CHAPTER V
OUT OF CHAOS
“Let us make new propellers, Go past old spent stars And find blue moons on a new star path.
“Let us make pioneer prayers. Let working clothes be sacred. Let us look on And listen in On God’s great workshop Of stars ... and eggs ...” +Carl Sandburg.+[14]
At the time of a recent presidential election, a straw vote was taken by the faculty of a midwestern college, which included the straw vote of thirty-five of the professors. Seven voted for Cox, twenty-five for Harding, and three for Debs.
Shortly afterwards an agitated citizen met one of the vote tellers on the street.
Said the citizen, “Is it so that three of the teachers voted for Debs?”
“Yes,” said the teller, “I counted the votes, and I know that three of the teachers voted for Debs.”
“Are they going to let them stay?” asked the agitated citizen.
“Twenty-five voted for Harding,” came the reply, “and they are going to let them stay.”
And with the years do not the implications, both ways, of that answer seem to have increased rather than diminished?
Here is Billy Sunday denouncing, in some of the mildest of his phrases, the radical,--in this particular case Eugene Victor Debs: “I’m dead against the radical in whatever form he may appear. He’s the bird I’m after. America, I call you back to God!”
And then this is the way Billy Sunday goes on to call America back to God: “These radicals would turn the milk of human kindness into limburger cheese and give a pole cat convulsions. If I were the Lord for about five minutes, I’d smash the bunch so hard--” but the remainder is too coarse to repeat.
So much for the generous and sensitive English of a reactionary Billy Sunday!
Here is the Radical Debs speaking in condemnation of the Bolshevistic use of power in the execution of the Czar and his family: “I recoil with horror and shame that such savagery should be committed in the name of Socialist justice that has for its aim and purpose the setting up of the higher standards of human conduct. I can find no extenuating circumstances that would allow me to take the life of my bitterest enemy.... We shall not wrest any justice or kindness out of life by emulating the practices of those whose barbaric method we now denounce.”
In one respect--possibly in several--society to-day is scientifically in advance of that public which some four hundred years ago killed Galileo because he performed a scientific experiment. And it does not make torches out of Christians for festal reasons on our “Roman” holidays.
But what happens when there is any attempt to perform a political experiment? What happens when men seek to educate other men by means of the soap box and literature in the possibilities of what they think would be better ways and better forms of government? The unstated reply to this question is the story of the end and the beginning at Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Headquarters.
The future will see that this case was a free-speech case. The present denies this. Are men to make progress in freedom of religious thought and speech? Are men to make progress in scientific ways, go forward in science, but in politics, in government, have no freedom? Who stood over Pasteur to tell him what he should do with his microscope? And yet over three hundred years ago men killed Galileo because he tried to perform experiments with falling bodies.
Some two thousand years ago the Roman people said, “It is more expedient that one man should die than the people should perish through the corrupting influence of Jesus.”
A few hundred years earlier the multitude had put Socrates to death because he had said he did not believe in the gods the city believed in. In science, using scalpel and microscope, test tube and spectroscope, men are permitted to go forward. In government, in political science, is society to condemn all those men and women to prison in whom the spirit of research lives?[15]
These are some of the questions being asked by intelligent minorities everywhere. And it is not impossible that as the result of those thirteen days in Boston intelligent minorities, whether liberal or conservative, were strengthened in purpose and confirmed in determination to see that at all costs should be tried the experiment of a free people governing themselves by means of free assemblage, free discussion, and legislation that should be just to all,--what Dr. Holmes has described as “the new mobilizing of conscience for the work ahead.”
“But,” the Popular Mind says, “the radical is dangerous.”
Is he? What, anyhow, is the Radical?
James Harvey Robinson writes in _The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods_: “Some mysterious unconscious impulse appears to be a concomitant of natural order. This impulse has always been unsettling the existing conditions and pushing forward, groping after something more elaborate and intricate than what already existed. This vital impulse, _élan vital_, as Bergson calls it, represents the inherent radicalism of nature herself. This power that makes for salutary readjustment, or righteousness in the broadest sense of the term, is no longer a conception confined to poets and dreamers, but must be reckoned with by the most exacting historian and the hardest-headed man of science.”
In art, at least, radicalism means that nuclear source from which spring the emotional and social evolution of art. And, one suspects, in the life of government its meaning is not so very different. When those in control of government begin to use dead forms of past experience--say, legal--because they are without sufficient force or sufficient idealism to create new forms of use to life as men must live it in the present, then follow injustice and tyranny and death. It is inevitable that selfish men should fear the change from one economic order to another. And when for over a hundred years both the philosopher and the economist have buttressed the practical individual in believing that in pursuing his own good he is benefiting the community as a whole, it is small wonder that he insists on the righteousness of his individualistic or capitalistic point of view. It is unquestionably true, not alone in political ways but also in some official “religious” ways, that the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti had been greeted with exultation. John Hays Hammond’s letter of praise to Governor Fuller will be remembered. Bishop Lawrence’s letter to Governor Fuller will not be forgotten,--the congratulations of a Bishop of Christ for the decision to kill two men. What light do those “congratulations” throw on what many had believed to be the move for investigation on the part of liberal opinion?
For the present the power lies in the hands of individualists and reactionaries, and many social radicals--as, for example, Mooney and Billings--are in prison, or they have died from the hardships of their prison experience, or have been executed. The bogy of fear--since they are not conscience free--possesses many who are in power, and they find a thousand subtle ways to infect the public mind with fear of those changes which they themselves dread.[16]
The execution at midnight on August twenty-second was no sudden and hideous grimace of fate. The preparation for this act of injustice was implicit in the history of over half a century. In an editorial in the _New Leader_ for August 13, 1927, James Oneal wrote: “There comes a time in the history of nations when various phases of their development come to a focus and signify the need of change. The old order changeth and the new order issues out of the old. The old faiths, old views, old war cries that once served mankind no longer serve. They harden into prejudice and become the handmaids of reaction and despotism. They become imbedded in law, are sanctioned by courts, and become fetters on human progress. Eventually the fetters are broken, we enter a new epoch, mankind rejoices, progress continues until a new crisis is brought because new faiths, views and war cries have again become old.”
In this connection it might be well not only to remember Douglas and Dred Scott, John Brown and Abraham Lincoln, but also _not_ to forget Mitchell Palmer and his relation to the so-called “Red Raids.” To give only one example, the Rand School books and furniture were destroyed by Palmer’s Cossacks of the law, and men and women thrown down stairs and out of windows. It might still be well to do what the _Nation_ recommended as far back as 1921: “Turn the Light on Palmer.” The files of the Department of Justice, opened on request for such a pitiable psychotic type as the wife-murderer Remus, are still to be opened to help in clearing the names of two innocent Radicals who have been put to death.
It is well _not_ to forget that in 1920 Salsedo, the friend of Sacco and Vanzetti, was found smashed to pieces on the pavement fourteen stories below the offices of the Department of Justice on Park Row where Salsedo had been held _incommunicado_. Was Salsedo tortured till he went mad and sprang out of the window? Or was he thrown out? It should be remembered that Sacco and Vanzetti were trying to get up a meeting about what Alfred Baker Lewis has called Salsedo’s “highly curious death” when they were arrested. It is well not to forget that to-day out in the Colorado coal fields, in the interests of justice (!) peaceful picketers, having not even a club as weapon, have been shot down by mounted troopers, and that women are being lassoed by these guardians of the law as steers are lassoed. It is well to remember that men and women are thrown into prison without even the formality of a warrant, as Flaming Milka was after she had been lassoed and her wrist broken by the brutal snapping of handcuffs upon her.
Lincoln, facing the issue of the Dred Scott decision, said: “I believe that government cannot endure half slave and half free.” This was said at a time when the Supreme Court had decided that negroes could not be considered as persons but only as property. That race issue now has but passed a specious color line, is stalled on the political boundary, and has gone forward--if it has!--only to rephrase itself economically as to whether wage-earners are to be considered as persons or only as property. It would seem that there has been an attempt to answer the question in Colorado and Pennsylvania by the machine gun and state police.
Dr. Cohn implies in “Some Questions and an Appeal” that the consciousness of radicalism in this country has become synonymous with the consciousness of guilt. It is possible to change the words “has become” to the words “has been made.” It is well not to forget the Lusk law whose issues, although some of them have been officially “killed,” are by no manner of means dead issues. Despite the repeated courage of expressed opinion and action on the part of Alfred Smith as Governor of New York State, if the constitutional rights of Socialists cannot be barred openly, they are still taken from them illegally at the polls and elsewhere. If there is no legal process by means of which teachers can be gagged by loyalty tests, other means as efficient, if less open, are being found. The question of the political control of all schools in the state by means of the Board of Regents may come up again, and assuredly will, if now dominant and selfish interests succeed in herding people into the war which looms so ominously on our horizon,--and not less so under the influence of President Coolidge’s 1928 Armistice Day speech. And finally, the creation and maintenance of a police for the suppression of all forms of radicalism is now a fact and not a theory, however uncodified such action may be on any book of statutes.... Back in 1923 the _Outlook_ said that Lusk’s proposal attacked “the fundamental principle of free government--liberty of speech and of the press.... His proposal enlists against great names and great memories of the past--the learning of Milton, the piety of Jeremy Taylor, the satire of Voltaire, the eloquence of Lord Erskine. It denies the axiom of liberty, that error is dangerless so long as truth is left free to combat it.”
To-day with a policy as consistent as it is fearless the _Outlook_ says in the issue of November 14, 1928: “Because in the South Braintree case, and in the Bridgewater case that preceded it, it was not only Sacco and Vanzetti but also our administration of justice that was on trial. If that has failed us then we should know it. We cannot afford to regard any miscarriage of justice as a closed case. As we value the future safety of society, our own safety and the safety of our children, we must be ready to listen and learn.”[17] For these reasons _The Outlook and Independent_ has reopened the case of Sacco and Vanzetti first by checking up on the Bridgewater hold-up, and second by checking up on the South Braintree crime. It is now at work on the latter.
