CHAPTER XIII.

THE PHÖ.

Non-Chinese races of Western and South-western China--Imperfect knowledge regarding them--A traveller’s difficulties--Phö language approaching extinction--The Miao-tzŭ rebellion--Relationship of the Miao-tzŭ tribes--Art among the Phö--Music and dancing--Characteristics of the language--Exercises--English-Phö vocabulary.

[Sidenote: _THE NON-CHINESE RACES._]

The very imperfect nature of our knowledge regarding the non-Chinese races of Western and South-western China, constitutes the great impediment to their exact scientific classification. Notwithstanding this, however, there are certain well-marked distinctions that cannot fail to attract the eye and the ear of the traveller. So great a contrast do the Lolos bear to the Chinese, that not for a single moment can any idea of affinity be entertained. And the same holds good with the Miao-tzŭ of Kuei-chow and the Shans of Yün-nan who, with the Lolos, form the three great distinctive races of Kuei-chow, Yün-nan, and Ssŭ-ch’uan. With regard to the Ku-tsung of North-western Yün-nan and the Sifan of North-western Ssŭ-ch’uan, the former, from their physique, dress and language, are undoubted Tibetans, while the latter are in all probability a branch of the same stock. The term Man-tzŭ, although applied by the Ssŭ-ch’uanese to the inhabitants of the region to the west of Lolodom and often to the Lolos themselves, is generically used to designate the non-Chinese races of Western China.

Our knowledge of these races is defective, for the simple reason that no foreigner has ever paid them a lengthened visit, which is essential to a thorough grasp of their ethnological characteristics. Nor is this a matter for surprise, as the opportunities, which foreigners possess of visiting these tribes, whose haunts are removed from beaten tracks, are few and far between; and those few who have had such opportunities have been too much occupied with other work to study ethnological details or acquire a new language.

As recorded in the preceding pages, I passed through the countries of most of these tribes; but, like others, I found myself wanting in leisure to cultivate a closer intimacy with them. I need only appeal to travellers in Western China as to the facilities afforded for undertaking such a task. In what does the traveller’s day usually consist? He gets up at daybreak, hurries on to the end of the stage, writes up an account of the day’s journey, endeavours to get something to eat, and tries to enjoy a few hours’ sleep ere the labours of another day begin. The miseries of travel, too, breed a feeling of restlessness and a hankering after something more comfortable than his present experiences. But all the comfort the traveller in these regions may expect, and too frequently gets, is shelter in a miserable mud hovel without chair or table--hardly a promising spot in which to commence ethnological studies.

Nor is this all; given a chair and a table, the next difficulty is to find the man whose characteristics it is intended to study. The treatment which these aborigines receive at the hands of the Chinese, and the contempt in which they are held by them, have induced a timidity which is hard to overcome, and they have often expressed to me their fears that they would get into trouble through accepting my invitation to visit me.

In traversing the country between the Ta-tu River in Western Ssŭ-ch’uan and the north-west frontier of Yün-nan, I have frequently seen so-called Man-tzŭ suddenly quit the roadway and conceal themselves in the bordering brushwood and tall reeds until we had passed. And even when an interview has with difficulty been obtained, my visitors were always anxious to get away as soon as possible, so that the most the traveller can do is to note down a few of their more common words, without attempting the analysis of even a few simple sentences.

A few short vocabularies are all that I was able to collect during my journeys; but, towards the end of 1884, chance threw in my way an opportunity of entering more fully into the language of the principal branch of the aborigines of Kuei-chow, known to the Chinese as the Hei or Black Miao, or, as they call themselves, the Phö.

In that year Mr. Broumton, who was then in charge of the China Inland Mission station at Kuei-yang, came to Ch’ung-k’ing bringing with him a man belonging to this tribe from the south-east of Kuei-chow, and he was good enough to place the services of this individual at my disposal. He was fairly well versed in Chinese, and I endeavoured to learn something of his language, and, with his assistance, to translate a few of the easy exercises of Sir Thomas Wade’s Chinese Colloquial Course into Phö.

[Sidenote: _SUBJUGATION OF THE PHÖ._]

I should state that, according to my teacher, there is no written character, and my aim was to preserve a specimen of a tongue which must sooner or later become extinct. Of late years, the authorities of the province of Kuei-chow have been endeavouring to compel the Miao-tzŭ to adopt the Chinese dress and learn the Chinese language. Their efforts, too, are meeting with considerable success, and it is safe to predict that the Phö tongue is within a measurable distance of extinction.

About twenty years ago a desperate struggle commenced between the Chinese and the Phö, the alleged origin being attempted extortion on the part of the former. The struggle lasted for five years, and had it not been, so say the Phö, that the Chinese obtained a supply of foreign rifles, it would not have ended so disastrously for the aborigines. In bright clear weather no advantage was gained by the Chinese; but the Phö were pressed hard in rainy weather, when they were unable to keep the powder of their matchlocks dry. In this connection I may state that the Phö manufacture their own guns and ammunition--their powder, which is of a brown colour, being famous for its strength and superiority even among the Chinese.

The result of the struggle was that the Phö were terribly decimated; and the population of the tribe is now estimated not to exceed seventy thousand souls. The Chinese were assisted in the war against the Phö by the Ka-tou, generally called the Hua, or Coloured Miao, and so named because they wear fancy-coloured garments, just as the Phö are called Black Miao because they affect dark clothes.

There can be no doubt that the Miao-tzŭ are a race altogether different from the Chinese. In physique they are decidedly inferior; in dress, manners, and customs they stand alone; and their language, although it contains a considerable number of borrowed Chinese words, is undoubtedly distinct. The problem that presents itself to the traveller in Kuei-chow is not the affinity between the Miao-tzŭ and the Chinese, but the relationship of the Miao-tzŭ to each other. They are divided into a number of tribes whose traits are recognized not only by the Chinese, but even amongst themselves; and, as I have already observed, one tribe is prepared to go to war with the other. In physique they are the same, but in dress they differ. Do they speak the same language? The following is a comparative table of the numerals of three different tribes dwelling in South-east, Central, and North-west Kuei-chow, respectively:--

[Sidenote: _ASSIMILARITY OF DIALECTS._]

-----------+-----------------+-----------+----------------- I. | II. | III. | IV. Numerals.| S.E. Kuei-chow | Central | N. W. Kuei-chow | Phö. | Kuei-chow.| Ka-tou. -----------+-----------------+-----------+----------------- 1 | Yi | Yi | Yi 2 | Au | Ou | Ou 3 | Pieh | Peh | Pu 4 | Hlao | Plou | Pi 5 | Chia | Psŭ | Pa 6 | Tiu | Tsou | Chou 7 | Hsiung | Hsiang | Chiung 8 | Ya | Yi | Yi 9 | Chu | Chia | Chu 10 | Chiu | Ku | Ko -----------+-----------------+-----------+-----------------

A glance at the above will show that there is a great resemblance; and, as the difficulty of transcribing the living sounds is great, I have no hesitation in saying that a more careful study will evolve a still more marked resemblance. The transcription of the Phö sounds in column II. may be taken as fairly accurate, for they have been repeated and repeated by me in many hundreds of combinations without leading to a single mistake. Nor is the comparison limited to the numerals. I have transcribed hundreds of words of different tribes, and the resemblance is equally evident.

The conclusion I have arrived at, after careful comparison and research, is that the Miao-tzŭ tribes of Kuei-chow are branches of the same stem, speaking somewhat different dialects of the same language. This conclusion, I must not omit to mention, is at variance with the statements of my Phö teacher, who insisted that the Ka-tou tongue is totally unintelligible to a Phö; but I am inclined to think that he was more than anxious to disclaim all affinity with his quondam enemy.

But there is another proof that they are of the same stock. At a gathering of the Phö held once a year, representatives of the other tribes are present and take part in the proceedings. This gathering, which takes place at full moon of the third Chinese month, is of a character altogether different from the annual fair held during the third month at Ta-li Fu, where many different races meet. The latter is a market pure and simple, whereas the former appears to partake of a religious nature, and to be connected with the coming harvests.

What the religious aspect is, it is difficult to say, for deep potations would seem to be the order of the day. The Miao-tzŭ, like the Lolos, are great drinkers, the wine being a native spirit. Art is not wanting among them; the women are exceedingly skilful at embroidery, and the beautiful silver ornaments--rings, clasps, bracelets, ear-rings, brooches, and necklaces--which they wear on _fête_ days, are highly finished. Some of the sterner sex also affect one large silver ear-ring in, if my memory is not at fault, the left ear.

The dress of the Phö male consists of black loose trousers surmounted by a short jacket with tight sleeves. The garments of the female are far more striking. They consist, to begin at the top, of a black turban, short jacket and kilt reaching almost to the feet, the wrists and backs of the sleeves and the hem of the kilt being ornamented with embroidery, usually with silk. At the gathering in question, music and dancing are much indulged in.

The musical instruments are manufactured from bamboos of different sizes, some of them from twelve to fifteen feet long, fitted with a mouth-piece, their lower ends being inserted in a large hollow cylinder (the hollowed out trunk of a tree), while the upper end of the longest reed is usually surmounted by a cone made of the sheath which grows at the joints of large bamboos. This instrument is called the _ki_, and from it a loud booming noise is, owing to the presence of the cylinder, extracted. The musicians move round in a circle as they play, followed on the outskirts by the young women, who dance in a slow, solemn manner. Of course the ladies, like their Lolo and Shan sisters, do not bind their feet. They lead altogether a freer life than the Chinese, both sexes sitting down to meals at the same table, and entering fully into the conversation even in the presence of a foreigner.

[Sidenote: _MUSIC AND DANCING._]

The language of the Phö, while following to a great extent the Chinese idiom, exhibits at the same time considerable divergence. A “cart-before-the-horse” principle is very marked throughout. An example or two will suffice to explain my meaning. The Chinese for “beef” and “mutton” is “niu jou” and “yang jou”--that is, “ox-meat” and “sheep-meat.” The Phö, on the other hand, say “ngi lia” and “ngi li,” which, literally translated, mean “meat-ox” and “meat-sheep.” Again, for “good man” the Chinese say “hao jên,” where “good man” is the subject of the sentence; the Phö say “nai ghou”--“man good,” and “very good man” is “nai ghou kuai,” that is, the adjective follows the noun and the adverb the adjective. There are eight tones readily distinguishable, but they are not so marked as in Chinese, where a false tone may lead to endless confusion. I have read over sentence after sentence to my teacher, carefully avoiding to distinguish tones, and, as a rule, he has interpreted in Chinese the exact meaning intended to be conveyed. With these brief remarks I leave the language to the student of philology. Appended are a few exercises and a short vocabulary in English and Phö. Those conversant with Chinese will at once detect the large admixture of Chinese words, which are for the most part only slightly modified; but the two most striking peculiarities of the language are the aspirated _l_ and the _v_ sound.

EXERCISES

IN

THE PHÖ LANGUAGE.

EXERCISE I.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. One. Yi. 2. Two. Au. 3. Three. Pieh. 4. Four. ‘Hlao. 5. Five. Chia. 6. Six. Tiu. 7. Seven. Hsiung. 8. Eight. Ya. 9. Nine. Chu. 10. Ten. Chiu. 11. Some. Nao hsiu. 12. A thousand. Yi say. 13. Several. Hao nao. 14. A hundred. Yi pa. 15. Ten thousand. Yi ver. 16. Not. A. 17. To come. Ta. 18. Many. Nao. 19. Few. Hsiu. 20. To be; have. Mai. 21. Good. Ghou. 22. Some; few. Pa. 23. Numerative. Lai. 24. To return. Loh. 25. Odd; more. Ka. 26. Man; men. Nai. 27. Long. Ta. 28. Inch. Sai. 29. Share; part. Fai. 30. Single. Chĭāng. 31. Catty. Chiang. 32. Flesh; meat. Ngi. 33. Cow. Lia. 34. Sheep. Li. 35. Fish. Nieh. 36. Bushel. Toh. 37. Wheat. Ka mieh. 38. Rice. Sai; Kah. 39. Buckwheat. Chiu. 40. Door. Tiu. 41. Tooth; teeth. Mpi. 42. Li--a measure. Li. 43. Mountain. Pieh. 44. High. ‘Hi.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--16. 19. 20. 34. 57. 68.

2.--17. Two or three hundred. 2 or 3 thousand. 2 or 3. 3 or 5. Five or seven hundred men.

3.--One. 27. 1865.

4.--1,000,300. 570,610. 700,020.

5.--1,000,000. 350,000. 5,000,001. 60,507. 100,000.

6.--70,191. 10,000,000. 461,000.

7.--50,088. 98,402. 1005. 4072. 8367. 10,006. 103.

8.--118. 254. 9,993,000.

9.--A number of people have come. There are some people. How many people are there? There are several people come. Upwards of 30,000.

10.--Some score. Several score. Ten and more. Two. Some. Over ten. Eight or nine. Ten and more. Nine or ten. Two hundred and more. 5000 and more.

11.--3-4/10 inches. A single one. Five catties of beef. Six catties of mutton. Some catties of fish.

12.--Seven bushels of wheat. Nine bushels of rice. One bushel of buckwheat.

13.--Some teeth. Several myriads of li in length. Forty thousand li. There is a mountain full two hundred li high.

1.--Chiu tiu. Chiu chu. Au chiu. Pieh chiu ‘hlao. Chia chiu hsiung. Tiu chiu ya.

2.--Chiu hsiung. Au pieh pa. Au pieh say. Pieh au lai. Pieh chia lai. Chia hsiung pa nai.

3.--Yi. Au chiu hsiung. Yi say ya pa tiu chiu chia.

4.--Yi pa ver pieh pa lai. Chia chiu hsiung ver tiu pa ka. Hsiung chiu ver au chiu.

5.--Yi pa ver. Pieh chiu chia ver. Chia pa ver yi. Tiu ver chia pa hsiung. Chiu ver.

6.--Hsiung ver yi pa chu chiu yi. Yi say ver. ‘Hlao chiu tiu ver yi say.

7.--Chia ver ya chiu ya. Chu ver ya say ‘hlao pa au. Yi say chia. ‘Hlao say hsiung chiu au. Ya say pieh pa tiu chiu hsiung. Yi ver tiu. Yi pa pieh.

8.--Yi pa chiu ya. Au pa chia chiu ‘hlao. Chu pa chu chiu chu ver pieh say.

9.--Mai pa lai nai ta. Mai pa lai. Mai hao nao nai. Mai nao hsiu nai ta. Pieh ver nao.

10.--Pa chiu lai. Pa chiu lai. Chiu nao lai. Au lai. Pa lai. Chiu lai nao. Ya chu lai. Chiu lai nao. Chu lai chiu lai. Au pa nao. Chia say.

11.--Pieh sai ‘hlao fai ta. Chiang lai. Chia chiang ngi lia. Tiu chiang ngi li. Pa chiang nieh.

12.--Hsiung toh ka mieh. Chu toh sai. Yi toh chiu.

13.--Pa tiu mpi. Pa ver li ta. Mai ‘hlao ver li. Mai pieh ‘hi au pa nao li.

EXERCISE II.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Thou. Moung. 2. I. Vai. 3. He. Ngi. 4. They. Ngi Tau. 5. You. Mich. 6. We. Pieh. 7. This. Nung. 8. At. Niang hang. 9. That. Moung. 10. That. Ai. 11. Son. Pu tia. 12. What. Kai shi. 13. To buy. Mai. 14. To sell. Mei. 15. To get. Tao. 16. Very. Kuai; va. 17. Who? Tê shi. 18. To want. Ou. 19. To be. Tiao. 20. East. Keh nich. 21. Daughter. Po a. 22. Things. Keh nung keh ai. 23. Large; great. ‘Hlioh. 24. Small. Niu. 25. Sign of poss. case. Pieh. 26. As. Liu. 27. That. Tieh. 28. Whence. Kêng hang.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--Thine. Mine. His.

2.--You. We. They.

3.--Your. Our. Their.

4.--We two men.

5.--This. That.

6.--Here. There.

7.--As large as this. As small as that.

8.--What man?

9.--What thing or things?

10.--Who is that man? That man is a good man.

11.--To buy things. To sell things.

12.--He is a trader. What does he sell? He sells a good many things.

13.--I want good ones. Have you any? None.

14.--This is very good. That is bad.

15.--Who is it that has come? There is no one come.

16.--What place is he from? He is not of this place.

17.--How many people have come? A good number.

18.--I do not want this one. They want it.

19.--This is ours. That is theirs.

20.--Have you got this thing? We do not want it.

21.--How many people are there there? Ten people and more.

22.--Is he come? He is not come.

23.--This man is very good. That man is very bad.

24.--Whose is this thing? It is ours. How many have you of these? Not many.

25. Have you got any very good ones there? None good. Unless you have some very good, we do not want any.

1.--Moung pieh. Vai pieh. Ngi pieh.

2.--Mieh. Pieh. Ngi tau.

3.--Mieh pieh. Pieh pieh. Ngi tau pieh.

4.--Au au lai nai _or_ Vai au lai nai.

5.--Tieh nung. Tieh ai.

6.--Niang hang nung. Niang hang ai.

7.--‘Hlioh liu nung. Niu liu moung.

8.--Kai shi nai.

9.--Kai shi keh nung keh ai.

10.--Tieh nai tiao tê shi. Tieh nai tiao lai nai ghou.

11.--Mai keh nung keh ai. Mei keh nung keh ai.

12.--Ngi tiao mai mei nai. Mei kai shi. Mei hao nao keh nung keh ai.

13.--Vai ou ghou ti. Mai a mai. A mai.

14.--Tieh nung ghou kuai. Tieh moung a ghou.

15.--Mai kai shi nai ta. A mai nai ta.

16.--Ngi kêng hang to ta. Ngi a tiao hang nung nai.

17.--Ngi tau ta nao hsiu nai. Ngi tau ta hao nao nai.

18.--Vai a ou lai nung. Ngi tau ou lai nung.

19.--Tieh nung tiao pieh pieh. Tieh nung tiao ngi tau pieh.

20.--Mieh mai tieh nung a mai. Pieh a ou tieh nung.

21.--Mai nao hsiu nai moung. Mai chiu nao nai.

22.--Ngi ta a pa. Ngi a pa ta.

23.--Tieh nai nung ghou kuai. Tieh nai moung kuai a ghou.

24.--Tieh nung tê shi nai pieh. Pieh nai pieh. Moung mai nao hsiu lai tieh nung. A mai nao.

