and broke away--not, they would say, because they were leaving the Church, but because the Church, with its new-fangled notions, was leaving them. Then when, in addition to Nikon’s changes, Peter the Great introduced others, things were looked upon as becoming worse than ever. There was, accordingly, a large section of the most ultra-Conservative Russians, both of priests and people, who clung to old books, old pictures, and old ways, under the impression that thus only could they worship God according to the customs of their forefathers; and it is from these secessionists that the great mass of the _Staroveri_, or Old Believers, are descended. We heard, at Tiumen, that some are very strict in their habits of living; that, for instance, they will not drink tea or wine, and will not drink out of the same vessel with one who is not of their sect. The Staroveri are split into two principal parties. They had a bishop with them at the time of their secession, and he ordained many priests; but as these priests died they asked, How shall we fill their places? They had no second bishop to ordain more. Some decided that they would do without priests, and these are called _Bezpopoftschins_, or priestless. The others for a time got priests from the Established Church as best they could, but eventually came to a compromise with the Government, and, by certain concessions made to them, saved their scruples and obtained their priests. These are called _Popoftschins_. The differences, however, between both parties on the one side, and the Established Church on the other, were not questions of doctrine, but such points as these: the Starovers gave the benediction holding up two fingers, the established clergy holding up three, which latter practice was regarded by the Old Believers as a mortal sin. The Starovers’ form of the cross had three transverse beams, instead of the Russian two or the Latin one. Again, to say the name of Jesus in two syllables instead of three (as in Greek) was condemned by the Starovers, as was also the repetition of the hallelujah in the service thrice instead of twice. It became also an alarming innovation to read or write, for ecclesiastical purposes, a word in modern Russ. I had a reminder of this in 1878 on the Dwina, where Old Believers exist, for I sometimes found my tracts objected to because not printed in Sclavonic.

But there are many among the Raskolniks of Russia who dissent from the Established Church on points less diminutive than those of the Starovers; as the _Dukhobortsi_, or “wrestlers with the Spirit,” who spiritualize to a high degree both doctrines and sacraments. Also they reject pictures, do not cross themselves, nor observe the appointed fasts. In their meetings they pray for one another, sing psalms, and explain the Word of God. They call themselves “Christians,” and their great dogma is to worship God in spirit and in truth. They have no magistrates, but govern their own society; they practise brotherly love, have all things common, and are remarkable for the orderly and cleanly manner in which they live. An officer whom I met last year in the Caucasus spoke to me in the highest terms of their blameless lives.

There are many other sects of the Russian Church, many followers of which are found in Siberia, either because banished or born there, or having migrated by their own choice for the sake of greater liberty. Not the least interesting among them are the _Molokans_, some of whom I found on the Amur, and others more recently in the Trans-Caucasus.

APPENDIX D.

THE DISCOVERIES OF WIGGINS AND NORDENSKIÖLD.

(_From page 196._)

From various papers in the Proceedings of the Society for the Promotion of Marine Enterprise and Trade in Russia, together with information gathered by Mr. Oswald Cattley, it seems that Mr. M. K. Sidoroff of Petersburg was the agitator, and, in a certain sense, the originator, in modern times, of sea-trading adventure in the north of the Russian empire. He was largely interested in gold-mining in the Yenesei, and his efforts to open up marine communication with the north date from 1841. In 1860, thanks to his enterprise, the first foreign vessel entered the Bay of Petchora. At the Universal Exhibition of 1862, in London, Mr. Sidoroff exhibited, and obtained two medals for, products from the Turukhansk district--graphite, skins, coal, salt, mammoth tusks, etc.--all of which he presented to the South Kensington Museum. In 1867 he began agitating the possibility of communicating with Europe by sea _viâ_ the Yenesei and Obi rivers and the Arctic Ocean. In 1868 he communicated with the Norwegian whalers, and at his initiative Captains Foyne, Carlsen, and others ventured into the Kara Sea, but none reached to the mouth of either of the two great rivers. This success was to be reaped by Captain Wiggins, of Sunderland, who fitted out, at his own expense, a small steamer, the _Diana_, in which he reached the mouth of the Obi in 1874. He was resolved upon repeating the voyage in 1875, and to that end invited capitalists to assist him in organizing a trade between Siberia and England. These overtures were not successful to any considerable extent, though two gentlemen came forward with subscriptions in Sunderland, and the captain added more from his own means; but the whole amounted to less than was needed for efficient operations. Determined, however, not to be baffled, Wiggins purchased a small cutter, the _Whim_, that might have been put in a good-sized drawing-room (it was only 45 feet long, and of 27 tons register!), and in _that_ he sailed direct for the Kara Sea. The weather was adverse, and he was compelled to return in the autumn of 1875. Another explorer, however, had followed suit, for Professor Nordenskiöld, seeing what Wiggins had done in 1874, took the same track in 1875, and reached the mouth of the Yenesei. Thence he sent back his walrus sloop to Hammerfest, ascended the river, and returned overland to Petersburg.

Captain Wiggins was now asked to meet his brother explorer, Nordenskiöld, at Petersburg, where they both addressed crowded audiences; after which the Russian merchants offered subscriptions towards the equipment of another expedition, under the command of Captain Wiggins, who was to return at once to England and secure a steamer suitable to the work. But jealousy of a “foreign element” subsequently seized some of the Russian merchants, and they desired that a Russian naval officer should head the expedition--in other words, that Captain Wiggins should be pilot, which he declined. Many of the Russian subscriptions were in consequence withheld, but not that of Mr. Sibiriakoff, who placed his money in the hands of the editor of the _Times_. This money, with the assistance furnished by Mr. Gardiner, of Goring, enabled Wiggins to attempt a third voyage, and he now purchased the screw-steamer _Thames_--doing so, however, under protest, for she was not the vessel he ought to have had. In this, in 1876, he started for the mouth of the Obi, and reached it; but, owing to the unsuitability of his ship, he could not ascend the river. He lay, therefore, in the Baidaratsky Gulf of the Kara Sea, employing himself usefully in making nautical surveys, dredging, etc. He then directed his course to the Yenesei, entered the river, and reached the village of Dudinsk, about 400 miles from the ocean. Here he was informed that the nearest port or river of safety was the Kureika. I have since been told, by one in Siberia, that this was a mistake, the river not being a suitable place for winter quarters. But the captain proceeded without chart, without pilot; time was of importance; and he had not got his steamer into the Kureika more than two or three days before the ice formed, and she was locked up for eight months. This had been anticipated; and the captain now returned overland, post-haste to London, which he reached in January 1877.

Meanwhile Professor Nordenskiöld had also been following up his discoveries, in proceeding again to the Yenesei, in 1876, with an object mostly, but not entirely, scientific. It was arranged that his expedition, consisting of Swedish geologists, botanists, zoologists, and men of science, should be divided into two parties; one going with the Professor, in the steamship _Ymar_, through the Kara Sea, was to enter the mouth of the river and ascend to Mesenkin; whilst the other party, under the direction of M. Théel, was to proceed overland to Krasnoiarsk, and then descend the river to meet their comrades. The Professor ascended to Mesenkin, but M. Théel could not get so far. The two parties therefore failed to effect a meeting; but they added much valuable information to what had been hitherto known of the natural history of the Yenesei, and which was printed in two reports--the one from Professor Nordenskiöld, and the other from M. Théel, addressed to Messrs. Oscar Dickson, of Gothenburg, and Alexander Sibiriakoff, at whose joint expense the expedition had been sent.

In the spring of 1877 Wiggins went overland from England through Siberia, and down the Yenesei to the _Thames_, intending to steam back to Europe. But the vessel was damaged by the breaking-up of the ice, and became a wreck; and Wiggins was once more compelled to return by land. He had been accompanied on the outward journey by Mr. Henry Seebohm, who proceeded to the Yenesei to study its ornithology, and who has since published some of the results of his researches, as well as a book called “Siberia in Europe,” on the ornithology of North-eastern Russia and part of Siberia. Besides these travellers and their journeys, there have been several voyages undertaken, with a view to bring Siberia into maritime contact with Europe. The _Newcastle Daily Chronicle_ for November 28th, 1878, records several voyages as having been made up to that time, with more or less success; and thus from the years 1875 to 1878 we learnt more than had ever been previously known of these two ancient rivers, the Obi and the Yenesei--to which latter, another vessel has made its way during the present year.

That Western Siberia is capable of being made to play an important part in the supply of European markets seems certain. The country possesses immense stores of minerals, from gold down to excellent coal, and agricultural produce both of fibre and cereals, the latter including wheat, to be purchased at from 12 to 15 shillings per quarter, first hand, which in England commands from 45 to 50 shillings. A thousand miles of land between the Tobol and the Obi is capable of producing an almost unlimited supply of wheat, oats, barley, rye, hay, linseed, flax, and hemp; and to these might be added for export, to be purchased very cheaply, hides, tallow, wool, and other products. Already, on the rivers of the Obi system alone, there are no less than 46 passenger and tug steamers plying annually, and ranging from 30 up to 120 horse-power. If, then, two central warehouses could be established, at, say, Tiumen and Tomsk, it would be easy from thence to purchase and carry produce to the mouth of the Obi. The difficult part of the navigation lies between the mouth of the Obi and the Kara or the Waigatz Straits, west of the Kara Sea; and what is required is a powerful steamer, adapted for working among ice if needed, to ply between the Obi Gulf and a depôt, say, on Waigatz Island, or even at the North Cape, whence ordinary vessels could bring the produce away. The ice steamer might then, in her last voyage for the season, return with foreign merchandise, to be sold at the establishments in the interior, and, in February, at the annual fair of Irbit where merchants congregate from all parts of Siberia. Mr. Seebohm goes so far as to say that, could the talked-of canal be formed from the Obi Gulf across the Yamal peninsula, it might prove almost as important as that across the Isthmus of Suez. Captain Wiggins thinks the canal impracticable, but is sanguine as to the possibilities of trade on the Obi; and it has been computed by Mr. Oswald Cattley that with a strong steamer, a tug, six barges, and a couple of lighters, there might be exported from Siberia, in a single navigation season, 6,000 tons of wheat; but, of course, this would involve the outlay of considerable capital, and the location of responsible agents in the country.

APPENDIX E.

THE EARLY EXPLORATION OF SIBERIA BY SEA AND LAND.

The north-east passage to China was attempted as far back as the 16th century, after the discovery of America had given such zest to geographical exploration. Willoughby, Chancellor, and Burroughs started on a route indicated to them by Sebastian Cabot, but with the result that Willoughby perished in 1554; Chancellor landed in the White Sea and laid the foundation of Anglo-Russian commerce; and Burroughs was stopped before entering the Kara Sea. Thinking that China might, perhaps, be reached by way of the Obi gulf, thence up the river, and by a fabulous lake of Kitaï (or China) marked upon the map of Herberstein, the English renewed their efforts. In 1580 two English ships, commanded by Pet and Jackman, sailed towards the Russian Polar Seas, their navigators being counselled by Hakluyt and Mercator, the foremost geographers of their day; but both were baffled by the ice of the Kara Sea. The Dutch were not more fortunate, and in the three voyages, in which the illustrious Barentz took part, 1594-1597, no progress was effected beyond the Seas of Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla. In 1608, the Dutch Hendrick Hudson, sailing in the English service, endeavoured but in vain to pass the limits where his predecessors had been stopped, and after his name should be mentioned those of Wood and Flawes, bringing us to 1676. There was subsequently a lull in the efforts made by the navigators of Western Europe for two centuries, and then we have the voyage in the _Tegetthoff_, under Payer and Weyprecht. The fishermen and Russian merchants from the White Sea, however, knew perfectly the route to the gulfs of the Obi and Yenesei. Of this there is proof in the map of Boris Godunof in the year 1600, although it is true that to travel by this route was forbidden sixteen years later under pain of death, lest the Russians should pilot foreigners to the coasts of Siberia.

Cut off thus by a frozen sea, the sailing of which was considered by the navigators and geographers of Western Europe an impossibility, the exploration of the North Siberian littoral could go on only from Siberia itself, which was done by means of river craft. In 1648, the Cossack Dejnev, leaving the mouth of the Kolima in command of a little fleet of seven boats, had succeeded in rounding the extreme northern point of Asia, and in clearing, long before Behring was born, the strait which bears the name of that navigator. Stadoukhin also traversed the seas of Eastern Siberia, looking for islands covered with fossil ivory, of which the natives had told him. In 1735 Prontchichtchev and Lasinius descended the Lena to examine its delta and coast along to the east and west. The former proceeded round Cape Cheliuskin (so named after his pilot), but did not reach the Yenesei Gulf, and the expedition brought back their leader’s corpse. Again, an expedition set out in 1739 under Laptev, and, after being shipwrecked, crossed overland the most northern cape of the Old World, and explored the Taimur peninsula. The littoral between the estuaries of the Obi and Yenesei was discovered two years previously by Ovtzin and Minin.

Navigation towards the Siberian Sea had already commenced, however, by way of the Pacific. In 1728 Behring, a Dane in the Russian service, crossed Siberia by land, and, embarking on the Pacific, penetrated the famous straits which bear his name, and it was through him that the geographers of Western Europe learned the existence of this passage, already known for eighty years to the Siberian Cossacks; but the archives of Yakutsk had so closely kept the secret that the great Peter himself did not know it when he charged Behring to go and explore the coasts of Eastern Siberia.

The explorations of Cook, in 1778, confirmed the points laid down by Behring, and added much to our knowledge of these north-eastern waters. After the voyage of Cook, only the seas about Sakhalin, Yesso, and the Kuriles remained to be explored. La Perouse laid down the first tracing of the islands and the shores of the continent, and he recognized the insular character of Sakhalin and the existence of a passage uniting the seas of Japan and Okhotsk.

Thus all the coast lines of Siberia were mapped out as to their principal features, and there matters remained until, at the instance of Mr. Sidoroff, in 1868, some Norwegian whalers ventured to the Kara Sea, which, however, was not successfully navigated, I believe, by an _ocean_ craft till 1874, when Captain Wiggins accomplished it by steam. He reached the gulf of the Obi, and would willingly have steamed on to “the land of Kitaï,” but he was unsupported by such enterprise as sent out Willoughby, Chancellor, and Burroughs, and the rose was honorably snatched from the Englishman’s hand by Nordenskiöld, the Swedo-Finn, whose voyage may, in a manner, be said to have closed the maritime discovery of Siberia.

The scientific exploration of this vast country by land can hardly be said to have commenced till the 18th century, with Messerschmidt. Some years later, Gmelin, Müller, and Delisle de la Croyère, during an absence of nine years, from 1733 to 1742, recorded valuable observations on the physical geography of the country. In those days, however, the Russian Government regarded with considerable jealousy the publication of documents relative to the resources of the empire. Pallas travelled over Siberia to the Baikal and beyond, with several scientists, and brought back much valuable information, especially concerning geology and natural history. Scientific travels in Siberia were then suspended till after the political events of 1815. In 1828 the Norwegian Hansteen, accompanied by Erman, went on those travels which proved of such importance to the study of terrestrial magnetism, whilst Erman’s astronomical determinations were of great use in correcting the maps which hitherto had been only approximately correct. Humboldt went to Siberia when Hansteen and Erman were there; and though his visit, by reason of its shortness, was not very fruitful in observations, it proved important in the history of science, because he brought back documents which proved valuable for his work on Central Asia. The explorations of Middendorf in Northern and Eastern Siberia had considerable importance, and in 1854 Schwartz, Schmidt, Glehn, Usoltzoff, and their companions made a remarkable expedition, which explored the immense region stretching from the Za-Baikal to the Lena, including the northern affluents of the Amur.

These are some of the prominent names connected with the scientific exploration of Siberia in general. Several specialists also have pushed their way to various parts of the country--Castrén the philologist to the Samoyede country, 1842-3; Maack, Venyukoff, and Radde, to the Amur and Ussuri, 1854-9; Müller and Czekanovski to the country of the Chukchees, 1869-70, and to the Yenesei in 1873-4. Two years later Seebohm, the ornithologist, descended the Yenesei, as also did the Swedish expedition under Professor Théil; and in the same year Finsch, Brehm, and Zeil explored the basin of the Irtish and Obi. For the names of other travellers in Northern Asia the reader is referred to the Bibliography of Siberia, and list of works consulted, in the following appendix.

* * * * *

P.S.--This appendix was written before the publication of “The Voyage of the _Vega_ round Asia and Europe, with an Historical Review of Previous Voyages along the North Coast of the Old World. By A. E. Nordenskiöld,” whose book will doubtless be regarded as a standard work, and to it, accordingly, the reader is referred for fuller information on the maritime coast of Siberia.

APPENDIX F.

THE AUTHOR’S ITINERARY ROUND THE WORLD.