In the issue of October 31, 1928, were published the signed confession of Frank Silva who states that he and three others attempted the Bridgewater hold-up, and corroborative evidence signed by James Mede who helped plan the crime although he did not take part in it. In order to substantiate the story further, Silas Bent and Jack Callahan took James Mede and Frank Silva to Boston where in an automobile they rehearsed again the crime. After their evidence was complete, Silas Bent took it to Boston to ask Mr. Thompson whether the attorneys for the condemned men were ignorant of the facts brought out in the two confessions, or whether knowing the story, they did not believe it.
In the issue of November 7, 1928, Silas Bent gives a long and valuable interview with Mr. Thompson in which the latter tells of Mr. Moore’s attempt to interest Governor Cox in James Mede’s story while James Mede was in the state prison in 1922; of a meeting with James Mede after his release from prison while Mr. Moore was still counsel; and of a meeting with James Mede in July, 1927, when he begged James Mede to make a clean breast of what he knew.
On July 12, 1927, James Mede made a complete disclosure to Governor Fuller after he had been assured that his confession would not be communicated to the state police as he feared the revocation of his license for boxing matches. After it, Governor Fuller called in Captain Blye of the state police, asking Mede to repeat his confession to Captain Blye alone, but indicating “hostility to Mede by words, tone and manner.” James Mede became terrified and refused not only to talk with Captain Blye alone but to repeat his story to the advisory committee, which had already indicated “unwillingness to consider the Bridgewater case.”
In August James Mede was urged to make another attempt to save Sacco and Vanzetti. He went to the office of Captain Blye with Dr. Santosuosso, and offered to make a full confession but his information was refused. Thus, according to _The Outlook and Independent_, for five years officials in Massachusetts declined to investigate James Mede’s story. Not only did Mr. Thompson and Mr. Ehrmann know the facts regarding James Mede and Frank Silva but they urged the interview with Governor Fuller and sent both to Governor Fuller and the advisory committee a letter, dated June 15, 1927, in which was marshaled all the available evidence bearing on the relation of these two men to the Bridgewater crime. Mr. Thompson makes clear his belief that James Mede told the truth, and he states that the conviction of Vanzetti in the Bridgewater hold-up not only removed from everybody’s mind the presumption of innocence but created a presumption of guilt both against Vanzetti and his friend and associate, Sacco.
_The Outlook_ wrote, “We must be ready to listen and learn.” The men are dead but the issue of justice--that placard repeated and repeated on the walls of the Defense Committee’s offices, +JUSTICE IS THE ISSUE+--is not dead. There are many who believe that even from the technical legal point of view the case for Sacco and Vanzetti is not closed. Still more know, as well as believe, that not only has this issue of justice _not_ been killed with the two men but rather that the idea of justice has been given a new increase of life.
This power of an idea was brilliantly illustrated in the October, 1927, number of _The World To-morrow_ when under the caption of “Fathers and Sons” without a line of comment, its editors set the following last sentences side by side:
_Sacco’s Good-by to His Son_
“My son, do not cry. Be strong to comfort your mother. Take her for walks in the quiet country, gathering wild flowers, resting beneath shady trees, and visiting the streams and the gentle tranquillity of the Mother Nature.
“Do not seek happiness just for yourself. Step down to help the weak ones who cry for help. Help the persecuted, because they are your better friends. They are your comrades who fight and fall, as your father and Barto fought and fell, to conquer joy and freedom for all the poor workers.”
_Gary’s Advice to His Heirs_
“I earnestly request my wife and my children and descendants that they steadfastly decline to sign any bonds or obligations of any kind as surety for any other person or persons: that they refuse to make any loans except on the basis of first-class, well-known securities, and that they invariably decline to invest in any untried or doubtful securities or property or enterprise or business.”
The power of the ideal life has within these recent years found among others a symbolic figure in Eugene Victor Debs. Upon our entrance into the World War Debs, even as did Sacco and Vanzetti, upheld pacifism, and in September, 1918, he was charged with violation of the Espionage Act, and sent to prison.
Debs would have nothing to do with that type of Christian hypocrisy which flourishes a Sermon on the Mount in one hand while it operates a machine gun with the other. Because of his pacifism, this “radical” Gene Debs, always so fair and so gentle as an opponent, hating no one, incapable of petty hatreds, was sentenced to spend ten years in Atlanta Penitentiary.
While he was in Atlanta, he heard of the negro, Sam Moore, shunned and feared by all, and confined in the dungeon for a brutal murder. Debs asked to be taken to him; and when he was, he went up to this man whom no one dared approach and put his arm around him. Emerson has said, “The only gift is a portion of thyself.” This gift Sam Moore received from Debs, and it made a different man of that negro, changing him from one who was shunned by all into one who was trusted. And it was that same despised negro criminal who said, “Gene Debs is the only Jesus Christ I ever knew.” Sam Moore is out now, leading an upright, working life. Debs spent three years in Atlanta Penitentiary, trusted and beloved. Then on Christmas Day, 1921, President Harding released him.
This is a brief record of the activities of the man who was five times nominated for President of the United States, one of those times being while he was in prison when he polled a vote of almost a million. This is the man who addressed audiences numbering 25,000, and who led the simple, loving life of a modern Christ; and who, after two years of study, became at the age of forty-two a Socialist. For Debs socialism did not mean the doing away with capitalism; it meant, rather, capital socialized, the brutality, the devastating individualism taken from it,--a system of living in which man’s sociality, his brotherhood, would be furthered, in which there would be no bitter and separating contrasts between rich and poor.
It was this Debs who said, “While there is a lower class, I am in it; while there is a criminal element, I am of it; while there is a soul in prison, I am not free.”
It was this man of simple and genuine American traditions, born in an American family in an Indiana town, a Socialist, of whom the anarchist Vanzetti said in that last public speech he was to make: “There is the best man I ever cast my eyes upon since I lived, a man that will last and will grow always more near to and more dear to the heart of the people, so long as admiration for goodness, for virtues, and for sacrifice will last. I mean Eugene Victor Debs.”
Vanzetti was not to hear Aldino Felicani saying of himself and Sacco, “Ah, these are the very best men I must ever hope to know!”
It is a truism that what a man is, what he does, in his own lifetime influences his fellow men. The miracle of influence does not lie in that fact. The miracle of influence lies, rather, in the continued life of influence after the death of the individual who has exerted it. In this is found the dynamics of an idea,--directed energy released by means of an idea which controls social and moral movements, hundreds of years, thousands of years, after its release,--a poem thousands of years old to which the heart and mind of man still answer; or a Messiah whose gospel becomes more potent with the marching centuries. It is because he possesses such influence, great in a lifetime, but in death potentially greater than in life, that the idealist, whether he be liberal or conservative or radical, is, and always will be, dangerous.
The lives of Sacco, Vanzetti, and Debs define, without words, the significance, the character, and the service of the so-called “radical.” In symbol the influence of these three, and the influence of other idealists, will have more and more power as the years go on,--not greatness gone or greatness vanished, but greatness growing, widening out forever, their names already known to millions of human beings the world over, inspiring symbols of courage and of loving-kindness. And in such symbolism lies the miracle of human influence and its immortality.
In pursuit of the ideal such radicals as Debs, Sacco and Vanzetti know no fear. For them in the achievement of ideal ends no cost is too great, neither slander nor loneliness, the loss of the means of subsistence or of life itself. There is only one loss which the idealist, whether he be conservative or liberal or radical, can mourn, and that is the lost opportunity to speak for those who suffer and are wronged, as Sacco and Vanzetti did suffer and were wronged. That is why, to use the words of Powers Hapgood, hundreds of thousands in protest of one sort or another want to “stand up and be counted.” And, too, as the years go on this is why as symbol in ever-widening circles of influence the work of the Defense Committee, the courage of brave friends, as well as the martyrdom of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, over seven long years, and the conflict and defeat of those last thirteen days, will become greater and greater in men’s eyes.
Ralph Chaplin, who spent five years behind prison bars because he was and is a man of peace, has in a poem expressed this courage of the idealist:
“Mourn not the dead that in the cool earth lie-- Dust unto dust-- The calm, sweet earth that mothers all who die As all men must;
Mourn not your captive comrades who must dwell-- Too strong to strive-- Each in his steel-bound coffin of a cell, Buried alive;
But rather mourn the apathetic throng-- The cowed and the meek-- Who see the world’s great anguish and its wrong And dare not speak!”
FOOTNOTES:
[14] “Good Morning, America,” by Carl Sandburg, p. 26.
[15] For brilliant discussion of political freedom _v._ “Some Problems of Progress,” by Professor H. M. Dadourian of Trinity College in _The Scientific Monthly_, edited by J. McKeen Cattell, October, 1922.
[16] As an illustration of terms to which such “fear” will stoop see Appendix A and Appendix B.... These appendices discuss a few of the recent notable forces working against freedom of speech.
[17] The series of articles bearing on the case which have been published by the _Outlook and Independent_ so far is as follows:
“Fear,” by Edna St. Vincent Millay, November 9, 1927.
_The Outlook and Independent_, October 31, 1928. “The Truth About the Bridgewater Hold-up,” p. 1053. “Frank Silva’s Story,” p. 1055. “How I Found Frank Silva,” by Jack Callahan, p. 1060. “Checking Up the Confession,” by Silas Bent, p. 1071. “The Bridgewater Trial,” p. 1076.
_The Outlook and Independent_, November 7, 1928. “Checking Up the Vanzetti Story,” by Silas Bent, p. 1099.
_The Outlook and Independent_, November 14, 1928. “Bridgewater and After,” p. 1163.
APPENDIX A
About the year 1920 to 1921 the “Blue Menace” began to use its three arms of power: the secret service, a hired police, and signed and unsigned propaganda against what the “Blue Menace” called the “Red Menace.”
While Calvin Coolidge was vice president of the United States the public had under Mr. Coolidge’s signature in the _Delineator_ for June, 1921, the first of a series of three articles on “Enemies of the Republic” with a sub-caption of “Are the Reds stalking our college women?” This happened to be the third year of Debs’ term of ten years in Atlanta Penitentiary.
