CHAPTER III.

CONCLUSION.

It is in respect of the foregoing matters that the Yellowstone National Park has most to fear. The general public, although always in favor of its preservation, knows nothing of the merit of these various projects. A bill is introduced in Congress in the interest of some private enterprise. It is supported by representations and statistics gotten up for the occasion. There may be no one at hand to refute them, and they are the only information upon which Congress can act. More than once these bills have been reported favorably from committee, when every essential statement in the committee's report was contrary to fact. Unless some friend of the Park is present, ready and willing to devote time, and perhaps money, to its defense, there is only too much danger that these measures will eventually prove successful.

Thus far, the Park has never been lacking in such friends; and there is no more encouraging fact in its history than this, that some one has always been on guard against any thing which might work to its injury. Men like Senator Vest in official position, or William Hallett Phillips in private life, and journals like _Forest and Stream_, have stood for years, in a purely public-spirited manner, without remunerative inducement of any sort, and often in face of the bitterest vituperation and abuse, against the designs of selfish and unscrupulous schemers. In like manner, government officials connected with the Park have always, with one or two exceptions, earnestly opposed these dangerous projects. It is plain to any one who is familiar with its inside history, that, but for the agencies just mentioned, there would not be to-day any Yellowstone Park at all. It is equally plain, that so long as friends like these are forthcoming, the Park has little to fear from its enemies.

In still another respect, the Park has been unfortunate where it had a right to expect better things. Prior to the admission of Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho into the Union of States, its interests were looked after in Congress, particularly in the Senate, by a few members who took great pride in promoting its welfare. But when the above territories were admitted to the Union, these gentlemen very naturally turned over the charge, which they had voluntarily assumed, to the members from the new States, as being thereafter its proper guardians. It was, of course, believed that in them, if in any one, the Park would find needed championship and protection. It is a matter of great regret that these very reasonable expectations have not been realized. A glance at the list of bills pertaining to the Yellowstone National Park, which have been presented to Congress in the past six years, will show that nearly every objectionable measure has been fathered by the very men whose first duty would seem to have been to oppose them. In a speech opposing the Segregation Project, delivered in the Senate in the winter of 1892-3, Senator Vest referred to this subject with justifiable indignation. He said:

"When those States [Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho] were territories, and not represented in the Senate, I considered it the duty of every Senator, as this Park belonged to all the people of the United States, ... to defend its integrity, and to keep it for the purposes for which it was originally designed. Since Senators have come from those States, who, of course, must be supposed to know more about that Park than those of us who live at a distance, and since they have manifested a disposition to mutilate it, I must confess that my interest in it has rather flagged, and I feel very much disposed, in plain language, to wash my hands of the whole business. If the constituencies, who are more benefited than any others can possibly be in the Park, are willing to see it cut off, the best disposition of the matter would be to turn it open to the public, let the full greed and avarice of the country have their scope, let the geysers be divided out and taken for the purpose of washing clothes, ... let the water of that splendid water-fall in the Yellowstone River be used to turn machinery, let the timber be cut off; in other words, destroy the Park, and make it a sacrifice to the greed of this advanced age in which we live."

It is only fair to say that generally these members do not personally favor the measures to which they lend official countenance and comfort. One can find a practical, if not a morally justifiable, excuse for their course in the exigencies of political life which too often constrain men to official action not in accordance with their private judgment. Unquestionably, a majority of the people of these young and enterprising states are immovably opposed to any thing which may tend to mutilate or destroy this important reservation; and it is not believed that their broader patriotism will ever be overridden by the narrow and perverted wishes of a few straggling constituencies.[BW]

[BW] The almost prophetic warning of Captain Harris in his last report as Superintendent of the Park has a peculiar force in this connection:

"In my experience in connection with this National Park, I have been very forcibly impressed with the danger to which it is subjected by the greed of private enterprise. All local influence centers in schemes whereby the Park can be used for pecuniary advantage. In the unsurpassed grandeur of its natural condition, it is the pride and glory of the nation; but if, under the guise of improvement, selfish interests are permitted to make merchandise of its wonders and beauties, it will inevitably become a by-word and a reproach."

Finally, the effect of a single evil precedent upon the future of the Park must be kept constantly in mind. The door once opened, though by never so small a degree, can not again be closed; but will sooner or later be thrown wide open. A privilege granted to one can not be denied to another. If one corner of the Park is cut off, other portions will share the same fate. If one railroad is granted a right of way across the reservation, another can not be refused. The only way to avoid these dangers is to keep the door entirely closed.

There is now but little real need of further positive legislation. Some provision should of course be made for an adequate police force, and ample means should be provided to perfect the system of roads. Happily this duty involves no appreciable burden. It requires no continuing outlay to "beautify and adorn." And when it is done, the further policy of the government toward the Park should be strictly negative, designed solely to preserve it unimpaired, as its founders intended, for the "benefit and enjoyment" of succeeding generations.

APPENDIX A.

GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES IN THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

I.

INTRODUCTORY.

In common experience, the importance of geographical names lies in their use as a means of identification. To describe an object there must be a name, and for this purpose one name is as good as another. But if the reason be sought why a particular name happened to be selected, it will generally be found to arise, not from this practical necessity, but from some primary fact or tradition, or from some distinguished character, in the annals of the community where it occurs. In its mountains and valleys, its lakes and streams, and in its civil divisions, the cradle history of a country may always be found recorded.

In newly-discovered countries, the naming of geographical features is the dearest prerogative of the explorer, as it is also the one most liable to abuse from personal vanity or egotism. The desire to attach his name, or those of his personal friends, to the prominent landmarks of the globe, where the eye of posterity may never escape them, is a weakness from which no discoverer has yet shown himself free.

In a region like the Yellowstone National Park, destined for all time to be a resort for the lovers of science and pleasure, this temptation was quite irresistible; so much so, that, when the expeditions of 1870 and 1871 left the field, they left little worth naming behind them. And yet the honor thus gained has not, we venture to say, been all that its votaries desired. Small is the number of tourists who stop to inquire for whom Mary Lake, DeLacy Creek, or Stevenson Island was named. Fewer still are aware that Mt. Everts was _not_ christened in honor of a distinguished American statesman of similar name, but in commemoration of one of the most thrilling individual experiences in American history. So with all these personal names. The lively satisfaction with which they were given finds no counterpart in the languid indifference with which the modern visitor mechanically repeats them.

In as much as it fell to the lot of the United States Geological Survey to originate a great many of the names in our western geography, it is interesting to know from official sources the principles which governed in this important work. Writing upon this point, Dr. Hayden says:[BX]

"In attaching names to the many mountain peaks, new streams, and other geographical localities, the discovery of which falls to the pleasant lot of the explorer in the untrodden wilds of the West, I have followed the rigid law of priority, and given the one by which they have been generally known among the people of the country, whether whites or Indians; but if, as is often the case, no suitable descriptive name can be secured from the surroundings, a personal one may then be attached, and the names of eminent men who have identified themselves with the great cause, either in the fields of science or legislation, naturally rise first in the mind."

[BX] Page 8, Fifth Annual Report of Dr. Hayden.

In the more recent and thorough survey of the Park by the United States Geological Survey, it became necessary to provide names for those subordinate features which, in a less restricted field, the early explorers had thought unworthy of notice. Professor Arnold Hague, upon whom this work has principally fallen, thus states the rule which he has followed:[BY]

"In consultation with Mr. Henry Gannett, geologist in charge of geography, it was agreed that the necessary new names to designate the unnamed mountains, valleys, and streams should be mainly selected from the beasts, birds, fishes, trees, flowers, and minerals found within the Park or the adjacent country."

[BY] Page 152, Part I, Annual Report United States Geological Survey for year ending June 30, 1887.

The christening of the hot springs and geysers of the Park has been singularly fortunate. The names are in all cases characteristic. They are not studied efforts, but are simply the spontaneous utterances from first impressions by those who had never seen, and had heard but little of, similar phenomena. It is doubtful if the most careful study could improve them, and tourists will agree with General Poe who referred as follows to this subject when he visited the Park in 1877:[BZ]

"The region of these geysers has been rightly named Fire Hole, and one almost wonders that in this country, where the tendency is to name natural objects after men who have a temporary prominence, this interesting place and its assemblage of wonders should have so completely escaped, and in general and in particular received names so very appropriate."

[BZ] Page 79, "Inspection made in the Summer of 1877, etc." See Appendix E.

In the race for the geographical honors of the Park, the prize fell neither to the United States Geological Survey nor even to Colonel Norris, though each was a close competitor. It was won by that mythical potentate of whose sulphurous empire this region is thought by some to be simply an outlying province. Starting with "Colter's Hell," the list grew until it contained "Hell Roaring Creek," "Hell Broth Springs," "Hell's Half Acre," "Satan's Arbor," and the Devil's "Den," "Workshop," "Kitchen," "Stairway," "Slide," "Caldron," "Punch Bowl," "Frying Pan," "Well," "Elbow," "Thumb," "Inkstand," etc., etc. It is some satisfaction to know that this rude and fiery nomenclature is gradually falling into disuse.