The following shows the dates of the Author’s arrivals and departures, with distances in miles travelled by rail, water, and road, together with the number of post-horses employed:--

DATES. | PLACES. | RAIL. | WATER. | ROAD. | HORSES. | | | | | April 30 | London to Petersburg | 1,683 | 23 | | to May 3 | | | | | | | | | | May 12 | Petersburg to Moscow | 402 | | | to May 13 | | | | | | | | | | May 16 | Nijni Novgorod to Kasan | | 266 | | to May 17 | | | | | | | | | | May 19 | Kasan to Perm | | 686 | | to May 22 | | | | | | | | | | May 22 | Perm to | 312 | | | to May 24 | Ekaterineburg | | | | | | | | | May 27 | Ekaterineburg to Tiumen | | | 204 | 74 to May 29 | | | | | | | | | | May 30 | Tiumen to Tobolsk | | | 172 | 65 to June 1 | | | | | | | | | | June 3 | Tobolsk to Tomsk | | 1,601 | | to June 10 | | | | | | | | | | June 12 | Tomsk to Barnaul | | | 238 | 51 to June 15 | | | | | | | | | | June 16 | Barnaul to Tomsk | | | 238 | 51 to June 18 | | | | | | | | | | June 19 | Tomsk to Krasnoiarsk | | | 369 | 165 to June 24 | | | | | | | | | | June 26 | Krasnoiarsk to | | | 24 | to June 27 | Gold-mine and back | | | | | | | | | June 27 | Krasnoiarsk to Irkutsk | | | 671 | 267 to July 6 | | | | | | | | | | July 4 | Telma to Alexandreffsky | | | 32 | to July 5 | and back | | | | | | | | | July 10 | Irkutsk to Kiakhta | | | 312 | 80 to July 14 | | | | | | | | | | July 15 | Kiakhta to Cheelantoui | | | 54 | | and back | | | | | | | | | July 16 | Kiakhta to | | | 148 | 35 to July 18 | Verchne-Udinsk | | | | | | | | | July 18 | Verchne-Udinsk to Chita | | | 294 | 112 to July 21 | | | | | | | | | | July 21 | Chita to Stretinsk | | | 242 | 78 to July 24 | | | | | | | | | | July 24 | Stretinsk to Khabarofka | | 1,345 | | to Aug. 8 | | | | | | | | | | July 25 | Kara | | | 46 | to July 28 | | | | | | | | | | Aug. 9 | Khabarofka to | | 628 | | to Aug. 13 | Nikolaefsk | | | | | | | | | Aug. 31 | Nikolaefsk to | | 628 | | to Sept. 4 | Khabarofka | | | | | | | | | Sept. 6 | Khabarofka to | | 510 | | to Sept. 11 | Kamen-Ruiboloff | | | | | | | | | Sept. 11 | Kamen-Ruiboloff to | | | 88 | 27 to Sept. 12 | Rasdolnoi | | | | | | | | | Sept. 15 | Rasdolnoi to | | 66 | | | Vladivostock | | | | | | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | | 2,670 | 5,753 | 3,132 | 1,005 | | | | | | | | SEA | | | | | MILES.| | | | | | | Sept. 30 | Vladivostock to | | 553 | | to Oct. 4 | Hakodate | | | | | | | | | Oct. 4 | Hakodate to Yokohama | | 645 | | to Oct. 11 | | | | | | | | | | Oct. 11 | Yokohama to | | 5,261 | | to Oct. 27 | San Francisco | | | | | | | | | Oct. 29 | San Francisco to Ogden | 883 | | | to Nov. 5 | | | | | | | | | | Oct. 29 | Lathrop to Yo-Semite | 182 | | 170 | to Nov. 3 | Valley and back | | | | | | | | | Nov. 5 | Ogden to Salt Lake City | 74 | | | to Nov. 6 | and back | | | | | | | | | Nov. 6 | Ogden to Omaha | 1,032 | | | to Nov. 8 | | | | | | | | | | Nov. 8 | Omaha to Chicago | 502 | | | to Nov. 9 | | | | | | | | | | Nov. 10 | Chicago to New York | 961 | | | to Nov. 13 | | | | | | | | | | Nov. 15 | New York to Liverpool | | 3,482 | | to Nov. 25 | | | | | | | | | | Nov. 25 | Liverpool to Blackheath | 207 | | 3 | to Nov. 25 | | | | | | | ----- | ------ | ----- | ----- | | 6,511 | 15,694 | 3,305 | 1,005 \________ __________/ \/ 25,510

From the foregoing it will appear that the total distance travelled was 25,510 miles, of which 3,305 miles were accomplished by the hire of 1,005 post-horses. The whole time occupied was 210 days, of these, 50 days were stationary; thus leaving 160 days, during which was covered an average of 159 miles per day.

APPENDIX G.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SIBERIA,

AND LIST OF WORKS CONSULTED OR REFERRED TO IN THE FOREGOING VOLUMES.

_Adams, A. L._, Travels of a Naturalist in Japan and Manchuria, 1870.

_Agar, Mrs._, Adventures of a Serf’s Wife. _London_, 1866.

Amur and Adjacent Districts. “Royal Geographical Society’s Journal,” vol. xxviii. _London_, 1858.

Amur River Explorations. _Washington_, 1859.

_Andreoli, M. Emile._ De Pologne en Sibérie: Journal de Captivité, 1863-1867. “Revue Moderne,” August and September, 1868.

_Atkinson, T. W._, Oriental and Western Siberia. _London_, 1858.

_Atkinson, T. W._, Travels in the Regions of the Upper and Lower Amoor. _London_, Hurst, 1861.

_Author of_ “Member for Paris,” The Russians of To-day. _London_, Smith and Elder, 1878.

_Banished Lady, A_, Revelations of Siberia. 1853.

_Barry, H._, Ivan at Home; or, Pictures of Russian Life. _London_, 1872.

_Bax, B. W._, The Eastern Seas. _London_, Murray, 1875.

Bible of Every Land; a History of the Sacred Scriptures in every Language and Dialect. _London_, Bagster, 1851.

_Blackmore, W. R._, Doctrines of the Russian Church, being the Primer, or Spelling Book, the Shorter and Longer Catechisms, and a Treatise on the Duty of Parish Priests. _Aberdeen_, 1845.

_Blackmore, W. R._, Mouravieff’s Doctrines of the Russian Church. _Oxford_, Parker, 1842.

_Burney, James_, Chronological History of North-Eastern Voyages of Discovery, and of the Early Eastern Navigations of the Russians. _London_, 1819.

_Bush, R. J._, Reindeer, Dogs, and Snow-Shoes; Siberian Travel in 1865-7. _London_, Low, 1871.

Calendar (Russian) for 1880. _Petersburg_, Hoppe, 1880.

_Chappé d’Auteroche_, Journey into Siberia, made by order of the King of France in 1761. Translated. _London_, 1770.

_Chester, H. M._, Russia, Past and Present, adapted from the German of Lankenau and Oelnitz. _London_, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1881.

_Cochrane, J. D._, Narrative of a Pedestrian Journey through Russia and Siberian Tartary from the Frontiers of China to the Frozen Sea and Kamchatka. _London_, 1825.

_Collins, P. M._, Siberia to Japan. _New York_, 1860.

_Collins, P. M._, A Voyage Down the Amoor. _London_, 1860.

_Cottin, Madame de_, Elizabeth; or, the Exiles of Siberia. Translated. _London_, 1808.

_Cottrill, Herbert_, Recollections of Siberia in the Year 1840-1. _London_, Parker, 1842.

_Covel, John, D.D._, Some Account of the Greek Church compared with Goar’s Notes on the Greek Ritual. _Cambridge_, 1722.

_De Foe, Daniel_, Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. _London_, Cadell, 1820.

_De Lagny, G._, The Knout and the Russians. _London_, Bogue, 1854.

_Dobell, P._, Travels in Kamtchatka and Siberia. _London_, Bentley, 1830.

Documents of the United States Senate about Alaska. _Washington_, 1876.

_Dostoyeffsky, F._, (A. P. Goryantchikoff) Buried Alive; or, Ten Years’ Penal Servitude in Siberia. Translated from the Russian. _London_, Longmans, 1881.

_Eden, C. H._, Frozen Asia. _London_, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1879.

Education, Plan of, in the Boys’ Gymnasia (in Russ). _Petersburg_, 1872.

_Erman, Adolph_, Travels in Siberia. _London_, Longmans, 1848.

_Finsch, O._, Reise nach West Sibirien, im Jahre 1876. _Berlin_, 1879.

_Fowkes, F._, The Greek and Latin Churches. _London_, Whittaker, 1854.

_Gayarin, Father_, Russian Clergy. Translated from the French by Charles du G. Makepeace. _London_, Burns, 1872.

_Gordon, Peter_, Fragment of a Tour through Persia in 1820, containing Voyages to and from Ochotsk in Siberia. _London_, 1833.

_Goryantchikoff, A. P._, Buried Alive; or, Ten Years’ Penal Servitude in Siberia. Edited by Dostoyeffsky. Translated. _London_, Longmans, 1881.

_Grant, C. M._, Gold Mines of Eastern Siberia. From the “Mining Magazine.”

Greek and Eastern Churches. _London_, Religious Tract Society.

Greek Church, Articles on:-- “Bibliotheca Sacra,” vol. xv. “British and Foreign Review,” vol. ix. “Christian Examiner” (American), vol. lix. “Church Quarterly Review” (American). _New York_, 1859.

Greek Church: A Sketch. _London_, Darling, 1850.

_Grieve, James_, History of Kamchatka and the Kurilski Islands. Translated from Russian, 1764.

_Hansteen_, Travels in Siberia. _London_, “Leisure Hour,” 1879.

_Hardy, Mrs._, Up North; or, Lost and Found in Russia. _London_, Nimmo, 1878.

_Hertzen, A._, My Exile in Siberia. _London_, Hurst, 1855.

_Hill, S. S._, Travels in Siberia. _London_, Longmans, 1854.

_Hovgaard, A._, Nordenskiöld’s Voyage around Asia and Europe: a popular account of the North-East Passage of the _Vega_. Translated by H. L. Brækstad. _London_, Sampson Low and Co., 1882.

_Huc, Abbé_, Life and Travels in Tartary, Thibet, and China. Translated by W. Hazlitt. _London_, 1867.

_K. O._ (Madame Novikoff), Russia and England from 1876-80: a Protest and an Appeal. _London_, Longmans, 1880.

_Kennan, G._, Tent Life in Siberia. _London_, Low, 1870.

_King, John G._, Rites and Ceremonies of the Greek Church in Russia. _London_, 1772.

_Knox, T. W._, Overland Through Asia. _Hartford_, Connecticut, 1871.

_Kotzebue, Augustus Von_, The Most Remarkable Year in the Life of, containing an account of his Exile into Siberia. Translated. _London_, 1802.

_Latham, R. G._, Native Races of Russian Empire. _London_, Baillière, 1854.

_Leslie, Alexander_, Arctic Voyages of A. E. Nordenskiöld. _London_, Macmillan, 1879.

_Lesseps, M. de_, Travels in Kamchatka during the years 1787 and 1788, 2 vols. Translated. _London_, 1790.

_Littledale, R. F._, Holy Eastern Church, a Popular Outline of its History. _London_, Hayes, 1872.

_Littledale, R. F._, Offices from the Service Books of the Holy Eastern Church, with translations. 1863.

_Lover of Truth, A_, The Antidote; or, The Inquiry into the Merits of a Book entitled “A Journey into Siberia made in 1761,” by the Abbé Chappé. Translated. _London_, 1772.

_Maack, R._, Travels on Amur (in Russ.). _Petersburg_, 1859.

_Maistre, X. de_, Jeune Sibérienne, and Index. _London_, Dulau, 1878.

_Masson, E._, Apology for the Greek Church. _London_, Hatchards, 1844.

_Mayhew, H._, Criminal Prisons of London, and Scenes of Prison Life. _London_, Griffin, 1862.

_Michie_, Siberian Overland Route from Peking to Petersburg. _London_, Murray, 1864.

_Middendorff, A. T. Von_, Siberie Reise. _Petersburg_, 1860.

_Milne, J._, Journey Across Asia. “Transactions of Asiatic Society of Japan,” vol. vii. _London_, Trübner, 1879.

_Mouravieff_, Harmony of Anglican and Eastern Doctrine. 1846.

_Muller, G. F._, Conquest of Siberia. 1842.

_Neale, J. M._, History of the Holy Eastern Church. _London_, Masters, 1850.

_Nordenskiöld, A. E._, Arctic Voyages of. By Alexander Leslie. _London_, Macmillan, 1879.

_Nordenskiöld, A. E._, The Voyage of the _Vega_ round Asia and Europe, with an Historical Review of previous voyages along the North Coast of the Old World. Translated by Alexander Leslie. _London_, Macmillan, 1881.

“Oriental Church Magazine,” Quarterly. _New York_, from 1878.

_Overbeck, J. J._, A Plain View of the Claims of the Orthodox Catholic Church as opposed to all other Christian Denominations. _London_, Trübner, 1881.

_Palmer, Adam H._, Memoirs, Geographical and Political, The Amur, etc., 30th Congress, 1st Session, etc.

_Palmer_, Patriarch and Tsar. _London_, Trübner, 1871.

_Pietrowski, R._, My Escape from Siberia. _London_, Routledge.

_Pietrowski, R._, Story of a Siberian Exile. _London_, Longmans, 1863.

_Pinkerton, R._, Russia; or, Miscellaneous Observations on the Past and Present State of that Country, etc. _London_, Seeleys, 1833.

_Pinkerton, R._, Present State of the Greek Church in Russia; or, a Summary of Christian Divinity. _Edinburgh_, 1816.

_Platon_, Present State of the Greek Church. Translated by Pinkerton. _Edinburgh_, 1815.

Post-Book of Russian Empire. _Petersburg_, 1875.

_Prejevalsky, N._, Mongolia, etc. Translated from Russian, by E. D. Morgan. _London_, Low, 1876.

_Prinsep, H. T._, Thibet, Tartary, and Mongolia. _London_, 1852.

_Rae, Edward_, Land of the North Wind; or, Travels among Laplanders and Samoyedes. _London_, Murray, 1875.

_Ravenstein, E. G._, The Russians on the Amur. _London_, Trübner, 1861.

_Réclus, E._, Nouvelle Géographie Universelle VI. L’Asie Russe. _Paris_, Hachette et Cie, 1881.

_Reisen in Russ Asien II._ _Leipzig_, Otto Spamer, 1866.

Report, Meteorological, “Annalen des Physikalischen centralobservatoriums” (in Russ and German). _Petersburg_, H. Wild, 1878.

Report of the Orthodox Missionary Society for 1876 (in Russ). _Moscow_, 1878.

Report of Directors of Convict Prisons for 1877. _London_, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1878.

Revelations of Russia, 2 vols. _London_, H. Colburn, 1844.

_Romanoff, H. C._, Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom. _London_, 1871.

_Romanoff, H. C._, Rites and Customs of the Græco-Russian Church. _London_, Rivington, 1868.

_R[osen], Baron_, Russian Conspirators in Siberia. Translated from the German. _London_, Smith and Elder, 1872.

Russia, Recollections of. By _A German Nobleman_, during 33 years’ residence. 1855.

Russian Church, History of. “Christian Remembrancer,” vol. x.

Russians of To-day. By the Author of “The Member for Paris.” _London_, Smith and Elder, 1878.

_Sauer, M._, Account of a Geographical and Astronomical Expedition to the North Parts of Russia, the mouth of the Kolyma to East Cape, and Islands in the Eastern Ocean, performed by Joseph Billings, 1785-94. _London_, 1802.

_Seebohm, Henry_, Contributions to the Ornithology of Siberia. The “Ibis,” April, 1878.

_Seebohm, Henry_, A Visit to the Valley of the Yenesei. _London_, Clowes, 1879.

_Shaw, Robert_, Visits to Chinese Tartary. _London_, Murray, 1871.

_Shepherd, Captain W._, Homeward through Mongolia and Siberia. “Royal Engineers’ Journal,” 1880.

Siberia, Article on. “Contemporary Review,” September, 1879.

Siberia, Article on. “Revue de deux Mondes,” September, 1879.

Siberia, Revelations of. By _A Banished Lady_. 1853.

_Smith, Thomas_, Doctrines of the Greek Church, 1680.

_Spalding, Captain_, Venyukoff’s “Saghalien.” “Royal Geographical Society’s Journal,” vol. xlii. _London_, 1872.

_Stanley, A. P._, History of the Eastern Church. _London_, Murray, 2nd ed., 1862.

_Strahlenberg, P. G._, Description of North and East of Europe. _London_, 1738.

_Théel, M._, Rapport de, sur les Expéditions Suédoises de 1876 au Yéneséi. _Upsal_, Edquist, 1877.

_Ure, A._, Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines. _London_, Longmans, 1863.

_Venyukoff_, Saghalien. Translated by Captain Spalding. “Royal Geographical Society’s Journal,” vol. xlii.

_Waddington, G._, Present Condition and Prospects of the Greek or Oriental Church. _London_, Murray, 1854.

_Wahl, O. W._, Land of the Czar. _London_, Chapman and Hall, 1875.

_Wallace, D. Mackenzie_, Russia. _London_, Cassells, 1877.

_Whyte, W. H._, Land Journey from Asia to Europe. _London_, Low, 1871.

_Wiggins, J._, The Austro-German Polar Expedition. Translated. _Bishopwearmouth_, Wm. Carr, 1875.

_Williamson, A._, North China, Manchuria, Corea. _London_, 1870.

INDEX.

Åbo, Prison of, 63

Aboriginal population of Siberia, 52

Aborigines’ love of drink, 102

---- of Manchuria, 547

---- of the Yenesei, 205

Accident on tarantass journey, 251

Account of a Russian prison, 380

Across Europe, 9 Lake Baikal, 309

Adamson, Mr., the catechist, 229

Advocate, Profession of an, 582

Afloat with Russians, 732

Aged prisoners at Kara, 470

Agriculture of the Daurians, 549

Aigun, Difficulty of entering, 558

---- Government buildings at, 557

---- Population of, 556

---- Temple at, 558

---- Theatre at, 558

---- Town of, 495, 556

Aïno, Appearance of an, 650

---- language, 650

---- mission, 650

---- Translation into, 650

Akatuya, Prisoners in irons at, 421

Akmolinsk, Distribution of tracts in province of, 186

---- Dr. Finsch in, 159

Albazikha River, 515

Albazin, Country surrounding, 515

---- Sieges of, 515

---- Trees in vicinity of, 515

Alcohol and _vodka_, 544

Alcoholic liquors at Irkutsk, Price of, 265

Alexander, Peter, Protodiakonoff of Khabarofka, 673

---- Baptisms of Goldi by, 674

---- House of, 677

---- Translation of Gospels by, 673

---- Visit to, 673

Alexandreffsky, Inquiries concerning Author at, 249

---- Journey to, 243

---- Photography at, 250

---- Prison, 70, 245 Amusements, 83 Book for description of prisoners, 76 Books for, 249 Brickmaking, 247 Cigarette-paper making, 247 Convicts, Number of, 70 Director of, 244 Ethnography of, 246 Food, 79 Formerly a factory, 245 Gardening, 248 Hospital, 248 _Petchka_, 246 Prisoners in irons, 248 ---- Number of, 246 ---- seeing friends, 246 _Scorbutus_ among prisoners, 249 Secret cell in, 245 Shoemaking in, 247 Work, 82, 446 ---- Lack of, 247

Altai mountains, boundary of Russia in Asia, 19

---- Discovery of metals in, 153

---- Extent of, 148

---- Minerals in, 104

---- silver-mines, 411

Altars of sacrifice, 591

American animals, 644

Amur, Arrival on the, 503

---- Atkinson, Mr., on the, 440

---- Chernigovsky’s expedition, 492

---- Collins on the, 499

---- Colonists, 502

Amur, Cucumbers on the, 588

---- Difficulties with China, 501

---- History of the, 489

---- _Ingoda_ steamer on the, 510

---- Khabarof’s expedition, 490

---- Length of the, 504

---- Lower: Animals, 599 Boundary of, 580 Cats, Price of, 600 Cliff at Tyr, 589 Depth of, 580 Fish, 581 Flowers, 579 Fruit, 583 Gilyak habitation, 591 Hotsprings, 588 Ravenstein on the, 581 Religious services on the, 725 Scenery, 580 Settlers’ village, 588 Temperature of, 579 Trees of, 579 Weather, 627 Width of, 580-85