25.--Mieh hang moung ghou kuai a mai. A mai ghou. Mieh a mai ghou kuai pieh a ou.

EXERCISE III.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. To enter. Pou. 2. Wall of a city. Hao. 3. House, home. Chieh. 4. Inhabit, dwell. Niang. 5. Dust. Ka pai. 6. Street. Ka. 7. Up, ascend. Chieh. 8. Numerative of houses. Say. 9. A room. Ch’ung. 10. Inside. Keh tiung. 11. To open. Pu. 12. A shop. P’au. 13. To shut. Su. 14. Window. Kantlong. 15. To go out. ‘Hliu kou. 16. To go away. Moung. 17. To go towards. Moung. 18. Outside. Keh kou. 19. The head. Koh. 20. To know. Pang. 21. Road. Keh. 22. To do. Ai. 23. To pass. Tioh. 24. Trade. Chiang.

WORDS COMBINED

1.--To live in a house. 2.--To live at home. 3.--Inside the city walls. Outside the city walls. 4.--Inside. Outside.

5.--In a room. 6.--Three houses. 7.--Eighteen rooms. 8.--Four shops. 9.--Shut the door. 10.--Open the window. 11.--To go out. To come in. 12.--To pass, to go past.

13.--Going or walking. 14.--To go up the street. 15.--Walking in the street. 16.--To go east. To go west. 17.--The eastern and western divisions of the city. 18.--To know. 19.--What doing? or, why? 20.--Where do you live? I am in the city. 21.--How many buildings have you over there? Thirty-five.

22.--Is the house you live in large or small? I live in three small rooms. 23.--This house is a great deal better than that one. 24.--Open the door. Shut the window. 25.--To come into the room.

26.--There is a great deal of dust outside. 27.--What is he doing at home? He is not at home. Do you know where he is gone? He is gone up the street.

28.--That man keeps seven shops. Dealing in what? And where are they all?

29.--They are inside the city. Three in the east division and four in the west. We have no such thriving business here.

30.--Those shops have a large number of customers.

31.--There are five or six people come out. Who are they? I do not know. 32.--No one lives in this room. 33.--That shop is mine. 34.--He did not come in. He went past westwards. What has he gone out to do? He is gone up the street to buy something.

35.--There are a great number of people in the street.

1.--Niang chieh. 2.--Niang chieh. 3.--Hao keh tiung. Hao keh kou. 4.--Keh tiung. Keh kou.

5.--Ch’ung chieh keh tiung. 6.--Pieh lai chieh. 7.--Chiu ya ch’ung chieh. 8.--‘Hlao lai p’au. 9.--Su tiu. 10.--Pu kantlong. 11.--‘Hliu kou. Pou chieh. 12.--Tioh moung.

13.--‘Hei keh. 14.--Chieh ka. 15.--Tioh ka ‘hei keh. 16.--Moung keh nieh. Moung keh chioh. 17.--Hao keh nieh. Hao keh chioh. 18.--Pang. 19.--Ai kai shi. 20.--Moung niang hang to. Vai niang hao keh tiung. 21.--Mieh niang ai mai hao nao chieh. Mai pieh chiu chia chieh.

22.--Moung niang lai chieh ‘hlioh niu. Vai niang pieh ch’ung chieh niu. 23.--Lai chieh nung pi lai chieh ai ghou kuai. 24.--Tiu pu yeh _or_ Pu tiu kantlong su yeh _or_ Su kantlong. 25.--Pou chieh ta.

26.--Keh kou ‘hlioh ka pai. 27.--Ngi chieh keh tiung ai kai shi. A niang chieh. Moung hang to, moung pang a pang. Chieh ka moung.

28.--Tai lai nai mai hsiung lai p’au. Ngi lai p’au mai mei kai shi. Pu niang hang to.

29.--Niang hao keh tiung. Hao keh nieh mai pieh lai. Hao keh chioh mai ‘hlao lai. Pieh niang hang nung a mai tieh nai chiang ‘hlioh.

30.--Lai p’au mai keh nung keh ai nao nai.

31.--Keh kou ta chia tiu lai nai. Kai shi nai. Vai a pang. 32.--Lai ch’ung chieh nung a mai nai niang. 33.--Lai p’au tiao vai pieh. 34.--Ngi a pou ta. Tioh moung chioh. Ngi moung ai kai shi. Chieh ka mai keh nung keh ai.

35.---Tiu ka nai nao.

EXERCISE IV.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Before. Keh tang. 2. Behind. Keh kai. 3. To call; bid. Koh. 4. To stand up. Hsiu. 5. To rise. Fa. 6. To recline. Pang. 7. Earth; ground. Tah. 8. Fast. ‘Hi. 9. Slow. A ‘hi. 10. All. Tou. 11. To love. A. 12. To sit. Niang. 13. Chair (sedan). Cho. 14. Storey (upper). Pang. 15. Below; down. Nga. 16. To return. Loh. 17. To arrive at. Leh. 18. Donkey. Lui. 19. Mule. Luh. 20. Numerative of horses, &c. Tei. 21. Numerative of carts, &c. Lai. 22. A pace. Tuoh. 23. Language. Si. 24. Public office. Ngah. 25. To speak. Kang. 26. Horse. Ma. 27. Cart. Lioh. 28. Fast (of animals). Hang.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--To recline. To sit. To rise. To stand up. To walk. To go on foot.

2.--To go fast. To go slow.

3.--In front. In rear.

4.--To come back. To have arrived.

5.--Do you like it or not? Not at all.

6.--To call somebody. Call some one here.

7.--A public office. Upstairs. On the ground.

8.--A cart. A sedan chair. Three horses. Two mules. Four donkeys.

9.--He is lying down on the road. Tell him to get up.

10.--I am, or was, sitting upstairs. He is, or was, sitting down below.

11.--He was on foot. I came in a cart. He came on foot.

12.--I walk fast. He walks slow.

13.--I was walking in front. He was behind.

14.--Is that man come back or not? He is not back, but he soon will be. Where is he gone to? He has gone to the public office. Did he go in a chair or in a carriage? In a small chair. He does not like being in a carriage.

15.--Do you like that man? I do not like any of those men.

16.--Has he been buying horses? No. Mules and donkeys. If he wanted to buy horses, there is not a horse to be had. How many mules or donkeys has he bought? Three mules and seven donkeys.

17.--Which are the better, the mules from this place or those from that? The mules here are not so good as those there. The mules here are slower than what you get there. Both the mules and donkeys from that place are fast.

1.--Pang. Niang. Fa lo. Hsiu. ‘Hei moung. ‘Hei Keh.

2.--‘Hei ‘hi. ‘Hei a ‘hi.

3.--Keh tang. Keh kai.

4.--Loh. Leh yeh.

5.--Ā a ā. Tou a ā.

6.--Koh nai. Koh nai loh.

7.--Ngah. Ku pang. Ka tah.

8.--Lai lioh. Yi lai cho. Pieh tei ma. Au tei luh. ‘Hlao tei lui.

9.--Ngi niang tiu keh pang. Koh ngi fa loh.

10.--Vai niang ku pang niang. Ngi ka tah niang.

11.--Ngi yi tuoh yi tuoh ‘hei. Vai niang lioh loh. Ngi ‘hei keh loh.

12.--Vai ‘hei ‘hi. Ngi ‘hei a ‘hi.

13.--Vai keh tang ‘hei. Ngi keh kai ‘hei.

14.--Ngi tieh nai loh a pa. Ngi a pa loh. Ngi loh ‘hi. Ngi moung hang to. Chieh ngah moung yeh. Ngi niang cho moung, ngi niang lioh moung. Niang yi lai cho niu. Ngi a ā niang lioh.

15.--Ngi tieh nai moung ā a ā. Ngi tau au pieh nai vai tou a ā.

16.--Ngi mai tiao ma a tiao. Ngi mai luh lui. Ngi ou mai ma yi tei ma tou a mai. Luh lui mai hao nao tei. Mai pieh tei luh hsiung tei lui.

17.--Hang nung pieh luh ghou hang ai pieh luh ghou. Hang nung pieh luh a mai hang ai pieh luh ghou. Hang nung pieh luh pi hang ai pieh hang. Hang ai pieh luh lui tou hang.

EXERCISE V.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. True. Tei. 2. Upright. Ta ti. 3. To copy. Cha. 4. To write. Sei. 5. To teach. Chiao. 6. To learn. Liu. 7. To request. Sai. 8. To see. Ngieh. 9. To lay hold of. Tieh. 10. Written words. Li. 11. Before (in time). Hsüeh. 12. To recognize. Hsiang. 13. To seek. Hao. 14. To repay. Poh. 15. To wish. Hang. 16. To tell; inform. Hsieh. 17. To remember. Nieh. 18. To ask. Nai 19. To ride. Chieh. 20. To run; gallop. Yeh. 21. Like; similar. Toh.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--Teacher. 2. To teach. 3. A pupil. 4. To take hold of a book. To read. 5. To look out characters. To recognize characters. 6. To copy. To write.

7.--To look out for a teacher. To engage a teacher. Be so good as to inform me.

8.--I ask you. Be so good as to tell me.

9.--Do you remember.

10.--Correct pronunciation. Intelligible diction.

11.--To see. Have you seen it or not? Have you not seen it yet? I have seen it.

12.--To ride. To run. Did you come on foot or on horseback? I came on horseback. That horse gallops fast.

13.--Have you found a teacher? I have.

14.--Teacher, please teach me to talk.

15.--Teacher, please look out a word for me in the book. What word? I want to find the word _Ngieh_, to see.

16.--Have you ever met with this word? I have. Tell me what word it is. I do not remember the word. Are there any other words that you do not remember? Of course there are. I remember but few compared with the number I forget.

17.--Your pronunciation is correct. So is your diction.

18.--I will ask you whether you know this word or not. I have never seen this word.

19.--I have requested a teacher to come and teach me. He will not come. What is it you requested him to teach? I asked him to teach us the spoken language. He says he objects to come on account of the large number of pupils.

20.--Tell me, is that man’s pronunciation as good as yours? My pronunciation is not very good. He knows more words than I do.

1.--Hsiang li.

2.--Tung tu.

3.--Chu tai.

4.--Tieh pai tu. Ngieh li.

5.--Chau li. Hsiang li.

6.--Chia lo. Sei li.

7.--Chau hsiang li. Hla hsiang li. ‘Hla chiao.

8.--Vai nai moung. ‘Hla moung hsieh.

9.--Nieh a nieh.

10.--Ghou ho shay. Kau si toh a.

11.--Pang yeh. Moung ngieh ku a pa. Moung a pa ngieh ku. Ngieh yeh.

12.--Chieh yeh. Moung ‘hei keh ta kai chieh ma ta. Vai chieh ma ta. Tieh ma yeh hang.

13.--Moung hao hsiang li a pa. Hao yeh.

14.--‘Hla hsiang li chiao si.

15.--‘Hla hsiang ta pai tu [tou vai] hao lai li. Hao lai li toh. Ou hao ngieh lai li.

16.--Lai li moung ngieh ku a pa. Ngieh ku yeh. Moung hsieh vai lai li tiao kai shi. Vai a nieh lai li. Niang mai nieh lai li a mai. Kai shi a mai. Ngieh hsiu a ngieh nao.

17.--Moung ghou ho. Kang si toh.

18.--Vai nai moung lai li nung moung hsiang a hsiang. Lai li nung vai a pa pang ku.

19.--Vai ‘hla hsiang li chiao vai. Ngi a hang ta ‘hla ngi chiao moung kai shi. ‘Hla ngi chiao pieh kang si. Ngi chiu chu tai nao a hang ta.

20.--Moung hsieh vai, tieh lai nai ai pieh ho mai moung pieh ghou a mai. Vai pieh ho a mai ghou. Ngi hsiang li pi vai hsiang nao.

EXERCISE VI.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Paper. Tu. 2. Sheet. Lieh. 3. Pen. Chieh. 4. Numerative of pen. Kai. 5. Ink. Mö. 6. Numerative of ink. ‘Hli. 7. To take hold of. Wa. 8. Numerative of book. Pai. 9. Book. Tu. 10. To study. Ngi. 11. To end; finish. Chiu. 12. To be right; able. Ku-i. 13. To give. Pai. 14. Officer. Kuei lieh. 15. To meet. Hui. 16. To divide. Fai. 17. To hear. Tang. 18. Clear. Ka. 19. Also. Nung. 20. Understand. Tang. 21. Peaceful Pi. 22. A sound Poh. 23. To forget. Tung. 24. To err. Sa. 25. To be able. Pang. 26. A month. Pu.

WORDS COMBINED.

1--A sheet of paper. A volume. Two cakes of ink. Five pens.

2--To understand. To hear. To have forgotten.

3.--Quite right. To have finished. Not to be able to. It will do well enough.

4.--Bring that volume here for me. Show me that sheet of paper. Bring me ten pens and two cakes of ink.

5.--I hear that you are learning a language, and getting on very well. Can you distinguish four dialects? I can distinguish them all.

6.--Have you read that book yet? I have read four-fifths of it. Do you understand it? There are portions of it that I do not understand. There are also some words that I do not know.

7.--How long have you been studying? I have been studying ten months. Do you remember all the words in the book you have been studying? Not all. I have forgotten a good number, and there are some I do not remember accurately.

8.--Does that man understand the language? I have heard people say that he does not. Does he know the written characters? That he does. He knows four or five thousand. How do you know? Last month we read together. If I tell him to copy, will he be able to? There is no reason why he should not.

9.--Tell me, do you understand him when he speaks?

10.--You must on no account forget the books you read. Certainly not. You are quite right.

1.--Yi lieh tu. Yi pai tu. Au ‘hli mö. Chia kai chieh.

2.--Tang. Tang. Tung keh.

3.--Ya sa. Chiu yeh. A pang. Ku-i.

4.--Moung ta pai tu tiao vai. Lieh tu moung vai nieh. Moung tou vai mai chiu kai chieh, au ‘hli mö.

5.--Vai tang moung liu si, liu si ghou kuai. ‘Hlao tiu si moung pang keh fai a pang. ‘Hlao tiu tou fai lu.

6.--Yi pai tu moung nieh chiu a pa. Chiu fai vai ngieh chiu ya fai. Ming pai a ming pai. Mai pa fai a ming pai. Mai au pieh lai li a hsiang.

7.--Moung tung li hao nao tai. Val tung chiu ta pieh tu. Tieh tu li moung tou nieh a nieh. Nieh a chiu. Tung keh pa lai. Tu nieh sa yeh.

8.--Ngi tieh nai tang si a tang. Vai tang chiu ngi a tang tau. Ngi hsiang li a hsiang. Li si hsiang. Hsiang chiu ‘hlao chia say li. Moung hsieh pang. ‘Hla vai pieh niang yi tiao ngieh li. Vai koh ngi sei li, ngi pang a pang. A mai a pang.

9.--Vai nai moung, ngi pieh si moung tang loh kai tang a loh.

10.--Moung tung ku li, a keh tung keh. A sa. Moung chiu tiao a sa.

EXERCISE VII.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Mat. Tieh. 2. Bed. Ch’u. 3. Curtain. Hsiao. 4. To spread. Pou. 5. Cover, lid. Mo. 6. Table. Tang. 7. Chair. Kuei yüeh. 8. Wax. La. 9. Lamp. Tai. 10. Numerative of lamp. Lai. 11. Numerative of boat. Chao. 12. Wine. Chu. 13. Cup. O. 14. Tea. Chiang. 15. Bowl. Ti. 16. Kitchen. Kau sao. 17. To boil. Hao. 18. Rice. Ka. 19. Cooking pan. Vi. 20. Fork. Tia. 21. Spoon. Tiao Kên. 22. To spoil. P’a. 23. Fire. Tu. 24. To use. Hsia. 25. Difficult Hsia. 26. To drink. Hou. 27. Boat. Niang. 28. Bedding. Pang pung.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--A bed. 2.--Curtains. Mats. Bedding.

3.--A table. A chair. 4.--A lamp. A candlestick.

5.--Kitchen. A knife. A fork. A spoon. A cooking pan. A cooking-pan lid. A tea cup. A wine cup.

6.--To boil rice. 7.--It is spoiled. 8.--He spread a mat on the bed. 9.--I want to lie down on this bed. Be quick and make the bed. 10.--Are there curtains upon the bed?

11.--He is lying on the bed. I was sitting on a chair.

12.--It is very dark in the room, bring a lamp.

13.--Some one has taken the lamp away.

14.--Who took away the candlestick that was on the table? It was I that took it to the kitchen.

15.--There is no fire in the kitchen.

16.--A _vi ka_ is a pan for boiling rice. A _vi mo_ is the lid of a rice pan. Tea cups may have covers.

17.--There is no great difference between a wine cup (_o chu_) and a wine bowl (_ti chu_).

18.--The chairs and tables in that room are all spoiled.

19.--Have you bought those tea cups I told you to buy? I have. Have you bought several? Twenty. Where did you buy them? They were bought in a shop outside the city.

20--Have you mats in your apartments? There are mats on all the beds in our apartments.

1.--Yi lai ch’u. 2.--Hsiao. Pêng tieh. Pang pung.

3.--Yi tieh tang. Yi lai Kuei yüeh. 4.--Yi lai tai. La tai.

5.--Kau sao. Yi ti tiu. Yi lai tia. Yi lai tiao kên. Yi lai vi ka. Yi lai ka mo vi. Yi lai o chiang. Yi lai o chu.

6.--Hao ka. 7.--P’a yeh. 8.--Ngi niang ku ch’u pou tieh. 9.--Vai ou niang lai ch’u nung pang yeh. Moung hang tai ta pung pou tiao. 10.--Lai ch’u mai hsiao a mai.

11.--Ngi niang ku ch’u pang yeh. Vai niang kuei yüeh.

12.--Chung chieh ‘hui tieh tai ta.

13.--Mai nai tieh lai tai moung yeh.

14.--Tieh tang keh vai lai la tai, tê shi tieh moung yeh. Tiao vai ta tiao kau sao tieh moung yeh.

15.--Kau sao a mai tu.

16.--Vi ka tiao hao ka hsia. Vi mo tiao vi ka mo. O chiang tou ku i mai mo.

17.--O chu ti chu au lai nung hsia fai.

18.--Chung chieh tang kuei yüeh tou p’a yeh.

19.--Vai koh moung mai o chiang moung mai a pa. Mai yeh. Mai tao pa lai. Mai tao au chiu lai. Niang hang to mai lo. Tou niang hao keh kou tiu pau mai lo.