In a measure from sympathy with the purpose of the early name-givers, and to help those who take an interest in such matters to know when, by whom, and why the geographical names of the Park were given, a complete list of these names, with a few from adjacent territory, has been prepared. The letters and numbers immediately after the names (except those in parentheses) give marginal references on the map to facilitate identification. The date of christening and the name of the christening party next follow. When these can not now be determined with precision, the work is credited to the authors of the map upon which they first appear. Next comes whatever account is discoverable of the origin of the names, authority being quoted, as far as possible, from the writings of whoever bestowed them. Wherever an object was named from some natural characteristic, as its form, color, composition, or other peculiarity, or from the birds, beasts, fishes, insects, trees, flowers, shrubs or minerals of the Park, the single word "characteristic" denotes the fact. The abbreviation "U. S. G. S." is for "United States Geological Survey."

APPENDIX A.

II.

MOUNTAIN RANGES, PEAKS, BUTTES, RIDGES, HILLS.

[The numbers in parentheses denote elevations. These are taken from the latest map by the United States Geological Survey, and are the same as that of the one hundred foot contour nearest the summit. The true elevation of the ultimate peak is in each case slightly greater, lying somewhere between the figure given and an altitude one hundred feet higher.]

_Abiathar Peak_ (10,800)--C: 14--1885--U. S. G. S.--For Charles _Abiathar_ White, Paleontologist, U. S. Geological Survey.

_Absaroka Range_, A-X: 12-16--1885--U. S. G. S.--This range of mountains has had an unfortunate christening history. It was first known as the Yellowstone Range, from its close relation to the Yellowstone River, of which it is the source. The original name dates from as far back as 1863, and was adopted by the first explorers of the Park country. It was officially recognized in 1871, by both the Corps of Engineers and the United States Geological Survey. When the Park was created this range became its real eastern boundary, and many of its peaks were named for those who had borne prominent parts in its history. The name had thus an added claim to perpetuity. It passed into general use, and appears in all the writings of the United States Geological Survey down to 1883.

In 1873, Captain W. A. Jones, of the Corps of Engineers, led an expedition through these mountains--the first that ever crossed them. He gave them a new name, "Sierra Shoshone." Except for the fact that he was violating the rule of priority, his action in giving this name, as well as his judgment in its selection, were of unquestionable propriety. It was a tribe of the Shoshonean family who alone dwelt in the Park, or among these mountains, and it was entirely fitting to commemorate this fact in a distinct and permanent manner. The name passed rapidly into public use, and by 1880 had practically supplanted the original name.

For reasons that can hardly be made to appear satisfactory, the United States Geological Survey, in 1883, or soon after, rejected both these names and adopted in their place Absaroka, "the Indian name of the Crow nation" (Hague). Of course this action can have no pretense of justification from the standpoint of the "rigid law of priority." There are very few instances in American geography of a similar disregard for the rights of previous explorers. Unfortunately, not even the argument of appropriateness can be urged in its defense. These mountains, except that portion north of the Park, were never properly Crow territory, and the name is thus distinctly an importation. Its future use is now unhappily assured, on account of its formal adoption (for reasons wholly inadequate, it is true,) by the United States Board on Geographical Names. Against the influence of the government, with its extensive series of publications, even though committed to the perpetuation of an error, it is idle to contend; but it is greatly to be deplored that a feature of the Park scenery of such commanding prominence should not bear a name at least remotely suggestive of some natural or historical association.

_Amethyst Mountain_ (9,423)--F: 11--1872--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Antler Peak_ (10,200)--E: 4--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Atkins Peak_ (10,900)--N: 14--1885--U. S. G. S.--For John D. C. Atkins, Indian Commissioner, 1885-1888.

_Avalanche Peak_ (10,500)--L: 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Bannock Peak_ (10,400)--D: 4--1885--U. S. G. S.--From the name of a tribe of Indians who inhabited the country to the south-west of the Park, and were finally settled on a reservation in southern Idaho. What is known as the Great Bannock Trail, passed along the valley of Indian Creek, some distance south of this mountain. The spelling here given is that which custom seems finally to have settled upon; but Bannack would more nearly express the original pronunciation. The various spellings, some sixteen in number, come from the original _Panai'hti_, or _Bannai'hti_, meaning southern people.

_Barlow Peak_ (9,500)--Q: 10--1895--U. S. G. S.--For Captain (now Colonel) J. W. Barlow, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., leader of the military expedition which entered the Park region in 1871. His name was first applied to the upper course of the Snake River, but was recently transferred to a neighboring mountain peak.

_Baronett Peak_ (10,300)--C: 13--1878--U. S. G. S.--For C. J. Baronett, "Yellowstone Jack," a famous scout and guide, closely connected with the history of the National Park, and builder of the first bridge across the Yellowstone River.

Baronett's career was adventurous beyond the average man of his class. He was born in Glencoe, Scotland, in 1829. His father was in the British naval service, and he early began to follow the sea. In his multitudinous wanderings we find him on the coast of Mexico during the Mexican War; on the Chinese coast in 1850, where he deserted his ship and fled to San Francisco; in 1852, in Australia after gold; the next year in Africa, still on a gold hunt; then in Australia again and in San Francisco; next in the Arctic seas as second mate on a whaling vessel; back in California in 1855; courier for Albert Sidney Johnston in the Mormon War; later in Colorado and California searching for gold; scout in the Confederate service until 1863; then in Mexico with the French under Maximilian, who made him a captain; back in California in 1864, and in Montana in September of the same year, where he at once set out on a prospecting trip which took him entirely through the region of the Yellowstone Park; later in the service of Gen. Custer as scout in the Indian territory; then in Mexico and finally back in Montana in 1870; finder of the lost Everts; builder of his celebrated bridge in 1871; in the Black Hills in 1875, where he slew a local editor who had unjustly reflected upon him in his paper; scout in the Sioux, Nez Percé, and Bannock Wars, 1876-8; Indian trader for many years; engaged in innumerable prospecting ventures; and still, at the age of sixty-six, searching with his old time ardor for the elusive yellow metal.

_Big Game Ridge_--Q-T: 9-11--1895--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Birch Mils_ (7,300)--R: 4--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Bison Peak_ (8,800)--D: 12--1878--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Bobcat Ridge_ (9,500)--T: 9--1895--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Bunsen Peak_ (9,100)--D: 6--1872--U. S. G. S.--For the eminent chemist and physicist, Robert Wilhelm Bunsen; inventor of the Bunsen electric cell and of the Bunsen Gas Burner; co-discoverer with Kirchoff of the principle of Spectrum Analysis; and the first thorough investigator of the phenomena of geyser action. (See Chapter III, Part II.)

_Cathedral Peak_ (10,600)--J: 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Chittenden, Mt._ (10,100)--K: 12--1878--U. S. G. S.--"Of the prominent peaks of this [the Absaroka] range may be mentioned Mount Chittenden, named for Mr. George B. Chittenden, whose name has long been identified with this survey."--Gannett.[CA]

[CA] Page 482, Twelfth Annual Report of Dr. Hayden.

_Cinnabar Mountain_ (7,000)--A: 5--Named prior to 1870.--"So named from the color of its rocks, which have been mistaken for Cinnabar, although the red color is due to iron."--Hayden. The Devil's Slide (also named before 1870) is on this mountain.

_Colter Peak_ (10,500)--O: 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--For John Colter. (See Part I, Chapter III.)

_Crags, The_ (9,000)--E: 3--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Crescent Hill_ (7,900)--D: 9--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Crow Foot Ridge_ (9,700)--D-E: 3--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Doane, Mt._ (10,500)--M: 13--1870--Washburn Party--For Lieutenant Gustavus C. Doane, 2d Cavalry, U. S. Army, commander of the military escort to the celebrated Wasburn Expedition of 1870.

Lieutenant Doane was born in Illinois, May 29, 1840, and died in Bozeman, Mont., May 5, 1892. At the age of five he went with his parents, in wake of an ox team, to Oregon. In 1849 his family went to California at the outbreak of the gold excitement. He remained there ten years, in the meanwhile working his way through school. In 1862 he entered the Union service, went east with the California Hundred, and then joined a Massachusetts cavalry regiment. He was mustered out in 1865 as a First Lieutenant. He joined the Carpet-baggers and is said to have become mayor of Yazoo City, Mississippi. He was appointed a Second Lieutenant in the Regular Army in 1868, and continued in the service until his death, attaining the rank of Captain.