---- Middle: Climate of, 532 Manyargs on, 507 Province, Area of, 543 Scenery of, 535 Scripture distribution, 538

---- Military Governor of the, 500

---- Muravieff, the Governor, 496

---- Pashkof’s expedition, 492

---- Population of province, 543

---- Poyarkof’s expedition, 490

---- Route through Siberia, 52

---- Russian conquests on the, 489

---- Source of the, 19

---- Stepanof’s expedition, 491

---- Territory of the, 504 Tribes’ appeal to China for help against Russia, 493

---- Upper: Cliffs on the, 516 Flora of, 516 Peoples on Chinese bank, 506

---- Ust-Strelka, The river at, 514

---- Venyukoff’s mission, 494

---- _Zeya_ steamer aground, 511

Amusements of the Chinese, 342

---- Dancing, 622

---- Gilyak, 602

---- Prison, 83

Amusements, Russian, 621

---- Swings, 621

Anadir River, 639

---- Fish in the, 640

Anadirsk, Fort of, 640

Andreoli, M., Exile of, 43

---- on flogging, 93

---- on the _knout_, 91

Andreyeff, M., Introduction to, 615

Anecdote concerning an “equipage,” 439

Angara River, Rapids of the, 311

---- Temperature of the, 310

Anglo-Chinese War, Influence of the, 501

Animals, American, 644

---- Asiatic, 644

---- Distribution over Siberia, 697

---- of chase in Yeneseisk, 207

---- of Sakhalin, 649

---- on Lower Amur, 599

---- Wild, 188

Aniva Bay, Scriptures for, 660

Annexation, Russian, of Siberia, 109

Antiquities, Bulgarian, 13

Appeal, Court of, 73

Apple-tree mountains, View of, 360

Archangel, Distribution of Scriptures at, 733

---- tour of Author, 4

“Archangel Gabriel” mine, 218

Archbishop of Irkutsk, Interview sought with, 274

---- of Tobolsk on tract distribution, 183

Archery in Manchuria, 556

Area of Russia in Asia, 18

---- of Tobolsk, 97

---- of Trans-Baikal province, 400

_Argols_ as fuel, 368

Army officers, Pay of, 668

Arrests for drunkenness, Number of, 545

Arrival at Kamen-Ruiboloff, 686

---- at Petersburg, 9

Arrows and bows of Ostjaks, 126

Art in Siberia, 433

Asia and Europe, Frontier of, 18

---- Ethnography of Russia in, 19, 52

Asiatic animals, 644

---- boundary-line, 49

---- Russia, Population of, 20

Assaying gold at the mine, 223

Assizes, Court of, 73

Asylum at Krasnoiarsk, 229

---- for prisoners’ children, 77

Atchinsk, Ispravnik of, 195

Atkinson, Mr., on the Amur, 440

---- on Buriat missions, 375

---- on Kirghese, 159

---- on Nertchinsk climate, 425

Atmosphere of prisons, 381

Author, Dilemma of, at Khabarofka, 574

---- Distance travelled by, 770

---- Farewell of exile life by, 726-8

---- Impressions of, concerning exile life, 726-8

---- Inquiries concerning, at Alexandreffsky, 249

---- Itinerary of, round the world, 770

---- Object of journey of, 1

---- Opinion of, on prisons, 662

---- Religious services of, 701, 709, 725

---- Work of, in Western Siberia, 733

---- Works consulted by, 772

Awaking a Russian at Nijni Udinsk, 241

Baikal, Lake, 19

---- Area of, 312

---- Basin of, 312

---- Destination for political prisoners, 37

---- Fish of, 312

---- Flora of neighbourhood, 315

---- Storms on, 312

Bail found by prisoners, 74

Bank at Khabarofka, 578

---- Siberian State, 578

Bankova River, Fair held by Cossacks, 488

Baptism, Author’s administration of, 701, 709

---- Certificate of, 709

---- in the Russian Church, 167

---- of Goldi, 674

---- Service of, 167

Barge transport of exiles, 29, 120

Barnaul, Cemetery at, 152

---- Flora in district of, 149

---- Hospital at, 153

---- Journey to, 148

---- Land at, Cost of, 158

---- Museum at, 157

---- Poor-house at, 153

---- Population of, 152

---- Provisions at, Cost of, 158

---- Silver-smelting at, 156

---- Tatars at, 62

---- _Usine_ at, 153-6

Barracks at Blagovestchensk, 526

---- at gold-mines, 223

---- at Kara, 452

---- at Nikolaefsk, 620

---- at Vladivostock, 718

Bath-room in Petersburg Model Prison, 66

Battle with cockroaches at Rasdolnoi, 702

Bays in the Primorsk, 562

Bazaar at Tomsk, 128

Bears, Mode of capturing, 209

---- venerated by Gilyaks, 606, 608

Beds in Siberia, 444

Beef at Irkutsk, Cheapness of, 265

Beggars at Krasnoiarsk, 228

---- at Tomsk, 228

_Beljetchenko_ steamer, 117

---- Card-playing on the, 119

Bell exiled, 113

Bells of Russian churches, 332

Benediction of water, 169

Betrothal of Gilyaks, 601

Beverages of gold-miners, 224

_Bezpopoftschins_, Sects of, 759

Bible distribution on the Shilka, 539

---- possessed by priest at Krasnorechinska, 195

---- Russian Church and the, 181

---- Society: Finnish grant of, 3 Irkutsk, Contemplated depôt at, 268 Kansk, 238 Roumanian grant, 3 Russian Scriptures printed for the, 8 Tomsk, Depôt at, 237

Bibliography of Siberia, 772

Bigotry of the Russian Church, 756

Biisk, Prison at, 133

Billings, Joseph, on Kamchatka, 631

Birching of prisoners, 89

---- Effects of, 473

Birch-trees on the Upper Amur, 515

Birds known to the Goldi, 600

---- of prey in Western Siberia, 189

---- of the Yeneseisk province, 202

---- on Mongolian frontier, 357

---- on the Yenesei, Seebohm on, 763

Bishop, Consecration of a, 167

“Black” Nihilists, 34

Blagovestchensk, Cossack barracks at, 526

---- Flood at, 532

---- Foundation of, 500

---- Government establishments at, 526

---- Meaning of, 518

---- Merchants’ stores at, 526

---- Meteorology of, 532

---- Missionary effort at, 518-19

---- Prison at, 525

---- Provisions at, Cost of, 527

---- Seminary for priests, 523

---- Students’ education at, 523

---- Temperature of, 532

Board at post-houses, 141

Boats of the Goldi, 600

---- of the Manchu, 554-5

---- on the Lena, 285

Bogotol, Hospitality at, 194

Bolan, Mission school at, 604

Books at Irkutsk hospital, 276

---- Church, Revision of, 758

---- English, on Siberia, at Nikolaefsk, 629

---- for prison, 113

---- for prisoners at Irkutsk, 277

---- for the Trans-Baikal, 400 Letters concerning them, 401, 402

---- left with Gen. Ismailoff, 279

---- left with M. Lochwitzky, 279

---- for Alexandreffsky prison, 249

---- on Siberian prisoners, 379

---- Stock of, at Irkutsk, 280

Boot-making in prison, 247

Bothnian tour of Author, 540

Boundaries of Siberia, 49

---- of the Yeneseisk province, 199

Boundary of Russia and China, 323

Bows and arrows of the Ostjaks, 126

Boys’ Industrial School at Vladivostock, 723

Branding prisoners abolished, 464

Bread, A substitute for, 642

---- Black, 141

Bribery by prisoners, 39

Bribery in trading transactions, 626

---- of guards by exiles, 39

---- of prison officials, 277

Brickmaking at Alexandreffsky, 247

_British Workman_ in Russ, 7

Brunière, De la, missionary to Gilyaks, 612

Buddhist praying machine, 373

---- temple at Maimatchin, 344

Building a Siberian prison, 70

Buildings at Nikolaefsk, 625

Bulgarian Antiquities, Museum of, 13

Bureya district, Climate of, 542

---- mountains, Coal in the, 536

---- Scenery of, 537

Burial service of the Russian Church, 152

Buriats as drivers, 356-69

---- attitude towards exiles, 40

---- Conversion of, 374

---- feast of boiled mutton, 367

---- Fuel of, 368

---- habitations, 366

---- lamasery, or monastery, 335

---- method of salutation, 356

---- Missions to the, 357 Atkinson, Mr., on, 375 Cochrane, J. D., on, 375 Hill, Mr. S. S., on, 375

---- _Obos_ of the, 405

---- Occupation of the, 369

---- opposition to invasion, 281

---- Physiognomy of, 364

---- Population of, 369

---- Possessions of the, 369

---- Religion of the, 370

---- Respect of, for Lamas, 371

---- treatment of escaped convicts, 40

---- Women’s head-dresses, 365

“Buried Alive,” by Goryantchikoff, on flogging, 654

---- on political prisoners, 384

Burney, Capt., on Kamchatka, 631

Burning of Irkutsk, 253

Bush, Mr., on Kamchatka, 633

Busse, General, Military Governor of the Amur, 500

Butter, Siberian, 188

---- Cost of, 317

Butterflies on the Alexandreffsky route, 240

Camels, Caravan route by, 351

---- on Mongolian frontier, 357

Candidates for holy orders, Lack of, 171

Candle worship, 164

Caravan transport in Siberia, 354

Card-playing at Sakhalin, 656

---- by prisoners, 388

---- on the _Beljetchenko_, 119

---- on the Ussuri, 680

Carriage, Siberian, Cost of, 105, 746

Carts of the Manchu, 552

Catechist at Krasnoiarsk, 229

Cathedral at Kiakhta, 332

---- at Krasnoiarsk, 230

---- singing, 165

Cats, Price of, on Lower Amur, 600

Cattle in the Primorsk, 697

---- of the Manchu, 550

---- of the Yeneseisk province, 204

Cattley, Oswald, Loan of tarantass by, 27

---- on Obi trade, 27, 108, 761

Cavalry, Mongolian, in Kiakhta, 326

Cells at Blagovestchensk, 525

---- Dark, in Model Prison at Petersburg, 66

---- in Kara prison, 469

---- Solitary, 88

Cemeteries, Russian, 152

Cemetery at Barnaul, 152

Certificate of baptism, 709

Chains worn by prisoners, 154

Changing horses, 140

Chapel in Model Prison at Petersburg, 67

---- Lutheran, at Krasnoiarsk, 228

Chaplain for prisoners at Kara, 458

Chaplains of prisons, 663

Character of Koriaks, 640

Cheese-making, 188

Cheliuskin, Cape, Discovery of, 767

---- rounded by Nordenskiöld, 292

Chernigovsky’s expedition on the Amur, 492

Children of prisoners’ asylum, 77

China, Boundary of, 323

---- Difficulties with, on Amur question, 501

---- Ethnography of empire, 206

---- High road to, 52

---- North-east passage to, attempted, 766

---- Population of, 206

---- Travellers on Mongolian route, 349

---- Treaties with Russia, 323

Chinese amusement, 342

---- appealed to by Amur tribes, 493.

---- chopsticks, 347

---- clerks at Maimatchin, 340

---- demand for silver money, 715

---- dinner at Maimatchin, 345

---- exports into Russia, 341

---- in the Primorsk, Number of, 714

---- junks and houses at Vladivostock, 716

---- merchant at Maimatchin, 339

---- method of salutation, 356

---- _samovar_, 347

---- use of tea, 340

Chita, 70

---- Cucumbers at, 426

---- Flora in neighbourhood of, 404

---- _Plète_ at, 94

---- Population of, 361

---- Prison at, 362 The “Black-cart” at, 362

---- Situation of, 361 Baron R[osen] on, 425

Christian Goldi, Photograph of, 674

Christmas presents to scholars at Vladivostock, 723

Chukchee coast, Fauna of, 643 _Vega_ frozen in on the, 646

---- country, Flora of, 644

---- language, 647

Chukchees, Marriage customs of the, 643

---- Number of the, 639

Church affairs in province of Irkutsk, 273

---- at Kozloffskaya, 670

---- at Nikolaefsk, 624

---- Baptism, 167 Certificate of, 709

---- Bells, 332

---- Bigotry, 756

---- Bishop, Consecration of a, 167

---- books, Revision of, 758

---- Candles, 164

---- Cathedrals, 165

---- Clergy, 163

---- committees, 163

---- Confession, contrition, and communion, 169, 237

---- “Consistory,” 164

---- Consolidation of the, 751

---- Dioceses, 163

---- “Directory,” 163

---- discipline, 175

---- Doctrines of Russian, Roman, and English, 754

---- Eastern, Greek, and Russian, Distinction between, 162

---- Fanatical sects, 758

---- Fasting, 177

---- Foundation of, 751

---- History of the, 751

---- Holy oil, 169

---- Images, Worship of, 164

---- Journal of priest, 174

---- knowledge, Sources of, 161

---- Liturgy, 166

---- Lutheran, at Vladivostock, 717

---- Metropolitans, 176

---- Missionary collections, 520

---- Monasteries, 163-77 Clergy of, 176

---- music, 165

---- Nunneries, 179

---- Obligation of clergy to be married, 524

---- Orders, 166

---- Ordinations, 166

---- Parish priest: Position, pay, and tithes of, 172-3

---- Parishioners, 163

---- Penance, Sacrament of, 169

---- Picture worship, 164

---- Priests, Social disadvantages of, 173

---- processions, 174

---- Protestants in Siberia, Number of, 726

---- Reformation period, 753

---- Registers, 174

---- Relation of Greek to English, 181

---- Ritual, 166

---- Rural deaneries, 163

---- schisms, 756

---- Seminary for priests at Blagovestchensk, 523

---- Sermons, 460, 671 Number of, yearly, in Petersburg, 460

---- Services: Burial, 152 Commemoration of the Virgin, 165 Marriage, 168

---- Transition period, 752

---- Unction, Sacrament of, 169

---- Vestments, 163-4

Churches at Irkutsk, 265

Churching of women, 167

Cigarette-making at Alexandreffsky, 247

City on fire, 253

Civic arrangements in Russian towns, 716

Classification of exiles, 29, 33

---- of prisoners, 72, 450

Clergy of Siberian Church, 163

---- Fasting of, 177

---- Monastic, 176

Clerical vestments, 164

Cliffs on the Upper Amur, 516

---- on the Shilka River, 483

Climate of the Middle Amur, 532

---- of Bureya district, 542

---- of Kamchatka, 635

---- of Kansk, 240

---- of Lake Khanka district, 690

---- of Nertchinsk, 426 Atkinson, Mr., on, 425

---- of Nikolaefsk, 563

---- of the Lower Primorsk, 564

---- of Tomsk, 127-46

Clothing, 50

---- of Cossacks, 683

---- of prisoners, 80, 455

---- of seamen, 737

Club, Officers’, at Nikolaefsk, 624

Coal at Dui, 81

---- at Sakhalin, 651

---- at Vladivostock, 678

---- in Bureya mountains, 536

Coat of fish-skin, 597

Cochrane, Capt., on Buriat missions, 375

---- Travels of, 282-5

---- Visit of, to Nertchinsk, 412

Cockroaches at Rasdolnoi, Battle with, 702

Coldest town--Yakutsk, 296

Collections at church doors for missions, 520

Collins, Mr., Descent of, in a silver-mine, 412

---- on the Amur, 499

---- Visit of, to Nertchinsk, 417

---- Voyage of, down the Shilka, 441

Colonies of Finns in Siberia, 131

Colonists, Exile, in Eastern Siberia, Number of, 451

---- “Little” Russians as, 32

---- on the Amur, 502

---- Penal, at Vladivostock, 726

---- Privileges granted to, 698

Colonization of the Lower Amur, 500

Commandant of Kara Prison: Government allowance to, 474

---- Hospitality of, 480

---- Namesday of, 479

---- Salary of, 461

Commemorations of the Virgin, 165

Commerce of Tiumen, 27

---- of Vladivostock, 716

---- Russo-Chinese: Kiakhta as a centre of, 324

---- The Obi as an outlet for, 51

Commercial school at Tiumen, 28

Committees in connection with prisons, 77

Communication by Siberian roads, 51

Confession and Communion, 237

---- Priestly, 169, 237

Confinement, Solitary, 88

Conquests of Russia on the Amur, 489

---- of Yermak, 57

Conscription, Russian, Method of, 736

Consecration of a Bishop, 167

Consolidation of the Russian Church, 751

_Contemporary Review_ on political exiles, 413

Contraband articles in Model Prison of Petersburg, 67

Conversion of a learned lama, 521

---- of Buriats, 374

---- of the Yakutes, Tzar’s ukase for the, 305

Convict clothing and chains, 155 exiles as servants, 730

Convicts at Alexandreffsky, Number of, 70

---- at Kara, Freedom of, 448 Number of, 445

---- in the mines, 462

---- labour compared with English, 662

---- opinions of Tobolsk prison, 115

Convicts, Runaway, hunted down by Buriats, 40

Cooking not usually needed, 512

---- “Rob Roy” cuisine, 145

Copper-mine, Descent of a, 21

---- at Nijni Tagilsk, 138

---- Malachite in, 21

Corean fugitives, 714

---- houses, 715

Corporal punishment, 423

Correspondence with exiles, 38

Cossacks, Barracks for, at Blagovestchensk, 526

---- Buriats’ opposition to, 281

---- Clothing of, 683

---- combing goats, 26

---- fair on Shilka, 488

---- Food of, 682-3

---- Houses of, 683

---- in Lower Primorsk, 568

---- on the Ussuri, 681

---- Pay of, 682

---- Summer barracks at Kara, 452

Cost of carriage in Siberia, 105, 746

---- of salmon at Nikolaefsk, 628

---- of Siberian butler, 317

Costume of a Tunguse _Shaman_, 158

---- of the Kirghese, 158

---- of the Manchu, 551

---- The _Mala-Russiá_, 250

Cottin, Madame de, “Story of Elizabeth,” 379-83

Country of the Daurians, 548

---- of the Samoyedes, 98

---- round Albazin, 515

Courier travelling, 134

Courts of law, Russian and Siberian, 73

Cows near Tomsk, 188

Creed, Religious, of exiles, 29

Crime attributed to drunkenness, 29

---- in district of Kansk, 235-6

Crimean war, Influence of the, 497

Crimes of exiles, 34

---- of prisoners at Kara, 448

Criminals at Nikolaefsk, Birching of, 89

---- Desperate, 655

---- Statistics of, 72

---- Zavod work for, 82

Cucumbers at Chita, 426

---- on the Amur, 588

Curiosity of fellow-passengers concerning Scripture distribution, 539

Custom at leave-taking, 353

---- of addressing friends, 406, 620

Customs of Goldi, 672

---- Trade, 627

_Daily Telegraph_ on number of political prisoners, 396

Dancing at Mikhailofsky, 622

Daurians, Agriculture of the, 549

---- Country of the, 548

---- Howorth, Mr., on the, 548

---- Religion of the, 549

Dead, Gilyaks’ treatment of the, 611

---- Manchurian treatment of, 554

Deaneries, Rural, of the Russian Church, 163

Decembrists, Sympathy of Russians for, 32, 378

Decocq’s hotel at Irkutsk, 254

Deer in Southern Manchuria, 696

---- of the Koriaks, 642

De la Brunière, Missionary to Gilyaks, 612

De Lagny on Siberian political prisoners, 380

---- on the _knout_, 380

De Lesseps on Kamchatka, 631

---- travels in Siberia, 282

Demidoff hospital at Tagil, 24

---- mines at Nijni Tagilsk, 21

---- works at ditto, 21

Demidoffs, Riches of the, 23

Deportation of exiles, Localities, 37

---- Modern plan of, 42

---- of political prisoners to the Trans-Baikal, 377

---- of vagrants to Sakhalin, 37

Depôt for sale of Scriptures at Krasnoiarsk, 232

Description of a Siberian village, 190

---- of the _plète_, 90, 92

Deserted village at Pashkova, 671

Desperate criminals, 655

Destination of exiles, Walking to, 44

Destruction of property by fire at Irkutsk, 263

De Vries, Capt., of Vladivostock, 712

Dialect of Koriaks, 640

Diet of prisoners at Kara, 453

Dinner among Chinese at Maimatchin, 345

---- at a Siberian hotel, 431

---- at Nikolaefsk, 619

Diocese of Irkutsk, Number of churches, 274

Dioceses of Siberian Church, 163

Director of Alexandreffsky prison, 244

---- Pay of, at Irkutsk prison, 277

Directories of Siberian Church, 163

Discipline, Ecclesiastical, 175

Discoveries of Nordenskiöld and Wiggins, 761

Discovery of the Shilka River, 492

Dissent, Exiled for, 34

---- _Scoptsi_ village of, 205

Dissenters, Efforts to reclaim, 518

---- Number of, 519-27

Distance travelled by Author, 770

Distress at Irkutsk after fire, 269

Distribution of exiles, 43

---- of Scriptures and tracts, 3, 7, 8, 11, 121-9, 183-6, 401, 538, 665-6, 703-33