It would seem that Mr. Coolidge signed these articles on the Red Menace but did not write them. Vassar, Barnard, Wellesley, Radcliffe, and other women’s colleges were “hotbeds of Bolshevism,” etc. But “Smith Seems Sane,” and Mount Holyoke and Bryn Mawr escaped slashing by signature altogether. A “Miss Smith” of the Vassar faculty--too apparently the entire Smith family could not claim sanity!--had offended Coolidge democracy by being favorably impressed with the liberalism of the Soviet ambassador in Washington. Naughty Miss Smith! “Democracy” as defined by Mr. Coolidge is an over-lord who can do no wrong. And on the terms of such a definition, in the third of these articles he proposed this “Coolidgism”: “When a college professor is disloyal to the government he is no longer a college professor.” Query: What is he? This question the Poor Professor himself sometimes alters nowadays to read: Where am I?
Studious, scholarly Dr. Harry Laidler of the League for Industrial Democracy had, according to the Vice President, been raising the sort of sulphurous dust in the women’s colleges to which perfect ladies do not refer. A certain Vida Dalton (Dutton?) Scudder, professor of English literature at Wellesley, had offended by suggesting in the _Socialist Review_ in an article with the title “Socialism and Character” (a vicious title because such a conjunction is impossible of course!) that Christianity was being exploited for purposes not exactly Christlike. It would seem that this is a thought that has occurred to others, too. Freda Kirchwey had erred by showing a “Williams boy” that Barnard women could define socialism. In addition to all this--_ab urbe condita_ horror of horrors!--“a Mary Calkins, professor of philosophy” (she is said to have voted for Debs for President at the recent election) was guilty of “the creed of Internationalism.” Run in on the same page (67) of that issue where the vice president stopped was a short story, and a loitering eye stopped beside this phrase: “‘Oh, little Eve,’ a sob caught in her own throat, ‘love never dies.’” Usually the month they are born that kind of love and story do die. But the kind of love at the heart of Internationalism seems to have spread from its groups of brave pioneers, among whom was “a Mary Calkins,” and become a world-wide movement.
In the next article for July the “Coolidgisms” continued. The first article had been illustrated by a grandmotherly looking wolf, spectacles on nose--the better to see you, my dears!--and some plump little lambs among which all college women will recognize themselves instantly. But this second article has the picture of a thoughtful young man resting elbow on desk, and resting coiled upon his shoulder is a hooded cobra. Behind the cobra is a phantom-like figure--evidently in the minds of Mr. Coolidge and the illustrator intended to be a menacing figure. It is, rather, for the phantom looks as if under one interpretation of democracy he had had to stand too long on an American bread-line.
In this issue Dr. Harry F. Ward of Union Theological Seminary and the Rand School came in for special attention, one of the “Coolidgisms” being that “the good is never self-existent.” An aspect of this “Coolidgism” which has, perhaps, not occurred to Mr. Coolidge, is that idealists--all too many for a “free” democracy--are having to prove their devotion to the ideal all too often in prison. Some of the themes of the same issue are “Red Pedagogy,” our public schools, and “Trotsky _vs._ Washington.” And the article closes under the caption: “In Truth our Freedom Lies.” This moral fiat will bear looking at twice, and may cause amusement or discomfort to those who penetrate its sinister inversions.
The third article in the August issue, also we understand “collected” for Mr. Coolidge and then signed by him, has a heavy muscular young woman seated on the prostrate back of a Russian bear whose tongue is lolling out helplessly as she jabs a two-edged sword down through the back of Brother Bear. Study of the young woman’s features, her figure and her draperies, suggests that she has just stepped down from the Statue of Liberty in order to take this firm seat. Whether the bear is _de facto_ or not the Soviet government, there are some weak “radicals” who may find both the young woman and the sword of “righteous authority” a bit brutal, or at least lacking in Franciscan symbols of Christianity.
“Righteous authority” is the pivot thought on which this third and last article in the _Delineator_ by Calvin Coolidge is swung. During many years now Mr. Coolidge has wielded supreme authority in the United States, among other acts carrying on an unauthorized war against Nicaragua, and lending his silence, if not his articles, to an unauthorized man-hunt not only for Sandino outside the confines of the United States, but also for brave liberals in the schools, the colleges, the churches, and the labor organizations, who dare to interpret the truth in the developing formulæ, political as well as educational and religious, of a developing humanity.
APPENDIX B
There is one address comment upon which it would be my wish to omit from any summary of forces working against freedom of speech. The man who gave this address in Lawrence, Massachusetts, on June 30, 1927, to the Kiwanis, is himself kind to little children. He has been thoughtful of their welfare both in legislation and control; eager for the safety of the road and for the reduction of needless human suffering. But the author of this address, which appeared first in the _Boston Traveller_ for June 30th and of which afterward some seventy-five thousand copies were printed for distribution, leaves the student of these issues no honorable choice except to analyze the speciousness of his statements.
Frank A. Goodwin begins this address, which is said to have turned the tide of public opinion--the tuning fork from which Governor Fuller took his pitch--with an implied compliment on the Lawrence handling of the strikes and the “Red murderers” who had been at that time in action. Having established an association between the character of what the Kiwanians had seen in Lawrence and Sacco and Vanzetti whom they had not seen, Mr. Goodwin then took about one hundred and fifty words out of the context of a speech by Edward H. James, the nephew of William James, which had been given at Winter Garden in Lawrence on May 27th. Mr. Goodwin refers to these words which, however bravely meant, inevitably would be prejudicial in conservative eyes, as coming from the “Socialist or Red.” Since when have Socialists and Soviets been hand in glove? If they have been, then the altogether delightful “glove” the Socialists have received in Russia has been wholesale imprisonment! This is the first of those inaccuracies with which this pamphlet teems, and on the basis of which public opinion was still further influenced.
The Socialists have themselves been time and again “broken” by the _status quo_. But in turn as a political party they have broken nothing,--not even the driest twig of government, for their ways are the slow constitutional ways of education and legislation. But now, as far as Frank Goodwin’s audience was concerned, he had tied together “Red murderers” in the Lawrence strike, a nephew of William James, socialism, Soviet Russia, and two philosophic Anarchists. Breaking all the speed laws of reasoning, Mr. Goodwin then established the guilt as murderers of Sacco and Vanzetti, sideswiping, as he did so, “pacifists and their college professor allies” in preventing murderers “from getting their just deserts.” Stepping on the gas, and traveling at the rate of a Studebaker “Sheriff,” Mr. Goodwin whizzes down on Professor Felix Frankfurter, Anita Whitney, Mooney and Billings, the American Civil Liberties Union, R-revolution (!), and a few other road obstructions.
By this time Mr. Goodwin is getting his car so well in hand that it will take almost any fence. He hurdles California, skids as he reaches “some ministers of the Gospel,” rights himself, and lands squarely in the midst of the “Lusk Investigating Committee” where he was really at home. All might have been well, but pulling out the throttle, the then Registrar of Motor Vehicles goes roaring forward onto a paragraph with the caption of “WHOSE BRAINS GUIDE.” In this little paragraph, with his careful use of words, he rolls James Maurer, tosses “the notorious Elizabeth Gurley Flynn,” Dean Roscoe Pound, and a few tender little Socialists like Morris Hillquit, Scott Nearing, Norman Hapgood, Upton Sinclair, ricochets on Professor Frankfurter, and goes smash into Roger Baldwin, William Z. Foster, and Lenin.
His Sheriff being provided with a wonder-working bumper, despite collision on he goes, though in exactly the opposite direction. Neither geography nor the direction in which Mr. Goodwin is now going is any longer a matter of importance to him. He happens to be in the Connecticut Valley but does not know it! For just ahead he has seen a group which he calls “College Professors Reds,” and he is in full flight. Mr. Goodwin shows his genuine Americanism by baiting the college professor, the worm of our national wit. What is more the “professors” here excoriated are in the leading colleges for women. But it is a long worm that has no turning, and apparently these poor down-trodden things have turned. It would seem they are making a direct assault on the human family, for Mr. Goodwin writes:
“Another obstacle is the home and the family, and a widespread assault is now being made on the sanctity of marriage and sacred family relations, and it is being made with great success in the leading colleges for women, and small wonder, for we find the presidents and professors of most of them members of the Baldwin-Foster committee, or its allied organizations.”
Exactly what is this Baldwin-Foster Committee to which Mr. Goodwin refers with such precision? But no matter, and there you are, all tied up again and together: the “promiscuity” of our women’s colleges and college women in general, and Sacco and Vanzetti. Pulling out the choke of his trick car Mr. Goodwin rushes up over the Amherst Notch, screeching through Old Hadley, making a record run down upon the Hankins questionnaire in Northampton. He wrenches a few of this college instructor’s misguided questions altogether out of their context, thereby subverting their sociologic intention. Waving these questions indignantly, Mr. Goodwin honks out this paragraph:
“It may be interesting to note that almost 100% of the presidents and teachers in these colleges for women have signed petitions for the release of Sacco and Vanzetti. It might be well before long for the various states to found and support colleges for women where decency and morality will be taught.”
Those who have taken a prurient interest in the questions selected by Mr. Goodwin would do well to read the entire questionnaire. However much the keen scholar who is at the head of Smith, and Mr. Hankins himself, and other college professors, and presidents, may have regretted what seems a lack of judgment shown in a few of the questions asked, those who read the questionnaire as a whole will get, not the false perspective of Mr. Goodwin’s methods but a true perspective of the whole sociologic enquiry. And in conclusion, what in the world is the connection between a class questionnaire and the Sacco-Vanzetti frame-up?
At the top of page 11 the Sheriff had grazed Dr. S. Parkes Cadman. This was unfortunate, for now Mr. Goodwin, for reasons no one can understand, Dr. Cadman least of all, is headed directly upon the Garland Fund. He now charges Robert Morss Lovett, Lewis Gannett, Norman Thomas, Roger Baldwin (of course!), the Fellowship of Reconciliation, the Fellowship of Youth for Peace, and returns to the Federal Council of Churches and Emma Goldman. This return must surprise many, including Emma Goldman herself. Since when has her association with the Federal Council of Churches been established as even the remotest possibility? Mr. Goodwin is now going at a record-breaking pace. Two-thirds down the page, his car fairly leaps into the air, and the one-time Registrar of Motor Vehicles is heard speaking these words:
... “The time has come to stop treating this thing as a joke. An organized minority, bent on evil, cannot be ignored, when led by desperate, unscrupulous, able men, with unlimited money, and particularly when aided, regardless of their motives, by those who control our colleges, and the Federal Council of Churches.”