Doane's whole career was actuated by a love of adventure. He had at various times planned a voyage to the Polar regions, or an expedition of discovery into Africa. But fate assigned him a middle ground, and he became prominently connected with the discovery of the Upper Yellowstone country. His part in the Expedition of 1870 is second to none. He made the first official report upon the wonders of the Yellowstone, and his fine descriptions have never been surpassed by any subsequent writer. Although suffering intense physical torture during the greater portion of the trip, it did not extinguish in him the truly poetic ardor with which those strange phenomena seem to have inspired him. Dr. Hayden says of this report: "I venture to state, as my opinion, that for graphic description and thrilling interest it has not been surpassed by any official report made to our government since the times of Lewis and Clark."[CB]

[CB] Page 8, Fifth Annual Report of Dr. Hayden.

Lieutenant Doane and Mr. Langford were the first white men known to have ascended any of the higher peaks of the Absaroka Range. From the summit of the mountain so ascended, Mr. Langford made the first known authentic sketch of Yellowstone Lake. This sketch was used soon after by General Washburn in compiling an official map of that section of country, and he was so much pleased with it that he named the mountain from which it was taken, Mt. Langford. At Mr. Langford's request, he named a neighboring peak, Mt. Doane.

_Dome, The_ (9,900)--E: 4--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Druid Peak_ (9,600)--D: 12--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Dunraven Peak_ (9,700)--F: 9--1878--U. S. G. S.--"This I have named Dunraven Peak in honor of the Earl of Dunraven, whose travels and writings have done so much toward making this region known to our cousins across the water."--Gannett.[CC]

[CC] Page 478, Twelfth Annual Report of Dr. Hayden.

Dunraven visited the Park in 1874. In 1876, he published his "Great Divide," describing his travels in the West. The irrepressible Colonel Norris named this peak after himself, and coupled it with Mt. Washburn in a characteristic poem. But the United States Geological Survey decided otherwise, and transferred the colonel's name to the north-east corner of the Park. (See "Mt. Norris.")

_Eagle Peak_ (10,800)--O: 14--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Echo Peak_ (9,600)--E: 4--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Electric Peak_ (11,155)--B: 4-5--1872--U. S. G. S.--From the following circumstance, described by Mr. Henry Gannett, who ascended the mountain with surveying instruments, July 26, 1872:[CD]

"A thunder-shower was approaching as we neared the summit of the mountain. I was above the others of the party, and, when about fifty feet below the summit, the electric current began to pass through my body. At first I felt nothing, but heard a crackling noise, similar to a rapid discharge of sparks from a friction machine. Immediately after, I began to feel a tingling or pricking sensation in my head and the ends of my fingers, which, as well as the noise, increased rapidly, until, when I reached the top, the noise, which had not changed its character, was deafening, and my hair stood completely on end, while the tingling, pricking sensation was absolutely painful. Taking off my hat partially relieved it. I started down again, and met the others twenty-five or thirty feet below the summit. They were affected similarly, but in a less degree. One of them attempted to go to the top, but had proceeded but a few feet when he received quite a severe shock, which felled him as if he had stumbled. We then returned down the mountain about three hundred feet, and to this point we still heard and felt the electricity."

[CD] Page 807, Sixth Annual Report of Dr. Hayden.

_Elephant Back_ (8,600)--J: 9--1871--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic. "On account of the almost vertical sides of this mountain, and the rounded form of the summit, it has received the name of the Elephant's Back."--Hayden.[CE]

[CE] Page 98, Fifth Annual Report of Dr. Hayden.

This name, as now applied, refers to a different feature from that originally designated by it. Many years before the Park was discovered, it was used to denote the long ridge of which Mt. Washburn is the commanding summit, and which was distinctly visible from beyond the present limits of the Park, both north and south. It so appears upon Raynolds' map of 1860, and was so used by the Washburn Expedition (1870), by Captain Barlow (1871), and by Captain Jones (1873). The United States Geological Survey, however, in 1871, transferred the name to an inconspicuous ridge more than a thousand feet lower than the surrounding mountains. Whether the change was made by accident or design does not appear. Captain Ludlow, as late as 1875, refers to it and deplores the fact that it had taken place.

_Everts, Mt._ (7,900)--C: 7--1870--Washburn Party.--For Hon. Truman C. Everts, member of the Expedition of 1870, whose terrible experience is elsewhere alluded to. The following succinct account is from the pen of Lieutenant Doane, and is in the main correct:[CF]

"On the first day of his absence, he had left his horse standing unfastened, with all his arms and equipments strapped upon his saddle; the animal became frightened, ran away into the woods, and he was left without even a pocket knife as a means of defense. Being very near-sighted, and totally unused to traveling in a wild country without guides, he became completely bewildered. He wandered down to the Snake River Lake [Hart Lake], where he remained twelve days, sleeping near the hot springs to keep from freezing at night, and climbing to the summits each day in the endeavor to trace out his proper course. Here he subsisted on thistle-roots, boiled in the springs, and was kept up a tree the greater part of one night by a California lion. After gathering and cooking a supply of thistle-roots, he managed to strike the south-west point of the [Yellowstone] Lake, and followed around the north side to the Yellowstone [River], finally reaching our [old] camp opposite the Grand Cañon. He was twelve days out before he thought to kindle a fire by using the lenses of his field-glass, but afterward carried a burning brand with him in all his wanderings. Herds of game passed by him during the night, on many occasions when he was on the verge of starvation. In addition to a tolerable supply of thistle-roots, he had nothing for over thirty days but a handful of minnows and a couple of snow-birds. Twice he went five days without food, and three days without water, in that country which is a net-work of streams and springs. He was found on the verge of the great plateau, above the mouth of Gardiner's River. A heavy snow-storm had extinguished his fire; his supply of thistle-roots was exhausted; he was partially deranged, and perishing with cold. A large lion was killed near him, on the trail, which he said had followed him at a short distance for several days previously. It was a miraculous escape, considering the utter helplessness of the man, lost in a forest wilderness, and with the storms of winter at hand."

[CF] Page 37, "Yellowstone Expedition of 1870." See Appendix E.

On the thirty-seventh day of his wanderings (September 9th to October 16th), he was discovered by Jack Baronett and George A. Pritchett, near the great trail on a high mountain a few miles west of Yancey's. Baronett threw up a mound of stones to mark the spot. He carried Everts in his arms the rest of that day, and passed the night on a small tributary of Black-tail Deer Creek. The next day he was taken on a saddle to near the mouth of the Gardiner.

The commemoration of this adventure in the naming of Mt. Everts was an awkward mischance. The mountain which should bear the name is Mt. Sheridan. It was named for Everts by the Washburn Party the night before he was lost, in recognition of his having been the first white man (except Mr. Hedges, who was with him) known to have visited its summit. In the writings of the Washburn Party after their return, it is so used; one very interesting article, by Mr. Hedges, with this name as a title, being published in the _Helena Herald_ before it was known that Mr. Everts had been found. But the name, Mt. Everts, was finally given to the broad plateau between the Gardiner and the Yellowstone, a feature which is not a mountain at all, and which is ten miles from where Everts was found. The actual locality of the finding was erroneously supposed to be near "Rescue Creek."

In 1871, Captain Barlow ascended the mountain which should have borne the name of Everts, and called it Mt. Sheridan, in ignorance of its former christening.

_Factory Hill_ (9,500)--O: 8--1885--U. S. G. S.--The term "factory" has at various times been applied to several different localities in the Park, because of their striking resemblance on frosty mornings to an active factory town. The resemblance was noted as far back as 1829. The name has now become fixed, as above indicated.

_Flat Mountain_ (9,000)--N: 9--1871--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.--This mountain had already been named by the Washburn Party Yellow Mountain, from its color.

_Folsom Peak_ (9,300)--E: 8--1895--U. S. G. S.--For David E. Folsom, leader of the Expedition of 1869, and author of the first general description of the valley of the Upper Yellowstone.

_Forellen Peak_ (9,700)--T: 5--1885--U. S. G. S.--From the German name for Trout.

_Gallatin Range_--A-F: 1-4--Name in use prior to 1870. Raynolds has "Mt. Gallatin" on his map. Gallatin River (see name) rises in this range.

_Garnet Hill_ (7,000)--C: 9--1878--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Giant Castle_ (10,000)--K: 14-15--1873--Jones--Characteristic.

_Gibbon Hill_ (8,600)--H: 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--From the Gibbon River.

_Gravel Peak_ (9,600)--T: 11--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Gray Peak_ (10,300)--C-D: 4--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Grizzly Peak_ (9,700)--L: 12--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Hancock, Mt._ (10,100)--R: 10--1871--Barlow--For General W. S. Hancock, U. S. Army, who, as commanding officer of the Department of Dakota, had lent his active aid in the prosecution of the Yellowstone Explorations.