20.--Mieh pieh tiu chieh mai tieh a mai. Pieh pieh tiu chieh ku ch’u tou mai tieh.

EXERCISE VIII.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Furniture. Chia shih. 2. Stool. Tang. 3. Numerative of stool. Lai. 4. To upset. Koh. 5. Pot. Chieh. 6. Flower. Pieh. 7. Vase. To. 8. To break. T’u. 9. To receive. Shou. 10. To repair. Hsüeh. 11. Plate. Pieh. 12. Saucer. Pieh niu. 13. To eat. Nang. 14. A little. Nang. 15. To blow. Choh. 16. Extinguish. Ta. 17. To burn. Pieh. 18. A stove. Sao. 19. Empty. Kung. 20. Full. Pai. 21. With. Na. 22. To reckon. Sui. 23. In fragments. Sai. 24. To light. Tiao; tou. 25. To pour. Liang. 26. To pour (as tea). Chia. 27. To take. Tieh. 28. In. Tiu. 29. Is; to be. Si.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--Furniture. 2.--A stool. 3.--A stove.

4.--Flower vase. Wine pot. Tea pot. Dishes. Plates.

5.--Light the lamp. Blow out the lamp. Light the fire. Blow out the fire.

6.--To pour or upset water. 7.--Empty pot. The pot is full.

8.--To spoil by breaking. To mend.

9.--Everything that is used in a house is furniture.

10.--Beds, tables, chairs, stools, are all room furniture.

11.--Table furniture consists of knives, forks, spoons, plates, rice bowls and wine cups.

12.--Stoves are of different sizes. The house stove for cooking rice is large. Bedrooms have all small stoves. The stove used to warm a room is a small stove.

13.--May flower vases also be considered furniture? They may be so considered.

14.--Wine pots, tea pots, and tea cups are all miscellaneous furniture.

15.--The water in the cup is poured into the pan.

16.--_Chia chiang_ means to ask some one to pour tea into the cups.

17.--Have you lit the lamp? I lit it; but he blew it out.

18.--To blow out a lamp is to extinguish the flame of the lamp. To extinguish fire is to put out a fire (as) in a fireplace.

19.--Is there water in these two kettles? One is full, the other is empty. Fill the empty one with water.

20.--Who is it that has broken the flower vase? I do not know who it was. Had I not better get some one to mend it at once? Yes, you had much better tell some one to mend it.

1.--Chia shih. 2.--Yi lai tang. 3. Yi lai sao.

4.--To pieh. Chieh chu. Chieh chiang. Pieh. Pieh niu.

5.--Tou tai. Choh tai. Tiao tu. Ta tu.

6.--Liang ou. 7.--Kung chieh. Chieh pai.

8.--T’u p’a yeh. Hsüeh hsüeh.

9.--Tiu chieh hsia keh nung keh ai tou tiao chia shih.

10.--Ch’u, tang, kuei yüeh, tang tou tiao tiu chieh chia shih.

11.--Nang ka pieh chia shih tiao tu, tia, tiao kên, pieh niu, ti ka, o chu.

12.--Lai sao mai ‘hlioh mai niu a toh. Chieh sao hao ka tiao sao ‘hlioh. Chieh ch’u keh tiung tou mai sao niu. Tiu chieh hsia sao tiao tu tiao sao niu.

13.--Lai to pieh tou sui tiao chia shih a tiao. To pieh tou sui tiao chia shih.

14.--Chieh chu, chieh chiang, o chiang tou si hsia chia shih.

15.--Ti ou liang tiao tiu vi.

16.--Chia chiang koh nai pa chiang chia tiao tiu o.

17.--Moung tou tai a pa. Vai tou ku tai. Tiao ngi choh ta yeh.

18.--Choh tai tiao ta tai tu. Ta tu tiao ta sao pieh tu.

19.--Au lai chieh keh tiung mai ou a mai. Yi lai pai yi lai kung. Moung pa lai kung liang pai ou.

20.--Lai to pieh tê shi tui tu. Vai a pang tê shi. Hang moung koh nai hsüeh hsüeh, ku i a ku i. Koh nai hsüeh hsüeh ghou kuai.

EXERCISE IX.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. The present. Nung. 2. Year. ‘Hniu. 3. Time. Shih. 4. Warm. Hsioh. 5. Yesterday. Tai nung. 6. Heaven; day. Vai. 7. Consequently. Chiu. 8. To fix. Ting. 9. Day-time. Fieh. 10. Light. Ka. 11. Half. Tang. 12. To engrave. Tioh. 13. Air; breath. Poung. 14. Section of time. Shau. 15. Cold. Si. 16. Snow. ‘Hliu. 17. Cool; cold. Hui. 18. Hurricane. ‘Hlioh chiang. 19. To return. Tiang. 20. To rise; get up. Fa. 21. Rain. Nung.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--The year before last. Last year. This year. Next year. The year after next. 2.--Last moon. This moon. Next moon.

3.--The weather may be distinguished as cold, hot, cool, warm, windy, clear, snowy.

4.--Time. Day-break. Day-time. Night-time. A short space of time.

5.--That man there has studied upwards of twenty years, and has been a teacher five or six months.

6.--I am going to-day, and I may be back next moon.

7.--You were not up at eight o’clock to-day.

8.--_‘Hniu tang_ and _Sai yang ‘hniu_ are the terms used for the year before last and the year after next; _‘Hla tang_ and _‘Hla kai_ for the moon before last and the moon after next.

9.--At this place it rains in the hot weather and snows in the cold.

10.--It blew hard last night, and at daybreak it was very cold.

11.--It is his habit to go out riding in the daytime, and to go home at night and read.

12.--It rained last night, but it is fine to-day.

13.--This is a clear day.

14.--The weather is very mild this year; not so cold as it was last year.

15.--You and I have been here a good many years.

16.--He came last year. I arrived last moon. They two were over here last year.

1.--‘Hniu tang. ‘Hniu fa. ‘Hniu nung. Pu ‘hniu. Sai yang ‘hniu. 2.--Nga ‘hla. ‘Hla nung. Chieh ‘hla.

3.--Lai vai ku i fai, vai si, vai hsioh, vai hui, vai hsioh, ‘hlioh chiang, ka vai, ta ‘hliu.

4.--Shih hou. Fieh vai. Vai ‘hliu. Yi shau.

5.--Tai lai nai ngieh ku au chiu nao ‘hniu pieh tu, tang chia tiu ‘hla pieh hsiang tu.

6.--Vai tai nung moung. Chieh ‘hla ku i tiang loh.

7.--Moung ya tien chung a fa loh.

8.--‘Hniu tang, sai yang ‘hniu ku i ch’iu. ‘Hla tang ‘hla kai ku i ch’iu.

9.--Niang hang nung vai hsioh pieh shih hou ta nung, vai si pieh shih hou ta ‘hliu.

10.--Tai nung nung chiu ‘hlioh chiang. Pieh vai pieh shih hou si va.

11.--Ngi ā vai ‘hlu ‘hliu kou chieh ma, chiu vai tiang chieh ngieh tu.

12.--Tai nung chiu vai ta nung. Tai nung ka yeh.

13.--Tai nung ka vai.

14.--‘Hniu nung hsioh kuai, a mai ‘hniu ta si.

15.--Au au lai lei hang nung mai hao nao ‘hniu.

16.--Ngi si ‘hniu fa ta. Vai si nga ‘hla ta. Ngi au lai si ‘hniu fa ta ku yeh.

EXERCISE X.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Night Watch. Kêng. 2. Working man. ‘Hou. 3. Night. Pang. 4. Must. Tao. 5. To strike; beat. Tüeh. 6. To end. Chiu. 7. Early. Soh. 8. Late. Pang. 9. Noon. Tiung-tai. 10. Length of time. Tah pang. 11. Affair. Shih. 12. Circumstances. Ch’ing. 13. Put; place. ‘Hlia. 14. Each; every. Ka. 15. Kind. Tiu. 16. Short. Lai. 17. Clouds. Tang-ang. 18. Dark. Hui. 19. Mist. Ngioh. 20. Leisure. K’ung. 21. To do. Pieh. 22. Black. ‘Hlai.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--Every year. Every moon. Every day. 2.--Each kind.

3.--Early in the morning. Noon. In the evening. Forenoon. Afternoon.

4.--By night. Before midnight. After midnight.

5.--To set the watch. To strike the watch. A watchman.

6.--The days are long. The days are short. The nights are long. The nights are short.

7.--At what time? 8.--Time for work. 9.--A dull day. Clouds. There is a mist. 10.--There must be one or some. 11.--Affairs. 12.--To place. 13.--It is ended.

14.--He rises early; goes for a walk at noon; comes home in the evening and reads; and in the third watch of the night he goes to bed. He does the same every day.

15.--One’s self. You must go yourself to settle the business. He lives by himself in that house.

16.--It rained in the forenoon. The afternoon was fine.

17.--It was warm before midnight, but cold after.

18.--The third watch is midnight.

19.--As regards the watches which a watchman strikes during the night, the night is divided into five. The beginning of the first is the watch-setting.

20.--When the days are long there is more time to do things. When they are short one has no leisure for them, and they must just wait.

21.--When will he be back? Possibly to-morrow.

22.--Where is the tea-pot put? On the table in the room.

23.--When the sky is overcast, the day is dull.

24.--There was a thick mist this morning; and the mountains were invisible.

1.--‘Hniu ‘Hniu. ‘Hla ‘hla. Tai tai. 2.--Ka tiu.

3.--Tiung tah. Hsing tiung tai. Tiung pang. Chieh tai. Tiung nga tai.

4.--Tiung pang. Tang pang tang. Tang pang keh.

5.--Ting kêng. Tüeh kêng. ‘Hou kêng.

6.--Ta tai. Lai tai. Ta pang. Lai pang.

7.--Kai shi shih hou. 8.--Ai kou. 9.--‘Hui tai. Tang-ang. Ta ngioh. 10.--Sung ou mai. 11--Shih ch’ing. 12.--‘Hlia. 13.--Chiu yeh.

14.--Ngi tiung tah fa lo; Hsing tiung tai chieh ka hei; Tiung pang moung chieh ngieh tu; Lei pieh kêng ngi pieh chiu yeh. Ngi tai tai tou si tiu.

15.--Vai chiang lai. Moung chiang lai sung ou moung pieh shih. Lai chieh tiao ngi chiang lai niang.

16.--Nga tai ta nung. Chieh tai ka yeh.

17.--Tang pang tang hsioh, tang pang keh si.

18.--Pieh kêng tiao tang pang.

19.--Tiung pang kêng ‘hou tüeh kêng, yi pang fai chia kêng. Tou kêng tou tiao ting kêng.

20.--Ta tai pieh shih ai kou nao. Lai tai a mai k’ung, shih Ch’ing sung ou ‘hlia nioh.

21.--Ngi kai shi shih ‘hou loh. Fu fa kai loh.

22.--Chieh chiang ‘hlia tiao hang to. ‘Hlia tiao chieh keh tiung tang keh vai.

23.--Keh vai tang ang pai yeh tiao vai hui.

24.--Tai nung tiung ta ta ngioh ‘hlioh kuai; Pieh ‘hlioh tou ngieh a pang.

EXERCISE XI.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. To fear. Hsi. 2. Clothes. Uh. 3. Dirty. Va. 4. To exchange. Tioh. 5. Dry. Nga. 6. Clean. Sang niang. 7. To brush. Shua. 8. To wash. So; sa. 9. Face. Mai. 10. Cold. Sang. 11. Leather. Ka li. 12. Hands. Pieh. 13. Basin. Keh. 14. To stitch. Ngang. 15. To patch. Hsi. 16. To put on. Nieh. 17. Shoes. Ha. 18. To take off. Ta. 19. A pair. Niu. 20. Stockings. Wa. 21. To change (as water). Vai. 22. Torn or broken. Ni. 23. Long (in time). La. 24. To wear. Tiao. 25. Numerative of clothes. P’ang. 26. Water. Ou.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--To brush and wash. 2.--Dirty. Clean. 3.--Clothes. Boots. Shoes. Stockings.

4.--To put on clothes. To take them off. To change clothes.

5.--To mend by stitching. 6.--A pair of shoes. Two pair of shoes. Ten pair of stockings. A handkerchief. Eight articles of dress. A wash-hand basin.

7.--The water in this basin is dirty. Change it and bring me some clean water instead to wash my face.

8.--These clothes are dirty; take a brush and brush them. This article of dress is torn, call some one here to mend it.

9.--Get up quick and dress.

10.--He has taken off his clothes and is lying down.

11.--He has had that thing on for several days without changing it.

12.--It is cold to-day; you must put on something more.

13.--Has he got on boots or shoes? He has on boots.

14.--This handkerchief is dirty; put it in the basin and wash it.

15.--Are you in the habit of wearing boots or shoes? In the house I wear shoes. When I go to the office I wear boots.

16.--These leather boots of yours have been lying by a long time; they must be brushed and washed.

17. When you wash your hands, do you prefer cold water or boiling water? Both are bad. Cold water is too cold; boiling water is too hot. Warm water is the best.

18.--Be quick and pour this water into the pan and warm it.

19.--This fire is out. This water has been on some time and will not boil.

20.--To wash clothes it is best to use hot water. The water used to clean boots must be cold.

1.--Shua so. 2.--Va. Sang niang. 3.--Uh. Ha. Ha. Wa.

4.--Nieh uh. Ta nga loh. Vai uh.

5.--Ngang hsi. 6.--Yi niu ha. Au niu ha. Chiu niu wa. Yi liu chang. Ya p’ang uh. Yi lai keh sa mai.

7.--Keh ou nung va yeh. Vai sang niang tieh ta vai sa mai.

8.--P’ang uh nung va tieh shua shua i shua. Yi p’ang uh nung ni yeh, koh lai nai ta ngang hsi.

9.--Moung hang fa loh nieh uh.

10.--Ngi ta uh pieh.

11.--Yi p’ang uh nung ngi nieh hao la a vai.

12.--Tai nung si, moung sung ou nao nieh yi p’ang uh.

13.--Ngi tiao ha ngi tiao hsüeh. Ngi tiao tiao ha.

14.--Liu chang nung va ‘hlia tiu keh so i so.

15.--Moung ā tiao ha kai ā tiao hsüeh. Vai tiu chieh niang tiao ha, chieh ngah tiao hsüeh.

16.--Moung pieh niu ka li hsüeh ‘hlia la, sung ou shua so.

17.--Moung sa pieh, ā hsia ou sang ā hsia ou kai. Ou tiu a ghou. Ou sang sang va, ou kai kai va. Tou ghou ou hsioh.

18.--Moung hang tieh ou nung liang tao tiu vi t’oh hsioh.

19.--Lai tu nung ta yeh. Tieh ou nung t’oh yi tang tai t’oh a kai.

20.--Ou so uh hsia ou hsioh tou ghou. So shua hsüeh sung ou hsia ou sang.

EXERCISE XII.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Farthest. Chiung. 2. To uncap. ‘Hlüeh. 3. To wear. Tou. 4. To dust. Ma. 5. Cap. Mau. 6. To cut. Ma. 7. Shoulders. Hang chieh. 8. Sweat. Tiang. 9. Shirt. Uh lai. 10. Single. Tei. 11. Lined. Tang. 12. Wadded. Pong. 13. Cotton. Mêng. 14. Trousers. K’au. 15. To cut (as clothes). Kêng. 16. Coat. Kua. 17. Sleeve. Mu. 18. Comb. Gah. 19. Hair (of the head). Ka ‘hliang. 20. Needle. Chiu. 21. Body. Chieh. 22. To mend. P’ai. 23. Must. Sung ou. 24. A thread. Foh.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--Wadded clothes. Lined clothes. Clothes not lined.

2.--Waistcoat. Shirt. Coat. Trousers.

3.--Cap. To have the cap on. To take the cap off.

4.--To sew. A needle. A thread.

5.--A tailor. To cut out clothes. To make up clothes.

6.--A duster. To dust clothes. 7.--To bathe.

8.--The hair of the head. To comb the hair (head).

9.--Clothes not lined are such as have an outside with nothing inside it. Clothes lined are such as have both a lining and an outside. Wadded clothes are clothes with cotton between the outside and the lining.

10.--A waistcoat is that article of dress which has a back and front but no sleeves. The shirt is the garment without lining worn innermost of all. The coat is the garment worn outermost of all. When short it is called a riding jacket.

11.--Is this pair of trousers wadded or lined?

12.--Caps are distinguished as small caps and official caps. Official caps are of two sorts, winter and summer caps. Out of doors one must have a cap on; when one returns one may take it off.

13.--Do you know how to sew? I do not. Then call a tailor here to mend my shirt.

14.--The waistcoat is cut out but not made up yet.

15.--The riding jacket is torn, it must be mended.

16.--Tap the dust off the clothes with a duster.

17.--Who is it that combs his hair with that wooden comb?

18.--The expression _sa chieh_ means to bathe the whole body. It is a good thing to bathe every day.

1.--Uh pong. Uh tang. Uh tei.

2.--Uh liang chieh. Uh lai. Kua. K’au.

3.--Mau. Tou mau. ‘Hlüeh mau.

4.--Chiu foh (Ngang). Yi tieh chiu. Yi chiao foh.

5.--Hsiang ngang. Kêng uh. Ngang uh.

6.--Ka ‘hliang kei. Ma uh. 7.--Sa chieh.

8.--Ka ‘hliang. Hsia koh.

9.--Uh tei chiu mai yi tang a mai au tang. Uh tang mai pi kou pi tiung. Uh pong tiao uh tang keh tiung mai mêng sang.

10.--Uh liang chieh mai keh kai keh mai a mai mu yi p’ang uh. Uh lai tiao keh tiung nieh pieh uh tei. Kua tiao keh kou nieh pieh uh. Uh lai kua koh ma kua.

11.--Yi lai k’au nung mai mêng sang kai mai tang.

12.--Mau fai au tiu mai mau niu mai mau ka lai. Mau ka lai mai au tiu mai mau hui mai mau hsioh. Nai niang tiu ka sung ou tou mau, pou chieh loh ku i ‘hlüeh mau.

13.--Moung pang chiu foh a pang. Vai a pang. Moung koh hsiang kêng ta tieh vai pieh pang uh lai ai p’ai.

14.--Pang uh liang chieh moung kêng yeh a pa ngang.