_Djiguitt_, Divine Service on board the, 740

---- in a squall, 742

---- Inspection of the, 741

---- Officers of the, 738

---- Prison on board the, 739

---- Speed of the, 735

Dobell, Peter, Travels of, 283

Doctors in Siberian towns, 619

Doctrine of the _Scoptsi_, 205

Doctrines of the Russian, Roman, and English Churches, 754

Dogs of Kamchatka, 636

---- used by Gilyaks and Goldi, 600

---- Yakute, Breeding of, 304

Dostoyeffsky’s “Buried Alive” and political prisoners, 384

_Douga_, Description of the, 137

Dress of Gilyaks in winter, 597

---- of penal colonists at Vladivostock, 728

---- of the Samoyedes, 99

---- of the Yakutes, 302

---- The _Mala-Russia_, 250

Drink, Aborigines’ love of, 102

---- and its follies, 225

---- Madness through, 229

---- Murder under influence of, 155

Drivers, Buriats as, 356

Drunkards exiled by Russian villagers, 34

Drunkenness: Alcohol and _vodka_, 544

---- Arrests for, Number of, 545

---- as a cause of crime, 29

---- at social leave-taking, 118

---- Comparison of Russian with English, 544

---- Effect on trade, 627-30

---- of gold-miners, 225

---- of _yemstchik_, 252

---- on board the _Zeya_, 506

Dubininskaya, Arrival at, 692

Dui coal-mines, 81

---- _Plète_ in prison at, 653

---- Prison food at, 656 Officers at, 660

---- Prisons at, 652

---- Scriptures for, 660

_Dukhobortsi_, Sect of, 760

Dutch explorers, 766

Duty of Priests, Treatise on the, 181-2

Dwellings of the Manchu, 549

---- Yakutes’, 500

Eagles tamed by Kirghese, 189

Earthquakes in Kamchatka, 635

Eastern and Western Siberia, 51, 188

---- Greek, and Russian Church, Distinction between, 162

Ecclesiastical discipline, 175

_Echo_ on exiles’ march, 415

Eden, C. H., on quicksilver, 410

Education in Russia, Cost of, 719 Subjects of study, 720

---- in Western Siberia, 150

---- of exiles, 32

---- clerical, at Blagovestchensk, 523

Ekaterineburg, Englishmen at, 25

---- Prisoners, Money allowance to, 78

---- Railway to, 17

---- Town of, 25

---- Transport of exiles to, 43

Ekaterino-Nicolsk, Distribution of Scriptures at, 538

---- Garden at, 537

“Elizabeth, Story of,” by Madame de Cottin, 379-83

Elk, Hunting of the, 209

Emeralds of the Odon Tchelon mountain, 407

Emery, Mr. Enoch, 614

Employment of prisoners in ship-yards, 420

Engineering firm at Tiumen, 27

Engines, Fire, 573

English and Russian drunkenness compared, 544

---- books at Nikolaefsk, 629

---- graves at Selenginsk, 319

---- mission to Buriats, Story of the, 318

---- newspaper accounts of exiles’ passage, 45

---- suspected at Petersburg, 329

Englishmen at Ekaterineburg, 25

“Equipage,” Description of an, 439

Erdmann, Admiral, Governor of Vladivostock, 717

---- Madame, Introduction to, 717

Erman on the valley of the Lena, 284

Escape of prisoners at Kara, 465

Étape prisons, 44, 69, 616

---- Number of soldiers employed for, 667

Ethnography in Kasan government, 14

---- of Alexandreffsky prisoners, 246

---- of Russia in Asia, 19, 52

---- of Russian and Chinese empires, 206

---- of Tobolsk province, 98

Europe and Asia, Frontier of, 18

---- Weather in crossing, 24

Exchange of money, 731

Exchanging names and punishments, 75

Excitement at Petersburg, 328

Exile convict servants, 730

---- life, Author’s farewell and impressions of, 726-8

Exiles accompanied by wives, 36

---- as colonists, 451

---- bribing guards, 39

---- Buriats’ attitude towards, 40

---- Classification of, 29, 33

---- Correspondence, 38

---- Crimes of, 33

---- Deportation, Localities of, 37 Modern plan of, 42

---- destination, Walking to, 44

---- Distribution of, 43

---- Education of, 32

---- Étape prisons for, 44

---- for dissent, 34

---- Fund for, at Moscow, 43

---- Gilyaks’ attitude towards, 40

---- in Kansk, 32

---- Lemke on treatment of, 413

---- March of, _Echo_ on, 415

---- Marriage rites of, 35

---- Number of, 32, 39

---- on the march, 48

---- Passage of, English newspapers on, 45

---- passing through Tiumen, 395

---- _Perisylnie_ prisons for, 44

---- Political: _Contemporary Review_ on, 413 Whyte, Mr., on number of, 394

---- Presents to, 42

---- Proportion condemned to hard labour, 37

---- _Raskolnik_, 32

---- receiving the _plète_, 35

---- Réclus, M., on the first, 31

---- Release, A, 38

---- Religious creed of, 29

---- Religious scruples respected, 460

---- Returned, Number of, 729

---- route, _viâ_ Suez Canal, 44

---- Runaways, Capture of, 40

---- Sentences of, 35

---- Social ties of, 41

---- Transport by barge and rail, 29, 42, 43

Expedition of Chernigovsky on the Amur, 492

---- of Khabarof, 490

---- of Pashkof, 492

---- of Poyarkof, 490

---- of Stepanof, 491

Explorations, Early, by sea and land, 766

---- of Nordenskiöld, 51, 107, 292

---- Scientific, in Siberia, 768

Export of furs from Siberia, 295

Exports at Vladivostock, 714

---- Chinese, into Russia, 341

---- from Siberia, 341

---- Probable future of, 105

Extravagance of gold-miners, 225

“Fabric” work, 82

Fair at Nijni Novgorod, 12

---- on the River Bankova, 488

Fanatical sects, 758

Fasting of clergy, 177

Fasting of prisoners, 79

Fauna of Chukchee coast, 643

---- of Sakhalin, 649

---- of the Primorsk, 565

Feast of mutton by Buriats, 367

Female prisoners at Kara, 467-8

Ferry, A Siberian, 139

Fertility of Tobolsk, 104

Finland: Grant of Bible Society, 3

---- Prisons in, 63

Finnish colonies, Transport of prisoners to, 131

---- pamphlets, Gift of, 53

Finns at Ruschkova, 5

Finsch, Dr., in Akmolinsk, 159 in Semipolatinsk, 159

Fire at Irkutsk, 253

---- at Perm, 16

---- engines, 573

Fires due to incendiarism, 269

Fish eaten by Gilyaks, 596

---- Gilyak mode of catching, 598

---- in Lake Khanka, 679

---- in Primorsk, Price of, 569

---- in River Sungacha, 679

---- in River Ussuri, 679

---- in the Anadir, 640

---- Manchurian method of catching, 555

---- of Lake Baikal, 312

---- of the Yenesei, 201

---- on the Lower Amur, 581

---- pie a Siberian luxury, 432

---- skin coat, 597

---- trade at Nikolaefsk, 628

Fisheries of the Obi and Taz, 123

Fishing in Manchuria, Method of, 555

---- boat of the Manchu, 555

Fleas and vermin in prisons, 363

Fleet, Siberian: Officers, Pay of, 734 Sailors, Clothing of, 736 ---- Food of, 736 ---- Pay of, 734 ---- Religious professions of, 741

Flight of inhabitants from Irkutsk fire, 257

Flogging prisoners, Andreoli on, 93

---- Goryantchikoff on, 654

Flood at Blagovestchensk, 532

Flooding of the Yenesei, 198, 219

Flora at Kansk, 239

---- between Tomsk and Barnaul, 149

---- in Kamchatka, 636

---- in neighbourhood of Chita, 404

---- in private houses, 231

---- of Chukchee country, 644

---- of Lake Baikal vicinity, 315

---- of North-east Siberia, 645

---- of Sakhalin, 649

---- of the Primorsk, 565

---- of the Upper Amur, 517

---- of the Yenesei, 219

Flour sold at Nikolaefsk, 569

Flowers at Khabarofka, 579

Food of Cossacks, 682-3

---- of Gilyaks, 596

---- of miners, 419

---- of natives at Sakhalin, 650

---- of prisoners, 78, 276, 453, 656 Cost of, 80 Difficulty in procuring, 659 Horseflesh reported as, 746

---- of sailors in Siberian fleet, 736

Forçats, Classification of, 449

---- Escape of, 466

---- Meaning of, 449

Forests near Krasnoiarsk, 220

---- of Yeneseisk, 200

Formation of the Shilka River, 482

Fort of Anadirsk, 640

Fortress of Sibir, 110

Fortunes of gold-miners, 226

Foundation of Krasnoiarsk, 112

---- of Mariinsk, 585

---- of Nikolaefsk, 615

---- of Russian Church, 751

---- of town of Yakutsk, 112, 281

Foxes, Hunting of, 209

Franklin, Sir John, and his “equipage,” 439

Free colonists, Privileges of, 698

---- school at Vladivostock, 722

Freedom of convicts at Kara, 448

Frontier of Europe and Asia, 18

Frozen butchers’ meat, 265

Fruit at Vladivostock, 690

---- in Kamchatka, 636

---- on Lower Amur, 583

---- Siberian, 149

Fuel, _Argols_ used as, 368

Fugitives, Corean, 714

Furniture of Siberian prisons, 71

---- of Yakutes’ houses, 301

Furs from Siberia, Export of, 295

Gambling, Effects on trade, 627

---- of Russians, 119

Game, Abundance of, 696

Garden at Ekaterino-Nicolsk, 537

---- at Vladivostock, 717

Gardening by prisoners, 248

_Gaulois_ on number of political prisoners, 396

Gems in neighbourhood of Nertchinsk, 407

---- in Trans-Baikal province, 378

_General Korsakoff_, On board the, 314

“Géographie Universelle” of M. Réclus, 631

Geological Museum at Barnaul, 157

Gilyaks, Amusements of the, 602

---- attitude towards exiles, 40

---- Bears, Veneration for, 606, 608

---- Betrothal of, 601

---- Children of, 595

---- Country, Extent of, 594

---- Dead, Treatment of the, 611

---- Dogs used by, 600

---- dress in winter, 597

---- Etymology, 593

---- Family of, 603

---- Fish eaten by, 596

---- Fishing, 598

---- Food of, 596

---- Foreign relationships, 602

---- habitations on Amur, 591

---- Habits of, 599

---- Hotsprings at village of, 588

---- Idols of, 606

---- Mission schools for, 604

---- Missionaries to the, 612-66

---- Occupation of, 598

---- Polygamy among, 601

---- Population, 594

---- Religion of, 609

---- Shamanism, 609

---- Stature of, 594

---- Superstitions of, 605

---- Tigers, Fear of, 606

---- Villages of the, 593

---- Winter habitations of, 595

---- Women, Estimation of, 601

Ginseng of Manchuria, 691

---- on Upper Ussuri, Plantations of, 566

Girls’ Institute at Vladivostock, 721

Glaisher, Mr., Introductions from, 10

---- Meteorological instruments, 147

Gluttony of the Yakutes, 301, 307

Goats of the Kirghese, 26

Goitre, Siberians afflicted with, 285

Gold deposits, 213

---- digging, 214

---- found in the Trans-Baikal province, 378, 428

---- in the Primorsk, 583

---- in the Za-Baikal, 462

---- in Yakutsk, 295

---- mine, The “Archangel Gabriel,” 218

---- miners at Irkutsk, 264 Drunkenness of, 225 Extravagance of, 225

---- mines, 223 Beverages for workmen, 224 Subterranean work of, 216 Wages at, 223 (_See also_ “Mines”)

---- mining, Season for, 462

---- Prospecting party, A, 213

---- Russian, 211

---- seekers, 212-13

---- washing, 477, 583

Goldi, Appearance of, 583

---- Baptisms of, 674

---- Birds known to, 600

---- boats, 600

---- Customs of, 672

---- Dogs, Use of, 600

---- language, 604

---- lexicon, 604

---- Missionary to, 671

---- Number of, 672

---- Photograph of, 674

---- Physiognomy of, 672

---- Polygamy among, 601

---- weddings, 601, 674

---- wives, Price of, 601, 674

---- women, Estimation of, 601

Gordon, Peter, Travels of, 284

Goryantchikoff on flogging of prisoners, 654

Gospels translated by Archdeacon of Khabarofka, 673

_Gostinnoi Dvor_, or Bazaar, at Tomsk, 128

Government allowance to Commandant of Kara, 474

Government buildings at Aigun, 557

---- establishments at Blagovestchensk, 526

---- grant to Vladivostock Girls’ Institute, 721

“Governments” in Siberia, 50

Governor of a province, 51

---- of Tobolsk, 113

Governors-General, 51

---- Houses of, 192

Granite rocks on the Shilka, 487

Graves of English missionaries at Selenginsk, 319

Greek Church, Penance in, 169 Relation of, to English Church, 181

---- Russian, and Eastern Church, Distinction between, 162

Guards bribed by exiles, 39

Habitations of Buriats, 366

---- of Gilyaks, 591-5

---- of Koriaks, 641

Habits of Gilyaks, 599

Hakodate to Yokohama, 743

Harbour of Vladivostock, 712

Hard-labour prisons at Tobolsk, 70, 82

---- of exiles, Proportion condemned to, 37

Hardships of gold-miners, 216

---- of _isvostchiks_, 627

Harness of Siberian horses, 137

---- The _douga_, 137

Head-dress of Buriat women, 365

---- of Tatar women, 58

Hearthrugs for tarantass travelling, 136

Heathen rites at Kasan, 13

Hellman, Miss Alba, 5

---- Gift of pamphlets by, 53

_Helsingfors Dagblad_, Author’s Bothnian tour in the, 540

Herbaceous plants in the Lower Primorsk, 566

Hertzen, Alex., on political prisoners, 380

High school at Vladivostock, 719

Hill, Mr., on Buriat missions, 375

---- on the Lena, 284

---- Travels of, 230

History of the Amur, 489

---- of the Russian Church, 751

Holy Oil in Church service, 169

Holy Orders in the Russian Church, 166 Scarcity of candidates, 171

---- Unction, Office of the, 169-70

Honesty of the Ostjaks, 102

---- of the Samoyedes, 102

Horns of the reindeer, 209

Horse-eating by the Yakutes, 301

---- flesh reported as food for prisoners, 746

Horses, Changing of, 140

---- Harness of, 137

---- Orochons’, 508

---- Shoeing of, 232

---- Siberian, 123

---- Yakutes’ treatment of, 308

Hospital at Alexandreffsky, 249

---- at Barnaul, 153

---- at gold-mine, 223

---- at Irkutsk, Books for, 276

---- at Kara, 471

---- at Tagil, 24

---- at Tomsk, 229

Hospitality at Bogotol, 194

---- at Krasnoiarsk, 232

---- in Siberia, 353, 431

---- of Commandant at Kara, 480

---- of Kamchatdales, 639

Hospitals at Nikolaefsk, 617

---- at Vladivostock, 617

---- Impressions of, 618

Hotel at Irkutsk, 254

---- at Krasnoiarsk, 228

---- Siberian, Method of dining, 431

Hot-springs at Gilyak village, 588

Hours of labour at a gold-mine, 224

Houses at Kozloffskaya, 671

---- at Krasnoiarsk, 230

---- at Maimatchin, 339

---- Flora in, 231

---- of Buriats, 366

---- of Chinese, 716

---- of Coreans, 715

---- of Cossacks, 683

---- of Gilyaks, 595

---- of Governors-General, 192

---- of Kamchatdales, 639

---- of Manchu, 550

---- of Siberians, 190

---- of Yakutes, 301

Howard Association Report, Mistake of Mr. Tallack in, 745

Howorth, Mr. on Daurians, 548

---- on the Manchu, 548

---- on the Samoyedes, 98

Hunting by the Orochons, 509

---- Eagles trained for, 189

---- Methods of, 207

---- of foxes, 209

---- the elk, 209

Idols, Gilyak, 606

---- of the Yurak-Samoyedes, 103

---- Tchuvash and Tcheremisi, 14

Ignatoff, Mr., at Tiumen, 29

---- Influence of, 118-60

Ikons, Worship of, 331

Image-worship, 164

Immorality, Effects on trade, 627

Importation of tea into Russia, 325

Imports at Vladivostock, 714

---- of the Primorsk, 570

Impressions of exile life, 726-8

Incendiarism in Siberia, 269

Income of a _tayoshnik_, 217

Indictment of a prisoner, 75

Industrial school for boys at Vladivostock, 723

Influence of the Anglo-Chinese war, 501

---- of the Crimean war, 497

Ingoda, Collins’s descent, 482

---- Gold-mines on the, 212

_Ingoda_ steamer on the Amur, 510

Inhabitants of the Primorsk, 567

---- of Vladivostock, 713

Inmates of Irkutsk prison, 275

Innokente, St., Shrine of, 274

Inquisitiveness about Author, 249

Inspection of the _Djiguitt_, 741

Inspector of schools of Eastern Siberia, 11

Institute for girls, 721

Institution for prisoners’ children at Tomsk, 130

Institutions for training schoolmasters, 278

Instruments, Meteorological, 147

Insubordination of prisoners, 393

Interpreter a necessity, 4

---- Joined by, 13

---- Parting with, 439

Introductions, Numbers of, 11

Invasion of Cossacks opposed by Buriats, 281

Irkutsk, Alcoholic liquors at, 265

---- Archbishop of, Interview sought, 274

---- Bible Society at, 268

---- Books at, Stock of, 280

---- Churches, 265

---- Decocq’s hotel at, 254

---- Deputy-Governor of, 267

---- Diocese, Churches of, 274

---- Distress, Relief of, 269

---- on fire, 253 Firemen’s arrangements, 259 Flight of inhabitants, 257 Museum burnt, 268 Origin, Supposed, 269 Procession at, 260 Property destroyed, 263 Provisions, Procuring, after the fire, 309 Ruins of the city, 267 Salvage, Articles of, 258 Spectacle of burning city, 260-62