Mr. Goodwin, now being profoundly stirred, is at his best in such penetrating remarks as this: “An organized minority, bent on evil.” Will some of the members of the Federal Council of Churches, Dr. Cadman and Bishop McConnell, for example, please step forward and explain why they are so naughty! And after they have been heard, will a judicious selection from the Presidents of the demoralized colleges for women, President Neilson, President Woolley, President MacCracken, please explain to an anxious public why, despite the fact that no one of them is even that mildest of all “Reds,” a constitutional Socialist, they are always called “Red”? Is the _Manchester Guardian Weekly_ right when it says: “There are, perhaps, too many societies of one sort or another in the world already, but there seems to be a real need for one addition--a Society for the Protection of Good Americans from the Publicity which is Awarded to the Others.” Surely, no matter what Mr. Goodwin and some thousands among other notable groups such as the Daughters of the American Revolution owe them, by way of apology, the college presidents must understand that they owe the public a pleasant explanation for the reasons why Mr. Goodwin and others should be allowed to slander them.
But the Registrar of Motor Vehicles and his Sheriff are growing tired. Despite the fact that up and down several pages he has been scooping the Connecticut Valley, Mr. Goodwin failed to refer to Waldo Cook and the _Springfield Republican_, and none have done more valiant service for freedom of speech and justice than these two. With weariness there comes upon Mr. Goodwin the meditative spirit. He is slowing down; he is going to shut off his motor; and one of the boldest drives to demolish truth ever undertaken is almost over,--certainly since the Mitchell Palmer, Lusk and _Delineator_-Coolidge days. As he dreams, peaceful voices are heard, and he invokes the American Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars, Spanish War Veterans, and other such non-militant (!) organizations. Reaching the last page all are found joining hands with the Daughters of the American Revolution. It is a pretty picture of accord, except for the fact that one is left wondering whether even the genial Daughters would have quite enough hands to go around....
In her series of “Blue Menace” articles which appeared in the _Springfield Republican_ from March 19 to 27, 1928,[18] Elizabeth McCausland has given clearly the factors which lie behind the so-called “blacklists” and the final outbursts of the D.A.R.: the activities of the Palmer deportation raids, the Lusk legislative committee, the Key Men of America, the Industrial Defense Association with Headquarters at Boston, the Massachusetts Public Interests League, together with the activities of many other reactionary organizations, whose use of data was often as inaccurate as it was reactionary.
Is it on the basis of such carefully compiled data as these by Mr. Goodwin that the public is to draw its conclusions with regard to the value of the service of our educational and religious organizations, and with regard to the guilt or innocence of Sacco and Vanzetti? In such material as that cited is the level of a primitive mentality, the taboos and spooks, specters and witch doctors of savages,--in short a reversion to physical levels down to which graft and greed, selfishness and sensuality, are fast taking the American public. Is it this senescence of the reasoning power that is to convince people at large that idealists--sneered at by the business interests of the country--in education and religion and government are murderers and criminals?
FOOTNOTES:
[18] Now compiled in pamphlet form under title of “The Blue Menace,” and published by the _Springfield Republican_. Price 10 cents.
APPENDIX C
This list represents the first five hundred protestants who replied by wire or letter to letters or telegrams sent out by Paul U. Kellogg, editor of _The Survey_. The letters and telegrams which went out to the large list bore the following signatures: Jane Addams, Frederic Almy, Charles A. Beard, Bruce Bliven, Charles C. Burlingham, Waldo Cook, John Dewey, John Lovejoy Elliott, Haven Emerson, Ernest Freund, Alice Hamilton, Norman Hapgood, Paul U. Kellogg, Dora Lewis, Margaret Homer Shurtleff, Henry R. Seager, Mary E. Woolley. In many cases replies were received from summer homes and resorts. This list is here given alphabetically, but, except where the names occur in the text of “Thirteen Days,” these names are not listed again in the Index.
Abbott, Miriam Worcester, Massachusetts Abby, M. J. Colorado Springs, Colorado Adams, Lida S. Whitefield, New Hampshire Addams, Jane Chicago Allen, Mary L. Cambridge, Massachusetts Almy, Frederick Buffalo Amberson, Wm. R. University of Pennsylvania Amidon, Beulah New York City Amidon, Charles F. Fargo, North Dakota Andrews, Esther New York City Antin, Mary Great Barrington, Massachusetts April, Reba Chicago Arms, Katharine Fuller Greenfield, Massachusetts Arthur, Katharine Philadelphia Arthur, Mary Philadelphia Aub, T. Huntington, New York
Bailey, Forrest New York City Baker, Edith M. Northampton, New Hampshire Baldwin, Ruth Standish Gloucester, Massachusetts Ball, Steadman Topeka, Kansas Barasch, William Brooklyn, New York Barbour, Elizabeth Poughkeepsie, New York Barbour, Violet Poughkeepsie, New York Barnard, Anne New York City Barry, Grace Ashland, New Hampshire Bass, Basil N. New York City Beard, Charles A. New Milford, Connecticut Beard, Charles R. New York City Bearse, Mary New York City Beck, Dr. and Mrs. F. Asbury Park, New Jersey Beck, Isabel, Dr. Asbury Park, New Jersey Belson, Heinrich Brighton, Massachusetts Bemis, Evelyn New York City Bergmann, Henry H. Washington, D. C. Bernstein, Sadie Chicago Bigelow, Francis Hill Cambridge, Massachusetts Binger, Dr. Carl A. L. New York City Binger, Clarinda G. New York City Bingham, G. W. Boston Birchard, C. C. New York City Birtwell, Frances M. Cambridge, Massachusetts Bliven, Bruce New York City Blumberg, Dorothy Brooklyn, New York Blumberg, Philip Brooklyn, New York Bockius, Elizabeth G. Whitefield, New Hampshire Bockius, Frances G. Whitefield, New Hampshire Bollman, Mary Woodstock, New York Bontecou, Eleanor Cambridge, Massachusetts Boretz, Mary E. New York City Bradford, Esther Philadelphia Bradford, Robert Philadelphia Brenk, Deltev W. Swarthmore, Pennsylvania Bronfenbrenner, Jacques Rockefeller Institute Brown, Geoffrey C. East Orange, New Jersey Brown, William T. Cleveland Park, D. C. Brubaker, Howard South Norwalk, Connecticut Bucek, Mary L. Medford, Massachusetts Burlingham, Charles C. New York City Byrns, Elinor St. George, New York
Calkins, Charlotte W. Newton, Massachusetts Calkins, Mary Newton, Massachusetts Canfield, H. L. Woodstock, Vermont Caplan, Frances R. Bridgton, Maine Capon, Ruth J. Framingham, Massachusetts Carner, Lucy Ogunquit, Maine Case, Mary S. Dorset, Vermont Cattell, J. McKeen Garrison-on-Hudson, New York Cattell, McKeen Cornell Medical School Chamberlain, J. E. Boston Chambers, Robert Cornell Medical School Chappell, A. W. New York City Chase, Robert S. Boston Chase, Mrs. Robert F. Boston Clark, Sue Ainslee Walpole, Massachusetts Clement, Sumner Boston Clumberg, Edith Brooklyn, New York Codman, John S. Boston Codman, Margaret Ashland, New Hampshire Coit, Eleanor New York City Coleman, Mrs. George W. Boston Collettireina, Ignacius, M.D. New York City Collettireina, Marie, M.D. New York City Collington, D. Philadelphia Collington, F. Philadelphia Commons, John R. Madison, Wisconsin Conant, M. P. Boston Connell, Dinah Chicago Converse, Florence Wellesley, Massachusetts Cook, Waldo Springfield, Massachusetts Cooperman, Abe Chicago Cowan, Sarah New York City Cowing, Agnes New York City Crouch, F. M. Rye, New York Cunningham, Helen New York City Curtis, Isabelle Ashland, New Hampshire Curtis, W. C. University of Missouri Cushman, Joan New York City
Darr, John W. Northampton, Massachusetts Davidson, C. Colorado Springs, Colorado Davies, Anna Philadelphia Davis, Anna N. Boston Davis, Grace D. Hyannis, Massachusetts Davis, Helen M. Hyannis, Massachusetts Davis, Janet Magog, Quebec Davis, Lucy Hyannis, Massachusetts Davis, Martha M. Hyannis, Massachusetts Davis, Michael M., Jr. Magog, Quebec Day, Elizabeth R. Cambridge, Massachusetts Day, Hilbert F., M.D. Boston Deardorff, Neva R. New York City Devine, Edward T. New York City Dewey, Boris New York City Dewey, John New York City Dexter, Smith O. Westport, Massachusetts Dorsch, Anna Wakefield, Rhode Island Drake, E. H. Brooklyn, New York Drew, Medora New York City Drown, Rev. Edward S. Cambridge, Massachusetts Drown, Mrs. Edward S. Cambridge, Massachusetts Dun, Rev. Angus Cambridge, Massachusetts Dunn, O. New Brunswick, New Jersey Dutcher, Carolene New York City Dutcher, Elizabeth Brooklyn, New York