15.--Pang ma kua ai ngi sung ou ngang p’ai.

16.--Ta kah ‘hliang kei ma i ma uh chieh ka pai.

17.--Lai gah tou ai, tiao tê shi hsia koh.

18.--Sa chieh tiao yi chieh tou sa. Tai tai sa chieh ghou kuai.

EXERCISE XIII.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Silver. Ngi. 2. Copper. Tou. 3. Iron. ‘Hlou. 4. Coin. Pei si. 5. String of cash. Tioh. 6. A note. Piao. 7. Numerative of guns, &c. Ka. 8. A balance. Tai. 9. To weigh. ‘Hlia. 10. Price. Ka. 11. To be worth. Hsi. 12. Dear. Kuei. 13. Cheap. Chien-i. 14. Suitable. Pi-i. 15. Light (weight). Fa. 16. Heavy. Tiung. 17. To borrow. Hsi. 18. An account. Hang. 19. To owe. K’eh. 20. To expend. Fai. 21. Represent. Tang. 22. To be fond of. Ghou. 23. Weight. Tiung fa. 24. Yet. Niang. 25. To lend. T’u. 26. Ounce. Liang. 27. Gold. Chieh.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--To owe bills. To borrow money. To lend money. To owe money.

2.--A bill or an account. 3.--To spend. 4.--Value. Cost.

5.--Of very small value. Not dear. Cheap. 6.--Silver money. Copper money. Iron coin. Bank notes. 7.--An ounce of silver. A thousand cash. A 4000 cash note.

8.--This is light; that is heavy. Weigh it in the balance if you do not know its weight.

9.--He owes different people a good deal of money.

10.--The expression _vai hsi pei si_ means that I get other people’s money for my own use. _Vai tu pei si_ means that I let other people have my money for their use.

11.--His debts do not amount to less than one thousand ounces of silver.

12.--_Hsia fai_ means to expend money. Our daily expenditure is not very large.

13.--He loves to spend money. He is fond of spending money. He spends too much money.

14.--That is not a dear house. The price asked for this fur coat is very small. That flower vase is worth nothing. Cotton is very low this year.

15.--He has not a cash to live on.

16.--Seven-tenths of these ten-cash pieces are copper, and three-tenths iron.

17.--A _piao_ is a paper note on which is written the number of cash it is worth (_lit._, its buying value). It is the same as coin.

18.--Gold is heavier than silver. Iron is lighter than silver.

19.--If one wants to weigh things that one is buying, one must use the balance.

20.--What weight are these balances equal to weighing? The largest will weigh 300 catties.

1.--Hsioh hang. Hsi pei si. Tu pei si. K’eh pei si.

2.--Hang. 3.--Hsia fai. 4.--Hsi ka. Ka pei si.

5.--Chien-i kuai. A kuei. Chien-i. 6.--Pei si ngi. Pei si tou. Pei si ‘hlou. Piao. 7.--Yi liang ngi. Yi tioh pei si. ‘Hlao tioh pei si piao.

8.--Lai nung fa, lai moung tiung. A pang tiung fa ta tieh tai ‘hlia i ‘hlia.

9.--Ngi hsioh nai pieh hang a hsiu.

10.--Vai hsi pei si tiao vai ta toh nai pieh pei si vai hsia. Vai tu pei si tiao nai tiao ta vai pieh pei si ta tiao nai hsia.

11.--Ngi hsioh hang a ngah yi say liang ngi.

12.--Hsia fai tiao ta pei si hsia chiu yeh. Pieh pieh tiu chieh tai tai hsia fai a nao kuai.

13.--Ngi ā hsia pei si. Ngi ghou hsia pei si. Ngi ku yüeh hsia pei si nao.

14.--Lai chieh moung ka pei si a kuei. Yi p’ang nung ka ‘hliang kua ka pei si chien-i kuai. Lai pieh to moung a hsi pei si. ‘Hniu nung mêng sang chien-i kuai.

15.--Ngi tiu chieh yi lai pei si tou a mai.

16.--Lai pei si ‘hlioh moung tang chiu lai pei si niu keh tiung mai hsiung fai tou pieh fai ‘hlou.

17.--Piao tiao yi lieh tu keh vai si pei si suh mai keh tiung keh ai. Pei si ngi piao si chiang tioh.

18.--Chieh pi ngi tiung. ‘Hlou pi ngi fa.

19.--Mai keh tiung keh ai ou ‘hlia tiung fa sung ou hsia tai.

20.--Au pieh ti tai ku i ‘hlia hao nao chiang liang. Tou ‘hlioh ku i ‘hlia pieh pa chiang.

EXERCISE XIV.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Coal. Mai. 2. Charcoal. T’ai. 3. Firewood. T’u. 4. Flour. Pai. 5. Oil. Tiang. 6. Egg. Keh. 7. Sugar. T’ang. 8. Salt. Hsieh. 9. Coarse. Sa. 10. Fine. Moung. 11. Broth. Ou. 12. Chicken. Kei. 13. To eat. Nêng. 14. Milk. Voh. 15. Fruit. Chiang. 16. Vegetables. Ngau. 17. To drink. ‘Hou. 18. Prepare. Hao. 19. Arrange. Shu. 20. Remove. Hsiou. 21. Ripe. Hsieh. 22. Discuss. Lai. 23. Picul (133⅓ lbs.) Tan. 24. Soup. Ch’ia. 25. Rice. Sai. 26. To make. Ai. 27. Grow. Lai. 28. Here. Ha nung. 29. There. Ha moung. 30. Raw. Niu. 31. As well; also. Niang.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--Firewood. Coal and charcoal. 2.--Rice and flour. White sugar. Fowl’s eggs. Cow’s milk. Fruit. 3.--Lamp oil. 4.--Coarse salt. Fine salt. 5.--To cook food. To put food on the table. To clear away, remove (as food).

6.--To eat one’s meals. To drink soup. 7.--I bought yesterday 300 catties of coal, 50 catties of charcoal, 80 catties of firewood, four piculs of rice, and two hundred catties of flour.

8.--Lamp oil is made from the bean. Sweet oil is made from sesame. Lamp oil costs less than sweet oil. 9.--_Tiao t’u_ means to light a fire.

10.--When the weather is cold, the consumption of coal and charcoal is larger.

11.--In a stove one uses coal. In a chafing dish charcoal. A chafing dish is for use in a room. One cannot cook food or heat water with it.

12.--Food is either raw or cooked. When prepared over a fire it is cooked. It is raw when it can be eaten in the natural state.

13.--You go and buy me a small chicken, and three or four eggs. Do you want any milk as well? I should like some catties of milk if it is cheap. In this part of the world we do not buy milk by the catty, but by the cup or bottle. Fruit is not bought by the catty either, but by the piece.

14.--Do you prefer flour or rice? Neither. I like soup. What soup? Either meat soup or chicken soup suits me.

15.--Go and get the food ready directly. As soon as it is ready put it on the table.

16.--What does _hsiou_ mean? The removal of the things when you have done eating.

1.--T’u. Mai t’ai. 2.--Ka pai. Hsia tang _or_ Tang ‘hlou. Keh kei. Voh lia. Chiang. 3.--Tiang tai. 4.--Sa hsieh. Moung hsieh. 5.--Hao ngau. Shu ngau. Hsiou nioh.

6.--Nêng ka. ‘Hou ch’ia. 7.--Vai tai nung mai pieh pa chiang mai; Chia chiu chiang t’ai; ya chiu chiang t’u; ‘Hlao tan sai; au pa chiang ka pai.

8.--Tiang tai tiao tou ai. Ou yu tiao yu mi ai. Tiang tai pi ou yu chien i. 9.--Tiao t’u tiao tiao t’u.

10.--Tai si pieh shih ‘hou hsia mai t’ai nao.

11.--Keh sao tiao mai. Hu pai tiao t’ai. Hu pai tiu chieh tiao. A pang hao ka hao ou.

12.--Ngau mai niu mai hsieh. Niang t’u keh vai hao tou tiao ngau hsieh. Ngau niu tiao ka ta lai ta ku i nêng tao.

13.--Moung moung tou vai mai yi tai kei niu; Pieh chia lai keh kei. Niang ou voh lia a ou. Voh lia chien i vai ku i ou hsiu chiang pieh ha nung mai voh lia a lai chiang chiang, tou tiao lai ti lai to. Mai chiang si a lai chiang chiang, tou tiao lai ka lai.

14.--Moung ā kêng ka pai ā nêng ka. Au tiu tou a ā. Vai ā ‘hou ch’ia. Ā ‘hou kai shi ch’ia. Ngi ch’ia kei ch’ia tou ghou.

15.--Moung hang hao ka moung. Ka hsieh hsiu ta.

16.--Kai shi tiao hsiou. Moung nêng chiu ka tou tieh ngah moung tou tiao hsiou yeh.

EXERCISE XV.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. A capital. Chieh. 2. Far. T’o. 3. Near. Ngeh. 4. South. Nan. 5. North. Pei. 6. Road. Keh. 7. Straight. Tei. 8. Winding. Koh. 9. River. Tiang. 10. Sea. Hai. 11. Side. Pau. 12. Deep. To. 13. Shallow. Nieh. 14. Boat. Niang. 15. Guest. K’a. 16. Inn. P’au. 17. Innkeeper; Landlord. Kuei p’au. 18. To reckon. Ngieh. 19. To receive. Hshou. 20. Trouble. Goh. 21. Bitterness. I. 22. To join. ‘Ha. 23. A province. Sai. 24. To live at. Ai.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--To go to the capital. It will do to go straight or go round.

2.--In reckoning distance, the straight road is the shortest.

3.--The south. The north. 4.--A ship.

5.--To be on board a ship. To cross a river. To go by sea. The water is deep. The water is shallow. 6.--An inn. The innkeeper. 7.--Trouble. Sorrow. To be in trouble. To be resting.

8.--When you went to the capital last year, where did you live? At an inn. I have heard it said that the inns outside the city are some of them not very good to stay at. That is all as the innkeeper is a good or a bad one. In my opinion, when one is tired, any inn is good. All you go to it for is to rest yourself.

9.--When you go travelling, do you prefer a cart or a ship? That all depends upon the country. There are no carts in the south, and travellers all go by water. The vessels used in river-travelling are small. Sea-going vessels are larger.

10.--The water in rivers is shallow, not so deep as in the sea.

11.--In the voyage you made by sea the year before last, you had a hard time of it, hadn’t you? I had. It blew hard, and the ship got ashore on the coast of Shan-tung. All of us who were on board suffered dreadfully.

12.--Who looks after the messing on board ship? The people of the ship look after it.

13.--What costs most, travelling by water or travelling in a cart? One spends more travelling in a cart. What! Does the fare of a cart come to more than one’s passage on board a vessel? The cart costs more, the reason being that the people we hire our carts of in the north have also their money to make out of it.

1.--Chieh chieh. Tei ‘hei, koh ‘hei, tou ku i.

2.--Ngeh sui keh t’o ngeh, tei ‘hei ngeh koh ‘hei t’o.

3.--Nan pau, pei pau. 4.--Yi chiao niang.

5.--Niang niang. Tioh tiang. ‘Hei ‘hai. Ou to. Ou nieh. 6.--P’au k’a. Kuei p’au. 7.--‘Hi i. Hshou goh. Hsioh goh.

8.--Moung ‘hniu fa chieh chieh niang hang to ai. Niang p’au k’a. Vai tang chiu hao keh kou p’au k’a mai a ghou kuai ai. Tou ngieh kuei p’au ghou a ghou. Sai vai chiu nai koh hang to tou ghou. Lei p’au keh tiung a ku hsioh goh.

9.--Moung ‘hei keh ā niang lioh ā niang niang. Tou tiao ngieh fieh. Nan pau a mai lioh, ‘hei keh pieh k’a tou tiao niang niang. ‘Hei keh tiang tou tiao niang niu. ‘Hei hai pieh tiao niang ‘hlioh.

10.--Tiang keh tiung ou nieh a mai hai ou to.

11.--Moung ‘hniu tang niang hai niang hshou goh a hshou. A sa. Tiao ‘hlioh chiang niang niang Shan-tung pau chieh ‘hlia nieh; pieh ku nai ‘hi i fi a chiu.

12.--Niang chieh nêng ka kai shi nai kuei. Tiao niang chieh kuei.

13.--Sui ngieh pieh chieh tiao niang niang kuei tiao niang lioh kuei. Niang lioh pi niang niang hsia pei si nao. Hang to. Lioh ka pi niang ka kuei. Lioh ka kuei tiao pieh pieh pei pau keh tiang kuei pau ou hsia hsiu lai pei si.

EXERCISE XVI.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Baggage. ‘Hi. 2. Box. Tiang. 3. Bundle. Kuei. 4. Bag. Tui. 5. Felt. Hsi. 6. Cotton fabric. Hsi. 7. To feed. I. 8. Camel (one hump). Lu. 9. Camel (two humps). T’u. 10. Animals. Tieh ‘hi. 11. Heel. Lia. 12. A set. Pang. 13. Contain; pack. Chi. 14. Girdle. Hsioh. 15. Load. Tu. 16. Pursue. Ngong; t’ou. 17. Follow. Hang. 18. Wrap up. Kuei. 19. Interest. Liang. 20. To harm. Ha. 21. Injurious. Nia; tiu. 22. Spring. Ch’ün. 23. Summer. Hsia. 24. Autumn. Ch’iu. 25. Winter. Tung. 26. Early. So. 27. Carry. Tiang. 28. Wood. Tou. 29. Care for. Yeou. 30. On. Vai.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--Baggage. Trunk. Bundle. Bag. Blanket or Felt.

2.--A bale of cotton cloth. 3.--To feed beasts. The camel. Beast of burden. 4.--To put in a box. To carry things with one. To lead animals.

5.--To pursue. 6.--Very dreadful, injurious.

7.--Spring. Summer. Autumn. Winter.

8.--_‘Hi_ means whatever a traveller carries with him. 9.--Trunks are made some of leather, some of wood, and will hold all sorts of things. A _kuei_ is a bundle of things wrapped up in anything. He has wrapped up that small box in a rug. A _tui_ is a bag to hold odds and ends. Those bags we use are made of cotton.

10.--On a journey the beasts have to be fed as soon as one arrives at an inn.

11.--Camels all come from other places.

12.--The beast which bears a load is called a _t’u_. One may speak of an ass, a mule, or a horse as a _t’u_.

13.--Take care of the baggage. It will be all right if the baggage is all there.

14.--The gatekeeper is a servant. He called him to put his boxes into the cart.

15.--As I came out his gatekeeper came after me, but did not overtake me.

16.--Where is that man? He has gone out. If you run fast enough you may overtake him. He went out early, I fear it will not be possible to overtake him. Whether he is to be overtaken or not, you just run after him as hard as you can.

17.--Winter is very cold; summer very hot; spring is not so cold as winter; nor is autumn so hot as summer.

1.--‘Hi. Tiang. Kuei. Tui. Hsi.

2.--Yi lai hsi. 3.--I tieh ‘hi. Lu t’u. Tu. 4.--Chi tiang. Tiang chia shih. Tioh tieh ‘hi.

5.--Ngong t’ou. 6.--Nia tiu kuai.

7.--Ch’ün. Hsia. Ch’iu. Tung.

8.--‘Hi tiao ‘hei keh pieh ka nai tiang chia shih. 9.--Tiang mai ka li ai mai tou ai, kai shi chia shih tou ku i chi. Kuei tiao ta chia shih hsia kai shi kuei loh. Ngi ta hsi kuei lai tiang niu moung loh. Tui tiao chi ka sai. Pieh hsia tou tiao tui hsi.

10.--Chieh keh lei p’au keh tiung sung ou i tieh ‘hi.

11.--Lu t’u tou tiao kang ‘hi ta.

12.--Tieh ‘hi chiao chieh a chia shih koh t’u. Lui t’u, lu t’u, ma t’u tou ku i ch’iu.

13.--Moung yeou ‘hi. Tu tou tiao chieh chiu ghou.

14.--Ngo tiu tiao hsia nai. Ngi koh ngo tiu ta tiang chi tioh lioh vai.

15.--Vai ‘hliu kou moung ngi pieh ngo tiu niang keh kai ngong t’ou vai; ngong yi tang tai t’ou a t’ou chia.

16.--Tai lai nai moung niang hang to. Ngi ‘hliu moung yeh. Moung hang yeh ku i t’ou chia ngi. Ngi so moung, hsi t’ou a chia. A lai t’ou chia a t’ou chia, moung hang yeh ngong ngi, chiu tiao yeh.

17.--Tung t’ien si va; hsia t’ien hsieh va; ch’ün a mai tung si; ch’iu a mai hsia hsioh.

EXERCISE XVII.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Brains. ‘Hlui. 2. Pigtail. Chiao mi. 3. Ear. Ngi. 4. Eye. Mai. 5. Pupil of eye. Chiu chi. 6. Mouth. Lo. 7. Lips. Pou lo. 8. Beard. Hsieh nieh. 9. Armpit. Ka sho. 10. Arm. Kou. 11. Finger. Ta pi. 12. Fingernail. Kang pi. 13. To clutch. Wa. 14. Loins; waist. ‘Hla. 15. Legs; thigh. Pa. 16. Strong; robust. Mai^1 go. 17. Weak. Mai^4 go. 18. To pull. ‘Hlioh 19. To haul. Toh. 20. Disease. Mang. 21. Pain. Mang. 22. Strange. Lo. 23. Monstrous. Hsüeh. 24. Nose. Pao nüeh. 25. Old. Lu. 26. Tongue. Ni. 27. Strength. Go. 28. Woman. Mi. 29. Close; tight. Koh. 30. Hands. Pi.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--Head. Queue. Ear. Eye. Nose. Mouth. In the mouth. The lips. The beard. Arm. Finger. Nail. Back and legs. 2.--Robust. Weak. 3.--Pulling. Hauling at. To haul with great effort. To tear or injure in clutching hold of. 4.--Connected, consecutively. 5.--To be ill. Very sore. Strange.

6.--A man’s head has brains inside it, and is therefore called a head-bag.

7.--This tail of yours wants combing.

8.--When a man is old, he can neither see well nor see clearly. 9.--That man has a very odd-looking nose. 10.--This man is very strong. That man is very weak.

11.--Have you anything the matter with you? I am weak, but not ill. 12.--In these five or six years that you and I have not met, your beard has turned quite white. I have been sadly ailing for some years.