_Hawk's Rest_ (9,800)--R: 14--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Hedges Peak_ (9,500)--G: 9--1895--U. S. G. S.--For Cornelius Hedges, a prominent member of the Washburn Expedition, author of a series of descriptive articles upon the trip, and first to advance and publicly advocate the idea of setting apart that region as a National Park.

_Holmes, Mt._ (10,300)--F: 4--1878--U. S. G. S.--For W. H. Holmes, Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey. This peak had been previously called Mt. Madison.

_Horseshoe Hill_ (8,200)--E: 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Hoyt, Mt._ (10,400)--L: 13--1881--Norris--For the Hon. John W. Hoyt, then Governor of Wyoming.

_Huckleberry Mountain_ (9,700)--S: 7--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Humphreys, Mt._ (11,000)--N: 14--1871--Barlow--For General A. A. Humphreys, then Chief of Engineers, U. S. A.

_Index Peak_ (11,740)--C: 16--This mountain, and Pilot Knob near it, received their names from unknown sources prior to 1870.

"One of them [the peaks] derives its name from its shape, like a closed hand with the index-finger extending upward, while the other is visible from so great a distance on every side that it forms an excellent landmark for the wandering miner, and thus its appropriate name of Pilot Knob."--Hayden.[CG]

[CG] Page 48, Sixth Annual Report of Dr. Hayden.

_Joseph Peak_ (10,300)--C: 4--1885--U. S. G. S.--For Chief Joseph, the famous Nez Percé leader in the war of 1877. He deservedly ranks among the most noted of the North American Indians. His remarkable conduct of the campaign of 1877 and his uniform abstinence from those barbarous practices which have always characterized Indian warfare, were a marvel to all who were familiar with the facts. No Indian chief ever commanded to such a degree the respect and even friendship of his enemies.

_Junction Butte_ (6,500)--D: 10--When or by whom given not known. The name arose, of course, from the fact that this butte stands at the junction of the two important streams, the Yellowstone and Lamar Rivers. Barlow records that the Butte was known as "Square Butte" at the time of his visit in 1871.

_Lake Butte_ (8,600)--K: 11--1878--Characteristic.

_Landmark, The_ (8,800)--F: 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Langford, Mt._ (10,600)--M: 13--1870--Washburn Party--For the Hon. Nathaniel Pitt Langford, first Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park.

Mr. Langford was born August 9, 1832, in Westmoreland, Oneida County, New York. His early life was spent on his father's farm, and his education was obtained by winter attendance at district school. At nineteen, he became clerk in the Oneida Bank of Utica. In 1854, he went to St. Paul, where we find him, in 1855, cashier of the banking house of Marshall & Co., and in 1858, cashier of the Bank of the State of Minnesota. In 1862, he went to Montana as second in command of the Northern Overland Expedition, consisting of 130 men and 53 wagons drawn by oxen. In 1864, he was made Collector of Internal Revenue for the new territory. In 1868, he was appointed by President Johnson Governor of Montana, but as this was after the Senate's imbroglio with the President and its refusal to confirm any more presidential appointments, he did not reach this office. He was one of the famous Montana Vigilantes, a member of the Yellowstone Expedition of 1870, and first Superintendent of the newly created Park. In 1872, he was appointed National Bank Examiner for the Pacific States and Territories, and held the office for thirteen years. He now resides in St. Paul, Minnesota. He is author of a series of articles in _Scribner's_ for 1871, describing the newly-discovered wonders of the Yellowstone, and of the important work, "Vigilante Days and Ways," the most complete history in existence of that critical period in Montana history.

The notable part which Mr. Langford bore in the discovery of the Upper Yellowstone country, and in the creation of the Yellowstone National Park, has been fully set forth elsewhere. He has always been its ardent friend, and his enthusiasm upon the subject in the earlier days of its history drew upon him the mild raillery of his friends, who were wont to call him, "National Park" Langford--a soubriquet to which the initials of his real name readily lent themselves.

For the circumstance of naming Mt. Langford, see "Mt. Doane."

_Mary Mountain_ (8,500)--J: 7--Probably so named by tourists from Mary Lake, which rests on the summit.

_Moran, Mt._ (12,800)--W: 5--1872--U. S. G. S.--For the artist, Thomas Moran, who produced the picture of the Grand Cañon now in the Capitol at Washington.

_Needles, The_ (9,600)--E: 14--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Norris, Mt._ (9,900)--E: 13--1878--U. S. G. S.--For Philetus W. Norris, second Superintendent of the Park, and the most conspicuous figure in its history.

He was born at Palmyra, New York, August 17, 1821. At the age of eight, he was tourist guide at Portage Falls on the Genesee River, New York, and at seventeen he was in Manitoba in the service of British fur traders. In 1842, he settled in Williams County, Ohio, where he founded the village of Pioneer. Between 1850 and 1860 he visited the Far West. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he entered the army and served a short time as spy and captain of scouts. He was then placed in charge of Rebel prisoners on Johnson's Island. He next entered politics as member of the Ohio House of Representatives, but being later defeated for the State Senate, he joined the United States Sanitary Commission and went again to the front. He soon returned and became trustee of certain landed property near the City of Detroit belonging to officers and soldiers of both armies. These lands he reclaimed at great expense from their original swampy condition, and built thereon the village of Norris, now part of Detroit. In 1770, he went west again and undertook to enter the Park region in June of that year, but permitted the swollen condition of the streams to defeat his project. He thus missed the honor which a few months later fell to the Washburn Party--a misfortune which he never ceased to deplore. In 1875, he again visited the Park, and in 1877, became its second Superintendent. In 1882, he returned to Detroit, after which he was employed by the government to explore old Indian mounds, forts, villages, and tombs, and to collect relics for the National Museum. He died at Rocky Hill, Kentucky, January 14, 1885. He is author of the following works: Five Annual Reports as Superintendent of the Park; "The Calumet of the Coteau," a volume of verse, with much additional matter relating to the Park; and a long series of articles on "The Great West," published in the _Norris Suburban_ in 1876-8.

The above sketch sufficiently discloses the salient characteristic of Norris' career. His life was that of the pioneer, and was spent in dealing first blows in the subjugation of a primeval wilderness. He was "blazing trails," literally and figuratively, all his days, leaving to others the building of the finished highway. It is therefore not surprising that his work lacks the element of completeness, which comes only from patient attention to details. Nowhere is this defect more apparent than in his writings. A distinct literary talent, and something of the poet's inspiration, were, to use his own words, "well nigh strangled" by the "stern realities of border life." His prose abounds in aggregations of more than one hundred words between periods, so ill arranged and barbarously punctuated as utterly to bewilder the reader. His verse--we have searched in vain for a single quatrain that would justify reproduction. Nevertheless, his writings, like his works, were always to some good purpose. They contained much useful information, and, being widely read throughout the West, had a large and beneficial influence.

Perhaps no better or more generous estimate of his character can be found than in the following words of Mr. Langford who knew him well: "He was a good man, a true man, faithful to his friends, of very kind heart, grateful for kindnesses, of more than ordinary personal courage, rather vain of his poetical genius, and fond of perpetuating his name in prominent features of scenery."

Concerning which last characteristic it may be noted that three mountain peaks, one geyser basin, one pass, and an uncertain number of other features of the Park, were thought by Colonel Norris deserving of this distinction. With inimitable fidelity to this trait of his character, he had even selected as his final resting-place the beautiful open glade on the south side of the Grand Cañon, just below the Lower Falls.

_Observation Peak_ (9,300)--G: 8--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Obsidian Cliff_ (7,800)--F: 6--1878--Norris--Characteristic.

_Paint Pot Hill_ (7,900)--H: 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Pelican Cone_ (9,580)--I: 12--1885--U. S. G. S.--Near source of Pelican Creek.

_Pilot Knob_ (11,977)--C: 16--See "Index Peak."

_Piñon Peak_ (9,600)--S: 10--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Prospect Peak_ (9,300)--D-E: 8--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Pyramid Peak_ (10,300)--J: 14--1895--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Quadrant Mountain_ (10,200)--D: 4--1878--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Red Mountain Range_--P: 7-8--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Reservation Peak_ (10,600)--M: 14--1895--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Roaring Mountain_ (8,000)--F: 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--"It takes its name from the shrill, penetrating sound of the steam constantly escaping from one or more vents near the summit."--Hague.

_Saddle Mountain_ (11,100)--H: 15--1880--Norris--Characteristic.

_Schurz Mt._ (10,900)--N: 14--1885--U. S. G. S.--For Carl Schurz, Secretary of the Interior during President Hayes' administration. This name was first given by Colonel Norris to the prominent ridge on the west side of the Gibbon Cañon.