Eddy, Sarah J. Portsmouth, Rhode Island Edsall, Pendleton Kennedy Boyce, Virginia Elder, E. D. Baltimore, Maryland Elliott, James W. Duxbury, Massachusetts Elliott, John Lovejoy New York City Elliott, Martha H. Duxbury, Massachusetts Ellis, Mabel Brown New York City Emerson, Haven, M.D. New York City Emmons, M. D. Jamestown, Rhode Island Estabrook, Emma F. Brookline, Massachusetts Estabrook, Harold K. Brookline, Massachusetts
Farnam, Henry W. New Haven, Connecticut Farnam, Mrs. Henry W. New Haven, Connecticut Farnam, Louise, M.D. New Haven, Connecticut Farr, Albert Madison, New Jersey Feder, Leah New York City Feigus, L. Brooklyn, New York Fenningston, Sylvia New York City Ferrari, F. New Haven, Connecticut Field, Mrs. H. H. Cambridge, Massachusetts Fishelman, B. Brooklyn, New York Fitch, John A. New York City Forbes, Howard C. Cambridge, Massachusetts Forbes, Mr. and Mrs. J. Yonkers, New York Forbes, J., Jr. Yonkers, New York Forbes, Mrs. J. Malcolm Boston Frank, Virginia Chicago Franklin, Adele Kingston, New York Freund, Ernst Chicago Fried, Fanny New York City Friedman, H. M. New York City Fuller, Anne C. Greenfield, Massachusetts Fuller, Elizabeth Greenfield, Massachusetts Fuller, Mary W. Greenfield, Massachusetts Fuller, Raymond G. White Plains, New York
Gallagher, Rachel West Lebanon, New York Gannett, Lewis S. New York City Gans, Mrs. Howard S. New York City Garside, M. Poughkeepsie, New York Gasponi, M. Pittsburgh Gemberling, Adelaide Princeton, New Jersey Gibbs, Howard A., M.D. Boston Gilbert, Dorothea New York City Gilley, Dr. Southwest Harbor, Maine Gilman, Dr. J. Brooklyn, New York Gilson, Mary B. Woodstock, New York Glusker, Albert Chicago Gold, Archibald Asbury Park, New Jersey Goldthwaite, Anne New York City Goldthwaite, Lucille A. New York City Goldthwaite, Lucy New York City Goldwater, Clara A. Huntington, New York Goldwater, S. S. Huntington, New York Goodenough, Carolyn North Rochester, Massachusetts Grady, Alice H. Boston Grain, V. Brooklyn, New York Grave, B. H. Wabash College Green, Ada E. Bridgton, Maine Gretsch, Laura Asbury Park, New Jersey Gretsch, Vera Asbury Park, New Jersey Gruening, Mrs. Dorothy Smith Portland, Maine Gunterman, B. L. New York City Guy, Alma I. New York City Guy, David New Haven, Connecticut Guy, Florence New Haven, Connecticut Guy, Seabury New Haven, Connecticut
Hamilton, Alice, M.D. Boston Hamilton, Edith New York City Hamilton, Maud M. New York City Hanson, Eleanor Pittsburgh Hapgood, Hutchins New York City Hapgood, Norman New York City Hardy, May Caroline, Jr. Boston Hart, Henriette White Plains, New York Hartshorn, Cora Shorthills, New York Hawkes, Abigail T. New York City Hays, Arthur Garfield New York City Hechtman, Eva Chicago Heinzen, R. Prang Rockport, Massachusetts Henken, M. Brooklyn, New York Hentel, Celia Bridgton, Maine Herring, Hubert C. Boston Herwig, Rammett New York City Herzog, Adrien Blanchard Lenox, Massachusetts Hicks, Mary Bainbridge, Georgia Hicks, Mildred Bainbridge, Georgia Himwish, A. A. New York City Hirsch, Elizabeth Chicago Hocking, W. E. Cambridge, Massachusetts Hodder, J. A. New York City Hodder, Thelma D. New York City Hodge, H. H. Wyoming, Pennsylvania Hoffman, Daniel Asbury Park, New Jersey Hoffman, Daniel, Jr. Asbury Park, New Jersey Hoffman, Frances Asbury Park, New Jersey Hohman, Martha New York City Hollsmith, Elise Danbury, New Hampshire Holmes, Hector Boston Holton, James C. Brooklyn, New York Hooker, George E. Chicago Hoover, Ellison New York City Hopson, Elizabeth Fuller Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania Hosmer, Katharine East Hartford, Connecticut Hotson, J. Leslie Cambridge, Massachusetts Hotson, Mary May Cambridge, Massachusetts House, Florence New York City Howland, Harold Greenfield, Massachusetts Hume, Edward H. New York City Hunt, Elizabeth P. Haverford, Pennsylvania Hunt, Irwin Wyoming, Pennsylvania Hunt, Lydia Wyoming, Pennsylvania
Ingraham, Aimee W. Boston Ingram, Frances Louisville, Kentucky
Jablonower, Joseph New York City Johnson, Mrs. Edward J. Winchester, Massachusetts Johnson, Lillian Springfield, Massachusetts Johnston, Alice A. New York City Johnston, Dorothy R. Boston Just, E. E. Howard University, Washington, D. C.
Kahn, Dr. Jerome L. New York City Kahn, Mrs. Jerome L. New York City Kaufman, Anna New York City Kelley, Nicholas New York City Kellogg, Paul U. New York City Kelsey, Paul H. Brookline, Massachusetts Kennedy, Luna E. Philadelphia Kennedy, Marie E. Woodstock, New York King, Anna Woodstock, New York Kirshaw, J. E. Cambridge, Massachusetts Kirshaw, S. S. Cambridge, Massachusetts Klahr, Emma Whitefield, New Hampshire Kneeland, Hilda Spofford, New Hampshire Koenig, Caroline Brooklyn, New York Koenig, Herman Brooklyn, New York Kohn, C. Marion Philadelphia Kohn, Estelle Rumbold New York City Kraus, Louise H. New York City
Ladd, Ailslie T. Lancaster, New Hampshire Ladd, Mary E. Lancaster, New Hampshire Lakeman, Mary R. Swampscott, Massachusetts Lamonte, C. B. Byefield, Massachusetts Lancefield, D. E. Columbia University Lancefield, R. C. Rockefeller Institute Lane, Lenore Hampton, New Hampshire Lane, Sarah Hampton, New Hampshire Lane, Wheaton Hampton, New Hampshire Lathrop, John Howland, D. D. New York City Lazar, B. Brooklyn, New York Lazareff, B. G. Chicago Lazareff, Elizabeth Chicago Lazareff, Luba Chicago Lazzari, Elizabeth Paine New York City Lee, H. H. Auburndale, Massachusetts Leonard, Edith North Rochester, Massachusetts Leroyer, J. Boston Levy, Clara D. Bridgton, Maine Levy, David Bridgton, Maine Lewis, Mrs. Dora Philadelphia Lockett, Elizabeth Provincetown, Massachusetts Lofting, Hugh Lyme, Connecticut Logan, M. A. New York City Loomis, Miriam M. Boston Lopas, Gene North Wilmington, Massachusetts Lopas, Grace North Wilmington, Massachusetts Lord, Mrs. J. A. Danvers, Massachusetts Lozinski, M. Brooklyn, New York
MacKaye, Benton Shirley, Massachusetts MacKaye, Hazel Shirley, Massachusetts Mackenzie, Jean Kenyon, New York City McConnell, Elizabeth New York City McDowell, Mary E. Chicago McDowell, Pauline Ocean Point, Maine McLean, F. H. Summit, New Jersey McLeish, I. Colorado Springs, Colorado McLeish, Mrs. M. H. Colorado Springs, Colorado Maher, Amy West Lebanon, New York Makens, Adelaide New York City Manship, Grace New York City Marcus, Grace F. New York City Marelli, A. Hampton, New Hampshire Marelli, Maria Hampton, New Hampshire Marks, Jeannette South Hadley, Massachusetts Marming, J. E. New York City Marshall, Charles C. New York City Matchett, Clara Allston, Massachusetts Mead, Mrs. George H. Chicago Melish, Rev. John Howard Brooklyn, New York Mendel, Philip Cambridge, Massachusetts Merk, Frederick Cambridge, Massachusetts Meserole, Darwin J. Brooklyn, New York Meyer, Dr. Bernard New York City Miller, Agnes Kingfield, Maine Miller, Mr. and Mrs. C. S. Westfield, New York Miller, Jean W. Kingfield, Maine Millman, Bessie Chicago Mitchell, Broadus Sweet Briar, Virginia Moak, Harry New York City Moak, Rose New York City Moffet, Edna V. Whitefield, New Hampshire Montague, William Pepperell New York City Moore, Edward H. Pequannock, New Jersey Moore, Madeline N. New York City Moulton, Phyllis New York City Mullan, J. M. Philadelphia Mussey, Mabel Barrows Wellesley, Massachusetts Mussey, Henry R. Wellesley, Massachusetts
Neill, J. G. New York City Nolen, John Cambridge, Massachusetts Norman, C. A. Columbus, Ohio Norris, S. B. Colorado Springs, Colorado Noyes, William Leonia, New Jersey
Oleson, Lena New York City O’Neil, Irene Thomas New York City O’Neill, Neville New York City Ormsby, Kathleen White Plains, New York Otey, Mrs. Dexter Lynchburg, Virginia Ottman, F. Brooklyn, New York
Packard, Fanny Cambridge, Massachusetts Paine, Isabelle S. Boston Parsons, Louis B. New York City Passage, W. W. Brooklyn, New York Peabody, Anna May Cambridge, Massachusetts Peabody, Helen Cambridge, Massachusetts Peaslee, E. Isabel Medford, Massachusetts Peaslee, Rachel A. Medford, Massachusetts Peck, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph A. Middlebury, Vermont Pholbrook, Alice Hampton, New Hampshire Plunkett, C. R. New York University Pohl, Dorothy Chicago Pollitzer, Anita Charleston, South Carolina Powell, Mary Lee Cambridge, Massachusetts Powell, Thomas Reed Cambridge, Massachusetts Prang, Mrs. Louis Rockport, Massachusetts Preston, Evelyn Red Bank, New Jersey Preston, Stuart D. New York City Price, Ida Wilcox Scarborough, New York Price, W. T. R. Scarborough, New York Putnam, Dr. C. R. L. New York City