13.--That man who is lying on the road has both legs broken. 14.--To have something the matter with the back that makes it impossible for one to stand upright. 15.--Do you move so slowly because you have something the matter with you? No; it is age which makes me weak in the back and limbs.

16.--He has something the matter with his tongue, and his mouth and lips are broken out.

17.--It may be said that eating and speaking both are of the mouth. 18.--That woman’s nails were so long that when she clutched hold of his arm they tore it. 19.--My finger is sore. 20.--What animals are used to draw carts? They may be drawn by mules, donkeys, or horses.

21.--_Toh_ means to pull hard with the hand. Pull the door fast to. He pulled and hauled at me.

1--Koh. Mi. Ngi. Mai. Pao nüeh. Lo. Lo keh tiung. Pou lo. Hsieh nieh. Kou. Ta pi. Kang pi. ‘Hla pa. 2.--Mai^1 go. Mai^4 go. 3.--‘Hlioh. Toh. ‘Hlioh toh. Wa ni. 4.--‘Ha. 5.--Mai mang. Mang kuai. Lo hsüeh.

6.--Nai koh keh tiung mai ‘hlui, chiu koh koh tou.

7.--Moung pieh chiao mi nung sung ou hsia.

8.--Nai lu, ngi tang a ghou, mai tou ngieh a vai. 9.--Tai nai moung pieh pao nüeh mai lo hsüeh. 10.--Tai nai nung mai^1 go. Tai nai ai mai^4 go kuai.

11.--Moung chiao chieh mai mang a mai. A mai mang. Vai chiao chieh mai^4 go. 12.--Pieh chia tiu ‘hniu a pang, moung pieh hsieh nieh tou ‘hluh yeh. Vai pieh chiao chieh mai mang nia tiu.

13.--Tiu ka keh vai lai nai pang ai au pa tou ni yeh. 14.--Ka ‘hla mai mang fa a lei loh. 15.--Moung kai shi keh keh ‘hei, chiao chieh mang a mang. A tiao; tiao nai lu yeh, ‘hla pa tou a ghou.

16.--Ngi chiao ni mai mang, lo pao nüeh tou ni yeh.

17.--Lo keh tiung nêng ka, lo keh tiung ch’iu si, tou ku i ch’iu. 18.--Tai mi moung kang pi ta, li ngi pi kou wa ni yeh. 19.--Vai pieh ta pi mang. 20.--‘Hlioh lioh hsia kai shi tieh ‘hi. Hsia lu, lui, ma, tou ku i ‘hlioh tau.

21.--Toh tiao nai pieh pi hsia go ‘hlioh. Lai tiu ‘hlioh koh. Ngi ‘hlioh toh vai.

EXERCISE XVIII.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Eyebrows. Keh nang. 2. Jaws. Mang. 3. Capture. Vi k’a. 4. Chin. Ka kang. 5. To build. Poh. 6. Neck. Ka ‘hlieh. 7. Throat. Ka kung. 8. Joint. Yeh. 9. To scrape. Kieh. 10. To shave. T’i. 11. Breast. Kang. 12. The back. Kou. 13. Spine. Tiu. 14. Foot. Lao. 15. Belly. Ka chiang. 16. Wave. Lang. 17. Respectable. Lah. 18. Ankle. Tiu ngêng. 19. Heart. ‘Hlu. 20. Conduct. ‘Hi. 21. To behead. Sai. 22. Robbers. Tsui. 23. Heads (of criminals). Fi. 24. The brow. Yen tieh. 25. Knee-cap. Koh chiang. 26. Above. Keh vai. 27. Below. Keh ta. 28. Bone. Sung.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--The eyebrows. The hair. The jaws. The chin. The nostrils. The neck. The gullet. 2.--The shoulders. The spine. The breast. The belly.

3.--The knee-cap. The ankle-bone. The joints. 4.--To scrape the face. To shave the head. To behead.

5.--Respectable. 6.--The eyebrows are the hair above the eyes. _Ki koh_ means the hair on either side of the forehead. 7.--The jaws are the flesh on either side of the mouth. 8.--The bone below the mouth is the chin. 9.--The shoulders are at the top of the back.

10.--The space behind the shoulders is called the _tiu koh_ and the _tiu kou_.

11.--What is behind the head is called the neck.

12.--The breast is below the throat and above the belly. 13.--The knee-cap is the joint in the middle of the leg. The joint above the foot is called the ankle. 14.--When people are too young to have beards their faces have to be scraped.

15.--In shaving, what is shaved off is the short hair growing outside the queue. Outlaws who do not shave the head are called long-haired rebels.

16.--When a rebel is captured he is beheaded, and the head cut off is called a _koh fi_.

17.--When you say a man is respectable, you mean that his conduct has nothing bad about it. When you say that that man _lai tao lah_, you mean that he is good-looking.

18.--You may also say that his house is respectable--that it is a fine house.

1.--Keh nang. Ka ‘hliang. Mang. Ka kang. Kang nüeh. Ka kung. Tiung kung. 2.--Chieh. Tiu. Kang. Ka chiang.

3.--Koh chiang. Sung ngêng. Yeh. 4.--Kieh mai. T’i koh. Sai koh.

5.--Lah. 6.--Keh nang tiao mai keh vai ka ‘hliang. Ki koh tiao yen tieh au p’i pieh ka ‘hliang. 7.--Mang tiao lo au p’i pieh ngi. 8.--Lo pi ta pieh sung tiao ka kang. 9.--Chieh tiao kou keh vai.

10.--Au chieh keh kai pieh ‘hli koh tiu koh tiu kou.

11.--Lai koh keh ta koh ka kung.

12.--Kang tiao ka kung keh ta ka chiang keh vai. 13.--Koh chiang tiao tou ka tiung pieh sung yeh. Lao keh vai pieh sung yeh chiu koh tiu ngêng. 14.--Nai i a mai hsieh nieh pieh shih ‘hou sung ou kieh mai.

15.--T’i koh; T’i pieh tiao chiao mi pieh pi kou pieh ka ‘hliang lai. A t’i koh tiao tsui moung koh ta ‘hliang tsui.

16.--Vi k’a tsui chiu sai. Sai lo pieh koh chiu koh fi.

17.--Ch’iu lai nai lah tiao ch’iu lai nai moung pieh ‘hi a mai kai shi a ghou. Ch’iu lai nai moung lai tao lah tiao ch’iu ngi lai tao ghou ngieh.

18.--Ngi pieh lai chieh poh tao lah tou ch’iu tao.

ENGLISH-PHÖ VOCABULARY.

------------------------+------------------------ ENGLISH. | PHÖ. ------------------------+------------------------ Able, to be | Pang; Hang; Ku-i About to | Nung Above | Keh vai According to | Sai Account (bill) | Hang Add, to--to | Lai Advantage | Liang Affair | Shih Again | Niang Ago, a moment | Fa Air | Poung All | Tou Alley | Ka Allow | Hsüeh Also | Nung; niang Ancestor | Kau Animals | Tieh ‘hi Ankle | Tiu ngêng Arm | Kou Armpit | Ka sho Arrange | Shu Arrive at | Leh As | Liu As well | Niang Ascend | Chieh Ashamed | Shi sa Ask | Tou; Nai At | Niang hang Attend to | Kuei Authorise | Chün Autumn | Ch’iu Avoid | Vieh Back, the | Kou Bag | Tui Baggage | ‘Hi Balance, a | Tai Ball | Poh Bamboo | Tou ki Basin | Keh Be, to | Mai; Tiao; Si Beans | Tou pang Beard | Hsieh nieh Beasts | Tieh ‘hi Beat, to | Tüeh „ (the ground) | Pieh Because | Yi vai Bed | Ch’u Bedding | Pang pung Bee | Keh vah Beeswax | Chieh Before (place) | Keh tang „ (time) | Hsüeh Beginning, in the | Tang tang Behave, to | Ta Behead | Sai Behind | Keh kai Belly | Ka chiang Below | Nga; Keh ta Bend, a | Kung Bestow | Hsiang pai Bid, to | Koh Bind | Suh Bitterness | I Black | ‘Hlai Blow, to | Choh Blue | Lieh Boar, wild | Pa ghou Boat | Niang Body (person) | Chieh Boil, to | Hao Bone | Sung Book | Tu Borrow | Hsi Bowl, a | Ti Box | Tiang Brains | ‘Hlui Break, to | T’u Breast, the | Kang Breath | Poung Brick | Hsüeh Bridge, a | Luh Bright | Ka Brightness | Ka Brisk | Niang ‘hui Broad | Fieh Broken | Ni Broom | Tioh Broth | Ou Brother (elder) | Tiah „ (younger) | Tei uh Brow, the | Yen tieh Brush, to | Shua Buckwheat | Chiu Buffalo | Niang Build | Poh Bundle, a | Kuei Burn, to | Pieh Bury | Liang Bushel | Toh Busy | Niah Button | Koh Button-hole | Niang Buy | Mai Cabbage | Go ‘hlou Cage | Nguh Call, to | Koh Camel | Lu; T’u Cap | Mau Capital (of a province) | Chieh Capture | Vi k’a Care for | Yeou Carpenter | Hsiang tou Carpet | Ch’i ta Carrot | Go pang hsia Carry, to | Tiang „ on shoulder | Keh Cart | Lioh Cast, to | Yoh Catty | Chiang Certainly | A sa. Chair | Kuei yüeh „ (Sedan) | Cho Change, to | Kieh „ (as water) | Vai Charcoal | T’ai Cheap | Chien-i Chicken | Kei Child | Ka-tai Children | Ngang a Chin | Ka kang Choose | Tioh Circumstances | Ch’ing Clean | Sang niang Clear | Ka Close (tight) | Koh Cloth | Hsi Clothes | Uh Clouds | Tang ang Clutch | Wa Coal | Mai Coarse | Sa Coat | Kua Coin, a | Pei si Cold | ‘Hui; Si Collar, a | ‘Hlieh Colour | Ka mai Comb | Gah Comb, to | Hsia Come, to | Ta Comfortable | ‘Hla Commission, to | Sai Communicate | Ch’üeh Company, to bear one | Pai Complete | Yeh Conduct | ‘Hi Confused | Nioh Consequently | Chiu Constant | Ka ka Consult | Hsiang Contain | Chi Continual | Ka ka Cool | ‘Hui Copper | Tou Copy, to | Cha Correct, to | Kieh Cotton (raw) | Mêng „ (fabric) | Hsi Cover, a | Mo Cow | Lia Crack, to | ‘Hlah Crape | Hsiah Crow, a | Au voh Cup | O Curtain | Hsiao Cut open | P’a „ (clothes) | Kêng Cypress | Tou hsiang Damp | Hsiu Dark | ‘Hui Daughter | Po a Day | Vai Daytime | Fieh Dear | Kuei Deceive | ‘Hla Deck (of a boat) | Pi niang Deep | To Dense (wood) | Toh Depressed | Mang ‘hi Detain | ‘Hlia Die, to | Ta Difficult | Hsia Dilly-dally | ‘Hliao ta Dirty | Va Discuss | Lai Disease | Mang Disorder | Lui Dispense with | Vieh Disperse | Say Divide | Fai Do | Pieh; ai Dog | Koh Donkey | Lui Door | Tiu Down | Nga Draw out | ‘Hlia Dreadful | Nia tiu Dream | Pang Dream, to | ‘Hlieh Drink, to | Hou Drum | Li Dry | Nga Duck | Kah Dust | Ka pai Dust, to | Ma Dwell | Niang Dye, to | Tou Each | Ka Ear | Ngi Early | So Earth | Tah East | Keh nieh Eat | Nêng Egg | Keh Eight | Ya Empty | Kung End | T’i End, to | Chiu Enemy | Hsi Engrave | Tioh Enough | Ko Enter | Pou Envelope | Ku Err | Sa Escape, to | Chu Eternal | Sang sang Every | Ka Examine | Cha; kau Exchange | T’ioh Expect | Sang nieh Expend | Fai Extinguish | Ta Extreme | Chiang Eye | Mai Eyebrow | Keh nang Face, the | Mai Far | T’o Farthest | Chiung Fast | ‘Hi; Hang Fear, to | Hsi Feed, to | I Feel (touch), to | Sang Felt (fabric) | Hsi Female | A Fern | Ho chiang Fetch | ‘Hlioh Few | Hsiu; Pa Fight, to | Tüeh Fine | Moung Finger | Ta pi Fir | Tou kei Fire | T’u Firewood | T’u First | Tang tang Fish | Nieh Five | Chia Fix, to | Ting Flat | P’i Flesh | Ngi Float, to | Ch’a Flour | Pai Flow, to | ‘Hlao Flower | Pieh Follow | Hang Fond of | Ghou Foolish | Niah Foot, the | Lao „ (a measure) | Ch’i Forest | Ghou Forget | Tung Fork, a | Tia. Four | ‘Hlao Fowl | Kei Fragments, in | Sai Frank | Niang ‘hui Friend | Ka pou Fruit | Chiang Full | Pai Furniture | Chia shih Gain, to | Hsüeh Gallop, to | Yeh Generation | Pai Get, to | Tao Girdle, a | Hsioh Give | Pai Go away | Moung „ out | ‘Hliu kou „ towards | Moung Goat | Li ghou Gold | Chieh Gong | Nioh Good | Ghou Good-looking | Niang Goods | Hu Goose | Ngieh Granary | Niung Grandson | ‘Hlieh Grasp, to | Wa Grass | Niang Grasshopper | Kou Grave, a | Pa liang Gray | Hsiang Great | ‘Hlioh Green | Nioh Grief | A shi Ground, the | Tah Grow | Lai Guest | K’a Hair | Ha ‘hliang Half | Tang Hand | Pi Hang, to | Tioh „ up | Fi Hard | Koh Hare | Lo Harm, to | ‘Ha Haul, to | Toh Have | Mai He | Ngi Head | Koh „ of criminal | Fi Hear | Tang Heart | ‘Hlu Heavens | Vai Heavy | Tiung Heel | Lia Helm | Tui niang Here | Ha nung High | ‘Hi Hold (ship’s) | Niang nung Hold (in hand), to | Luh „ (of), to lay | Tieh „ (of), to clutch | Wa Home | Chieh Hope, to | Sang nieh Horn | Ki Horse | Ma Hot | Hsioh House | Chieh Hundred | Pa I | Vai Idle | Ngai In | Tiu Inch | Sai Inform | Hsieh Inhabit | Niang Injure | ‘Ha Injurious | Nia tiu Ink | Mö Inn | P’au Insect | Ai tiou Inside | Keh tiung Interest | Liang Iron | ‘Hlou Jaws | Mang Join, to | ‘Ha Joint (of body) | Yeh Jump | Ti; Shu Kill | Ma Kind (sort) | Tiu Kitchen | Kau sao Kite (bird) | ‘Hlieh Kneecap | Koh chiang Know | Pang Lake | Ung Lamp | Tai Language | Si Large | ‘Hlioh Late | Pang Laugh, to | Tioh Layer | Lang Leaf | Nou Learn | Liu Leather | Ka li Leg | Pa Leisure | K’ung Lend | T’u Length (time) | Tah pang Leopard | Mpieh Letter | Sai Lie, to tell a | ‘Hli si Light | Ka „ (weight) | Fa „ to | Tiao Lightning | Li foh Like | Toh Lime | Gi ‘hui Lined | Tang Lips | Pou lo Little, a | Nang Live at, to | Ai Load (pack) | Tu Loins | ‘Hla Long | Ta Lose | Fa; Fieh Louse | Keh hsiang Loutish | Niah Love, to | A Magpie | Au kah Make | Ai Male | Tia Man | Nai Many | Nao Market, a | Hsiang Mast | Tou niang Master | Ka Mat | Tieh Meat | Ngi Medicine | Chia Meet, to | Hui Mend | P’ai Method | Hsiang Milk | Voh Miserly | K’ei Miss, to | Fa Mist | Ngioh Moist | Li Monstrous | Lo hsüeh Month | Tu Moon | ‘Hla Mountain | Pieh Mouth | Lo Move (act), to | Tioh Mulberry | Chieh Mule | Luh Musket | Hsiung Must | Tao; Sung ou Nail | Tiang „ (finger) | Kang pi Name | Pieh Narrow | Ngi Nation | Kuei Near | Ngeh Neck | Ka ‘hlieh Needle | Chiu New | ‘Hi Niggardly | K’ei Night | Pang Nine | Chu Noon | Tiung tai North | Pei Nose | Pao nüeh Not | A Note (bank) | P’iao Numerative of boats | Chao „ books | Pai „ carts | Lai „ clothes | P’ang „ guns | Ka „ horses | Tei „ houses | Say „ ink | ‘Hli „ lamps | Lai „ men | Lai „ pens | Kai „ stools | Lai Oak | Tou kau Oar | ‘Hliu niang Odd (over) | Ka Office (public) | Ngah Officer (military) | Kuei lieh Oil | Tiang Old (years) | Lu „ (not new) | Koh On | Vai One | Yi Onion | Gha sung Open, to | Pu Or | Hu Order (in series) | Ka Ounce | Liang Outside | Keh kou Owe (money) | K’eh Ox | Lia Place, a | Tuoh Pack, to | Chi Pain | Mang Paint, to | ‘Ha Pair, a | Niu Pan, cooking | Vi Paper | Tu Part | Fai Pass, to | Tioh Paste | ‘Hnieh Patch, to | Hsi Peaceful | Pi Peas | Vieh chioh Pen | Chieh Pheasant | Niung Picul | Tan Pig | Pa Pigeon | Koh ghoa Pipe (tobacco) | Tiung yeh Pit, a | Kang Pity, to | Ch’i kuei Place, to | ‘Hlia „ a | Tiao „ in a series | Ka Plates | P’ieh Play, to | A chieh Plough | Kah Point, a | Ngah Poor | Hsia Possessive particle | Pieh Pot | Chieh Pour, to | Chia; Liang Powder | Chia pa Prepare | Hao Present, the | Nung „ to | Pai Price | Ka Prohibit | A hsüeh Prompt | Niang ‘hui Proud | Au Province, a | Sai Pull | ‘Hlioh Pupil | Chu tai „ of eye | Chiu chi Pursue | Ngong; T’ou Put, to | ‘Hlia „ on | Nieh Queue | Chiao mi Quick (temper) | ‘Hi „ (speed) | Hang Quiet | T’ieh Rage, to be in a | Toh Rain | Nung Raise | Sai Rat | Nieh Raw | Niu Rebel, to | Fieh Receive | Hshou „ (a guest) | Sei Reckon | Sui; Ngieh Recline | Pang Recognise | Hsiang Red | Hsiau Rejoice | Ka ‘hi Relatives | Hsiu ka Release, to | Hsiang Remember | Nieh Remove | Hsiou Repair | Hsüeh Repay | Poh Repeatedly | Chi chiang Repose, to | Hui Represent | Tang Request, to | Sai; Tou Resemble | Tung Respectable | Lah Return, to | Loh; Tiang Rice | Ka; Sai Ride, to | Chieh Ridge (mountain) | Fai ‘hlong Right, to be | Ku-i Ripe | Hsieh Rise, to | Fa River | Tiang Road | Keh Robber | Tsui; Nieh lei Room, a | Ch’ung Root (tree) | Chiung Round | ‘Hlui Rounds, to go the | ‘Ha Rub, to | Mang Run, to | Yeh „ against | Luh Sad | Mang ‘hi Salt | Hsieh Saucers | P’ieh niu Scatter | Tiang Scrape, to | Kieh Sea | ‘Hai See, to | Ngieh Seek | Hao Select, to | Tioh Sell | Mei Sentence (words) | Ho Set, a | Pang Seven | Hsiung Several | Hao nao Shallow | Nieh Shame | Sa Share | Fai Shave | T’i Sheep | Li Sheet (paper) | Lieh Shine | Chieh Shirt | Uh lai Shoes | ‘Ha Shop | P’au Short | Lai Shoulders | Hang chieh Shut | Suh Side | Pau; P’i Sides (body) | Hang Silk | Hsieh Silly | Niah Silver | Ngi Similar | Toh Sing | Tiao Single | Tei; Chiang Sit | Niang Six | Tiu Sleep, to | Pieh ‘hlai Sleeve | Mu Slow | A ‘hi Small | Niu Snow | ‘Hliu Soft | Mai Soldier | Lieh Some | Nao hsiu; Pa Son | Pu tai Sound, a | Poh Soup | Ch’ia South | Nan Sovereign | Vang Sow, to | Tiang Spacious | Fieh Sparrow | Nau tioh Speak | Kang Spider | Keh gah Spine, the | Tiu Spirit, a | Sai Spoil, to | P’a Spoon | Tiao kên Spread | Pou Spring | Ch’ün Sprinkle | Tia Sprouts | I Staff, a | Pang Stand up | Hsiu Stars | Tai kai Steal | Nieh Still (quiet) | T’ieh Stitch | Ngang Stockings | Wa Stone, a | Gi Stool, a | Tang Storey, upper | Pang Stove, a | Sao Straight | Tei Strange | Lo Street | Ka Strength | Go Strike, to | Tüeh String (of cash) | Tioh Strong | Mai^1 go Study, to | Ngi Stupid | Chiu niu Stutterer | La Subscribe | Chiang Suddenly | Ngai Sugar | T’ang Suitable | Pi-i Summer | Hsia Sun | Tai Surname | Sai Swallow, to | Kuai Sweat | Tiang Sweep, to | Ch’ieh Swim, to | Ch’a Table | Tang Take, to | Tieh „ off | Ta; ‘Hlüeh Tea | Chiang Teach | Chiao Teacher | Hsiang li Tell | Hsieh Temple | Nioh Ten | Chiu Tender | Igi Terrace, a | Tiang That | Ai; Moung; Tieh There | Ha moung They | Ngi tau Thick | Ta Thigh | Pa Thin | Ngieh Thing | Keh nung keh ai Think | Niah This | Nung Thou | Moung Thousand | Say Thousand, ten | Ver Thread | Foh Three | Pieh Throat | Ka kung Throw, to | Yoh Thunder, to | Poh foh Tie up | Chiah Tiger | Hsioh Tile, a | Ngai Time | Shih Time, a long | La Tin | Say Tobacco | Yeh Together with | ‘Ha Tongue | Ni Tooth | Mpi Torn | Ni Towards | Sang Trade | Chiang Treat, to | Ta Tree | Tou Trifle | A chieh Trouble | Goh Trousers | K’au True | Tei Turnip | Go pang ‘hluh Two | Au Typhoon | ‘Hlioh chiang Ugly | Hsia ka Uncap, to | ‘Hlüeh Understand | Tang Up | Chieh Up, to get | Fa Upright | Ta ti Upset, to | Koh Urge | Sui Use, to | Hsia Vase | To Vegetables | Ngau Very | Kuai; Va Village | Yüeh Visit, to | Ch’iu Wadded | Pong Wait | Tang Waist | ‘Hla Wall, city | Hao Want, to | Ou Warm | Hsioh Wash | So; Sa Watch (night) | Kêng Wave, a | Lang Wax | La We | Pieh Weak | Mai ^4go Wear, to | Tou; Tiao Weigh | ‘Hlia Weight | Tiung fa Well, a | Mai Wet | Hsiu What? | Kai shi Wheat | Ka mieh Whence | Kêng hang White | ‘Hluh Who? | Tê shi Wild | Ghou Wind | Chiang Winding | Koh Window | Kantlong Wine | Chu Winter | Tung Wish, to | Hang With | ‘Ha; Na Woman | Mi Wood, a | Ghou Wooden | Tou Wool | ‘Hliang li Words | Li Worth, to be | Hsi Wrap, to | Kuei Write | Sei Yam | Nah Year | ‘Hniu Yellow | Fieh Yesterday | Tai nung Yet | Niang You | Moung You (pl.) | Mieh Youth | Yi