_Sepulcher Mountain_ (9,500)--B-C: 5-6--The origin of this name is unknown. The following remarks concerning it are from the pen of Prof. Wm. H. Holmes:[CH]

"Why this mountain received such a melancholy appellation I have not been able to discover. So far as I know, the most important thing buried beneath its dark mass is the secret of its structure. It is possible that the form suggested the name."

[CH] Page 15, Twelfth Annual Report of Dr. Hayden.

_Sheepeater Cliffs_ (7,500)--D: 7--1879--Norris--From the name of a tribe of Indians, the only known aboriginal occupants of what is now the Yellowstone Park. (See Chapter II, Part II.) It was upon one of the "ancient and but recently deserted, secluded, unknown haunts" of these Indians, that Colonel Norris, "in rapt astonishment," stumbled one day, and was so impressed by what he saw, that he gave the neighboring cliff its present name. He thus describes this retreat:[CI]

"It is mainly carpeted with soft grass, dotted, fringed, and overhung with small pines, firs and cedars, and, with the subdued and mingled murmur of the rapids and cataracts above and below it, and the laughing ripple of the gliding stream, is truly an enchanting dell--a wind and storm sheltered refuge for the feeble remnant of a fading race."

[CI] Page 10, Annual Report Superintendent of the Park for 1879.

_Sheridan Mt._ (10,250)--P: 8--1871--Barlow--For Gen. P. H. Sheridan, who actively forwarded all the early exploring expeditions in this region, and, at a later day, twice visited the Park. His public warnings at this time of the danger to which the Park was exposed from vandals, poachers, and railroad promoters, and his vigorous appeal for its protection, had great influence in bringing about a more efficient and enlightened policy in regard to that reservation. (See "Mt. Everts.")

_Signal Hills_ (9,500)--M: 12--1871--U. S. G. S.--A ridge extending back from Signal Point on the Yellowstone Lake.

_Silver Tip Peak_ (10,400)--K: 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Specimen Ridge_ (8,700)--E: 11--Name known prior to 1870.--Characteristic. (See Chapter V, Part II.)

_Stevenson, Mt._ (10,300)--M: 13--1871--U. S. G. S.--For James Stevenson, long prominently connected with the U. S. Geological Survey.

"In honor of his great services not only during the past season, but for over twelve years of unremitting toil as my assistant, oftentimes without pecuniary reward, and with but little of the scientific recognition that usually comes to the original explorer, I have desired that one of the principal islands of the lake and one of the noble peaks reflected in its clear waters should bear his name forever."--Hayden.[CJ]

[CJ] Page 5, Fifth Annual Report of Dr. Hayden.

Mr. Stevenson was born in Maysville, Ky., December 24, 1840. He early displayed a taste for exploration and natural history, and such reading as his limited education permitted was devoted to books treating of these subjects. At the age of thirteen he ran away from home and joined a party of Hudson's Bay Fur Company's traders, bound up the Missouri River. On the same boat was Dr. F. V. Hayden, then on his way to explore the fossiliferous region of the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers. Noticing Stevenson's taste for natural history he invited him to join him in his work. Stevenson accepted; and thus began a relation which lasted for more than a quarter of a century, and which gave direction to the rest of his life.

He was engaged in several explorations between 1850 and 1860, connected with the Pacific railroad surveys, and with others under Lieutenants G. K. Warren and W. F. Raynolds. In 1861 he entered the Union service as a private soldier, and left it in 1865 with an officer's commission. After the war he resumed his connection with Dr. Hayden. He was mainly instrumental in the organization of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories in 1867, and during the next twelve years he was constantly engaged in promoting its welfare. When the consolidation of the various geographical and geological surveys took place in 1879, under the name of the United States Geological Survey, he became associated with the United States Bureau of Ethnology. He had always shown a taste for ethnological investigations and his scientific work during the rest of his life was in this direction, principally among the races of New Mexico and Arizona. He died in New York City July 25, 1888.

In the paragraph quoted above from Dr. Hayden there is more than any but the few who are familiar with the early history of the geological surveys will understand. It rarely happens that a master is so far indebted to a servant for his success, as was true of the relation of Dr. Hayden and James Stevenson. Stevenson's great talent lay in the organization and management of men. His administrative ability in the field was invaluable to the Survey of which Hayden was chief, and his extraordinary influence with Congressmen was a vital element in its early growth. His part in the Yellowstone Explorations of 1871 and 1872 is second to none in importance. It will not be forgotten that he was the first to build and launch a boat upon the Yellowstone Lake, nor that he, and Mr. Langford who was with him, were the first white men to reach the summit of the Grand Teton.

_Storm Peak_ (9,500)--E: 8--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Survey Peak_ (9,200)--T: 4--1885--U. S. G. S. This mountain was a prominent signaling point for the Indians. It was first named Monument Peak by Richard Leigh who built a stone mound on its summit.

_Table Mountain_ (10,800)--O: 14--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Terrace Mountain_ (8,100)--C: 6--1878--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Teton, Grand_ (13,691)--Not on Map.--This mountain has borne its present name for upward of four score years. Through more than half a century it was a cynosure to the wandering trapper, miner and explorer. The name has passed into all the literature of that period, which will ever remain one of the most fascinating in our western history. Indeed, it has become the classic designation of the most interesting historic summit of the Rocky Mountains. That it should always retain this designation in memory of the nameless pioneers who have been guided by it across the wilderness, and thousands of whom have perished beneath its shadow, would seem to be a self-evident proposition. Individual merit, no matter how great, can never justify the usurpation of its place by any personal name whatever. An attempt to do this was made in 1872 by the United States Geological Survey who rechristened it Mt. Hayden. The new name has never gained any local standing, and although it has crept into many maps its continued use ought to be discouraged. It is greatly to the credit of Dr. Hayden that he personally disapproved the change, so far at least, as very rarely, if ever, to refer to the mountain by its new name.

_Three Rivers Peak_ (9,900)--E: 4--1885--U. S. G. S.--Branches of the Madison, Gallatin and Gardiner Rivers take their rise from its slopes.

_Thunderer, The_ (10,400)--D: 14--1885--U. S. G. S.--Seemingly a great focus for thunder storms.

_Top Notch Peak_ (10,000)--L: 13--1895--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Trident, The_ (10,000)--Q-R: 14--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Trilobite Point_ (9,900)--F: 4--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Turret Mountain_ (10,400)--P: 14--1878--Characteristic.--Called by Captain Jones "Round-head or Watch Tower."

_Twin Buttes_ (8,400)--K: 14--1870--Washburn Party.--Characteristic.

_Washburn, Mt._ (10,000)--F: 9--1870--Washburn Party.--For General Henry Dana Washburn, chief of the Yellowstone Expedition of 1870.

General Washburn was born in Windsor, Vt., March 28, 1832. His parents moved to Ohio during his infancy. He received a common school education and at fourteen began teaching school. He entered Oberlin College, but did not complete his course. At eighteen he went to Indiana where he resumed school-teaching. At twenty-one he entered the New York State and National Law School, from which he graduated. At twenty-three he was elected auditor of Vermilion county, Indiana.

His war record was a highly honorable one. He entered the army as private in 1861 and left it as brevet brigadier-general in 1865. His service was mainly identified with the Eighteenth Indiana, of which he became colonel. He was in several of the western campaigns, notably in that of Vicksburg, in which he bore a prominent part. In the last year of the war he was with Sherman's army, and for a short time after its close was in command of a military district in southern Georgia. In 1864, he was elected to Congress over the Hon. Daniel W. Voorhees, and again, in 1866, over the Hon. Solomon W. Claypool. At the expiration of his second term he was appointed by President Grant, surveyor-general of Montana, which office he held until his death.

It was during his residence in Montana that the famous Yellowstone Expedition of 1870 took place. His part in that important work is perhaps the most notable feature of his career. As leader of the expedition he won the admiration and affection of its members. He was the first to send to Washington specimens from the geyser formations. He ardently espoused the project of setting apart this region as a public park and was on his way to Washington in its interest when his career was cut short by death. The hardship and exposure of the expedition had precipitated the catastrophe to which he had long been tending. He left Helena in November, 1870, and died of consumption at his home in Clinton, Indiana, January 26, 1871.

General Washburn's name was given to this mountain by a unanimous vote of the party on the evening of August 28, 1870, as a result of the following incident related by Mr. Langford:

"Our first Sunday in camp was at Tower Creek. The forest around us was very dense, and we were somewhat at a loss in deciding what course we needed to follow in order to reach Yellowstone Lake. We had that day crossed a _fresh_ Indian trail, a circumstance which admonished us of the necessity of watchfulness so as to avoid disaster. While we were resting in camp, General Washburn, without our knowledge, and unattended, made his way to the mountain, from the summit of which, overlooking the dense forest which environed us, he saw Yellowstone Lake, our objective point, and carefully noted its direction from our camp. This intelligence was most joyfully received by us, for it relieved our minds of all anxiety concerning our course of travel, and dispelled the fears of some of our party lest we should become inextricably involved in that wooded labyrinth."