---- Founding of city, 264

---- Gold-miners, Resort for, 264

---- hospital, 268

---- Larsen, Mr., Introduction to, 265

---- Limit (Proposed) of travel, 253

---- Markets at, 265

---- prison: Director, Pay of, 277 Food for hospital and, 276 Inmates of, 275 Library of, 77

---- prisoners: Books for, 276-7 Money allowed to, 276

---- Provisions at, 265

---- Roads of, 139

---- School at, 278

---- Shrine of St. Innokente, 274

---- _Usine_ at, 268

---- Winter at, 264

Iron in the valley of the Tom, 104

---- ore in Yenesei valley, 210

---- Smelting of, by Yakutes, 304

---- Tons cast in 1879, 156

---- works at Petrovsky Zavod, 355

Irons on prisoners, 85, 248, 421-63

_Irtish_, barge for prisoners, 120

---- Tract distribution on the, 121

Island of Sakhalin, 648

Ismailoff, Gen., Deputy-Governor of Irkutsk, 267

Ismailoff, Gen., Books left with, 279

_Ispravniks_, 29, 51, 195, 234

---- Pay of, 235

_Isvostchiks_, Hardships of, 627

Itinerary round the world, 770

Jail at Tomsk, 128

Japan, Russian Missions in, 358

Jews at Kara, 455

---- at Tiumen, 460

Journal, A priest’s, 174

Journey by rail from Petersburg to Moscow, 25

---- of an exile from Petersburg to Tobolsk, 42

---- of Author, Extent of, 770 Object of, 1

---- of 2,670 miles by rail, 24

---- to Alexandreffsky, 243

---- to Barnaul, 148

Journeys of previous travellers, 282

Juchova, Price of provisions at, 120

Judges of the Peace, 73

Junks of the Chinese, 716

Jury, Trial by, 73

Kachugskoe, Width of Lena at, 287

Kama River, 16

---- Steamers on the, 29

Kamchatdales, Appearance of, 637

---- Hospitality of, 639

---- Houses of, 639

---- Number of, 638

Kamchatka, Anadir River, 639

---- Area of, 634

---- Billings, Joseph, on, 631

---- Burney, Capt., on, 631

---- Bush, Mr., on, 633

---- Capital of, 638

---- Climate of, 635

---- De Lesseps on, 631

---- Dogs of, 636

---- Earthquakes in, 635

---- Flora of, 636

---- Fruit in, 636

---- Language of, 637

---- Locality of, 630

---- Sledging in, 637

---- Vegetables of, 645

---- Volcanoes in, 635

---- Wildfowl of, 637

Kamen Ruiboloff, Arrival at, 686

Kansk, Bible Society and, 238

---- Climate of, 240

---- Crime in district of, 235-6

---- Exiles in, 32

---- Flora of, 239

---- Ispravnik of, 234

---- Priests at, 236

---- Prison at, 235

---- School at, 237

Kara, Barracks for Cossacks in summer, 452

---- Commandant, Government allowance to, 474 Hospitality of, 480 Namesday of, 479 Salary of, 461

---- Gold-washing at, 477

---- Hospitals at, 471

---- Murderers sent to, 37

---- Police-master at, 485

---- prison: Cells in, 469 Diet, Scale of, 453 Photography by priest, 458 Plète at, 464

---- Prisoners at: Aged, 470 Branding abolished, 464 Chaplain for, 458 Classification of, 450 Clothing of, 455 Crimes of, 448 Female, 467-8 Forçats classification, 449 ---- Escape of, 466 Freedom of, 448 Irons on, 85, 463 Jewish, 455 Labour of, 463-4 Money from friends for, 83 Number of, 445 Politicals, 396 Provisions for, Cost of, 80 Scurvy among, 472 Sentences of, 450 _Starostas_ among, 454 Work of, 446

---- Reputation of, unenviable, 473

---- Sea, Wiggins on the, 51, 768

---- Storehouse at, 455

Kasan, Founding of city, 57

---- government, Ethnography, 14 Tatars in the, 15

---- Heathen rites at, 13

---- Seminary at, 14

Kazakevich, Admiral, 500

Kaznakoff, Governor-General, 185

Khabarof’s expedition on the Amur 490

Khabarofka, Author’s dilemma, 574

---- Bank at, 578

---- Flowers at, 579

---- Military post at, 577

---- Musical instruments at, 552

---- Plusnin, merchant, 668

---- Post-office at, 578

---- Priest, Visit to, 673-7

---- Sable-skins at, Sale of, 577

---- Scriptures for, 667

---- Silver money at, 715

---- Temperature of, 579

---- Tichmeneff, General, and the port, 666

---- Tigers at, 689

---- Town, Situation of, 577

---- Trees at, 579

Khamenoff, General, and his footman, 273

Khanka Lake, Area of, 685

---- Depth of, 685

---- District of, 689 Climate of, 690 Medicinal plants of, 691

---- Fish of, 679

---- Winds on, 686

Kiakhta cathedral, 332

---- Commerce of, 324

---- Mongolian cavalry in, 326

---- Prison at, 327

Kirghese, Atkinson on the, 159

---- Costumes of the, 158

---- Eagles used by the, 189

---- goats, 26

---- _Koumis_, a beverage of the, 159

Kizi Lake, Area of, 585

_Knout_ abolished, 85, 91

---- “A German Nobleman” on the, 380

---- Andreoli, M., on the, 91

---- De Lagny on the, 380

Knox, Mr., on the Shilka, 441

“K., O.” on number of exiles in 1876, 39

---- on “Russia and England,” 748

Koecher, Mr., at Troitzkosavsk, 323

Koriaks, Bread of, 642

---- Character of, 640

---- Deer of the, 642

---- Dialect of the, 640

---- Habitations of the, 641

---- Language of the, 647

---- Number of the, 639

---- Sick and Aged, Treatment of, 643

---- Wandering, 642

_Koumis_, Love of Kirghese for, 159

Kozloffskaya, Church at, 670

---- Houses at, 671

---- Priest at, 670

Krasnoiarsk, Asylum at, 229

---- Beggars at, 228

---- Catechist at, 229

---- Cathedral at, 230

---- Forest near, 220

---- Founding of, 112

---- Gold-mining district of, 212

---- Hospitality at, 232

---- Hotel at, 228

---- Houses at, 230

---- Lutheran chapel at, 228

---- Peacock, Dr., of, 212

---- _Perisylnie_ prison at, 229

---- Province of, Scriptures for, 233

---- “Rotten Row” of, 231

---- Scriptures at, Depôt for sale of, 232

---- Town of, 227

Krasnorechinska, Bible of priest at, 195

Kruskopf, M. Emile, 540

Kureika River, _Thames_ laid up in the, 103

_Kvas_ at Tomsk, 224

Labour, Hours of, in mines, 423

---- of convicts compared with English, 662

---- of prisoners, 80, 114, 463-4, 658

Lagny, De, on prisoners, 380

Lakes of Sakhalin, 649

---- of the Yeneseisk province, 200

Lama, Conversion of a, 521

Lamas, 348

---- forbidden to take life, 372

---- respected by Buriats, 371

Lamasery for Buriats, 335-71

Land at Barnaul, Cost of, 158

Landscape scenery of Siberia, 189

Language of Aïnos, 650

---- of Chukchees, 647

---- of Goldi, 604

---- of Kamchatka, 637

---- of Koriaks, 647

---- of Manchu, 604

---- of Manyargs, 604

---- of Orochons, 604

---- of Russians, 441

---- of Yakutes, 305

Larsen, Mr., Introduction to, 265

Latham on the Turkish race, 206

---- on population of Russia and China, 206

---- on “Races of Russian Empire,” 57

Lavra monastery, 177-8

Law, Courts of, Russian and Siberian, 73

Lead, Scarcity of, 156

Leave-taking in Siberia, 353

Ledyard, John, Travels of, 283

Lemke on treatment of political exiles, 413

Lemmings, 644

Lena River, 19

---- as an outlet, 51

---- at Kachugskoe, Width of, 287

---- Boats on the, 285

---- Course of the, 286

---- Gold-mines, 211

---- Mammoth on the, 288

---- Merchandise on the, 285

---- Rhinoceros on the, 289

---- Travellers on the, 282

---- Tributaries of the, 288

_Lena_ rounding Cape Cheliuskin, 292

Length of the Ussuri, 679

Lesseps, De, on Kamchatka, 631

---- Travels in Siberia, 282

Letters concerning Scripture distribution, 401-2

---- posted at Verchne-Udinsk, 354

Lexicon, Goldi, 604

Library at Irkutsk prison, 77

Lichatcheff’s Museum of Bulgarian Antiquities, 13

“Little” Russians as colonists, 32

Littoral, Russian, Number of Chinese in, 714

Liturgy of Russian Church, 166

Location of prisons, 69

Lochwitzky, M., Books to, 270

---- Interview with, 275

Lodging at post-houses, 141

Loss of pocket-book, 692

Love of Russians for tea, 534

Lutheran chapel at Krasnoiarsk, 228

---- church at Vladivostock, 717

Machine for praying to Buddha, 373

Madhouses exceptional in Primorsk, 618

Madness from drink at Tomsk, 229

Maimatchin, Buddhist temple, 344

---- Chinese dinner at, 345 Merchant at, 339

---- Clerks at, 340

---- Houses at, 339

---- Plays at, Licentious, 344

---- Population of, 337

---- Streets of, 339

_Mala-Russia_ costume, 250

Malachite in copper-mine, 21

Maladies of the Primorsk, 571

Mammalia inhabiting Siberia, 188

Mammoth remains, 288

Manchu boats, 554-5

---- carts, 552

---- Cattle of the, 550

---- Dwellings of the, 549-50

---- guests, Reception of, 553

---- Howorth, Mr., on the, 548

---- language, 604

---- people, 207

---- shop, 553

---- temples, 549

Manchuria, Boundary of, 547

---- Costume of the men, 551

---- Ginseng of, 691

---- Southern, Deer in, 696

---- Town of, 550

Manchurian archers, 556

---- dead, Treatment of the, 554

---- fishing, Method of, 555

---- sable-skins, 696

Manufactories at Telma, 242

---- in Siberia, 241

Manyargs, Language of the, 604

---- on Middle Amur, 507

Manzas, Robberies by, 715

Mariinsk, Foundation of, 585

---- Scripture distribution at, 665

Market at Troitzkosavsk, 327

Markets at Irkutsk, 265

Markova, Scenery at, 684

Marriage compulsory on clergy, 524

---- customs of Chukchees, 643 of the Ostjaks, 126

---- rites of exiles, 35

Marriage services, 168

Martyrdom of a missionary, 612

Materialism in Siberia, 705

Mayor of Tiumen, 27

Mayors of Siberian towns, 716

Meals on board a steamer, 513

Meat at Irkutsk, Cheapness of, 265

---- in the Middle Primorsk, Cost of, 568

Medicine, Author’s stock of, 703

---- Plants for, 691

Medvedsky, School at, 150

Merchandise on the Lena, 285

Merchant, Chinese, 339

---- Russian, Specimen of a, 118

Merchants’ stores at Blagovestchensk, 526

Metals in the Za-Baikal, 378

----- Precious, 153, 211

Meteorological instruments, 147

---- observatory at Nertchinsk, 425

Meteorology of Blagovestchensk, 532

Metropolitan of Moscow, 10

Mexican dollars at Khabarofka, 715

Mica and gold at Yakutsk, 295

Middle Primorsk, Area of, 568

Mikhailofsky, Dancing at, 622

Miles travelled by Author, 24, 770

Military exemptions, 720

---- hospitals at Nikolaefsk, 617

---- post at Khabarofka, 577

Mills at Vladivostock, 709

Mine, Copper, Descent of a, 21, 138

---- Magnetic iron, 22

Mineral springs on the Shilka, 488

Minerals in Altai mountains, 104

---- of the Yeneseisk province, 240

Miners, Gold: Beverages of, 224 Drunkenness of, 225 Extravagance of, 225 Food of, 419 Wages of, 223

---- Testimonies from, 418

---- Wiggins, Captain, on, 225

Mines at Kara: Female prisoners at, 467-8 Gold-washing at, 477 Work, Leaving off, 464

---- at Nertchinsk, 30 Inaccessibility of, 412

---- at Nijni Tagilsk, 20

---- Coal, at Vladivostock, 678

---- Gold, 211 “Archangel Gabriel,” The, 218 Assaying, 223 Barracks at, 223 Districts of, 211-12 Hospital at, 223 Ingoda River, 212 Krasnoiarsk district, 212 Manager of, 226 Mohammedans at, 224 Nertcha River, 212 Olekma River, 212 Onon River, 212 Proprietors of, 226 Registration of, 217 Stables at, 223 Washing the gold, 222 Work, Hours of, 224 Working the metal, 221

---- in Altai district, 156

---- Manganese iron ore, 22

---- Private, 81

---- Punishment in the, 456

---- “Quicksilver,” 411 Nertchinsk, Baron R[osen] on, 409 ---- _Newcastle Daily Chronicle_ on, 409 ---- None heard of at, 409 _Sheffield Daily Telegraph_ on, 747

---- Silver: Altai region, 411 Collins’s descent of, 412 Food at, 419 Formation of, 422 Labour, Hours of, 423 Rozguildieff, Cruelty of, 419 Women _not_ working in, 417

---- Unhealthy fumes reported, 408

---- Work in, 82

Mining district, Principal centre of, 420

---- Gold, Season for, 462

Minister of the Interior, 9

“Miracle” at Troitzkosavsk, 330

Miraculous ikons, 331

Misadventures of tarantass travelling, 193

Misrepresentations of newspapers, 744-5

---- of various writers, 379-83, 413, 416-68, 744

Mission at Blagovestchensk, 518-19

---- converts, Charge of bribery, 676

---- Conversion of a lama, 521

---- English at Selenginsk, Story of the, 318-20

---- Offertories, 677

---- school at Bolan, 604 at Troitzka, 604

---- schools for Gilyaks, 604

---- to Aïnos, 650

---- to Burials, 357 Atkinson, Mr., on, 375 Hill, Mr., on, 375

---- to Gilyaks, 612-65

---- to Goldi, 671-4

---- to Japanese, 358

Missionaries, Pay of, 676

Missionary collections at church doors, 520

---- Martyrdom of a, 612

Missions: Results of Orthodox Missionary Society’s work, 520

Model Prison at Petersburg, 64

Mohammedan mosques in Tatar villages, 59

---- workmen at gold-mines, 224

Molokans, 386

---- Doctrines of the, 528

---- Manner of living, 529

Monasteries, 163

---- Clergy of, 176

---- Three kinds of, 177

Monastery for Buriat priests, 335

Monastic life at Yuryef, 178

Money allowance to prisoners at Irkutsk, 276

---- exchanged, 731

---- Prisoners’, 78

---- received by prisoners from friends, 83

---- Silver, Chinese demand, 715

---- taken by Author, 578

---- Tea used as an equivalent for, 343

Mongolian camels, Caravan route by, 351

---- cavalry in Kiakhta, 326

---- frontier, Birds on, 357 Herds of camels on, 357

---- race, Dr. Latham on the, 206

---- route, Travellers on the, 349

---- salutation, Method of, 356

---- sheep, 552

Morality at Vladivostock, 723

Moscow fund for exiles, 43

---- Metropolitans of, 10, 586

---- Stay at, 12

Mosques, Mohammedan, in Tatar villages, 59

Mosquitoes on Sungacha, 684, 710

Mountain of Odon Tchelon, 407

---- Volcanic, 562

Mountains, Altai range of, 19

---- of Sakhalin, 649

---- Sikhota-Alin, 561, 669

---- Ural, 17

Muravieff, Count, Governor of Eastern Siberia, 496

Murder at Nikolaefsk, 655

---- Trial for, 74

---- under influence of drink, 155

Murderers sent to Kara, 37

Museum at Irkutsk destroyed, 268

---- of Bulgarian Antiquities, 13

---- of Geology at Barnaul, 157

Music, Church, 165

Musical instruments at Khabarofka, 552

Mutton, Russian dislike of, 628

---- the staple feast of Buriats, 367

Narim, Population of, 123

Native belief in Shamanism, 405

Natives of Sakhalin, Food of, 650

Naval hospitals at Vladivostock, 617

Navigation, Early, of Siberia, 767

---- of Kara Sea by Wiggins, 768

Needs of the Russian Church, 182

Nertcha, Gold-mines on the, 212

Nertchinsk, Climate of, 425 Atkinson, Mr., on, 425

---- Cochrane’s visit to, 412

---- Gems in neighbourhood, 407

---- Meteorological observatory at, 425

---- Mines, Mr. Collins’s visit to, 412-17 Inaccessibility of, 412

---- Mining region of, 30

---- Prison at, 70

---- Prisoners’ work at, 446

---- “Quicksilver”-mines: Baron R[osen] on, 409 None heard of at, 409

---- Silver-mines at, 411

---- Situation of, 430

---- Temperature of, 426

---- Tobacco cultivation at, 425

---- Treaties at, 324, 428

---- Vegetation at, 426

_Newcastle Daily Chronicle_ on “Quicksilver”-mines, 409

Newspapers, English: Account of exiles’ passage in, 45 Misrepresentations of, 744