NOTE ON OPIUM CULTIVATION IN CHINA AND INDIA.

In Chapter II. I made special reference to the cultivation of the poppy and to the method of harvesting opium in Western China; but subsequent personal observation in the eastern provinces has taught me that the process, employed in the west, of collecting the juice is not the only system practised in China. At Wênchow, in the province of Chêkiang, where the poppy is extensively grown, a small instrument resembling a carpenter’s plane takes the place of the multi-bladed wooden handle, and the workman planes the skin of the capsule from the top downwards, leaving a thin shaving adhering to the lower end of the poppy-head. This is repeated four or five times round the same capsule at due intervals. A dry cloudy day is selected for harvesting the drug, for sunshine and rain are said to be inimical to a good collection. In the former, the sap will not flow freely, while the latter dilutes the drug. As soon as the side of the capsule has been planed, the sap exudes from the exposed surface--sometimes so rapidly as to drop down on the leaves and stem and be lost--and the collector, provided with only a hollow bamboo wherewith he roughly scrapes off the juice, follows close on the heels of the workman with the plane.

That the system in use in Western China approximates very nearly to the Indian method will be seen from the following remarks on opium cultivation in Western Malwa, for which I am indebted to my brother, Andrew Hosie, C.M., M.D., Army Medical Staff, Mhow:--

“Opium cultivation in Western Malwa is carried on entirely by the subjects of the native princes who rule in this part of India. The seasons in Malwa are three, the hot, the rainy, and the cold; the hot prevailing from the middle of March to the middle of June, the rainy from the middle of June to the end of September, and the cold from that onwards to the middle of March. The average rainfall is about thirty inches, and the extremes of heat and cold experienced in Northern India are wanting in this region. The soil is of the cotton variety, resting on disintegrating trap rock. It is well watered by numerous small streams, which ultimately find their way into the Jumna. Along the banks of these streams, towards the end of the rainy season, the industrious ryot and his family set about preparing the fields for the poppy planting. They are first carefully manured with the village refuse, ploughed and rolled after a most primitive fashion, and then divided into rectangular plots about five feet by four, with a raised border of earth some four inches high all round. These plots are so arranged as to allow of their being watered with the greatest facility from the stream or wells in the immediate vicinity. The seed having been sown in the plots, the watering commences, the poppy, like the sugar cane, being one of the thirstiest of plants. Morning and evening, the ryot with his bullocks may be seen at the wells dragging up the big skins of water, which is run by a series of gutters into the plots all over the thirsty fields. This watering is carried out every third day. The seeds having germinated and reached a few inches in height, the superfluous plants are carefully weeded out, leaving ample space for every individual plant remaining. About the beginning of January they burst into beautiful red and white flowers, and the odour of the poppy pervades the land. Towards the end of February, when the petals begin to fall, and the capsules are still unripe and filled with milky juice, the collection of the crop begins. In the evening, the opium collector goes round and with a sharp knife scarifies each capsule on one side in three parallel perpendicular cuts. He is careful that these cuts are only superficial, for, if they penetrated into the interior of the capsule, a loss of opium would take place and the oil-bearing seed be spoiled. Next morning the collector goes round and collects the tears of opium which have exuded during the night; these, as he collects them, he either places in the palm of his hand or in a small flat dish. The morning collection having been made, it is placed in an earthenware vessel containing linseed oil. After this the process of scratching and collecting is repeated three times on opposite sides of the same capsule. It takes about a month to collect the whole crop. Here the ryot’s dealing with the opium ends; it is conveyed to the opium merchants at such centres as Indore, the capital of the Maharajah Holkar, where it is made up for exportation.

“Malwa opium is found in many varieties, the principal of which are flat circular cakes of about 4 to 8 and 16 ounces in weight, without any external covering, soft blackish brown, with a heavy odour, and pungent, bitter taste. Another variety occurs in balls about 10 ounces in weight, covered with broken poppy petals, dry, hard, and brittle, and of a reddish colour. The yield of morphia--the true test of quality--varies from 3 to 8 per cent., a very good percentage, so that Malwa opium is looked upon in the medical world as being a very reliable drug.

“After the opium crop has been obtained, the capsules are collected, crushed, and the seed gathered. From this a yellowish oil is extracted, much used by the natives for burning and cooking purposes. The seeds themselves have no narcotic properties, and enter into the ingredients of curries, and in some parts a sort of bread is made from them.

“Opium in its crude form is largely consumed by the cultivators themselves, but not, as far as I am aware, to much excess. I have often asked why they took it, and the answer has invariably been that it made them feel happy, and that they were only by it able to do their day’s work.

“Opium has been called the gift of God to man, and its many uses in alleviating human suffering justify the expression; but the miserable wrecks of humanity one sees from its abuse remind one forcibly how a good may be turned to an evil, a blessing to a curse.

“Mhow, May 8, 1889.”

INDEX.

_Abutilon avicennae_, 22, 169

Agencies at Ch’ung-k’ing, Mercantile, 213

Agents at Ch’ung-king, British, 217

Agriculture in Yün-nan, 205

_Alba cera_, 189

_Aleurites cordata_, 18

Alien races, 123

Alpenstocks, Buddhist, 176

Amherst pheasants, 134

Ammunition, Stone, 66; Phö, 227

Andrew, Mr. George, 134

Anhui, 190

Aniline dyes, 83

Animals, Chinese cruelty to, 44, 64

An-ning Chou, 56, 140, 143

An-ning River, 110, 111, 114, 116, 191, 192, 195

An-pien, 185

An-p’ing Hsien, 37, 38

An-shun Fu, 35, 38, 39, 40

Aquatic plants, 17

_Arachis hypogæa_, 83

Arbre, Memoire sur la cire d’, 189

Archways, Memorial, 39, 45, 71, 84

Armadillo skins, 91

_Arum aquaticum_, 163

Asbestos cloth, 106

Ash, 170, 197

_Atlas Sinensis, Novus_, 189

Baber, Mr., 70, 104, 105, 112, 113, 127, 133, 134, 140, 172, 190, 191, 192

Bamboo, 22, 27, 73, 82, 84, 88, 89, 160, 163, 165, 167; hats, 44; paper, 19

Bangles, 38

Banyan, 22, 72, 82, 163, 171, 184

Bark paper, 153

Barley, 16, 36, 37, 40, 50, 59

Barrow, Chinese, 89

_Batatas edulis_, 169

Beads, 124, 136

Bean-curd, 68; bean-sauce, 169

Beans, 12, 22, 25, 37, 68, 71, 72, 82, 113, 115, 125, 126, 141, 149, 163, 165, 167, 172

Bedroom, Description of a Chinese, 81

Beech, 88

Bees, 110

Bees’ wax, 136

Beetle, Wax insect, 193, 197

Beggars, 40, 85, 91, 172, 175

Bells of pack-animals, 67

Bhamo, 55, 139, 204, 205

Birthday, Queen’s, 51

Blakiston, Captain, 8, 16

Blue Books, 217

_Boehmeria nivea_, 73

Botanist’s paradise, A, 135

Bracelets, 230

_Brachytarsus_, 193, 194

Bracken, 37, 72

Bramble, 129

Brick tea, 93, 95, 209; its picking, value and carriage, 93-95; carriers, 20, 94, 99; preparation, 93; Russian, 95; standard of sale, 94; three qualities of brick tea, 94; transport, 94, 209

Bridges, 48, 62, 67, 84, 90, 91, 93, 97, 143, 152, 153, 158, 166, 167, 177, 181; floating, 93; natural, 48, 62, 154; plank, 9; suspension, 67

Bristles, Pigs’, 90

Brius, 125

Bronze pagodas, 174, 175; temple, 174

Brooches, 96, 230

Broumton, Mr., 226

_Broussonetia papyrifera_, 153

Buckwheat, 45, 48, 59, 149, 169

Buddha, 171, 175

Buddha, Glory of, 162, 174-175, 177

Buddha’s hand, 32; tree, 100

Buddhist alpenstocks, 176; priests, 172, 175; temples, 173, 175

Buffalo, White wax, 193

Buffaloes, 37, 124

Bugs, 151

Burmah, 34, 56, 138, 145, 157, 296; Upper, 138, 203; trade with China, 125, 139, 145

Cactus, 43, 100, 128

Caindu, 112, 122

Cakes, Insect-wax, 191

Cakes, Poppy-seed, 37

Camel, 140

_Camellia thea_, 56

Canals, Irrigating, 88, 171

Candles, Wax, 191

Cane-brakes, 82

Canton, 31, 86, 144, 204, 205; Canton peddlers, 139; Canton province, 142; Canton River, 41

Carajan, Western, 129, 130

Caravan, 14, 67, 68, 70, 142, 148, 149, 162, 179, 183

Carcases of pack-animals, 64

Carp, 137

_Carthamus tinctorius_, 83

Carts, 32, 46, 55, 66, 121, 149

Cash currency, 15

Cassia, 113

Catastrophe, A mining, 154

Cave dwellings, 168, 170; exploring, 47; limestone, 40, 154; Man-tzŭ caves, 168; of the spirits, 42

Cement, A natural, 165

Central Provinces of China, 160, 222

Cereals:-- Barley, 16, 36, 40, 50, 59 Buckwheat, 45, 48, 59, 149, 169 Indian corn, or maize, 68, 113, 149, 163, 172 Millet, 163 Oats, 45, 47, 48, 59, 149 Rice, 15, 36, 68, 113, 163, 224 Wheat, 12, 22, 25, 36, 37, 40, 46, 50, 59, 71, 82, 99, 113, 115, 128, 141, 147, 149

Chair coolies, 14; Hongs, 15

Chambers of Commerce:--Bengal, 221; Manchester, 202; Shanghai, 190, 217

Ch’ang--a Chinese measure of distance, 101

Chan-i Chou, 40, 50, 51, 145, 147

Chan-i-Chou Plain, 147, 148-149

Chanseaume, Père, 189

Chao-t’ung Fu, 65, 145, 155, 222; Lake, 65; Plain, 65, 66, 152, 222

Ch’ao Chou, 140

Chao-chou Fu, 142

Charcoal, 78, 84

Chefoo Agreement, 2, 8, 210, 211, 212, 216

Chê-kiang, 73, 190, 287

Chên-nan Chou, 140

Chên-ning Chou, 40, 41

Ch’êng Hai, 125

Ch’êng-tu Fu, 70, 85-87, 89, 92, 144

Ch’êng-tu Plain, 84, 88

Ch’i-chiang Hsien, 19, 20, 21, 22

Ch’i-chiang River, 20, 24, 208

Ch’i-hsing River, 153; Bridge, 153

Chi-kan-shih, 186

Chia-ling River, 12, 71, 162, 163, 164, 168, 208, 209

Chiang-ti, 64, 65

Chia-ting Fu, 21, 87, 101, 102, 162, 170, 177, 178, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197

Chien-ch’ang, 70, 87, 99, 102, 111, 112, 192, 193, 195, 196; Valley, 115, 140, 192, 194, 195, 197, 200, 209

Chien Chou, 83; Plain, 83, 84

Chien-wei Hsien, 195

“Chih Yün-nan K’u,” 46

Chihli, 85, 190

Ch’ih-shui Hsün, 156

Ch’ih-shui River, 28, 155, 208

Chimneyless houses, 51, 52

Chin-chi Pass, 92

Chin Chiang, 111, 124, 126, 184, 204

Chin-chiang-kai, 126, 127

Chin-sha Chiang, 69, 204

Chin-yin-shan, 154

China, Commercial Metropolis of, 13; grass, 163; Inland Mission, 55, 144, 226; “Nouvelle Rélation de la Chine,” 189; Old Commercial Highway in, 31; root, 106; South Western, 57, 203, 224; trade, 203; Western, 1, 2, 8, 57, 60, 76, 87, 95, 111, 114, 117, 139, 143, 145, 171, 190, 201, 203, 210, 212, 216, 217, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 287.