_White Peaks_ (9,800)--F : 4--1895--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Wild Cat Peak_ (9,800)--T : 8--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Yount Peak_ (Hayden, 11,700; Hague, 12,250)--Not on map.--1878--U. S. G. S.--Source of the Yellowstone.--Named for an old trapper and guide of that region.

APPENDIX A.

III.

STREAMS.

[Map locations refer only to outlets, or to points where streams pass off the limits of the map. Altitudes refer to the same points, but are given only in the most important cases.]

_Agate Creek_--E : 10--1878--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Alum Creek_--H : 9--Name known prior to 1870--Characteristic.

_Amethyst Greek_--E : 12--1878--U. S. G. S.--Flows from Amethyst Mountain.

_Amphitheater Creek_--D : 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--From form of valley near its mouth.

_Antelope Creek_--E : 10--1870--Washburn Party--Characteristic.--This name is often applied locally to a tributary of the Yellowstone just above Trout Creek.

_Arnica Creek_--L : 8--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Aster Creek_--P : 7--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Astrigent Creek_--J : 12--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Atlantic Creek_--S : 13--1873--Jones--Flows from Two-Ocean-Pass down the Atlantic slope.

_Badger Creek_--P : 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Basin Creek_--Q : 9--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Bear Creek_--B : 7--1863--Party of prospectors under one Austin. On the way they found fair prospects in a creek on the east side of the Yellowstone, and finding also a hairless cub, called the gulch "Bear."--Topping.

_Bear Creek_--K : 11--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Beaver Creek_--O : 9--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Beaver Dam Creek_--O : 12--1871--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Bechler River_--R : 1--1872--U. S. G. S.--For Gustavus R. Bechler, topographer on the Snake River Division of the Hayden Expedition of 1872.

_Berry Creek_--U : 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Black-tail Deer Creek_--B : 8--Named prior to 1870--Characteristic.

_Bluff Creek_--H : 10--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Bog Creek_--H : 10--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Boone Creek_--T : 1--Named prior to 1870--For Robert Withrow, an eccentric pioneer of Irish descent, who used to call himself "Daniel Boone the Second."

_Bridge Creek_--K : 9--1871--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

"At one point, soon after leaving camp, we found a most singular natural bridge of the trachyte, which gives passage to a small stream, which we called Bridge Creek."--Hayden.

"Natural Bridge" is really over a branch of Bridge Creek.

_Broad Creek_--F : 10--1871--Barlow--Characteristic.

_Buffalo Creek_--D : 11--Prior to 1870--Naming party unknown--Characteristic.

_Burnt Creek_--E : 10--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Cache Creek_--F : 13--1863--Prospecting party under one Austin were in camp on this stream when they were surprised by Indians, and all their stock stolen except one or two mules. Being unable to carry all their baggage from this point, they _cached_ what they could not place on the mules, or could not themselves carry. From this circumstance arose the name.

_Calfee Creek_--F : 13--1880--Norris--For H. B. Calfee, a photographer of note.

"Some seven miles above Cache Creek we passed the mouth of another stream in a deep, narrow, timbered valley, which we named Calfee Creek, after the famous photographer of the Park. Five miles further on, we reached the creek which Miller recognized as the one he descended in retreating from the Indians in 1870, and which, on this account, we called Miller's Creek."--Norris.[CK]

[CK] Page 7, Annual Report Superintendent of the Park for 1880.

_Cañon Creek_--1 : 5--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Carnelian Creek_--E : 9--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Cascade Creek_--G : 8--1870--Washburn Party--Characteristic.

_Chalcedony Creek_--E : 12--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Chipmunk Creek_--O : 11--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Clear Creek_--L : 11--1878--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Cliff Creek_--Q : 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Clover Creek_--G : 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Cold Creek_--H : 14--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Columbine Creek_--M : 11--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Conant Creek_--T : 1--Prior to 1870--By Richard Leigh for one All Conant, who went to the mountains in 1865, and who came near losing his life on this stream.

_Cotton Grass Creek_--H : 9--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Cougar Creek_--G : 2--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Coulter Creek_--R : 8--1885--U. S. G. S.--For John M. Coulter, botanist in the Hayden Expedition of 1872.

_Crawfish Creek_--R : 6--1885--U. S. G. S--Characteristic.

_Crevice Creek_--C : 7--1867--Prospecting party under one Lou Anderson.

"They found gold in a crevice at the mouth of the first Stream above Bear, and named it, in consequence, Crevice Gulch. Hubbel went ahead the next day for a hunt, and upon his return he was asked what kind of a stream the next creek was. "It's a hell roarer," was his reply, and Hell Roaring is its name to this day. The second day after this, he was again ahead, and, the same question being asked him, he said: "'Twas but a slough." When the party came to it, they found a rushing torrent, and, in crossing, a pack horse and his load were swept away, but the name of Slough Creek remains."--Topping.

_Crooked Creek_--R : 10--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Crow Creek_--K : 15--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Crystal Creek_--D : 11--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Cub Creek_--L : 11--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Deep Creek_--E : 10--1873--Jones--Characteristic.

_De Lacy Creek_--M : 6--1880--Norris--For Walter W. De Lacy, first white man known to have passed along the valley. (See "Shoshone Lake.") First named Madison Creek by the Hayden party in 1871.

_Duck Creek_--G : 3--1895--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Elk Creek_--D : 9--Named prior to 1870--Characteristic.

_Elk Tongue Creek_--C : 12--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Escarpment Creek_--Q : 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Fairy Creek_--J : 4--1871--Barlow--From "Fairy Falls," which see.

_Falcon Creek_--R : 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Falls River_--S : 1--1872--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Fan Creek_--C : 2--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Fawn Creek_--C : 5--1878--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Firehole River_--I : 4--This name and "Burnt Hole" have been used to designate the geyser basins and the stream flowing through them since at least as far back as 1830. Captain Bonneville says it was well known to his men. The term "Hole" is a relic of the early days when the open valleys or parks among the mountains were called "holes." The descriptive "fire, naturally arose from the peculiar character of that region."

_Firehole, Little_--L : 4--1878--U. S. G. S.--From main stream.

_Flint Creek_--F : 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Forest Creek_--Q : 7--1885--U. S. G. S--Characteristic.

_Fox Creek_--R : 11--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Gallatin River_--A : 1--1805--Lewis and Clark--For Albert Gallatin, Secretary of War under President Jefferson.

_Gardiner River_ (5360)--B : 6--This name, which, after "Yellowstone," is the most familiar and important name in the Park, is the most difficult to account for. The first authentic use of the name occurs in 1870, in the writings of the Washburn party. In Mr. Langford's journal, kept during the expedition, is the following entry for August 25, 1870: "At nineteen miles from our morning camp we came to Gardiner River, at the mouth of which we camped." As the party did not originate the name, and as they make no special reference to it in any of their writings, it seems clear that it must already have been known to them at the time of their arrival at the stream. None of the surviving members has the least recollection concerning it. The stream had been known to prospectors during the preceding few years as Warm Spring Creek, and the many "old timers" consulted on the subject erroneously think that the present name was given by the Washburn Party or by the Hayden Party of 1871. What is its real origin is therefore a good deal of a mystery.

The only clue, and that not a satisfactory one, which has come under our observation, is to be found in the book "River of the West," already quoted. Reference is there made to a trapper by the name of Gardiner, who lived in the Upper Yellowstone country as far back as 1830, and was at one time a companion of Joseph Meek, the hero of the book. In another place it is stated that in 1838, Meek started alone from Missouri Lake (probably Red Rock Lake) "for the Gallatin Fork of the Missouri, trapping in a mountain basin called Gardiner's Hole.... On his return, in another basin called Burnt Hole, he found a buffalo skull, etc." As is well known, the sources of the Gallatin and Gardiner are interlaced with each other, and this reference strongly points to the present Gardiner Valley as "Gardiner's Hole." The route across the Gallatin Range to Mammoth Hot Springs, and thence back by way of the Firehole Basin, was doubtless a natural one then as it is now. It is therefore reasonable to suppose that this name came from an old hunter in the early years of the century, and that the Washburn Party received it from some surviving descendant of those times.

_Geode Creek_--C : 8--1878--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Geyser Creek_--H : 6--1878--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Gibbon River_--I : 4--1872--U. S. G. S.--For Gen. John Gibbon, U. S. A., who first explored it.

"We have named this stream in honor of Gen. John Gibbon, United States Army, who has been in military command of Montana for some years, and has, on many occasions, rendered the survey most important services."--Hayden.[CL]

[CL] Page 55, Sixth Annual Report of Dr. Hayden.