Raisman, Aaron Brooklyn, New York Raisman, Emma Brooklyn, New York Raisman, Victor Brooklyn, New York Ratner, Joseph Columbia University Raushenbush, Winifred New York City Read, Doris Baltimore, Maryland Read, Edith Baltimore, Maryland Read, Professor H. F. Baltimore, Maryland Renbox, Lisa New York City Robinson, Edith A. Northport, New York Robinson, Helen New Haven, Connecticut Rockheimer, Rita Bridgton, Maine Roewer, George E., Jr. Boston Rogers, Arthur K. New Haven, Connecticut Rogers, Helen W. New Haven, Connecticut Roghe, Hedwig Brooklyn, New York Roller, Anne New York City Rondinell, Annina C. Whitefield, New Hampshire Rosen, David New York City Ross, Mary New York City Rudenberg, R. Brooklyn, New York
Saftel, Helen Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts Salinger, Dorothy Boston Sanford, Mary R. Bennington, Vermont Scheiber, Mr. and Mrs. I. B. Peekskill, New York Schenk, William New York City Schlesinger, Arthur M. Cambridge, Massachusetts Schrader, Franz Bryn Mawr College Schrader, Sallie H. Bryn Mawr College Schrufro, Mary Bridgton, Maine Schrufro, Samuel Bridgton, Maine Schultze, Mrs. Martin Chicago Scripture, Bertha Lincoln, Massachusetts Senken, B. Brooklyn, New York Sessions, Juliette Williamstown, Massachusetts Shearman, Margaret Hilles South Byfield, Massachusetts Shurtleff, Margaret Homer Boston Simkhovitch, Mary Kingsbury New York City Skillings, Franklin Peak’s Island, Maine Smith, Carl E. Hampton, New Hampshire Smith, Eloise L. Hampton, New Hampshire Smith, Holmes St. Louis, Missouri Smith, Mary H. Elizabethtown, New York Smith, P. Philadelphia Smith, T. Max Elizabethtown, New York Solomon, Walter Leo New York City Sonneck, O. G. New York City Sosbroke, Hughell Westport, Connecticut Spencer, Niles Provincetown, Massachusetts Squier, Mrs. J. E. Boston Starr, Ellen Gates Chicopee, Massachusetts Stephens, Louise New York City Stern, Frances Boston Stevens, James G. Canandaigua Depot, New York Stites, S. H. Wyoming, Pennsylvania Stokes, I. N. Phelps Greenwich, Connecticut Straub, Mrs. Otto T. Cambridge, Massachusetts Sturtevant, A. H. Carnegie Institution, Washington, D. C. Swensen, Edgar New York City
Talbot, Ellen B. South Hadley, Massachusetts Tannenbaum, Dora Chicago Tapley, Alice P. Williamstown, Massachusetts Tarbell, Ida M. Trumbull, Connecticut Tarbell, Sarah A. Trumbull, Connecticut Tarbell, W. W. Trumbull, Connecticut Tarbell, Mrs. W. W. Trumbull, Connecticut Tauber, Frederick Melrose Highlands, Massachusetts Taylor, Graham Chicago Taylor, Lea D. Chicago Taylor, Lily R. Bryn Mawr College Teller, Sidney Pittsburgh Thomas, Francisca Woodstock, Vermont Thompson, Catharine Boston Thompson, Christina Princeton, New Jersey Thompson, Maud Ocean Point, Maine Thompson, Mr. and Mrs. W. O. New York City Thurston, Henry W. New York City Tillinghast, S. M. Wyoming, Pennsylvania Tine, Maria Chicago Tolman, Mrs. Henry Salem, Massachusetts Training School for Jewish Social Work New York City Trimble, J. K. Philadelphia Tucker, Mrs. G. Burr Trumbull, Connecticut
Vance, John T., Jr. Washington, D. C. Vangerbig, Geraldine Red Bank, New Jersey Van Loon, Hendrik New York City Van Tuyl, Alverda New York City Villard, Oswald Garrison New York City Voce, P. Pittsburgh
Wadsworth, Mary K. Wakefield, Rhode Island Waechter, Lee New York City Wales, Marguerite A. New York City Walser, Igan M. Westport, Connecticut Walsh, Margaret M. Brooklyn, New York Walsh, Mary G. Brooklyn, New York Walther, Elise K. Chicago Walton, Elizabeth New York City Walton, Perry Boston Washington, William M. Detroit, Michigan Weiss, Rose Ocean Point, Maine Wells, Frank C. Brooklyn, New York Wemrebe, Joseph, M. D. Boston Wentworth, Lydia G. Brookline, Massachusetts West, Eloise Flushing, New York West, Walter Flushing, New York Weyl, Mrs. Walter Woodstock, New York Wheeler, Elizabeth Ashland, New Hampshire Whipple, Katharine W. New York City Whipple, Leon R. New York City Whitcomb, Camilla G. Worcester, Massachusetts Whiting, Edith Baltimore, Maryland Whitmarsh, Alida Edgartown, Massachusetts Whitney, Professor Marian Parker Poughkeepsie, New York Wight, Alexander E. Wellesley, Massachusetts Wilson, Angeline Boston Wilson, Arthur Boston Wilson, Dorothy Boston Windsor, Anna G. Wakefield, Rhode Island Wingert, Christina Princeton, New Jersey Wingert, Gustav Princeton, New Jersey Winson, Ellen Haverford, Pennsylvania Wise, Helen G. Seal Harbor, Maine Wittler, Milton Boston Wolcott, G. S. New York City Woodhull, William Princeton, New Jersey Woodman, F. C. New York City Woods, Amy Duxbury, Massachusetts Woodward, Helen New York City Woodward, W. E. New York City Woolley, Mary E. South Hadley, Massachusetts Worthington, Louise New York City Wright, Rowe Woodstock, New York Wyatt, Edith Franklin Chicago
Zagler, Henrietta Chicago Zucker, Theodore F. Columbia University
BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTE
The uncertainty in the minds of multitudes of men and women here and abroad as to the exercise of our American institutions of justice will make many of the fair-minded, whether conservative or liberal, eager to read or page through some of the outstanding reports, books, articles and editorials on the subject.
Among these should be listed: The Lowell and Fuller reports;[19] Felix Frankfurter’s, “The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti”; Eugene Lyon’s, “The Life and Death of Sacco and Vanzetti”; John Dos Passos’s, “Facing the Electric Chair”; “The Letters of Sacco and Vanzetti,” edited by Marion Denman Frankfurter and Gardner Jackson; “America Arraigned,” an anthology of poems by some fifty American poets, edited by Ralph Cheyney and Lucia Trent;[20] in the _New Yorker Volkszeitung_ from April to the end of August, 1927, will be found in German some unusual poems on Sacco and Vanzetti by Israel Kassvan; “There is Justice,” by William Floyd; “Boston” by Upton Sinclair; “The Sacco-Vanzetti Case,” Transcript of Records of the Case, Henry Holt and Company; and articles and editorials published in the Defense Committee’s _Bulletins_, in the _Arbitrator_, _Atlantic Monthly_, _Nation_, _New Leader_, _New Republic_, _Outlook_, _The Relay_, _Springfield Republican_, and _The Survey_.
Finally when the Defense Committee has finished its editing of the compiled Sacco and Vanzetti papers, students of these issues will have an authoritative body of documents irreplaceable in the Defense literature. In the meantime both the _Decision of Gov. Alvan T. Fuller_ and _The Lowell Committee Report_ have been reprinted together and without comment by the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee. This important reprint, or any one of the books listed in this note, may be obtained either from the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee, P. O. Box 93, Hanover Street Station, Boston, Mass.; or from the Sacco-Vanzetti National League.
FOOTNOTES:
[19] Reprints of these reports, also reprints of Sacco-Vanzetti articles by John Dewey, Arthur Warner, William Thompson and Alexander Meiklejohn, may be obtained from the +Sacco-Vanzetti National League+, Room 2008, 104 Fifth Avenue, New York City. +The Sacco-Vanzetti National League+ is the permanent name of an association which was hastily formed in August, 1927, through the efforts of Mrs. Jessica Henderson, and others, to secure from the Department of Justice access to the files for material bearing on the case of the two men under sentence. The organization was not successful in this effort, but, under the chairmanship of Dr. Robert Morss Lovett, it continues to exist to keep the public informed of developments in the case, which it does not regard as closed. It has in hand now the preparation of a book on the Lowell Report, under the editorship of Professor Karl Llewellyn.
[20] The following are the names of the fifty poets included in this volume:
John Haynes Holmes, David P. Berenberg, Ralph Cheyney, Mary Carolyn Davies, S. A. DeWitt, W. Wilson Manross, Martin Feinstein, John Gould Fletcher, Louis Ginsberg, Carolyn Leonard Goodenough, Ernest Hartsock, Nicholas Moskowitz, Benjamin Musser, Lola Ridge, E. Merrill Root, Blanche Waltrip Rose, Mary Siegrist, Edith Lombard Squires, Lucia Trent, Robert Whitaker, Gremin Zorn, W. P. Trent, Seymore Michael Blankfort, Witter Bynner, Countee Cullen, Babette Deutsch, William Closson Emory, Harry Alan Potamkin, Ettore Rella, James Rorty, Clement Wood, Vincent G. Burns, Harold D. Carew, Miriam Allen DeFord, Arthur Davison Ficke, S. Ralph Harlow, Mary Plowden Kernan, Alfred Kreymborg, A. B. Magil, Jeannette Marks, Kathleen Millay, Edna St. Vincent Millay, William Ellery Leonard, Miriam E. Oatman, John Dos Passos, Alice N. Spicer, Laura Simmons, Max Press, Joseph T. Shipley, Henry Reich, Jr., Edwin Seaver, Josiah Titzell, Bethuel Matthew Webster, Jr., Alice Riggs Hunt.