Ch’ing-chên Hsien, 36, 37

Ch’ing-ch’i Hsien, 98-99

Ching-liu River, 167

Ch’ing-lung Hai, 141

Ching-mu tree, 88

Ching-shui River, 180

Ch’ing T’an Rapid, Descent of the, 9-11

Chiu-ya-p’ing, 124

Chiung Chou, 90, 91, 92, 93

Chou-pa-ch’ang, 180, 181

Ch’u-hsiung Fu, 142

Ch’ung-k’ing, 2, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 31, 51, 69, 70, 71, 72, 134, 135, 142, 145, 156, 158, 160, 162, 168, 178, 185, 187, 188, 193, 195, 209, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217,218, 219, 220, 222, 226

Ch’ung-shu (or “Insect Tree”), 192

Ch’ung-tu-ch’ang, 183, 184

_Citrus sacrodactylus_, 100

Civility, Chinese, 48

Civil War, Ravages of, 38, 127-128, 145, 205

Clays, Coloured, 150

Coal, 6, 16, 24, 28, 36, 42, 44, 48, 65, 72, 75, 83, 95, 97, 122, 150, 152, 157, 163, 166, 207, 220; dust as fuel, 29

_Coccus pe-la_, 193, 194, 199

Cocoons, 21, 193

Coir, 8, 175

Colquhoun, Mr., 55, 203, 221

Commerce, Bengal Chamber of, 221; Manchester Chamber of, 202; Shanghai Chamber of, 190, 217

Commissioner, Financial, 154

Competitive Examinations in China, 147-148

“_Comptes Rendus_,” 189

Confucius, 90

Conservative character of the Chinese, 212

Consular Officer at Ch’ung-k’ing, 2, 13

Contempt for foreigners, Chinese official, 53

Copper, 24, 49, 60, 96, 102, 113, 119, 120, 152, 154, 205, 207, 221

_Coptis teeta_, 95

Cormorant fishing, 110

Cotton, 76, 89, 100, 102, 113, 126, 160, 164, 166, 169, 209, 222; foreign cottons, 34, 160, 209; native cottons, 64, 76, 160, 209

“Country of the Golden Teeth,” 138

Courtesy, 134; marked Chinese, 142

“Crackling-flea Tree,” 192

Crampoons, 97

Cucumbers, 167

_Cudrania triloba_, 21, 169

Customs, Chinese Imperial Maritime, 200

Cypress, 22, 84

Date tree, 100

Davenport, Mr., 140

Dawson, Lieutenant, 217

Deers’ horns, 91

Defences, Native, 66

Degrees, Chinese, 148

Deity, A roadside, 157

Devotees, 42

Dice, 72

Diet, Chinese, 20

Dinner, A sumptuous, 52

Discomforts of travel, 15, 39, 61, 63, 64, 114, 118, 128, 141, 149, 163, 180, 182, 183, 184, 225

Dog, Tribute to my, 52

Dogs, Tibetan, 134

“Dragon-Prince” temple, 41

Duck, Wild, 53, 141, 144, 166

Dyes, 83, 96, 113

Dysentery, 188

Ear-rings, 38, 39, 96, 124, 230

Earthquake in the Plain of Chien-ch’ang, 112

Eastern export, Chief articles of, 208

Eldorado, A Chinese, 115

Entomology, Chinese, 194

Erh Hai, 129, 132

Escorts, 33, 37, 41, 48, 53, 98, 107, 109, 143, 177, 179, 181, 183

“Eternal Peace” Bridge, 65

Ethnology of non-Chinese races, 225

Europe, 208

Evaporation (salt) sheds, 78

“Evergreen Tree,” 192

Examinations in China, Competitive, 147-148

Exchange in China, 15

Expedition (1861), Upper Yang-tsze, 184, 220

Fair at Ta-li Fu, 134, 230

Fan palm, 163, 167

Fans, 73

Father, A sporting French Missionary, 60-61

_Fatsia papyrifera_, 22

Feathers, Novel use of, 72

Fêng-tu Hsien, 209

Ferry-boats, 156

Fever, 108, 128, 177, 179, 180

Financial Commissioner of Yün-nan, 154

Fir, 22, 44, 88, 128, 163, 166, 167, 180

Fire-wells, 80

Fish, 17, 53, 66, 137, 168

Fishing in the Yang-tsze, Method of, 18

Floating bridge, 93

“Flying Dragon” Pass, 95

Folklore, 139

Food of the Chinese, Daily, 15

Fording a torrent, 62

Foreign Office, 161, 190, 191

Fortune, R., 190

Fossils, 43

France, 208, 212

_Fraxinus Chinensis_, 169, 197

French Bishop, 55; Commission, 130; Consul, 50; hospitality, 60-61, 124; the French in Tonquin, 2

Friar’s Balsam, 92

Frogs, Bull, 166

Fruit trees, 116; Wild, 110

Fruits:--date, 94, 100; melons, 163, 167; orange, 94; orange groves, 84, 163; pear, 94, 100, 116; strawberry, 22; walnut, 149

Fu Chiang River, 164

Fu Chou, 31, 209

Fu-kuan-ts’un, 185

Fu-lin, 100

Fu-lu-ch’ang, 178

Fu-shun Hsien, 76

Fu t’ou-kuan, 12, 24, 163

Fuel, Coal-dust, 29

Fuhkien, 190, 201

Gall-nuts, 31

Geese, 144

Gill, Captain, 8, 190

Gingalls, 178

Ginger, 163

Ginseng, 176

Glory of Buddha, 162, 174-175, 177

Goats, 59, 123, 124

Goître, 49, 52, 115, 116

Gold, 154

Gold-silver-Mountain, 154

“Golden River” (Chin-Chiang), 111, 126, 184, 191, 192

“Golden Summit,” 174, 175

“Golden Teeth,” Country of the, 138

Gorges of the Yang-tsze, 7, 8, 9, 30, 214, 215, 217

Governor-Generals, or Viceroys, in China, 85

Governor of Kuei-chow, 33

Graduates, Chinese, 148

“Granary” Gorge, 9

Granite, 29; granite foundations of houses, 126

Grass, China, 163; cloth, 73, 75, 164, 169; plains, 37, 43

Gravestones, 129

Great Khan, The, 1

Great River (Upper Yang-tsze), The, 16, 71, 207

Great Wall, The, 44

Greed, Chinese, 44

Grooves, Trade, 212

Grosvenor Mission, 57, 68, 134, 140

Ground-nuts, 83, 169; ground-nut oil, 83

Guard-houses, 33, 107, 108, 109

Guerilla warfare against the Lolos, 181

Hailstorm, Terrific, 36, 116

Hainan, 190

Hai-t’ang, 104, 106

Hallett, Mr., 203

Han Dynasty, Minor, 81

Hanbury, Daniel, 190

Hang-chou, 118, 119, 120; Valley, 119

Hankow, 2, 3, 11, 34, 95, 173, 206, 211, 212, 218, 219

Harpies, Official, 85

Hats, Bamboo, 44; Straw, 142

Hawthorn, 155

Heads, Exposed, 58

“Heaven-born-bridge,” 154

“Heaven’s Bridge,” 154

Hei (or Black) Miao, 226

Hei-wu Hai-tzŭ, 125

Hemp, 22, 68, 163, 169; hempen clothes, 152

Hêng River, 67, 68, 158, 160, 185, 204

Hides, 208

Highwaymen’s punishment, 58

Ho-chiang Hsien, 156

Ho Chou, 162, 163, 164, 166; Plain, 164

Ho-hsi, 116

Ho-pei Hsün, 156

Ho-pien Hsün, 117

Hodgson, Mr., 105

Hogs’ tusks, 124

Holkar, The Maharajah, 289

Honeysuckle, 22

Hooker, Sir Joseph, 191

Horse-boy’s death, 188

Horse-pistol, 139, 187

Horses, 38

Hosie, Dr., 288

Hou-p’o, The drug, 95

Hsi Chiang (or West River), 204

Hsi-tsang, 130

Hsia-kuan, 136, 138, 139

Hsiao Hsiang Ling Pass, 108, 109

Hsiao-kuan, 97

Hsiao-shao, 108, 109

Hsin-ching Hsien, 89, 90

Hsin-p’ai-fang, 71

Hsing-lung-ch’ang, 167

Hsü-chou Fu (or Sui Fu), 9, 57, 67, 69, 155, 160, 162, 185, 187, 188, 220

Hsü-yung T’ing, 155, 158

Hsüan-wei Chou, 150, 151

Hsüeh-shan range, 156, 157

Hua (or Coloured) Miao, 228

Hu-kwang, 189

Huang-chia-p’ing, 128

Huang-kuo-shu, 41

Huang-lien, The drug, 95

Huang-ni-p’u, 97, 98

Huang-sha, 198

Huang-shui-k’ou, 68

Hui-li Chou, 114

Hui-lung-ch’ang, 124

Hunan, 28, 35, 40, 189, 190; braves, 181

Hŭng River, 67

Hupeh, 28, 189, 209

Ichang, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 18, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 219

I-li River, 60

Immigrants, Chinese, 28, 145, 207

Imperial Palace, Tea for the, 93

Indian Corn, or maize, 68, 113, 149, 163, 172

Indian Empire, 2, 140, 203, 204; Opium cultivation in Western Malwa, India, 288-290

Indigo, 163

Indore, 289

Inns, 85, 92, 97, 104, 106, 113, 139, 142, 149, 180, 184, 185; poetical description of, 25

Inquisitiveness, Chinese, 34, 52, 141, 150

Insect White Wax:--35, 102, 114, 120, 141, 161, 170, 195, 261; tree, 169, 170, 171, 178, 191, 192; culture, trees, insects, uses and value, 189-201

Inventiveness, Chinese, 96

Iron, 24, 31, 95, 97, 113, 121, 150, 166, 174, 207; bridges, 30-31; pans, 24, 89, 97

Irrawaddy, River, 204

Irrigation, Ingenious, 26, 121

Jên-huai River, 208

Julien, Stanislaus, 189

Jumna, River, 288

_Juncus effusus_, 92

Jung-ch’ang Hsien, 72, 75, 167

Jung-ching Hsien, 93, 97

Jung-ching River, 97

Ka-tou tribe, 228; tongue, 229

Kan-shui, 24

Kao-ch’iao, 144

Kao-shan-p’u, 156

Keppel, Admiral, 217

Kerosene oil, 200

Kew, Royal Gardens at, 161, 192, 193

Khan, The Great, 1

Ki--a musical instrument of the Phö, 231

Kilts, Miao-tzŭ, 24, 230

K’o-tu River, 151, 152

Ku-lu River, 27

Ku-tsung tribe, 130, 134, 224

Ku-yü tea, 93-94

Kuan-ai Customs barrier, 31

Kuan-tzŭ-yao, 45

Kuang-t’ung Hsien, 140

Kuei-chow, 2, 14, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 28, 31, 32, 39, 40, 41, 45, 48, 59, 76, 94, 96, 115, 145, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 160, 190, 203, 206, 207, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 226, 227, 228

K’uei-chow Fu (K’uei Fu), 209, 214, 217, 220

Kuei-yang Fu, 32, 33, 34, 36, 44, 145, 147, 207, 226

K’un ming Hsien, 56, 155

K’un-ming Lake, 56

Kuang-t’an River, 31, 208

Kuo-chin-ch’ang, 142

Kwang-si, 43, 49, 189, 203

La-kou, 198

La-sha, 198

Lai-yuan-p’u, 149, 150

Lakes:--Chao-t’ung 65; Ching-lung, 141; Sung-ming, 53; Yün-nan, 53, 56; Lake of the Black Mist, 125

Lan-ma-lu, 157

Lan-tsang River, 139

Lang-t’ai T’ing, 41, 42

Lang-wang-shan, 42

Lao-chün-tung, Temple of, 16

Lao-wa-t’an or Lao-ya-t’an, 67, 68

Lead, 50, 64, 152, 205

Leguilcher, Père, 130, 142

“Leather” paper, wrongly called, 153

“_Lettres Edificantes_,” 189

Li--a Chinese measure of distance, 156

Li-chiang Fu, 130, 221

Li-su--a Man-tzŭ tribe, 124

Liang-shui-ching, 63

Licentiates, Chinese, 148

Lien-ch’ien-tzŭ, 160

Life-boats, 10

_Ligustrum lucidum_, 121, 192, 193, 194, 195, 199

Likin, 213, 216, 219

Limestone, 16, 28, 48, 151, 163, 166

“Lion’s Bridge,” 75

Lions, Stone, 45

Little, Mr., 8

Liu-sha River, 100

Lolos, 55, 59, 66, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 110, 123, 162, 179, 181, 182, 224, 225, 230; a Chinese army destroyed by the, 107; deputation of, 123; dress of the, 106, 110; frequent raids of the, 107; ornaments of the, 107; weapons of the, 104

London, 148

Looms, 89, 164

Lu Chou, 20, 72, 154, 155, 158, 160

Lu-fêng Hsien, 140, 143

Lu-fêng Bridge, 143

Lu-fêng Plain, 143

Lu-ku, 110, 115

Lumber, 164

Lung-ch’ang Hsien, 75

Lung-ch’ang, Mines near, 75

Lung-tung, 99

Ma, Imperialist Commander, 133

Ma-kai, 50

Ma-lung Chou, 51, 52

Ma-pien River, 180, 181

Ma-pien Ting, 177, 180, 181, 182

Magalhaes, Gabriel de, 189

_Magnolia sp._, 95

Maize (or Indian corn), 68, 113, 149, 163, 172

Malwa, Western, 288

Man-i-ssŭ, 184

Man-tzŭ, 122, 130, 179, 225, 226; caves, 168; ornaments, 124; tribes, 123, 124; turbans, 124; women, 123-124

Manchester Chamber of Commerce, 202

Manuring, A new method of, 45

Mao-chien tea, 94

Mao-k’ou, 43; River, 43

Marble quarries, 134, 135, 148

March, A forced, 182

Margary, A. R., 34, 47, 57, 140

Maritime Customs, Chinese Imperial, 200

Market-towns, 21, 71

Martini, 189

Marvellous, Fact mixed with the, 161

McLachlan, Mr., 193

Medicines, 91, 92, 113, 117, 164, 176, 208; Chinese distrust of foreign, 92

Mekong, 139, 204

Melons, 163, 167

Memorial portals, 71

“Memoire sur la cire d’arbre,” 189

Mêng-shan Hills, 93

Mêng-tzŭ Hsien, 50, 142

Mesny, Mr., 144

Metals:--copper, 24, 49, 60, 96, 102, 113, 119, 120, 152, 154, 205, 207, 221; gold, 154; iron, 24, 31, 95, 97, 113, 121, 150, 166, 174, 207; lead, 50, 64, 152, 205; quicksilver, 207; silver, 15, 151, 152, 154; tin, 66, 142, 205; zinc, 113

Metamorphosis, Wax insect, 190, 199

Mhow, 288

Mi-tsang (or “Granary”) Gorge, 9, 214

Miao, Hei (or black), 226

Miao, Hua (or coloured), 228

Miao-tzŭ, 24, 28, 29, 32, 37, 38, 152, 206, 224, 227, 228, 229, 230; dress, 152, 230; ornaments, 230

Mien-hua-ti, 124

Mien-shan, 110

Mien-tien, 51

Millet, 163, 169, 172

Mills, Water, 88

Min River, 69, 76, 87, 89, 91, 101, 102, 162, 168, 169, 170, 174, 196, 208

Min-chia tribe, 130; maidens, 136

Ming Dynasty, 112, 174

Ming-shan District, 92

Ming-shan Hsien, 91, 92, 93

Mining in China, 75, 154, 205

Missionaries and Mission Stations:--55, 60, 113, 124, 130, 134, 142, 143, 144, 190, 226; Les Missions Etrangères de Paris, 55; China Inland Mission, 55, 144, 226

Mo-ni-ch’ang, 157

Mohammedan Rebellion, 54, 125, 127, 132, 205; cemetery, 71, 130; leader, Tu Wên-hsiu, 133

Mohammedans, 55, 134

Monkeys, 176

Morphia, 290

Mu-kua-shao, 151

Mulberry, 21, 22, 71, 100, 113, 114, 163, 165, 181

Mules, 49, 96, 117

Musical Instruments of the Phö, 230-231

Musk, 117, 208; false, 136

Na-ch’i-Hsien, 39, 160

Nan-ching-kai, 104

Nan Ho River, 91, 92

Nan-k’ou Pass, 44

Nan-kuang, 69; River, 67, 68, 158, 160, 208

Nationalities, Different, 55

“Natural Bridge,” 62, 154

Nature, A child of, 157

Nei-chiang Hsien, 168, 169

New Year, The Chinese, 72

Ni-tien-ch’ang, 181

Ning-yuan Fu, 87, 96, 108, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 192; Lake of, 112; Plain, 110, 115

Niu-êrh (or white wax beetle), 193

Niu-lan River, 64, 65

Non-Chinese Villages, 38

Novel plan to prevent animal depredations, A, 72

O-Mei Hsien, 170, 171, 177, 179

O-mei, Mount, 162, 170, 172, 175, 196; Excursion to, 171-177; Plain, 178

Oak, 28, 29, 30, 44, 125, 128, 140, 163, 167, 180

Oats, 45, 47, 48, 59, 149

Obstruction, Official, 177

Octroi, 219

Ohio, Petroleum used for street-lighting in, 79

Open ports in China, 216

Opium, 5, 6, 8, 11, 16, 17, 21, 29, 32, 39, 40, 41, 57, 83, 139, 148, 157, 169, 185, 208, 213, 287; oil from opium capsules, 290; Note on opium cultivation in Western Malwa, India, 288-290

Orange groves, 84, 163

Originality, Chinese, 96

Ornaments, Silver, 99, 110

Otter-fishing, 168

Oxen, 38

_Pachyma cocos_, 106

Pack-animals, Ornaments of, 135

Paddy-land, 40, 72, 84, 163, 165, 166, 167, 169; planting, 58

Pagodas, 84, 136, 164, 174, 175

Pai-chang-ch’ang (or Pai-chang-yi), 91, 92

Pai-chang valley, 91

Pai-la-shu (or white wax tree), 197

Pai-shui, 48, 49, 50; River, 41

Pai-yen-ching, 115, 122; salt wells, 121-122

Pai-yi (a Man-tzŭ tribe), 124

Palace, Tea for the Imperial, 93

Palm, 22, 163, 167; palm-coir, 175

Pan-pien-ch’ing, 61

Panorama, A magnificent, 129, 136

Pans, Iron, 24, 79

Pao-kê-ts’ao-shu, 192

Paper, bamboo, 19; bark, 153; straw, 25; factories, 19

Parasites, Soldier, 86

Parliamentary Papers on China, 2; on Insect White Wax, 191

Passports, 18

Pear, Prickly, 117

Pear trees, 94, 100, 116

Pearls, 112, 113

Peas, 12, 71, 82

Peculation, Official, 49

Peking, 29, 86, 93, 148, 154

Pe-sê T’ing, 49, 204

Petroleum, 79

_Pharmaceutical Journal_, 190

Pharmacopœia, The Chinese, 91

Pheasants, 44; Amherst, 134, 141

Phö:--224, 226-231; ammunition of the, 227; annual religious gathering of the, 230; dress of the, 230; language, 228-229; language and vocabularies, 231-285; language dying out, 227; music and dancing, 231; musical instruments, 230-231; ornaments of the, 230; struggle between the Chinese and the, 227; women, 231