Nihilists, “Black,” 34

---- Opinions concerning, 328

---- Transport, Mode of, 46

Nijni Novgorod, Fair at, 12 Steamboat to Perm, 16 Transport of exiles to, 43

---- Tagilsk, Copper-mine at, 138 Mines and works at, 20

---- Udinsk, Awaking a Russian at, 241 Prison at, 241

Nikolaefsk, Amusements at, 621

---- Andreyeff, M., of, 615

---- Author’s religious services at, 725

---- Barracks at, 620

---- Birching criminals at, 89

---- Buildings at, 625

---- Church at, 624

---- Climate of, 563

---- Dinner at, 619

---- Emery, Mr. Enoch, of, 614

---- English books at, 629

---- Étape prison at, 616

---- Fish-trade of, 628

---- Flour sold at, 569

---- Foundation of, 615

---- Hospital at, 617 Government grant to, 617 Scriptures for, 617-66

---- Murder at, 655

---- Officers’ club at, 624

---- _Plète_ used at, 616

---- Police-station at, 624

---- Population of, 624

---- Prison, 615

---- Prisoners’ food at, 79 Preference for, 277

---- Rise of, 498

---- Salmon at, Cost of, 628

---- Scripture distribution at, 666

---- Service at, 619

---- Town, Aspect of, 624

---- Trade of, 625

---- Wages at, 590

Nikon, Patriarch, Revision of Church books by, 758

Ninagai tribe of Orochons, 507

Nordenskiöld, Discoveries of, 761

---- Explorations of, 51, 107, 292

_North China Herald_ on Sakhalin prisoners, 652-8

North-east passage to China attempted, 766

Novgorod, Transport of exiles to, 43

Nunneries of the Siberian Church, 163-79

Obdorsk, School at, 103, 150

Obi as an outlet for commerce, 51

---- Cattley, O., on trade, 108, 761

---- Commercial value of the, 103

---- district, Tundras of the, 105

---- Fisheries of the, 123

---- gulf, Capt. Wiggins in the, 106

---- Length of the, 19

---- Ostjaks on the, 124

---- Steamers on the, 29

---- Temperature of the, 50

---- Tract distribution on the, 184

Object of Author’s travel, 1

_Oblasts_ of Siberia, 50

_Obos_ of the Buriats, 405

Observance of the Sabbath by prisoners, 422-55

Observatory at Nertchinsk, 425

Occupation of Buriats, 369

---- of Gilyaks, 598

Odon Tchelon, Mountain of, 407

Offences by prisoners, 84

Offertories for Missions, 677

Office of the Holy Unction, 169-70

Officers’ club at Nikolaefsk, 624

---- in the army, Pay of, 668

---- of the _Djiguitt_, 738

---- of Dui prison, 660

---- of Siberian fleet, Pay of, 734

Oil, Holy, in Church service, 169

Okhotsk, Sea of, Whales in the, 631

Olekma gold-mines, 212

---- Sables of, 295

Omsk, Prison at, 70

---- School at, 150

Onkelon people, The, 647

Onon River, 482

---- Gold-mines on the, 212

_Onon_ steamboat, On board the, 669

Orders in Russian Church, 166

---- Lack of candidates for, 171

Ordinations in Russian Church, 166

Orenburg shawls, 26

---- Souvenirs from villages, 26

Orochons as hunters, 509

---- Horses of, 508

---- in Sakhalin, 649

---- Language of the, 604

---- Population of tribes, 507

---- Tents of, 509

---- Women’s hair, 508

Orthodox Missionary Society’s work, 520

Ostjaks and Tunguses, Resemblance between, 207

---- as fishermen, 123

---- Bows and arrows of the, 126

---- Honesty of, 102

---- Marriage customs of the, 126

---- on the Obi, 124

---- Wiggins, Capt., and the, 103

---- _Yourts_ of the, 124

_Ostrog_ prison, An, 69

Outdoor amusements of the Russians, 621

Pamphlets for distribution, 53

“Paris, Member for,” Author of, on Prisons, 380

---- on the mines, 413-62

---- on women miners, 468

Parishioners of the Russian Church, 163

Pashkof on the Amur, Expedition of, 492

Pashkova, Deserted village at, 671

Pay-day at a gold-mine, 225

---- of Cossacks, 682

Peace, Judges of the, 73

Peacock, Dr., on the current of the Yenesei, 197

---- visiting the gold-mine, 212

Peasantry, Russian--how they live, 698

Peasants on the River Zeya, 531

Penal colony at Kara, 70

---- at Vladivostock, 726

Penance in the Greek Church, 169

_Pericladnoi_ travelling, 135

_Perisylnie_ prison at Krasnoiarsk, 229

---- prisons, 44, 69

Perm, Fire at, 16

---- to Ekaterineburg by rail, 17

---- Transport of exiles to, 43

_Petchka_ at Alexandreffsky, 246

Petersburg, Arrival at, 9

---- English suspected at, 329

---- Excitement at, 328

---- Prisoners, Places of worship for, 65

---- Prisons of, 2

---- Sermons in, Number, 460

---- to Moscow by rail, 25

Petropavlovsk, 638

Petrovski, State prison at, 387

Photograph of Goldi Christians, 674

Photography at Alexandreffsky, 250

---- by Kara priest, 458

---- Russian, 434

Physiognomy of Buriats, 364

---- of Goldi, 672

Picture-worship, 164, 331

Pigs, Siberian, 188

Plantations of ginseng, 566

Plants, Herbaceous, in Lower Primorsk, 566

---- Medicinal, of Lake Khanka district, 691

Plays, at Maimatchin, 344

Pleasure-garden, Vladivostock, 717

Plète at Chita, 94

---- at Dui, 653

---- at Kara, 464

---- at Nikolaefsk, 616

---- Description of the, 90

---- Exiles receiving the, 35

---- used at three places only, 94

Plusnin, M., Business with, 668

Pocket-book, Loss of, 692

_Podkeedovate_, a Siberian custom, 353

_Podorojna_, A Crown, 143, 314

---- permit for posting, 134

Police-master at Kara, 485

---- of Siberian towns, 269

---- station at Nikolaefsk, 615-24

Political divisions in Siberia, 50

---- exiles: _Contemporary Review_, 413 Lemke on treatment of, 413 Whyte on number of, 394

---- prisoners and Dostoyeffsky’s “Buried Alive,” 384 Author of “Member for Paris” on, 380

Polygamy among Gilyaks, 601

---- among Goldi, 601

Poor of Vladivostock, 717

---- house at Barnaul, 153

_Popoftschins_, Sect of, 759

Population of Aigun, 556

---- of Amur province, 543

---- of Upper Amur on Chinese bank, 506

---- of Barnaul, 152

---- of Buriats, 369

---- of China, 206

---- of Chita, 361

---- of Gilyak country, 594

---- of Maimatchin, 337

---- of Narim, 123

---- of Nikolaefsk, 624

---- of Orochons, 507

---- of Russia, 206

---- of Russia in Asia, 20

---- of Sakhalin, 649

---- of Siberia, Russian and aboriginal, 52

---- of Sophiisk, 585

---- of Surgut, 123

---- of the _Za-Baikal_ province, 400

---- of Tiumen, 27

---- of Tomsk, 127

---- of Verchne-Udinsk, 317

---- of Vladivostock, 712

---- of Yakutsk, 294

---- of Yeneseisk, 203

Possessions of Buriats, 369

Post, Russian and Chinese, 352

---- office at Khabarofka, 578

Postal communication, 52, 578

---- letter, A, 143

Posting--An “equipage,” 439

---- “Book for complaints,” 55

---- Distances between verst-posts, 436

---- in Siberia, 134

---- Official, 437

---- Post-houses, lodging at, 141 Tariff of, 141

---- Travelling, Manner of, 135

---- Wrong road, The, 144

Potatoes at Vladivostock, 690

Poyarkof’s expedition on the Amur, 490

Prayers, A Tatar at, 61

Praying-machine, Buddhist, 373

Preaching, Lack of, 459

Precious stones in neighbourhood of Nertchinsk, 407

Presents to exiles, 42

Price of meals on a steamer, 513

---- of tea in Russia, 325

Priest at Khabarofka, Visit to, 673-7

---- at Kozloffskaya, 670

---- at Krasnorechinska, Bible of, 195

---- at Vladivostock, 730

---- Journal of a, 174

Priests at Kansk, 236

---- Seminary for training, 523

---- Social disadvantages of, 173

---- Stipend of, 172

---- Treatise on the Duty of, 181-2

Primorsk, or Sea-coast province, 561

---- Bays in the, 562

---- Cattle in the, 697

---- Divisions of province, 567

---- Fauna of the, 565

---- Fish in the, Price of, 569

---- Flora of the, 565

---- Gold-washing in the, 583

---- Health of inhabitants, 571

---- Imports of, 570

---- Inhabitants of the, 567

---- Lower: Climate of, 564 Herbaceous plants in, 566 Populated by Ussuri Cossacks, 568

---- Madhouses exceptional in, 618

---- Maladies of the, 571

---- Middle: Area of, 568 Meat, Cost of, 568

---- Rivers in the, 562

---- Schools, Number of, 723

---- Scriptures distributed in, 703

---- Soldiers in the, 667

---- Taxes in the, 571

---- Trees in the, 566

---- Tribes in the, Number of, 567

---- Vaccination in the, 571

---- Volcanic mountains in the, 562

Prison affairs at Tomsk, 128

---- Ameliorating influence in, 77

---- at Åbo, 63

---- at Alexandreffsky, 70, 245 Amusements at, 83 Books for, 249 Director of, 244 Hospital at, 248

---- at Biisk, 133

---- at Blagovestchensk, 525

---- at Chita, 70 The “Black-cart” at, 362

---- at Dui, Officers of, 660

---- at Irkutsk: Director’s pay, 277 Inmates of, 275 Library, 77

---- at Kansk, 235

---- at Kara, 70

---- at Kiakhta, 327

---- at Krasnoiarsk, 229

---- at Nijni Udinsk, 241

---- at Nikolaefsk, 615-16

---- at Omsk, 70

---- at Petrovski, 389

---- at Sakhalin, 70

---- at Schlüsselburg, 68

---- at Troitzkosavsk, 327

---- at Verchne-Udinsk, 317

---- at Wiborg, 63

---- Books in, 113

---- chaplains, 663

---- on board the _Djiguitt_, 739

---- ethnography, 246

---- food compared with English prison diet, 79

---- furniture, 71

---- gardening, 248

---- labour compared with English, 662

---- officials, Bribery of, 277

---- _Ostrog_, An, 69

---- Petersburg Model, 64 Bath-room in, 66 Chapel in, 67 Contraband articles in, 67 Dark cells in, 66

---- Russian, Account of a, 380

---- school at Tomsk, 128

---- Smuggling spirits into, 67, 317

---- _Starostas_, 454

---- statistics, 69

---- storehouse at Kara, 455

---- Tragedy in, 154

---- _Travaux forcés_, 113

---- work: Cigarette-paper making, 247 Lack of, 247

Prisoners, Aged, 470

---- Asylum for children of, 77

---- Authors on, 379-88-94

---- Bail, 74

---- Barge, the _Irtish_, 120

---- Birching of, 89, 473

---- Books for, 276-7

---- Branding of, 464

---- Bribery by, 39

---- buying Scriptures, 121

---- Card-playing among, 388, 656

---- cells, 469, 525

---- chains, 154

---- changing destinations and names, 75

---- Chaplain for, 458

---- children, School for, 278

---- Classification of, 72, 450

---- Clothing of, 80, 455, 728

---- complaint, Causes of, 393

---- Courts, Judges, and modes of trial, 73

---- Crimes of, 448

---- descriptions taken, 76

---- Escape of, 465

---- Fasting of, 79

---- Female, 467-8

---- Flogging of, 654 Goryantchikoff on, 654

---- Food, 77-9, 82, 276, 453, 656 Cost of, 80 Difficulty in procuring, 659 Horseflesh reported as, 746

---- _Forçats_, 449-66

---- in irons, 85, 248, 421-63

---- in Yakutsk government, 37

---- Insubordination of, 393

---- Labour of, 80, 114, 463-4, 658

---- Money allowance to, 276 Received from friends, 83

---- Number at Alexandreffsky, 246 At Kara, 445 At Sakhalin, 652-3

---- offences, 84

---- Polish, 122, 390

---- Political, 396 Baron R[osen] on, 387 _Daily Telegraph_ on number of, 396 De Lagny on, 380 Deported to Trans-Baikal province, 377 Destination of, 37 _Gaulois_ on number of, 396 Lemke on, 413 Living to be earned, 398 Lodging of, 395 Number of, 394 ---- in 1879, 396 Position of, 398 Present condition of, 390 Tiumen, Passing through, 395

---- preference for Nikolaefsk, 277

---- Punishment of, 84, 129, 421-3

---- Reformation doubtful, 664

---- Religious professions of, 72

---- Russian, Condition of, 64 English and, Comparison between numbers of, 478

---- Sabbath, Observance of, 455

---- Scurvy among, 472

---- seeing friends, 246

---- Sentences of, 450

---- shipyard at Sivakoff, 420 At Stretinsk, 420

---- _Starostas_ among, 454

---- Statistics concerning, 72

---- Sundays, Refusal to work, 422

---- ticket of indictment, 75

---- to Finnish colonies, 131

---- Treatment of, 728

---- Wives of, 388

---- work, 82, 446

---- Worship, Places of, 65

---- writing to friends, 84, 236

Prisons, Atmosphere of, 381

---- Author’s interest in, 1 Opinion on, 662

---- at Dui, 652

---- at Nertchinsk, 7

---- at Tobolsk, 70, 82

---- at Uleaborg, 41

---- Books for _Za-Baikal_, 400

---- Building of, 70

---- Étape, 44, 69, 667 Soldiers employed for, 667

---- Fleas and vermin in, 363

---- Furniture of, 71

---- Kinds of, 68

---- Local committees in connection with, 77

---- Location of, 69

---- _Perisylnie_, 44, 69

---- Petersburg, Visitation of, 2

---- Russian and Finnish, 63

Private mines, 81

Privileges to free colonists, 698

Procession at fire of Irkutsk, 260

Processions, Church, 174

“Prodigal Son” for distribution, 7

---- Hammering up the, 190, 238

Profession of an advocate, 582

Proprietors of gold-mines, 226

Protestant churches in Siberia, 726

Protestants in Siberia, 726

Protodiakonoff of Khabarofka, 673

Province, Governor of a, 51

Provisions aboard steamboats, 512

---- at Barnaul, Cost of, 158

---- at Blagovestchensk, Cost, 527

---- at Irkutsk, 265

---- at Juchova, Price of, 120

---- at Kara, Cost of, 80

---- at Surgut, Price of, 120

---- at Tobolsk, Cost of, 105

Punishment in the mines, 456

---- of prisoners, 84, 421

Quass (or _kvas_) at Tomsk, 224

---- for miners, 224

“Quicksilver”-mines, 409

---- Baron R[osen] on, 409

---- Eden, Mr., on, 410

---- _Newcastle Daily Chronicle_ on, 409

---- _Sheffield Daily Telegraph_, 747

---- Supposed deadly fumes, 412

“Races of Russian Empire,” by Dr. Latham, 57

Railway, A new line of, 17

---- journey of 2,670 miles, 24

---- Petersburg to Moscow by, 25

---- transport of exiles, 42

Railways in Russia, 25

Rain in the Primorsk, 565

Rapids of Angara River, 311

Rasdolnoi, Cockroaches at, 702

_Raskolnik_ exiles, 32

Rates for telegrams in Siberia, 522

Ravenstein on the Amur, 581

Réclus, M., “Géographie Universelle” of, 631

---- on the first exiles, 31

---- on the Yurak-Samoyedes, 103

Reformation of Russian Church, 753

Registers, Church, 174

Registration of gold-mines, 217

“Reign of Terror” described in _Daily Telegraph_, 45

Reindeer, Horns of, 209

---- riding, 306

---- taken in chase, 209

---- Yakutes’ use, in travelling, 306

Release of exile, 38

Religion of Buriats, 370

---- of Daurians, 549

---- of Gilyaks, 609

---- of prisoners, 72

---- of sailors, 741

Religious scruples of exiles respected, 460

---- services of Author at Vladivostock, 725

---- Tract Society in Russia, 705

Revision of Church books by the Patriarch Nikon, 758

Rhinoceros on the Lena, 289

Riches of the Demidoffs, 23

Riding in the _taiga_, 212

Ritual of Russian Church, 166

Rivers of Sakhalin, 649

---- in the Primorsk, 562

Roads of Irkutsk, 139

---- of Siberia, 51-2

---- in Yeneseisk, 139

Rob Roy cuisine, 145

Robberies by the Manzas, 715

Rooms in Siberian houses, 192

_Rooski Rabotchi_ for distribution, 7

---- Subscribers to, 184

Rosaries, Russian and Roman, 61

R[osen], Baron, on “quicksilver”-mines, 409

---- on political prisoners, 387

---- on situation of Chita, 425

“Rotten Row” of Krasnoiarsk, 231

Roumanian grant of Bible Soc., 3

Route of exiles _viâ_ Suez Canal, 44

---- _viâ_ the Shilka, 52

Routes across Siberia, 281

Rozguildieff, Cruelty of, 419

Ruins of Irkutsk after the fire, 267

Runaway exiles, Capture of, 40

---- prisoners at Kara, 465

Ruschkova, Finns at, 5

Russ, _British Workman_ in, 7

Russia and China, Boundary, 487 Difficulties between, 501 Ethnography of, 206 Treaties between, 323