INDEX
Addams, Jane, 22, 108
Almy, Frederick, 108
_America Arraigned_, 1, 18, 34, 36, 44, 64, 121-122
American Civil Liberties Union, 75, 102
American Legion, 106
Amidon, Judge, 22
Anarchists, hang the, 9, 51; literature, 51; Italian, 62; Chicago, 75; two philosophic, 102
Anarchy, 41
_Arbitrator_, 122
_Atlantic Monthly_, Attorney Thompson in, 71, 122
Aurelius, Marcus, 74
Austin, Mary, 22
Baldwin, Roger, 103, 104
Barnard College, 97, 98
Barry, John, 13
Beacon Hill, 6, 16, 52
Beale, Fred, 34
Beard, Charles A., 108
Bellevue, 22, 25
Bent, Silas, 88
Berenberg, David P., poem, 1
Berlin, 46
Bernheimer, Louis, 30, 31
Blackwell, Alice Stone, 29
Bliven, Bruce, 108
Bloor, Mother, arrested, 33-35
“Blue Menace,” 97, 106
Blye, Captain, 89
Boissevin, Eugene, 29
Bombs, 4, 11, 19
Boston, 1, 2, 3, 7, 12, 18, 19, 20; Regnant, 26, 43, 52, 55, 56, 58, 68, 75, 81
Boston Common, 16, 26, 52, 56, 57
Braintree, 65
Brandeis, Judge, 19-20
Bridgewater, 65
_Brooklyn Eagle_, 13
Broun, Heywood, 5, 8; in _Nation_, 69
Brown, Don, 45
Brown, John, 18, 43
Brubaker, Howard, 22
Bryn Mawr College, 97
Buenos Aires, sympathetic strike, 46
Bunker Hill Monument, 26, 34-35
Burlingham, Charles C., 108
Cadman, Dr. S. Parkes, 104-105
California, 33, 102
Calkins, Mary, 98
Callahan, Jack, 88
Cattell, J. McKeen, 22, 81
Chaplin, Ralph, _Mourn Not the Dead_, 95
Charlestown Prison, 6, 13, 36, 40, 47
Cheswick, Pennsylvania, 45
Cheyney, Ralph, Editor with Lucia Trent of _America Arraigned_, 1, 18, 34, 36, 44, 64, 121-122
Christ, Jesus, 41, 81, 92, 94, 98
Citizens’ National Committee, 22
Clayton anti-trust act, 72
Codman, John S., 22
Cohn, Dr., _Some Questions and an Appeal_, 86
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, inward prostration of the soul, 68
Colorado, 45, 75, 85-86
Commons, John R., 22
Communist, 9
Conservative, 71, 81, 94, 101
Cook, Waldo, 22, 23, 25, 106, 108
Coolidge, Calvin, 87; on _Enemies of the Republic_, 97-100, 106
“Coolidgisms,” 97-99
Cox, Governor, 88
Cox and Harding, vote for, 78
Cremation Chamber, 61
Crowley, Chief of Police, 26, 77
Dadourian, Professor H. M., in _Scientific Monthly_, 81
Dana, H. W. L., Vanzetti’s letter to, 48, 49
Darrow, Clarence, 65
Daughters of the American Revolution, 106, 107
Death House, 6, 13; back in, 21; immortality, 24; farewell in, 31; _Two in the Death House_, _vide_ Ridge, 33-34; heard him calling, 41
Debs, Eugene Victor, last money order, 40; Vanzetti’s tribute to, 65; straw vote for, 78; the radical, 79-80; symbolic figure of, 81-93, 94, 97
Defense Headquarters, 3-8, 10-16, 20, 24-25, 30-32, 35-43, 44, 46-48, 53-54
_Delineator_, article by Calvin Coolidge in, 97-100, 106
Dewey, John, 22; _Psychology and Justice_ in the _New Republic_, 66-68, 108
Donovan, Mary, 4, 6, 10; State Factory Inspector, 11-12, 14-16, 20; standing by her “people,” 28, 29, 30, 31; Mother Bloor bailed by, 35; and Powers Hapgood, 37-38, 39; cry from, 41, 42; pallor of, 49; nerves at breaking point, 50-51; to the thought of, 54; reading the funeral address, 61-63; letter, 70-71
Ehrmann, Mr., 89
Elliott, John Lovejoy, 108
Elliott, Mrs., 25
Emerson, Dr. Haven, 22, 108
Emerson Ralph Waldo, 2, 16, 18
Espionage Act, 91
Evans, Mrs. Glendower, 3, 25, 28
Execution, after midnight, the tenth, 2; official executioner, 13; at midnight, 83
Farnam, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Walcott, 22
Fascism, fleeing, 42
Federal Council of Churches, 105
Felicani, Aldino, 4, 6, 11, 15-17; spent figure, 24, 31-32; it is the ideal, 40, 49, 53, 93
Fellowship of Reconciliation, 105
Fellowship of Youth for Peace, 105
Fiske, John, 2
Flaming Milka (Milka Sablich), lassoed, 85
Floyd, William, _There Is Justice_, 122
Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 103
Forbes, Mrs. J. Malcolm, 22
Forest Hills Cemetery, 52, 56, 58-59, 60-63
Foster, William Z., 103
Frame-up, 75-76
Frankfurter, Felix, 13, 24, 102, 103; _The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti_, 121
Frankfurter, Marian Denman, Editor with Gardner Jackson of _The Letters of Sacco and Vanzetti_, 42, 48, 121
Free speech and free assemblage, 26, 27, 72, 80, 81, 97
Freund, Ernest, 108
Fuller, Governor, Governor’s Council, 10; Governor’s Secretary, 14, 15, 23; cast-iron executive, 31; plead with, 35; “Twice the Governor said,” 38; Secretary’s office, 39; had assured a woman of wealth, 50; letter from John Hays Hammond and from Bishop Lawrence, 83, 89; tuning fork from which he took his pitch, 101
Fuller, Margaret, 2; kernel of nobleness, 16
Funeral address, 61-63
Galileo, experiment with falling bodies, 80
Gannett, Lewis, 104
Garland Fund, 104
Garrison, William Lloyd, 52
Gary, Judge, advice to his heirs, 91
German, 35
Goldman, Emma, 105
Goodwin, Frank A., address to the Kiwanis, 101-107
Grant, Judge, 2
Hale, Ruth, 8, 26, 32-35; Bunker Hill Monument, 35
Haley, Lilian, 14; the friend’s house, 17, 38; faithful, fearless, 39
Halliday, Paula, 29
Hamilton, Dr. Alice, 23, 25, 108
Hammond, John Hays, letter to Governor Fuller, 83
Hankins questionnaire, 104
Hanover Street, 3, 20, 34, 47, 53, 56, 58
Hapgood, Norman, 22, 103, 108
Hapgood, Powers, testing free speech, 26; gone, 30; psychiatric hospital, 31; account of, 37-38; defends Mary Donovan, 51; want to stand up and be counted, 95
Harriman, Mrs. J. Borden, 35
Harding, President, 78, 92
Harvard University, 23, 25
Hayes, Professor Ellen, taken to patrol wagon, 28; at Forest Hills Cemetery, 60
Hays, Arthur Garfield, 22, 28
Henderson, Mrs. Jessica, Vanzetti thanking, 48, 121
Hendry, Warden, 13; kindness, 41, 77
_Herald_, Boston, 72-73
Higginson, Colonel T. W., 2
Hill, Attorney Arthur D., 10; arrow-flight of, 24
Hill, Creighton, 13
Hillquit, Morris, 103
Hocking, William Ernest, 22
Hod Carriers’ Union, 33, 34, 36
Holmes, Dr. John Haynes, 81
Holmes, Chief Justice, 19
Holt, Henry & Co., _The Sacco-Vanzetti Case_, 122
Industrial Defense Association, 107
Italian, 2; Italian painting, 5; fruit stand, 10; can’t speak, 12; Italian marriage, Margaret Fuller Ossoli, 16; paper, 31; restaurant, 32; “wops,” 38; editor, Signor Longerini, 31, 42; that Italian case, 43; martyrs, 50; by birth, 52; anarchists, 62; Vanzetti suffered because, 66; reference to in _New Republic_, 66-67; hatred for poor Italians, 74; radical, 74; idealists, 75
Jackson, Dr. Edith, 31, 38
Jackson, Gardner, 4, 7, 12; sacrificing future, 14, 20; on way to State House, 31; came in, 38; more and more quiet, 39, 41; Editor with Marian Denman Frankfurter of _The Letters of Sacco and Vanzetti_, 42, 48, 121; undiminished strength, 49; defends Mary Donovan, 51; funeral address written by, 61
James, Edward Holton, 8, 101-102
James, William, nephew of, 101-102
Johannesburg, South Africa, 46
Joy Street Police Station, 28-30
Justice, 2; _Justice Is the Issue_, 3; education for, 8, 16-17; issue of, 26; “desire for,” 33; another Brotherhood struggling for, 43; American Tragedy of Injustice, 52; Justice Crucified, 53, 55; spectacle of American, 68; constitutional, 69; issue of, 72; Department of, 75, 84-85
Kassvan, Israel, 122
Kellogg, Paul, 22, 23, 25, 26, 108
Key Men of America, 107
Keynes, John Maynard, 72
Kirchwey, Freda, 98
Laidler, Dr. Harry, 98
Lake Champlain, 1, 43
Langone’s Funeral Chapel, 47, 50-51, 53
Lawrence, Bishop, letter to Governor Fuller, 83
Lawson, John Howard, 22, 33
League for Industrial Democracy, 98
Leipzig, 46
Lenin, Nicolai, 103
Levine, Isaac Don, 8
Lewis, Alfred Baker, 8, 9; out of police station, 28, 54; under leadership of, 59; Salsedo’s highly curious death, 85
Lewis, Dora, 108
Liberal, 71, 81, 94, 97, 100
Lincoln, Abraham, 84-85
Llewellyn, Karl, 121
Lombroso, criminal type, 4
London, protest meeting, 45
Lovett, Dr. Robert Morss, 104, 121
Lowell, A. Lawrence, 2, 77, 121
Lusk law, 86-87; investigating committee, 102; days, 107
Lyon, Eugene, _The Life and Death of Sacco and Vanzetti_, 121
McCausland, Elizabeth, _The Blue Menace_, 97, 106-107
MacCracken, President, 105
MacDonald, Herman, _vide_ Fuller, Governor
McConnell, Bishop, 105
McDowell, Mary E., 22
Madeiros, gone, 41
_Manchester Guardian Weekly_, 105
March of Sorrow, 44-63
Massachusetts, 8, 12, 13, 18, 62, 101; Public Interests League, 107
Maurer, James, 103
Mazzini, grave in Campo Santo, Genoa, 52-53
Mede, James, 88-90
Meiklejohn, A., 121
Michelson, Clarina, 29, 30