_Glade Creek_--S : 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Glen Creek_--C : 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Gneiss Creek_--G : 1--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Gravel Creek_--U : 10--1895--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Grayling Creek_--F : 1--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Grouse Creek_--O : 10--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Harebell Creek_--R : 8--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Hart River_--Q : 9--1872--U. S. G. S.--From Hart Lake, of which it is the outlet. (See "Hart Lake.")

_Hell Roaring Creek_--C : 9--1867--"See Crevice Creek."

_Indian Creek_--E : 6--1878--U. S. G. S.--See "Bannock Peak."

_Iron Creek_--L : 4--1871--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Jasper Creek_--D : 11--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Jay Creek_--S : 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Jones Creek_--K : 15--1880--Norris--For Captain (now Lieutenant-Colonel) W. A. Jones, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., who first explored it. Captain Jones was leader of an important expedition through the Park in 1873, and has since been largely identified with the development of the Park road system.

_Jumper Creek_--J : 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Lamar River_ (5,970)--D : 10--1885--U. S. G. S.--For the Hon. L. Q. C. Lamar, Secretary of the Interior during the first administration of President Cleveland. The stream is locally known only by its original designation, the "East Fork of the Yellowstone."

_Lava Creek_--D : 7--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Lewis River_--R : 7--1872--U. S. G. S.--From "Lewis Lake," which see.

_Lizard Creek_--U : 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Lost Creek_--D : 9--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Lupine Creek_--D : 7--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Lynx Creek_--Q : 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Madison River_--G : 1--1805--Lewis and Clark--For James Madison, Secretary of State to Thomas Jefferson.

_Magpie Creek_--J : 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Maple Creek_--G : 2--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Mason Creek_--L : 16--1881--Norris--For Major Julius W. Mason, U. S. A., commander of escort to Gov. Hoyt, of Wyoming, on the latter's reconnaissance for a wagon road to the Park in 1881.

_Meadow Creek_--M : 11--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Middle Creek_--L : 15--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Miller Creek_--G : 13--1880--Norris--For a mountaineer named Miller. See "Calfee Creek."

_Mink Creek_--T : 11--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Mist Creek_--I : 14--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Moose Creek_--N : 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Moss Creek_--G : 10--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Mountain Creek_--P : 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Mountain Ash Creek_--R : 3--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Nez Percé Creek_ (7,237)--J : 4--1878--U. S. G. S.--The Nez Percé Indians passed up this stream on their raid through the Park in 1877. It had previously been called "East Fork of the Firehole." Prof. Bradley, of the U. S. Geological Survey, christened it Hayden's Fork in 1872. (See Chapter XIII, Part I.)

_Obsidian Creek_--E : 6--1879--Norris--Characteristic.

_Opal Creek_--E : 12--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Otter Creek_--H : 8--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Outlet Creek_--P : 9--1895--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Owl Creek_--T : 5--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Pacific Creek_--W : 11--1873--Jones--Flows from Two-Ocean Pass down the Pacific slope.

_Panther Creek_--D : 5--1878--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Pebble Creek_--D : 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Pelican Creek_--K : 10--Probably named by the Washburn Party in 1870. Hayden and Barlow, in 1871, use the name as though it were already a fixture. Mr. Hedges says of this stream:

"About the mouth of the little stream that we had just crossed were numerous shallows and bars, which were covered by the acre with ducks, geese, huge white-breasted cranes, and long-beaked pelicans, while the solitary albatross, or sea-gull, circled above our heads with a saucy look that drew many a random shot, and cost one, at least, its life."

_Phlox Creek_--Q : 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Plateau Creek_--C : 12--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Polecat Creek_--S : 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Quartz Creek_--E : 10--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Rabbit Creek_--K : 4--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Raven Creek_--J: 12--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Red Creek_--Q: 8--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Rescue Creek_--C: 7--1878--U. S. G. S.--Where Everts was not found. (See "Mt. Everts.")

_Rocky Creek_--O: 12--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Rose Creek_--D: 12--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Sedge Creek_--K: 11--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Senecio Creek_--S: 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Sentinel Creek_--J: 4--1872--U. S. G. S.--"The two central ones [geyser mounds] are the highest, and appear so much as if they were guarding the Upper Valley, that this stream was called Sentinel Branch." Bradley.

_Shallow Creek_--F: 11--1895--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Sickle Creek_--Q: 10--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Slough Creek_--D: 10--1867--See "Crevice Creek."

_Snake River_ (6,808)--W: 8--1805--Lewis and Clark--From the Snake or Shoshone Indians, who dwelt in its valley.

_Soda Butte Creek_--E: 12--Probably named by miners prior to 1870. From an extinct geyser or hot spring cone near the mouth of the stream.

_Solfatara Creek_--G: 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Solution Creek_--M: 8--1885--U. S. G. S.--The outlet of Riddle Lake.

_Sour Creek_--H: 9--1871--Barlow--Characteristic.

_Spirea Creek_--R: 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Spring Creek_--M: 5--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Spruce Creek_--J: 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Squirrel Creek_--N: 5--1878--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Stellaria Creek_--C: 3--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Stinkingwater River_--L: 16--1807--John Colter--From an offensive hot spring near the junction of the principal forks of the stream. A most interesting fact, to which attention was first publicly called by Prof. Arnold Hague, is the occurrence on the map, which Lewis and Clark sent to President Jefferson in the spring of 1805, of the name "Stinking Cabin Creek," very nearly in the locality of the river Stinkingwater. Prof. Hague, who published an interesting paper concerning this map in _Science_ for November 4, 1877, thinks that possibly some trapper had penetrated this region even before 1804. But with Lewis and Clark's repeated statements that no white man had reached the Yellowstone prior to 1805, it seems more likely that the name was derived from the Indians.

_Straight Creek_--E: 5--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Sulphur Creek_--G: 9--1878--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.--Locally this name is applied to a stream which flows from the hot springs at the base of Sulphur Mountain.

_Surface Creek_--G: 9--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Surprise Creek_--P: 9--1885--U. S. G. S.--Its course, as made known by recent explorations, was surprisingly different from that which earlier explorations had indicated.

_Tangled Creek_--J: 4--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.--A hot water stream which flows in numberless interlaced channels.

_Thistle Creek_--J: 10--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Thoroughfare Creek_--R: 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--Its valley forms part of a very practicable route across the Yellowstone Range.

_Timothy Creek_--G: 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Tower Creek_--D: 10--1870--Washburn Party--From "Tower Falls," which see.

_Trail Creek_--O: 12--1873--Jones--From an elk trail along it.

_Trappers' Creek_--P: 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--A great beaver resort.

_Trout Greek_--I: 9--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Violet Creek_--I: 8--1872--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.--"We named the small stream Violet Creek, from the profusion of violets growing upon its banks." Peale.

_Weasel Creek_--K: 9--1895--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Willow Creek_--H: 14--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Winter Creek_--E: 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Witch Creek_--O: 8--1878--U. S. G. S.--Probably from the prevalence of hot springs phenomena along its entire course.

_Wolverine Creek_--R: 8--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Yellowstone River_ (8,100 and 5,360)--U: 16 (enters map); A: 5 (leaves map).--See Part I, Chapter I.

APPENDIX A.

IV.

WATER-FALLS.

[Figures in parentheses indicate approximate heights of falls in feet. These in most cases are not to be relied upon as strictly accurate, there having been no published record of actual measurements, except in the case of the Yellowstone Falls.]

_Collonade Falls_--F: 3--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Crystal Falls_ (129)--G: 8--1870--Washburn Party.--Characteristic.--The total fall includes three cascades.

_Fairy Fall_ (250)--K: 4--1871--Barlow.--Characteristic.

_Firehole Falls_ (60)--I: 4--Takes name from river.

_Gibbon Falls_ (80)--I: 5--Takes name from river.

_Iris Falls_--P: 3--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Kepler Cascade_ (80)--L: 5--1881--Norris.--For the son of Hon. John W. Hoyt, Ex-Governor of Wyoming, who accompanied his father on a reconnaissance for a wagon road to the Park in 1881. Norris speaks of him as "an intrepid twelve-year old" boy who "unflinchingly shared in all the hardships, privations, and dangers of the explorations of his father," which included many hundred miles of travel on horseback through that difficult country; and in admiration for the lad's pluck, he named this cascade in his honor.

_Lewis Falls, Upper_ (80)--P: 7--Takes name from river.

_Lewis Falls, Lower_ (50)--Q: 7--Takes name from river.

_Moose Falls_--R: 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Mystic Falls_--L: 4--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Osprey Falls_ (150)--D: 6--1885--U. S. G. S.