---- Appeal by Amur tribes for Chinese help against, 493

---- Asiatic boundary line, 49

---- Author’s previous tours in, 2

---- Chinese exports into, 341

---- Church bells of, 332

---- Early Chinese frontier, 323, 487

---- Education in, Cost of, 719 Subjects of study, 720

---- Ethnography of, 206

---- in Asia: Area of, 18 Ethnography of, 19, 52 Population of, 20

---- Population of, 206

---- Railways in, 25

---- Tea in, Price of, 325

Russian annexation of Siberia, 109

---- cemeteries, 152

---- Church: Bible, The, and, 181 Burial services, 152 Foundation of the, 751 Reformation of the, 753 Rural deaneries of the, 163 Schisms of the, 756 Transition of the, 752

---- conquests on the Amur, 489

---- conscription, Method of, 736

---- courts of law, 73

---- custom of addressing friends, 406, 620

---- dislike of mutton, 628

---- drunkenness compared with English, 544

---- gold, 211

---- Greek, and English Church, Distinctions between, 162

---- Judges, 73

---- Littoral, Number of Chinese in, 714

---- peasantry--How they live, 698

---- photography, 434

---- politicians, 748

---- prison, Account of a, 380

---- prisoners, Condition of, 64

---- salutation, Mode of, 406

---- Scriptures printed for Bible Society, 8

---- sea-trading adventure, 761

---- trade, Effects of gambling, 627

Russians afloat, 733

---- Amusements of, 621

---- at home, 620

---- Gambling of, 119

---- “Little,” as colonists, 32

---- Superstitions of the, 620

---- Sympathy of, for Decembrists, 32, 378

Russo-Chinese commerce, Kiakhta as a centre of, 324

Sabbath, Prisoners’ observance of, 422-55

Sables of Olekma, 295

---- of Vitim, 295

---- skins of Manchuria, 696 Khabarofka, Sale at, 578, 696

Sacrament of Penance, 169

---- of Unction, 169

Sacred pictures as objects of worship, 331

Sailors of Siberian fleet: Clothing of, 736 Food of, 736 Pay of, 734 Religion of, 741

Sakhalin: Aïnos, 650

---- Card-playing at, 656

---- Coal at, 651

---- Fauna of, 649

---- Flora of, 649

---- Food of natives, 650

---- Island of, 648

---- Lakes of, 649

---- Mountains of, 649

---- Orochons in, 649

---- Population of, 649

---- Prisoners at, Labour of, 658 _North China Herald_ on, 652-8 Number of, 652-3

---- Rivers of, 649

---- Trade in trepangs, 650

---- Ula-Hotun, Town of, 550

---- Vagrants’ deportation to, 37

Salaries of telegraph clerks, 724

Salary of Commandant of Kara prison, 461

Salmon at Nikolaefsk, Cost of, 628

Salt-works at Telma, 243

Salutation by Buriats, 356

---- Chinese method of, 356

---- Russian mode of, 406

Salvage from Irkutsk fire, 258

_Samovar_ required and _not_ required, 145, 221

Samoyedes, Country of, 98

---- Dress of the, 99

---- Honesty of the, 102

---- Howorth, Mr., on the, 98

---- Idols of the, 103

---- Seebohm on the, 98

---- Yurak, Réclus on the, 103

Scenery of Bureya mountains, 537

---- of the Lower Amur, 580

---- of the Middle Amur, 535

---- of the Shilka River, 483

---- of the Sungacha River, 684

Schisms of Russian Church, 756

Schlüsselburg prison, 68

School at Kansk, 237

---- at Medvedsky, 150

---- at Obdorsk, 103, 150

---- at Omsk, 150

---- at Tiumen, 150

---- at Tobolsk, 150

---- at Tomsk, 130

---- for Gilyaks, 604

---- for prisoners’ children at Irkutsk, 278

Schools at Vladivostock, 719-21-23

---- in the Primorsk, Number, 723

---- Inspection of, 11, 278

---- Teachers’ salaries, 722

---- Training institutions for masters, 278

Scientific explorations in Siberia, 768

_Scoptsi_ as a fanatical sect, 758

---- Doctrine of the, 205

---- village of dissent, 205

_Scorbutus_ in Alexandreffsky hospital, 249

Scripture depôt at Krasnoiarsk, 232

---- distribution at Archangel, 733 at Mariinsk, 665 at Nikolaefsk, 666 at Sophiisk, 665 at Tiumen, 184 at Tomsk, 185 at Tyr, 665 by Author, 3, 703 Curiosity of fellow-passengers, 539 in Akmolinsk, 186 in Semipolatinsk, 186 in the Primorsk, 703 Letters concerning, 401, 403 on Upper Amur, 538 Total up to Tomsk, 186

Scriptures on steamboat, 668

---- for Aniva Bay, 660

---- for distribution on Siberian tour, 7

---- for Dui, 660

---- for Khabarofka, 667

---- for Krasnoiarsk province, 233

---- for Nikolaefsk hospital, 617

---- for Verchne-Udinsk, 318

---- in Russ, printed for Society, 8

---- purchased by prisoners, 121

---- Reception of, in Siberia, 185

---- taken for distribution, 11

---- Turkish, read by Tatars, 61

---- Wish of Bible Soc. for new translations, 673

Scurvy among prisoners, 472

Sea-borne exiles, 45

---- coast province (_see_ Primorsk)

---- communication with Europe, 107

---- of Okhotsk, 631 Whales in the, 631

---- trading adventures of the Russians, 761

Seamen, Clothing of, 737

Season for gold-mining, 462

Sect of _Dukhobortsi_, 760

Sects of _Bezpopoftschins_, 759

Seebohm on ornithology of Yenesei, 763

---- on the birds of the Yeneseisk province, 202

---- on the Samoyedes, 98

---- on the Yenesei, 198

---- with Capt. Wiggins, 763

Selenginsk, English mission at, 318

Seminary at Kasan, 14

Semipolatinsk, Distribution of tracts at, 186

---- Finsch, Dr., in, 159

Senate a Court of Appeal, 73

Sentences of exiles, 35

---- of prisoners at Kara, 450

Serfdom, A remnant of, 272

Serfs, Former condition of, 23

---- Riches of the Demidoffs, 23

Sermons, 460, 671

---- in Petersburg, yearly, 460

Servants, Exiles as, 730

---- wages at Vladivostock, 570

Service, Church, 165-6

---- at Nikolaefsk, 619

---- on board the _Djiguitt_, 740

Services, Author’s religious, 701, 709-25

---- of the Russian Church for Buriats, 152

Settlement of peasants on the Zeya, 531

Shaman Buriats, Conversion of, 374

---- Costume of a, 158

Shamanism, Belief in, 405

---- of the Daurians, 549

---- of the Gilyaks, 609

---- “Priest’s Stone,” The, 311

---- Victims of, 311

Shan-Alin mountains, 669

Shawls, Orenburg, 26

Sheep, Mongolian, 552

---- of the Yeneseisk province, 204

---- Russian dislike of mutton, 628

_Sheffield Daily Telegraph_, Extraordinary statement of, 746

---- on “quicksilver”-mines, 747

Shilka--Boundary of Russia and China, 487

---- Cliffs on the, 483

---- Collins’s voyage down the, 441

---- Fair on the, 488

---- Formation of the river, 482

---- Granite rocks on the, 487

---- Knox, Mr., on the, 441

---- Mineral springs, 488

---- Scenery on the, 483

---- Shipyards on the, 420

---- Siberian route _viâ_ the, 52

---- Territory, Discovery of, 492 Occupation of, 492

Shipyard at Sivakoff, 420

---- employment for prisoners, 420

Shoeing horses, Method of, 232

Shologon tribe of the Orochons, 507

Shop of a Manchu tradesman, 553

Shrine of Innokente at Irkutsk, 274

Siberia--Amur route, 52

---- Animals, Wild, 697

---- Bed a novelty, 444

---- Bibliography of, 772

---- Books on, 629

---- Boundaries of, 49

---- Caravan transport in, 354

---- Carriage, Cost of, 105, 746

---- Cossack conquerors of, 281

---- Eastern: Number of exile colonists, 451

---- Explorations of, 766

---- Exports from, 105, 341

---- Finnish colonies in, 131

---- Fish pie a luxury, 432

---- Furs exported from, 295

---- “Governments” in, 50

---- Journeys of previous travellers, 282

---- Landscape scenery of, 189

---- Manufactories of, 241

---- Materialism in, 705

---- Navigation, Early, 767

---- Nordenskiöld, Discoveries, 761

---- North-east, Flora of, 645

---- Political divisions of, 50

---- Population of, 52

---- Prison-life in, Misrepresentations of, 379-83, 413-16, 468, 744

---- Prisoners in, Trial of, 73

---- Protestants in, Number of, 726

---- “Quicksilver”-mines of, 409

---- Roads of, 52

---- Routes across, 281

---- Russian annexation of, 109

---- Scientific explorations in, 768

---- Sea communication with Europe, 107

---- Steamboat passengers in, 118

---- Temperature of, 50

---- Towns of, 192

---- Western and Eastern, 51, 188

---- Wiggins, Discoveries of, 761

Siberian butter, 188

---- cathedrals, 165

---- cheese-making, 188

---- Church: Knowledge, Sources of, 161 Nunneries of, 163-79

---- churches, 163, 332

---- courts of law, 73

---- ferry, 139

---- fleet, 734

---- fruit, 149

---- horses, 123

---- hospitality, 194, 353, 431

---- hospitals, Impressions of, 618

---- hotel-dining, 431

---- houses, 190-2

---- leave-taking: the _podkeedovate_, 353

---- posting, 134

---- prison, Building of, 70

---- prisoners, Books on, 379

---- rooms, 192

---- sailors, 741

---- State bank, 578

---- tour, Scriptures for distribution on, 7

---- village, Description of a, 190

Sibir, Fortress of, 110

Sick, Visitation of the, 169

---- and aged among the Koriaks: Treatment of the, 643

Sidoroff, M.K., and Russian sea-trading adventure, 761

Sieges of Albazin, 515

Sikhota-Alin range of mountains, 561, 669

Silovanoff, _Scoptsi_ village at, 205

Silver found in the Za-Baikal, 378

---- mine, Collins’s descent, 412

---- mines at Nertchinsk, 411 Cruelty of Rozguildieff, 419 Food at, 419 Formation of, 422 Labour, Hours of, 423 of Altai region, 411 Women not working in, 417

---- money at Khabarofka, 715 Chinese demand for, 715

---- smelting at Barnaul, 156

Singing in cathedrals, 165

Situation of Khabarofka town, 577

---- of Tiumen, 27

---- of Vladivostock, 711

Sivakoff, Punishment at, 421

---- Shipyard at, 420

_Skaka_, an outdoor game, 621

Sledging in Kamchatka, 637

Sleeping in a tarantass, 187

Smelting of iron by Yakutes, 304

Smuggling spirits into prison, 67, 317

Sokoloff, Mr., Inspector of schools, 278

Soldiers, Educated, exempt from military service, 720

---- in East Siberia, Number of, 667

---- in the Primorsk, Number of, 667

---- Officers, Pay of, 668

Sophiisk, Amur at, Width of, 585

---- Population of, 585

---- Scripture distribution at, 665

“Souls” in Russia, 23

Souvenirs from Orenburg, 26

---- from Yakutsk, 303

Spectacle of Irkutsk fire, 260

Speed of the _Djiguitt_, 735

Stables at gold-mine, 223

Stallybrass, Mr., and the Selenginsk mission, 320

_Starosta_ of a prison, 454

---- of a village, 51

_Staroveri_, Sect of the, 759

State prison at Petrovski, 387

Statistics of criminals, 72

---- of prisoners in Siberia, 69

---- of Russo-Chinese trade, 714

_Stauropegia_ monastery, 177-8

Steamer aground on the Amur, 511

Steamers, Arrival of, uncertain, 117

---- Carriage of Scriptures, 668

---- Departure of, uncertain, 117

---- Exiles conveyed by, 42 Conveyance _viâ_ Suez, 14

---- Journeys on board, 16, 118-19, 314, 505-11, 669, 708-43

---- Meals on board, 513

---- on the Kama, 29

---- on the Obi, 29

---- on the Yenesei, 203

---- Passengers on board, 118

---- Provisions on board, 512

Stepanof’s expedition on the Amur, 491

Stipend of priests, 172

Stones, Precious, in neighbourhood of Nertchinsk, 407

Storehouse at Middle Kara, 455

Storms on Lake Baikal, 312

“Story of Elizabeth,” by Madame de Cottin, 379-83

---- of English mission at Selenginsk, 320

Strahlenberg on the Yakutes, 305

---- Travels of, in Siberia, 282

Streets and houses of Maimatchin, 339

Stretinsk, Shipyard at, 420

---- Town of, 438

Students’ education at Blagovestchensk, 523

_Subbotniki_, Sect of, 451

Subscribers to the _Rooski Rabotchi_, 184

Suez Canal route for exiles, 44

Suifun River, Width of the, 708

_Suifun_ steamer, Travelling on board the, 708

Sundays, Refusal of prisoners to work on, 422

Sungacha River, Fish of the, 679

---- Mosquitoes on the, 684

---- Scenery at Markova, 684

_Sungacha_, On board the, 669

Sungari River, Mouth of the, 541

Superstitions of Gilyaks, 605

---- of the Russians, 620

Surgut, Population of, 123

Surgut, Provisions at, Price of, 120

Swan, Mr., and the Selenginsk mission, 320

Tagil, Hospital at, 24

---- Temperature at, 24

_Taiga_, Gold-seeking in the, 213

---- Riding in the, 212

Talking by signs, 442

Tallack, Mr., Mistake of, in Howard Association Report, 745

Tarantass, Cost of, 136-40

---- Description of the vehicle, 135

---- Loan of, by Mr. O. Cattley, 27

---- travelling in spring, 55 Clothing for, 50 Hearthrugs for, 136 Manner of progress, 138 Mishaps, 193, 251 Sleeping, 187

Tariff at post-houses, 141

Tatars, Ancestors of the, 57

---- Appearance of, 58

---- as coachmen or servants, 58

---- at Barnaul, 62

---- at prayers, 61

---- Head-dress of women, 58

---- Houses of, 59

---- in the Kasan government, 15

---- Mohammedan mosques, 59

---- Monuments of the, 589

---- of the Yeneseisk province, 205

---- Turkish Scriptures read by, 61

---- Worship of the, 14, 59

Taxes in the Primorsk, 571

_Tayoshnik_, Income of a, 217

---- Work of a, 213

Taz River fishery, 123

Tcheremisi idols, 14

Tchuvashi idols, 14

Tea, a traveller’s requisite, 142

---- Buriat invitation to drink, 366

---- caravans in Siberia, 354

---- Chinese use of, 340

---- consumed at mines, 224

---- Importation of, into Russia, 325

---- in Russia, Price of, 325

---- Love of Russians for, 534

---- used as coin, 343

Teetotalism in Russia, 545

Telegraph clerks, Pay of, 724

_Telegraph, Daily_, and the “Reign of Terror” in Russia, 45

---- Misrepresentations of the, 745

---- on number of political prisoners, 397

---- _Sheffield Daily_, Misrepresentations of, 746

Telegraphic communication at Vladivostock, 724 Rates for telegrams, 522

Telma, Salt manufactory at, 243

Temperature, Difference between London and four Siberian towns, 427

---- of Blagovestchensk, 532

---- of Khabarofka, 579

---- of Nertchinsk, 426

---- of the Obi, 50

---- of Siberia, 50

---- of Tagil, 24

---- on the Vega, 563

---- of Vladivostock, 50, 563

---- of Yakutsk, 296

---- of the Yeneseisk province, 200

Temple at Aigun, 558

---- Buddhist, at Maimatchin, 344

Temples of the Manchu, 549

Tents of the Orochons, 509

_Thames_ in the Kureika, 103, 198

Theatre at Aigun, 558

Théel, M., on the Tunguses, 207

---- on the Yenesei, 197

---- on the Yuraki, 207

Tichmeneff, General, 666

Tigers at Khabarofka, 689

---- Gilyaks’ fear of, 606

---- in Vladivostock, 700

“Tips” to _yemstchiks_, 140

Tiumen, Commerce of, 27

---- Exiles passing through, 395

---- Ignatoff, M., at, 29

---- Ispravnik of, 29

---- Mayor of, 27

---- Population of, 27

---- Prisoners’ food at, 78 Irons at, 85 Jewish, 460

---- Schools at, 28, 150

---- Situation of, 27

---- Tract distribution, Plan for, 184

---- Wardropper’s firm at, 27

Tobacco grown at Nertchinsk, 425

Tobolsk, Area of, 97

---- as a capital, 109

---- Ethnography of province, 98

---- Exiles’ journey to, 42

---- Fertility of, 104

---- Governor of, 113

---- Hard-labour prisons at, 70, 82

---- Lakes of, 97

---- prison, Convicts’ opinions of, 115

---- Prisoners’ labour at, 114

---- Provisions at, Cost of, 105

---- School at, 150

---- Surface of, 97

---- Tract distribution at, 183 Archbishop’s opinion of, 183

Tom, Iron in the valley of the, 104

Tomsk, Bazaar at, 128

---- Beggars at, 228

---- Bible Society’s depôt at, 237

---- Climate of, 127-46

---- Cows near, 188

---- Departure from, 186

---- Flora in vicinity of, 149

---- hospital, 229

---- Jail at, 128

---- Madness through drink at, 229

---- Population of, 127

---- Prison school at, 128

---- Prisoners at, 78

---- Province of, 127

---- Punishment of prisoners at, 129

---- _Quass_ at, 224

---- School at, 130

---- Scripture distribution at, 185-6

---- Towns of, 128

---- Tract distribution at, 129

---- Vegetation south of, 146

Topaz and emeralds of the Odon Tchelon mountain, 407

Town of Aigun, 495, 558

---- of Ekaterineburg, 25

---- of Krasnoiarsk, 227

---- of Nikolaefsk, 624

---- of Verchne-Udinsk, 317

---- without women, 338

Towns, Manchurian, 550

---- Siberian, 192 Civic arrangements, 716 Doctors in, 619

Tracts: Distribution at Tiumen, 184 ---- at Tomsk, 129 ---- Archbishop of Tobolsk on, 183 ---- Author’s work in Western Siberia, 733 ---- for Akmolinsk, 186 ---- for Semipolatinsk, 186 ---- on the _Irtish_, 121 ---- Total up to Tomsk, 186