Mill, John Stuart, essay _On Liberty_, 27
Millay, Edna St. Vincent, 29
Miners, protest meeting, 45; Colorado, 45
Mooney and Billings, 83, 102
Moore, Fred, 89
Moore, Sam, on Debs, 92
Moors, John F., 23
Mores, 11
Moro, Joseph, 13, 20; watchfulness of, 49
Mount Holyoke College, 97
Murphy, Carline, 37
Musmanno, Michael Angelo, 31; as interpreter, 39
Mussey, Mr. and Mrs. Henry R., 22
_Nation_, Heywood Broun in, 69; “Turn the Light on Palmer,” 84, 122
Nearing, Scott, 103
Neilson, President, 105
New England, 19
New Hampshire, 18, 21
New Jersey, 75
_New Leader_, 59, 83-84, 122
_New Republic_, 8; miners’ protest, 45; Dr. Dewey in, 66-67, 122
New York City, 7, 12
_New York World_, 5
Nicaragua and Sandino, 100
North End Park, 53
Oneal, James, drift to Empire, 76-77; preparation for injustice, 83-84
Oporto, Portugal, 46
_Outlook_, on the fundamental principle of free government, 87; _Outlook and Independent_, 89-90, 122
Pacifist, 91, 102
Palmer, Mitchell, “Red Raids,” 84, 105
Paris, protest meeting, 45-46
Parker, Dorothy, 9
Passos, John Dos, 8; cheerful, charming, 25, 28, 34, 35; _Facing the Electric Chair_, 121
Pasteur, his microscope, 80
Peabody, Helen, arrested, 40
Pearse, Padraic, poem _To Death_, 43
Pennsylvania, 45, 86
Pesotta, Rose, 44, 46; under leadership of, 59
Philadelphia, 7
Phillips, Wendell, 52
Picketing, 8, 9
Pittsburgh, 45
Police, 2, 3; rough handling, 9; bluecoats, 10; charges trumped up by, 12; down Joy Street, 28; to get Mother Bloor, 33-35; at Charlestown, 36, 40; and the protestants, 45-46; Sergeant of, 51; Mounted State, 54; at first neutral, 54; salute to, 55; control of, 56; maintain order, 58; effort to incite to violence, 59-60; in Cremation Chamber, 61-63, 76
Pound, Dean Roscoe, 103
Prince, Dr. Morton, 66
Professors, 1; disloyal, 97-98; Vida D. Scudder, Mary Calkins, 98; Felix Frankfurter, 102, 103; Hankins questionnaire, 104
Public opinion, 6; education of, 16-17
Rabinowitz, Louis, 57
Radcliffe College, 97
Radical, 9, 66, 71, 74-75, 79, 81-82, 84, 86-87, 94, 99
Rand School, 84, 99
Red Menace, 97
_Relay, The_, 60, 122
_Republican, Springfield_, 5, 23, 24, 25, 106, 122
Ridge, Lola, 8, 29, 30; over in Salem Street, 33; Charlestown Prison, 36-37
Robinson, James Harvey, on inherent radicalism, 81-82
Roewer, George E., Jr., 22
Roman holiday, 64-77, 80
Romualdi, Serafino, 31, 42
Root, E. Merrill, poem by, 36
Rosario, Argentine, 46
Rotenberg Estate, 47
Sacco, Dante, letter to, 49; car containing, 53
Sacco, Nicola, 2; claim the body of, 15; respite of twelve days, 15; and Vanzetti, the very best men, 17; a symbol, 22-24; lost sight of, 27; “Save Sacco and Vanzetti,” 29; justice for, 33; summons to chair, 36; “wops,” 38; in the name of, 39; walls that held, 40; Brotherhood of Christ, 41; letters of, 42, 48, 121; protest meeting, 45; bodies of, 47, 55; farewell, 47; letter to son, 49; peace of death, 50; dead kings, 54; last deference to, 59; cremation chamber, 61; address by, 64; and Vanzetti are dead, 67, 87-89, 93; pursuit of ideal, 94; martyrdom of, 95; in _Red Menace_, 102
Sacco, Rosa, description of, 5, 6, 7; waiting for decision, 10-16; return from Scenic Auditorium meeting, 21; grief, 24-25; final appeal to governor, 31, 38; again waiting, 39; beauty of, 50; funeral procession, 53
Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee, 1, 7, 13, 15, 16, 19; fighting on to the end, 21; bribe, 23; defeat, 22-24; when sentence pronounced, 64; mental courage of Sacco and Vanzetti, 71, 122-123
Sacco-Vanzetti National League, 123
Saint Paul’s Cathedral, Boston, 52, 56
Salem Street, 33
Salsedo, death of, 85
Sandburg, Carl, 78
Santosuosso, Dr., 89
Scenic Auditorium, 21
Schreiner, Olive, 46
Scollay Square, 20, 54, 55
Scott, Dred, 84, 85
Scudder, Vida D., 98
Seager, Henry R., 108
Shields, Art, 8
Shipley, Joseph T., poem, 64
Shurtleff, Margaret Homer, 108
Silva, Frank, 88-90
Simmons, Laura, 30; sonnet, 44
Sinclair, Upton, 103; _Boston_, 122
Smith, Alfred, 86
Smith College, 97, 104
Smith, Miss (Winifred?), 97
Socialists and socialism, 7, 8, 9, 11, 51, 86, 92, 93, 98, 101-103, 105
Soviets, ambassador, 97; government, 99; Russia, 102
Spanish War Veterans, 106
State House, 6, 14, 16, 31
Status quo, 32, 74, 102
Stratton, President, 2
Sunday, Billy, denouncing the radical, 79
_Survey_, 22, 23, 26, 122
Sydney, Australia, 46
Taylor, Graham, 22
Teeple, Mr., 9
Telephone, calls, 4; “banks,” State House, 6; Headquarters, 8; whistled or faded, 6; battle, 8; calling Mr. Thompson, 15, 25, 31; the ringing voice of Attorney Thompson, 38; Gardner Jackson, 39, 41; Mary Donovan, 42; buzz of, 46
Thayer, Judge Webster, 3; words spoken by, 50-51; anarchistic, 51; Sacco’s reference to, 64; Vanzetti in courteous apology to, 66; at Dartmouth reunion, 69, 77
Thirteen days, 26, 50, 68, 71, 81, 95
Thomas, Norman, 104
Thompson, Attorney, 15; belief in innocence of Sacco and Vanzetti, 38; reference to in _New Republic_, 66-68; record in _Atlantic Monthly_, 71, 88-90, 121
Todd, Helen, 30
_Traveller_, Boston, _Red Menace_ published in, 101
Trent, Lucia, poem, 18, _v._ also Cheyney, Ralph
Trotzky, Leon, 99
Union Theological Seminary, 99
Vance, John T., 22
Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 2; claim the body of, 15; respite of 12 days, 15; and Sacco, the very best men, 17; a symbol, 22-24; lost sight of, 27; “Save Sacco and Vanzetti,” 29; justice for, 33; summons to chair, 36; “wops,” 38; in the name of, 39; walls that held, 40; Brotherhood of Christ, 41; thanking Warden Hendry, 41; letters of, 42, 48, 121; protest meeting, 45; bodies of, 47, 55; farewell, 47; peace of death, 50; dead kings, 54; last deference to, 59; cremation chamber, 61; speech, 65-66; Attorney Thompson on Vanzetti in _Atlantic Monthly_, 71, 88-90, 93; pursuit of ideal, 94; martyrdom of, 95; in _Red Menace_, 97
Vanzetti, Signorina Luigia, 20, 31-32, 38, 39, 53
Vassar College, 97
Vermont, 18, 21
Veterans of Foreign Wars, 106
Villard, Oswald Garrison, 22
Ward, Harry F., 99
Warner, Arthur, 121
Watson, Blanche, in _New Leader_, 59
Wellesley College, 28, 60, 97
Wheeler, Senator, 75
Whitney, Anita, 102
Whitney, Marian Parker, 22
Woman’s City Club, 25
Woods, Amy, 23, 28
Woolley, Mary E., 22, 105, 108
_World To-morrow, The_, 90-91
Transcriber’s Notes
Possible printer’s errors, including spelling, hyphenation, and punctuation, were retained, except for changes listed below.
_Italics_, +Small Caps+ and +ALL SMALL CAPS+ have been converted as so.
Footnotes have been renumbered and moved to the end of their respective chapters.
On page 21, “justice’” was standardized to “justice’s”.
In the footnote on page 22, “V.” was italicized for standardization. It means vide, or see.
On page 33, there is a poem with ellipsed text represented by a thought break. Thought breaks other than this are normal.
On page 67, “mind ...” was changed to “mind....” for consistency.
In the footnote on page 81, “v.” was italicized for standardization.
On page 83, “vew” was changed to “view”.
On pages 88 and 90, “holdup” was standardized to “hold-up”.
On page 89, “Santosuossa” was changed to “Santosuosso” to match other sources from the period.
On page 91, “felt” was changed to “fell” to match the passage on page 49.
On page 102, “Gospel.” was changed to “Gospel,” since the text is in the middle of a list.
In the footnote on page 121, “Arthur Warner;” was changed to “Arthur Warner,” to match the respective list formatting.
In Appendix C, the line breaks and indentation of the list were standardized.
On page 122, 2 erroneous colons in the list of works were replaced by semi-colons.
In the Index, the following changes were made:
On page 126, a comma was added after “Professor H. M.” for consistency.
On page 127, a comma was added after “(Milka Sablich)” for consistency.
On page 128, “arrow flight” was standardized to “arrow-flight” to match the reference in the text.
On page 128, a comma was added after “nephew of” for consistency.
On page 129, “Lusk, Law,” was standardized to “Lusk law,” for consistency and to match the reference in the text.
On page 130, “Holiday” was standardized to “holiday” to match the reference in the text.
On page 131, “Santosoussa” was changed to “Santosuosso” to match the occurrence on page 89.
On page 132, a semi-colon was added to “lost sight of, 27” for consistency.