Pi-chi-kuan, 144

Pi-chieh Hsien, 153, 154, 155

Pictures on white marble, 135-136

Pig, A familiar, 63

Pigeons, 42

Pilgrims, 170, 171, 175; at their devotions, 175

Pilot, A river, 186

Pines, 59, 82, 91, 110, 116, 119, 124, 125, 136, 140, 172, 173; boards, 102, 114; forests, 122, 175; sprouts, 114

P’ing-i Hsien, 46, 47, 48

P’ing-pa, 103

P’ing-shan Hsien, 185, 220

“Pinnacle Pagoda,” Blakiston’s, 16

Pith paper, 22; plant, 22

Pits, Clay, 150

Plague, Yün-nan, 128

P’o-kung, 41

Polo, Marco, 112, 122, 126, 129

Ponies, 39, 44, 49, 50, 51, 59, 61, 66, 86, 89, 96, 109, 117, 124

Pony, The Yün-nan, 50

Poppy, 11, 12, 16, 25, 27, 28, 32, 36, 37, 40, 46, 48, 59, 71, 84, 99, 113, 115, 125, 126, 128, 129, 132, 141, 149, 155, 165, 287, 288; extraction of the juice, 17

Potatoes, 48, 51, 59, 149, 169, 175

Poverty around Ch’ing-chên, 37

Poverty and riches always hand in hand, 84

Powder, Miao-tzŭ, 227

Prayer, A dying patriot’s, 133

Press, Native, 33

Prince, The White, 138

Prisoner, A distinguished, 89

Privet, 116, 121, 192

Proclamation, A Chinese, 154-155

Provisions, Tinned, 16

Public street-lighting in China, 200

P’u-êrh Fu, 55, 56; tea, 56, 64, 66

Pumelo, 22, 82

“Pure soluble scarlet,” 83

Quarters, Strange, 149

Queen’s Birthday, The, 51, 149

Quicksilver, 207

Races, Non-Chinese, 224, 225

Railways, 65, 146, 157

Rain-coat incident, 58

Rainstorm, A tremendous, 149

Ramie fibre, 73

Rape, 16, 37, 71, 82, 99; oil, 164

Rapids, 8, 9, 11, 159, 180, 185, 187, 206, 214, 217, 218, 219, 220

Rathouis, Père, 190

Red River, The, 204

Reed fences, 114

Refuges, Stone, 38, 66

Rest-houses, Official, 33

Revenue, Board of, 155

Review of Chinese troops, 134

Revolver, Advantage of being armed with a, 119

_Rhamnus sp._, 96

Rhubarb, 208

_Rhus vernicifera_, 164

Rice, 15, 36, 68, 113, 123; broth, 184; fields, 17, 45, 58, 88, 163, 196, 224; hulling, 27, 88; mills, 88; paper, 22; paper manufacture, 23

Richthofen, Baron von, 70, 90, 190

Rings, 38, 230

Riot at Hang-chou, 119

Rivers, Underground, 48, 152

Roads, 32, 140, 149, 183

Rocks, Fortress-shaped, 82

Romance in Chinese topographical names, 154

Roofs, Chinese, 100

Rose, Wild, 22

Ruins in Kuei-chow, 29

Rush wicks, 92

Sacred Mountain of Western China, 95, 162, 170

Safflower, 83, 113, 164

Salt, 20, 39, 55, 64, 75, 76, 102, 115, 120, 121, 142, 144, 153, 160, 164, 207, 208; brine, 80; carriers, 20; cones, 111, 122; currency, 122; evaporation, 121; Government control of, 79; granular, 79; junks, 160; pan, 79; wells, 75, 80, 84, 87, 121, 142, 144, 168, 170

Salutes, Chinese, 45

Salwen, River, 204

Samaritan, A good, 182

Sandals, Straw, 39, 92, 104

Sandalwood, 171

Sandstone, 48, 125

_Sapium sebiferum_, 169

Scales, Wax insect, 192, 193, 195, 197, 200

School, A Chinese, 59

Sentries, Chinese, 109

Sericulture, 21, 170; Goddess of, 71

Sha-shih, 3

Shan States, 56, 157, 203; the Shans, 55, 130, 224

Shan-hu-shu, 63, 64

Shan-tung, 189

Shang-kuan, 130, 136; Plain, 130

Shanghai, 2, 24, 201, 205, 211, 212; Chamber of Commerce, 190, 217; native press, 33; papers, 143

Shao-shang, 123

Shê-hung Hsien, 73

Shê-tz’ŭ, 142

Sheep, 59, 124

Shells, Fresh-water, 137

Shên-ching-kuan, 45

Shifting sands in the Yang-tsze, 3

Shih-ch’i-ch’ang, 186

Shuan-ma-ts’ao, 103

Shuang-liu Hsien, 89

Shui-p’ang-p’u, 141

Shui-t’ang-p’u, 151; silver mine of, 151

Shun-ching Fu, 83

Shweli River, 204

Sifans, 99, 101, 122, 222; reputed immorality, 102; language, 104-105; modesty of the, 103; ornaments, 99; probably Tibetans, 124; tribes, 102

Signboards, Shop, 86

Silk, 30, 68, 113, 165, 169, 208, 209, 220; embroidery, 230; weaving, 170

Silkworm, 21; diet, 21; eggs, 21, 165

Silver, 152, 154; ingots, 15; mine, 151, 152

Sincerity, Chinese, 97

_Sinensis, Novus Atlas_, 189

Skiffs, 66

Skins, Tiger and leopard, 134

Snow, 48, 83, 84, 97, 104, 119, 129, 132, 137; storm, 107

Soda, 125

Songkoi River, 50, 56, 143, 204

Songs, Boat, 7, 166

_Sorghum vulgare_, 163

Soup-kitchens, 85

Soy, 164

Spring, A fine water, 65

Spirits, 164

Ssŭ-ch’uan:--2, 3, 4, 11, 20, 28, 30, 31, 51, 61, 64, 67, 68, 70, 76, 81, 106, 107, 116, 121, 123, 125, 145, 155, 156, 157, 160, 161, 164, 167, 185, 190, 192, 193, 200, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226; fertility of, 167; frontier, 9, 11; hemp, 169; import and export trade of, 213; people, 165-166; Plain, 84; products of, 164, 208; Viceroy of, 14; waterways, 208

Stalactites, 47

Statements unreliable, Chinese, 97, 183

Steatite (or soapstone) ornaments, 201

_Sterculia platanifolia_, 169

_Stillingia sebifera_, 169

Stockades, 108

Stone tablets, 71

Straw hats, 142; straw paper, 19; straw sandals, 39

Strawberry, 22

Suburbs, Absence of, 30

Sugar, 76; factories, 75, 83; cane, 126, 169, 208

Sui-fang tea, 94

Sui Fu, _i.e._, Hsü-chou Fu, 9, 57, 67, 69, 155, 160, 162, 185, 187, 188, 220

Sultan at Ta-li-Fu, The so-called, 130, 133

Summer drink, A Chinese, 137

Sung-k’an, 25

Sung-ming Lake, 53

Superstition, 60, 98, 113

Swallows, 166

Sweet-briar, 129, 155

Sweet oil, Poppy, 37

Sweet potatoes, 169

Sweet-tea, 172-173

“Switzerland,” The Chinese, 206

Ta-chien-lu, 94, 99, 100

Ta-ch’ung River, 111, 191

Ta-Hsiang-Ling Pass, 97, 99, 109; ascent of the, 98

Ta-kuan River, 204, 208

Ta-kuan T’ing, 67

Ta-li Fu, 55, 70, 87, 114, 125, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 204, 205, 230; annual fair at, 134; Lake, 132, 134, 136, 137, 139, 140; marble quarries of, 135; Plain, 132, 136, 139; ruins at, 138; siege of, 133; the so-called “Sultan” at, 130, 133

Ta-ping River, 204; Valley, 205

Ta-shu-pao, 102

Ta-tsu Hsien, 166, 167

Ta-tu River, 100, 101, 103, 170, 171, 178, 196, 226

Ta-wang-miao, 128, 129

Taels, 4, 15

Tallow tree, The, 169, 181

“Tam O’ Shanters,” 110

T’ang-t’ang, 151

Tariff Import Duty, 210

Taros, 163, 167

Tartar garrisons, 86; quarter at Ch’êng-tu, 84

Taxation of foreign goods, Grinding. 213, 216

Tea:--Brick tea, 93, 95, 209; picking, value, and carriage of brick tea, 93-95; brick tea carriers, 20, 94, 99; preparation of brick tea, 93; Russian brick tea, 95; standard of sale of brick tea, 94; three qualities of brick tea, 94; tea for the Imperial palace, 93; tea-growing districts and plantations, 68, 93, 97, 166; tea hongs, 94, 95; P’u-êrh tea, 56, 64, 66; sweet tea, 172-173; Tibetan way of eating tea, 95

Teal, 144

Tê-ch’ang, 195

Tei-li-pao, 117

Temples, 15, 40, 41, 42, 71, 120, 156, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175; “Temple of a Myriad Ages,” 172; temple of the Goddess of Sericulture, 71

Têng-hsiang, 109

Theatrical performances, 72

Thunderstorm, A terrible, 43

Tibet, 20, 87, 93, 94, 99, 209; caravan, 117; criminal, 89; mountains, 126; ornaments, 96; pilgrims, 95; travellers, 89, 134; way of eating tea, 95

T’ien-ch’iao, 154

Tien Ch’ih Lake, 56

T’ien-ch’üan Chou, 93

T’ien-shêng-ch’iao, 154

Tigers, 176; bones of, 91

Tin, 66, 142, 205

Ting-nan-pa, 182

T’o River, 72, 76, 82, 83, 167, 168, 169, 208

Tobacco, 68, 92, 142, 163, 164, 208

Tonquin, 2, 50, 142, 203

Torrents, Mountain, 47, 62

Town, A deserted, 127-128

Trackers, Boat, 7-8

Transit, certificates, 210, 212, 213; duty, 210; pass system, 210; regulations, 212; trade, 210

Travelling:--boat, 4, 5, 7; discomforts, 15, 39, 61, 63, 64, 114, 118, 128, 141, 149, 163, 180, 182, 183, 184, 225; in China, 39

Tree-planting, Ingenious plan for, 165

Trees, Deeply embedded immense, 114

Trial, A roadside, 143

Tsang-shan range, 129, 132, 136, 137, 138; Marble quarries of the, 134

Tsun-i Fu, 28, 29, 30

Tu-kê-t’ang, 64

Tu Wên-hsiu, The Mohammedan leader, 133

Tung-ching-shu (or “Evergreen Tree”), 192

Tung-ch’uan Fu, 49, 59, 60, 64, 145, 155

Tung-ch’uan Plain, 61, 222

Tung-kai-ch’ang, 178

T’ung-liang Hsien, 166

T’ung-ma, 169

T’ung River, 170

Tung-t’ing Lake, 34, 206

T’ung-tzŭ Hsien, 21, 26; valley, 26, 28; tunnelling on the T’ung-tzŭ River, 28; inundations, 28

Turbans, Man-tzŭ, 124; Miao-tzŭ, 24, 230; Sifan, 102

Typhoid fever, 177

Tzŭ Chou, 82, 83

Tzŭ-chu-p’ing, 178, 179

Tzŭ-liu-ching 75, 76; salt wells, 76-81, 87, 160, 168

Tz’ŭ-yang Hsien, 83

Underground Rivers, 48, 152

“Upper Fortress” (Shang-kuan), 130

Upper Yang-tsze Expedition (1861), The, 184, 220

Varnish tree, The, 164-165

Vegetables, 164

_Viburnum phlebotrichum_, 173

Viceroys, or Governor-Generals, in China, 85

Vinçot, Père, 143

Vocabulary, English-Phö, 273-285

Wa-wa, 100, 101

Wade, Sir Thomas, 105, 227

Wahab, Mr., 55

Walnut trees, 149

Wan Hsien, 11, 209

Wan-nien-ssŭ, Temple of, 172, 173

Wan-wan T’an, 187

Wang-shan Temple, 42

Watch-towers, 66, 180

Water, Chinese abhorrence of cold, 137

Watercress, 100

Waterfall, Pai-shui, 41

Waterproof coat, A bearer and his, 58

Water-wheels, 26, 96

Wax, Insect White, 35, 102, 114, 120, 141, 161, 170, 195, 261; tree, 169, 170, 171, 178, 191, 192; culture, trees, insects, uses, and value, 189-201

Weapons of the Lolos, 104

Wei-ning Chou, 152, 153, 154; Lake, 152; Plain, 152

Weights in China, 15

Wênchow, 287

“West of the River” (Ho-hsi), 116

West River (Canton River), 41, 43, 49, 50, 56, 144, 150, 204, 205

Westwood, 193

Wheat, 12, 22, 25, 36, 37, 40, 46, 47, 50, 59, 71, 82, 99, 113, 115, 128, 141, 147, 149; mills, 88; planting and tillering, 22

Whirlpools, 257

“White Prince,” The, 138

White wax, Insect, 35, 102, 114, 120, 141, 161, 170, 195, 261; tree, 169, 170, 171, 178, 191, 192; culture, trees, insects, uses, and value, 189-201

“Winding Rapid,” The, 187

Wood-oil tree, 18, 21, 72, 163, 167, 169, 181, 197

Woollen goods, 209

Wu Chiang River, 30, 31, 32, 37, 153; suspension bridge, 30, 31

Wuhu, 2

Ya-an Hsien, 93

Ya-chou Fu, 87, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96

Ya Ho (River), 91, 92, 93, 95, 101, 170, 171

Ya-lung River, 111, 116, 117, 118, 191

Ya-pien-yen (Opium), 11

Yang-lin, 53, 57, 58, 59

Yang-tsze River, 2, 3, 4, 8, 11, 12, 16, 18, 20, 31, 33, 39, 49, 56, 57, 59, 60, 64, 68, 69, 71, 73, 76, 102, 111, 140, 144, 145, 150, 153, 155, 156, 158, 160, 162, 163, 166, 169, 177, 178, 181, 182, 184, 185, 191, 201, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222; Head waters of the, 124; Upper Yang-tsze Expedition (1861), 184, 220; Upper Yang-tsze Steam Navigation Co., 9

Yarn, Cotton, 89

Year, The China New, 72

Yen-yuan Hsien, 114, 115, 120

Yuan River, 34, 206; rapids on, 206

Yüeh-hsi Plain, 107

Yüeh-hsi T’ing, 107

Yün-nan, 2, 14, 15, 20, 28, 31, 33, 35, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 70, 76, 87, 91, 96, 97, 99, 106, 108, 114, 120, 122, 123, 125, 134, 135, 142, 145, 146, 147, 151, 152, 154, 156, 157, 160, 185, 191, 203, 204, 206, 207, 219, 220, 221, 224, 226; population, 205

Yün-nan Fu, 53, 54, 56, 57, 67, 114, 134, 139, 140, 142, 145, 153, 156, 205; Lake, 53, 144; Plain, 60

Yün-nan-yi, 141

Yün-yang Hsien, 12

Yung-ch’uan Hsien, 72, 73

Yung-ning Hsien, 153, 158, 160

Yung-ning River, 39, 145, 153, 155, 158, 159, 160, 208; descent of, 158-159; its importance as a trade route, 160

Yung-pei T’ing, 87, 124, 126, 205; Plain, 125, 126

Zinc, 113

GEORGE PHILIP AND SON, PRINTERS, LONDON AND LIVERPOOL.

* * * * *

Transcriber's Note

In the section EXERCISES IN THE PHÖ LANGUAGE, the lists of single words were printed on facing pages. Duplicate headings have been removed from the text.

The following apparent errors have been corrected:

p. vi "C’hung-k’ing" changed to "Ch’ung-k’ing"

p. xx "Tient-sin" changed to "Tien-tsin"

p. 11 "aquaintance" changed to "acquaintance"

p. 35 "courtesey" changed to "courtesy"

p. 40 "aquaintance" changed to "acquaintance"

p. 45 "_THE YUN-NAN FRONTIER._" changed to "_THE YÜN-NAN FRONTIER._"

p. 83 "hypogœa" changed to "hypogæa"

p. 91 "their is" changed to "there is"

p. 140 "may seen" changed to "may seem"

p. 147 "Yün-nan--Kuei-chow" changed to "Yün-nan-Kuei-chow"

p. 161 "Omei" changed to "O-mei"

p. 169 "_Cudrania triloba Hance_" changed to "_Cudrania triloba, Hance_"

p. 173 "tea-leaf" changed to "tea-leaf."

p. 182 "in need" changed to "in need."

p. 195 "27° 24′" changed to "27° 24′."

p. 211 "£750,000!" changed to "£750,000;"

p. 241 "1. Pang." changed to "1.--Pang."

p. 241 "2. ‘Hei" changed to "2.--‘Hei"

p. 242 "7--To look" changed to "7.--To look"

p. 243 "Li" changed to "Li."

p. 243 "Hsiang" changed to "Hsiang."

p. 246 "20--Have" changed to "20.--Have"

p. 249 "Choh tai.." changed to "Choh tai."

p. 250 "warm" changed to "warm,"

p. 251 "nao ‘hniu" changed to "nao ‘hniu."

p. 261 "9. Sa" changed to "9. Sa."

p. 264 "1. Baggage." changed to "1.--Baggage."

p. 265 "7.--Ch’un" changed to "7.--Ch’ün"

p. 266 "8--When" changed to "8.--When"

p. 269 "T’i koh" changed to "T’i koh."

p. 293 "avicennæ" changed to "avicennae"

p. 293 "hypogœa" changed to "hypogæa"

p. 293 "22, 87," changed to "22, 27,"

p. 294 "(or “Insect Tree”)" changed to "(or “Insect Tree”),"

p. 295 "El Dorado" changed to "Eldorado"

p. 300 "Shê-tzü" changed to "Shê-tz’ŭ"

p. 301 "Têng-hsian" changed to "Têng-hsiang"

p. 302 "Shang-k’uan" changed to "Shang-kuan"

The following possible errors have been left as printed:

p. 2 China, No. 2 (1884); and China, No. 2 (1885)

p. 106 the hills of Ssŭ-ch’uan, and Yün-na

On p. 300, the reference " Sterculia platanifolia , 169" does not match the text.

The following are inconsistently used in the text:

Miao-Tzŭ and Miao-tzŭ

Ning-yüan and Ning-yuan

Szechuan, Szechuen, and Ssŭ-ch’uan

Inconsistent hyphenation and punctuation have otherwise been kept as printed.

End of Project Gutenberg's Three Years in Western China, by Alexander Hosie