---- Gift of, by Miss Hellmann, 53

---- People’s reception of, 185

---- Religious Tract Society’s work in Russia, 705

---- taken for distribution, 8

---- Total number distributed by Author, 704

Trade at Nikolaefsk, 626

---- Bribery in, 626

---- customs, 627

---- Drunkenness, Effect of, on, 627

---- Gambling, Effect of, on, 627

---- Immorality, Effect of, on, 627

---- in trepangs, 650

---- on the Obi, Oswald Cattley on, 27, 108, 761

---- Russian and Chinese, 714

Tragedy in prison, 154

Training institutions for schoolmasters, 278

Trans-Baikal province, Area of, 400 Destination of political offenders, 377 Gems found in the, 378, 428 Gold found in the, 378, 428 Population of the, 400 Silver found in the, 378, 428

---- prisons, Books for, 400

Transition period of Russian Church, 752

Translations into Aïno, 650

Transport of Exiles by barges, 29 By rail, 42 To Ekaterineburg, 43 To Nijni Novgorod, 43 To Perm, 43

---- of Nihilists, Mode of, 46

---- of prisoners to Finnish colonies, 131

_Travaux forcés_ in prison, 113

Travellers on the Lena, 282

---- on the Mongolian route, 349

Travelling, Courier, 134

---- in winter, Difficulties of, 306

---- Manner of, 135

Travels in Siberia, De Lesseps’, 282

---- of John Ledyard, 283

Treaties at Nertchinsk, 324, 428

---- between Russia and China, 323

Treatise on the Duty of Priests, 181-2

Treatment of penal colonists, 728

Trees at Khabarofka, 579

---- in Kamchatka, 636

---- in the Primorsk, 566

---- in the Yenesei valley, 105

---- in vicinity of Albazin, 515

---- on the Lower Amur, 579

---- on the Upper Amur, 515

Trepangs, Trade in, 650

Trial by jury, 73

Tribes in the Primorsk, 567

Tributaries of the Lena, 288

_Troichatka_, Description of, 90, 92

Troitzka, Mission school at, 604

Troitzkosavsk, A “miracle” at, 330

---- Koecher, Mr., at, 323

---- Market at, 327

---- Prison at, 327

Tundras of the Obi district, 105

---- of the Yeneseisk province, 200

Tunguses--A _Shaman’s_ costume, 158

---- fair on the Shilka, 488

---- Latham, Dr., on the, 206

---- of the Yeneseisk province, 206

---- Yuraki, M. Théel, on the, 207

Tura River, 27

Turkish race, Dr. Latham on, 206

---- Scriptures read by Tatars, 61

Types of Russian religious gentlemen, 706

Tyr, Cliff at, 589

---- Scripture distribution at, 665

Tzar’s ukase for conversion of Yakutes, 305

Uleaborg, A female prisoner at, 41

Unction, Holy, Office of the, 169-70

Ural mountains, 17

---- Gold-washing in the, 211

Usine at Barnaul, 153-6

---- at Irkutsk, 268

Ussuri, Card-playing on the, 680

---- Cossacks in Primorsk, 568 Warlike nature of, 681

---- Course of the, 669

---- Fish in the, 679

---- Length of the, 679

---- Upper, Ginseng plantations of the, 566

Ust-Strelka, The Amur at, 514

Vaccination in the Primorsk, 571

Vagrants, Deportation of, 37

_Vega_ frozen in, 646

---- rounding Cape Cheliuskin, 292

---- Temperature on the, 563

Vegetables of Kamchatka, 645

Vegetation at Nertchinsk, 426

---- at Sakhalin, 649

---- at Vladivostock, 690

---- south of Tomsk, 146

Venyukoff’s mission to Peking, 494

Verchne-Udinsk, Population of, 317

---- Posting letters at, 354

---- Prison at, 317 Scriptures for, 318

---- Town of, 317

Vermin in Siberian prisons, 363

Verst-posts, Distances between, 436

Vestments of clergy, 163

---- Splendour of, 164

Victims of Shamanism, 311

Village church procession, 174

---- deserted at Pashkova, 671

---- education, 150

---- of the Gilyaks, 593

---- of the _Scoptsi_, 205

---- settlers on the Amur, 588

---- Siberian, Description of a, 190

---- _Starosta_, or chief man, 51

Virgin, Commemorations of the, 165

Visit to a Chinese merchant, 339

---- to a gold-mine, 211

---- to a Kara mine, 463

Visitation of the sick, 169

Visits to prisoners, 246

Vitim, Sables of, 295

Vladivostock, Author’s religious services at, 725

---- barracks, 718

---- Boys’ Industrial School, 723

---- Chinese houses at, 716 Junks at, 716

---- Coal-mines at, 678

---- Commerce of, 716

---- De Vries, Capt., Lodging with, 712

---- Exports at, 714

---- Foreign communications, 723

---- Fruit-trees at, 690

---- Girls’ Institute, 721 “Best-beloved” prize, 722

---- Harbour of, 712

---- High-class school at, 719

---- Imports at, 714

---- Inhabitants of, 713

---- lock-up, 719

---- Lutheran church at, 717

---- Mills at, 709

---- Morality at, 723

---- Naval hospitals at, 617

---- Penal colony at, 726 Dress of prisoners, 728 Treatment of convicts, 728

---- Pleasure garden at, 717

---- Poor relief at, 717

---- Population of, 712

---- Port of, 666

---- Potatoes at, 690

---- Priest of, 730

---- Rain at, 565

---- Russian inhabitants of, 715

---- Situation of, 711

---- Telegraphs in, 724

---- Temperature at, 50, 563

---- Tigers in, 700

---- Wages of convict women servants at, 570

_Vodka_ and alcohol, 544

Voguls, 98

Volcanoes, 562, 635

Volga, Voyage on the, 16

Voyage down the Shilka by Collins, 441

---- of Knox on the Shilka, 441

Wages at Nikolaefsk, 590

---- of convict servants, 570

---- of gold-miners, 223

Walking of exiles to destination, 44

War, Anglo-Chinese, Influence of, 501

---- Crimean, Influence of, 497

Wardropper’s engineering firm at Tiumen, 27

Water, Benediction of, 169

Weather in crossing Europe, 24

---- on Lower Amur, 627

Weddings among the Goldi, 601-74

Western and Eastern Siberia, 51, 188

---- Siberia, Author’s work in, 733

Whales in the Sea of Okhotsk, 631

Wheelwright, An extortionate, 193

Whyte on number of political exiles, 394

Wiborg prison, 63

Wife-beating, 270

---- Goldi’s price of a, 601-74

Wiggins, Capt., accompanied by Seebohm, 763

---- dealing with Ostjaks, 103

---- Discoveries of, 761

---- in the Obi gulf, 106

---- Navigation of the Kara Sea, 51, 768

---- on Siberian miners, 225

---- The _Thames_ in winter quarters, 198

Wild-fowl of Kamchatka, 637

Winter climate at Irkutsk, 264

---- dress of Gilyaks, 597

---- habitations of Gilyaks, 595

Wives accompanying exiled husbands, 36

---- of prisoners, 388

Women, Churching of, 167

---- criminals at mines, 467

---- Gilyaks’ estimation of, 601

---- in silver-mines a myth, 417

---- Town without, 338

Work at Alexandreffsky prison, 446

---- “Fabric,” 82

---- in mines, 82

---- of a _tayoshnik_, 213

---- of prisoners, 446

---- Prison, Lack of, 247

Working hours at a gold-mine, 224

Works at Nijni Tagilsk, 20, 21

---- consulted or referred to, 772

---- Iron, at Petrovsky Zavod, 355

World, Itinerary round the, 770

Worship: Altars of sacrifice, 59

---- Candles used at, 164

---- Gilyak idols, 606

---- “High places,” 405

---- of images, 164

---- of pictures, 164, 331

---- of prisoners in Petersburg, 65

---- of Tcheremisi, 14

---- of the Tatars, 14, 59

Writing to prisoners’ friends, 84, 236

Yablonoi mountains, View of, 360

Yakute dogs, Breeding of, 304

Yakutes: Tsar’s ukase for their conversion, 305

---- Description of the, 299

---- Dress of the, 302

---- Dwellings of the, 300

---- Furniture of houses, 301

---- Gluttony of, 301, 307

---- Horseflesh eating, 301

---- Horses, Treatment of, 308

---- Iron-smelting by, 304

---- Language of the, 305

---- Reindeer, Use of, 306

---- Strahlenberg on, 282-99, 305

Yakutsk, Foundation of, 112, 281

---- Gold and mica found at, 295

---- government, Prisoners in, 37

---- Population of, 294

---- Souvenirs from, 303

---- Temperature at, 296

---- Travelling, Difficulty of, 306

_Yemstchiks_, 138

---- Buriats as, 369

---- Drunkenness of, 252

---- “Tips” to, 140

Yenesei, Current and proportions of, 197

---- Fish of, 201

---- Floods, 198, 219

---- Flora of, 219

---- Length of, 19

---- Outlet to Europe and Japan, 51

---- Peacock’s description of, 197

---- Seebohm on the, 198 On ornithology of, 763

---- Settlement of Tunguses on the, 206 Yuraki, on the, 206

---- Sources of the, 196

---- Steamers on the, 203

---- Théel’s description, 197

---- valley, Iron ore in the, 210 Trees in the, 105

Yeneseisk, Animals of, 209

---- Birds of, 202

---- Boundaries of, 199

---- Cattle of, 204

---- Forests of, 200

---- Founding of, 112

---- Lakes of, 200

---- Population of, 203

---- Roads in, 139

---- Tatars of the province, 205

---- Temperature of, 200

---- Town of, 205

---- Tundras of, 200

---- Tunguses, 206

Yermak, Conquests of, 57

_Yourts_ of the Ostjaks, 124

Yukaghirs, 298

Yule, Mr., and the Selenginsk mission, 320

Yurak-Samoyede idols, 103

Réclus, M., on the, 103

Yuraki settlement on the Yenesei, 206

---- Théel, M., on the, 207

---- Tunguses, M. Théel on the, 207

Yuryef monastery, Life in the, 178

Za-Baikal, Gold found in the, 462

---- Metals in the, 378

---- Silver found in the, 378

Zavod work for criminals, 82

Zemski post, 239

Zeya, Course of the, 531

---- Mouth of the, 531

---- Peasants on the, 531

_Zeya_, Drunkenness on board the, 506

---- Travelling on board the, 505, 511

Hazell, Watson, and Viney, Printers, London and Aylesbury.

NOTICES OF THE PRESS.

=The Times.= (_One column._)

“The reader who will follow this long Odyssey, with all its episodes of considerable hardships, and not without dangers, will find in Mr. Lansdell’s volumes all that can interest him about Siberia--a country which was once looked upon merely as a place of durance and banishment, with weeping and gnashing of teeth, but which begins now to be better known as a land in many parts of prodigious fertility and transcendent beauty.... Mr. Lansdell appears to have been delighted with almost everything he saw.... He lays claim to the character of an impartial writer, and if his mind was in any way biased it can only have been by those warm chivalrous sympathies which prompted him to an enterprise of charity and humanity, and by a sense of gratitude for the great kindness and hospitality with which he seems to have been welcomed at every stage of his progress.”

=The Athenæum.= (_Five columns._)

“With the exception of Mr. Mackenzie Wallace’s ‘Russia,’ the best book on a Russian subject which has appeared of late years is Mr. Lansdell’s ‘Through Siberia.’ It is a genuine record of a remarkable expedition, written by a traveller who has evidently eyes with which to see clearly, and a mind free from prejudice or bias, whether political or theological.... Mr. Lansdell may be congratulated on having rendered a great service to the convict population of Russia.... But the service which he has rendered to English readers is of a more signal nature.... Mr. Lansdell’s book will now enable every one to judge for himself.”

=The Illustrated London News.=

“We can promise the readers of Mr. Lansdell’s book a great deal of entertainment, combined with instruction, in the survey of such an immense field of topography, natural history, and ethnology, and in the plentiful anecdotes of wayside experience and casual observation.... His statements are characterised by an imposing air of precision, and are fortified by official statistics, which claim due attention from those candidly disposed to investigate the subject.”

=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society.=

“Mr. Lansdell’s work contains much incidental detail likely to be of practical utility to other travellers, apart from its special philanthropic and economical aspects, and the convenience of its collected descriptive matter. The observations on the various races met with, especially in the extreme eastern part of the journey, are of considerable interest, as are the accounts of the actual conditions of the country at the present time.”

=Church Missionary Intelligencer.= (_Four pages._)

“Mr. Lansdell has spared no pains or labour to make his book as complete as possible. It is altogether different from even the higher class of books of travel. It teems with information of every possible kind; ... the footnotes are quite a remarkable feature for the minuteness of statistical detail with which every subject touched upon--geographical and ethnographical, economic and commercial, ecclesiastical and literary, imperial and municipal--is illustrated.”

=The Record.= (_One column._)

“The interest of ‘Through Siberia’ is varied, and the revelations of the book will attract various minds. The Christian will find herein much which will move his pity for souls; the ecclesiastic will note with attention many striking passages which will assist his studies in comparative religion, and supply links between different ages and differing Churches; the philanthropist will engage himself with existing human wrongs, and seek for suggestions as to methods for redressing and removing them; the statesman may find light, lurid, indeed, and terrible, cast on pressing questions of State policy and relation of classes; while the man of science will not search these pages in vain for facts in ethnology, geography, geology, climatology, sociology, and philology, which will enrich his stores and supply missing links in his world of study.”

=The Field.=

“The utmost commendation must be given to the reverend author, not only for his personal work, but for the good taste that has impelled him to describe his religious labours in language understanded of the laity.... His observations on the varied aspect of the country, its products and capabilities, the actual condition of cities and villages, society, means of travel and accommodation, and the many tribes and races met with, will be perused by the general reader with the greatest interest; whilst a good index enables the student of ethnology, mineralogy, and other physical sciences, etc., to discover the many special notes scattered throughout the book.”

=The Globe.= (_One column._)

“In addition to a large amount of valuable information respecting convict life in Siberia, the author gives many interesting details of the semi-barbarous countries through which he travelled.... The illustrations and maps will be found very serviceable in elucidating the text, and the work as a whole deserves no slight measure of praise.”

=The Rock.= (_One column._)

“The volumes are got up with great care, and remarkably well illustrated. The books will amply repay perusal; and to all who desire to obtain an insight into Russian manners and customs we confidently recommend them.”

=The Academy.= (_Four columns._)

“His book is full of interesting, valuable, and amusing information.... Mr. Lansdell is never tedious; and we are of opinion that ‘Through Siberia’ is much more entertaining, and certainly more readable, than many novels.”

=The United Service Gazette.= (_Three columns._)

“There is plenty of real novelty in Siberia without troubling the novelist any more. Certainly no more entertaining book of the kind, combined with usefulness, has been issued from the press for a long time.... Everywhere there is something new to tell us, and we wonder why in the world it is that Siberia has been left out in the cold so long.”

=Paper and Print.= (_One column._)

“‘Through Siberia’ is a book which every Englishman ought to read.... Mr. Lansdell’s book will create a lasting sensation, and will also provide food for reflection for all who take an interest in the affairs of their fellow-creatures.”

=The St. James’s Gazette.= (_One column._)

“Mr. Lansdell has made a point of avoiding politics; nor does it form part of his plan to inquire why the exiles, imprisoned or confined to particular districts in Siberia, were sent there. He deals only with their actual condition; and this he certainly shows to be much better than is generally supposed.”

=The Pall Mall Gazette.= (_Two columns._)

“In some ways Mr. Lansdell has a better right to speak about Siberia than any previous western traveller. He went right through the country, from Tiumen on the Ural boundary, to Nikolaefsk on the Pacific coast.... His views upon the Russian penal system are undoubtedly founded upon honest personal conviction.... Apart even from its main subject, it teems with useful information about the country and the people, some tribes of which Mr. Lansdell has perhaps been the first so fully to describe.”

=The Fireside.= (_Three pages._)

“As a work of rare interest, we commend to our readers Mr. Lansdell’s charming traveller’s story, a book of which three-fourths of the first edition were sold before it had fairly reached the publishers’ counter.... That he has succeeded in gathering a mass of reliable information is evident; for a Russian Inspector of Prisons writes respecting the proof-sheets of the work: ‘What you say is so perfectly correct, that your book may be taken as a standard even by Russian authorities.’”

=Fraser’s Magazine.= (_Thirteen pages._)

“It is no more than the simple truth which Mr. Lansdell speaks when he claims that he is in a unique position among all those who have written on the subject. He has gone where he pleased in Siberia.... His testimony, therefore, is simply the best that exists.... Of course it is difficult to hope that his testimony will be accepted by everyone; there are too many who, as a popular proverb says, ‘love truth, but invite the lie to dinner.’ But I have faith that the majority of Englishmen will perceive the untrustworthiness of Nihilistic and Polish sources. If I am wrong, it would only prove that public opinion, even in England, has lost its value.”

O. K. (a _Russian_ writer.)

=Harper’s Monthly Magazine.= (_One column._)

“Since the time of Howard, no one has given us so full and fair an account of Russian prisons as is now presented to us by Mr. Lansdell, and like Howard, he finds the Russians far less cruel jailers than they are generally credited or discredited with being.”

=The Baptist.= (_Two columns._)

“The effect of Mr. Lansdell’s laborious investigations from one end of the country to the other cannot but be salutary, and cannot, we are disposed to think, fail to promote a good understanding between Russia and other countries.... It is strange, but none the less true, that no government in the world has been so ludicrously misrepresented as the Russian, and a man who undertakes to set matters in a true light before the eyes of the world deserves the gratitude of all parties. This Mr. Lansdell has done, and his book will rank as a leading book of the season.”

=The Saturday Review.= (_Three columns._)

“Mr. Lansdell is an acute and eager traveller, as well as an ardent philanthropist.... His journey ... was one of great interest, great adventure, and great endurance. The numerous and clever illustrations with which the volumes are adorned add very much to their value. We take leave of our author in the hope that, on the one hand, neither his philanthropy nor his love of travelling is exhausted; and that, on the other hand, his first venture in the world of letters may be so favourable as to tempt him to a second venture, though perhaps on a somewhat smaller scale.”

Transcriber’s Notes

• Italics represented by surrounding _underscores_.

• Small caps converted to ALL CAPS.

• Obvious typographic errors silently corrected.

• Variations in hyphenation and spelling kept as in the original.

• Corrected the spelling of Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld throughout.

• Footnotes renumbered consecutively within each chapter and moved to the end of their respective chapters.

• Images relocated close to related content. Page references from original captions removed.

• The table in Appendix F has been reformatted to fit a vertical rather than a horizontal format.

• At the end of the Bibliography is “_To the foregoing should be added the following work, on the eve of publication_” and an entry for Hovgaard. This entry has been moved to its alphabetical location in the Bibliography and the note removed.