_Ouzel Falls_--P: 3--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Rainbow Falls_ (140)--R: 4--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.--Height includes total of three falls.

_Rustic Falls_ (70)--D: 6--1878--Norris--Characteristic.

_Silver Cord Cascade_--G: 9--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Terraced Falls_--R: 4--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Tower Falls_ (132)--D: 10--1870--Washburn Party--Characteristic.

"By a vote of a majority of the party this fall was called Tower Fall."--Washburn.

"At the crest of the fall the stream has cut its way through amygdaloid masses, leaving tall spires of rock from 50 to 100 feet in height, and worn in every conceivable shape.... Several of them stand like sentinels on the very brink of the fall."--Doane.

_Undine Falls_ (60)--D: 7--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Union Falls_--Q: 4--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Virginia Cascade_ (60)--H: 7--1886--By E. Lamartine, at that time foreman in charge of government work in Park.--For the wife of the Hon. Chas. Gibson, President of the Yellowstone Park Association.

_Wraith Falls_ (100)--D: 7--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Yellowstone Falls_ (Upper 112; Lower 310)--H: 9--From the river which flows over them.[CM]

[CM] Record of the various measurements of the Upper and Lower Falls of the Yellowstone River.

Folsom (1869) Upper Fall, 115 feet. Method not stated. Lower Fall, 350 feet. Method not stated.

Doane (1870) Upper Fall, 115 feet. Line.

Langford (1870) Lower Fall, 350 feet. Line stretched on an incline.

Moore's Sketch (1870) Lower Fall, 365 feet. Method not stated.

Hayden (1871) Upper Fall, 140 feet. Method not stated. Lower Fall, 350 feet. Method not stated.

Gannett (1872) Upper Fall, 140 feet. Barometer. Lower Fall, 395 feet. Comparison of angles subtended by Falls and by a tree of known height.

Jones (1873) Upper Fall, 150 feet. Barometer. Lower Fall, 329 feet. Barometer.

Ludlow (1875) Upper Fall, 110 feet. Line. Lower Fall, 310 feet. Line.

Gannett (1878) Upper Fall, 112 feet. Line. Lower Fall, 297 feet. Line stretched on an incline.

U. S. G. S. (Recent) Upper Fall, 109 feet. Method not stated. Lower Fall, 308 feet. Method not stated.

Chittenden (1892) Upper Fall, 112 feet between point of first descent and level of pool below. Measured by means of a transit instrument. Width of gorge at brink of fall, and a few feet above water surface, 48 feet.

APPENDIX A.

V.

LAKES.

[Figures in parentheses denote elevations.]

_Beach Lake_ (8,150)--K: 8--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Beaver Lake_ (7,415)--F: 6--1879--Norris--Characteristic.

_Beula Lake_ (7,530)--R: 5--1872--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Bridger Lake_ (7,900)--R: 13--Name a fixture prior to 1870.--For James Bridger, the Daniel Boone of the Rockies, and one of the most remarkable products of the trapping and gold-seeking eras.

He was born in Richmond, Va., in March, 1804, and died in Washington, Jackson Co., Mo., July 17, 1881. He must have gone west at a very early age for he is known to have been in the mountains in 1820. _Niles Register_ for 1822 speaks of him as associated with Fitzpatrick in the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. Another record of this period reveals him as leader of a band of whites sent to retake stolen horses from the hostile Bannocks. In 1832, he had become a resident partner in the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. That he was a recognized leader among the early mountaineers while yet in his minority seems beyond question. He became "The Old Man of the Mountains" before he was thirty years of age.

Among the more prominent achievements of Bridger's life may be noted the following: He was long a leading spirit in the great Rocky Mountain Fur Company. He discovered Great Salt Lake and the noted Pass that bears his name. He built Fort Bridger in the lovely valley of Black Fork of Green River, where transpired many thrilling events connected with the history of the Mormons and "Forty-niners." He had explored, and could accurately describe, the wonders of the Yellowstone fully a quarter of a century before their final discovery.

In person he was tall and spare, straight and agile, eyes gray, hair brown and long, and abundant even in old age; expression mild, and manners agreeable. He was hospitable and generous, and was always trusted and respected. He possessed to a high degree the confidence of the Indians, one of whom, a Shoshone woman, he made his wife.

Unquestionably Bridger's chief claim to remembrance by posterity rests upon the extraordinary part he bore in the exploration of the West. The common verdict of his many employers, from Robert Campbell down to Captain Raynolds, is that as a guide he was without an equal. He was a born topographer. The whole West was mapped out in his mind as in an exhaustive atlas. Such was his instinctive sense of locality and direction that it used to be said that he could "smell his way" where he could not see it. He was not only a good topographer in the field, but he could reproduce his impressions in sketches. "With a buffalo skin and a piece of charcoal," says Captain Gunnison, "he will map out any portion of this immense region, and delineate mountains, streams, and the circular valleys, called 'holes,' with wonderful accuracy." His ability in this line caused him always to be in demand as guide to exploring parties, and his name is connected with scores of prominent government and private expeditions.

His lifetime measures that period of our history during which the West was changed from a trackless wilderness to a settled and civilized country. He was among the first who went to the mountains, and he lived to see all that had made a life like his possible swept away forever. His name survives in many a feature of our western geography, but in none with greater honor than in this little lake among the mountains that he knew so well; and near the source of that majestic stream with which so much of his eventful life was identified.

_Delusion Lake_ (7,850)--M: 9--1878--U. S. G. S.--This lake was long supposed to be an arm of the Yellowstone Lake, and, in the fanciful comparison of the main lake to the form of the human hand, occupied the position of the index finger. The delusion consisted in this mistaken notion of a permanent connection between the two lakes.

_Dryad Lake_ (8,250)--K: 8--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Duck Lake_ (7,850)--M: 7--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Fern Lake_ (8,150)--H: 11--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Frost Lake_--(7,350)--I: 14--Unknown-Characteristic.

_Gallatin Lake_ (9,000)--E: 4--1885--U. S. G. S.--Source of the Gallatin River.

_Goose Lake_ (7,100)--K: 4--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Grassy Lake_ (7,150)--R: 5--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Grebe Lake_ (7,950)--G: 8--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Grizzly Lake_ (7,490)--F: 5--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Hart Lake_ (7,469)--P: 9--According to Hayden, "long known to the hunters of the region as Heart Lake." Named prior to 1870 for an old hunter by the name of Hart Hunney who in early times plied his trade in this vicinity. He was possibly one of Bonneville's men, for he seems to have known the General well and to have been familiar with his operations. He was killed by a war party of Crows in 1852.

The spelling, _Heart_, dates from the expeditions of 1871. The notion that the name arose from the shape of the lake seems to have originated with Captain Barlow. It has generally been accepted although there is really no similarity between the form of the lake and that of a heart. Lewis Lake is the only heart-shaped lake in that locality.

Everts named Hart Lake, Bessie Lake, after his daughter.

_Henry Lake_ (6,443)--A noted lake outside the limits of the Park passed by tourists entering the park from the west. It is named for a celebrated fur trader, Andrew Henry, who built a trading post in that vicinity in 1809.

_Hering Lake_ (7,530)--R: 5--1878--U. S. G. S.--For Rudolph Hering, Topographer on the Snake River Division of the Hayden Survey for 1872.

_Indian Pond_--J: 11--1880--Norris.--An ancient, much-used camping-ground of Indians. "My favorite camp on the Yellowstone Lake (and it evidently has been a favorite one for the Indian) has ever been upon the grove-dotted bluff, elevated thirty or forty feet above the lake, directly fronting Indian Pond."--Norris.

_Isa Lake_ (8,250)--L: 6--1893--N. P. R. R.--For Miss Isabel Jelke, of Cincinnati.

_Jackson Lake_ (6,000)--U-W: 6--Date unknown.--For David Jackson, a noted mountaineer and fur trader, and one of the first three partners of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. This lake was discovered by John Colter and was named by Clark _Lake Biddle_, in honor of Nicholas Biddle, who first gave to the world an authentic edition of the journal of the celebrated Lewis and Clark Expedition.

_Jenny Lake_--South of Leigh Lake and off the map.--1872--U. S. G. S.--For the wife of Richard Leigh. She was a Shoshone Indian.

_Leigh Lake_--W: 5--1872--U. S. G. S.--For Richard Leigh ("Beaver Dick"), a noted hunter, trapper, and guide in the country around the Teton Mountains. The nickname "Beaver Dick" arose, not from the fact that Leigh was an expert beaver trapper, but on account of the striking resemblance of two abnormally large front teeth in his upper jaw to the teeth of a beaver. The Indians called him "The Beaver."

_Lewis Lake_ (7,720)--O: 7--1872--U. S. G. S.--For Captain Lewis of "Lewis and Clark" fame.

"As it had no name, so far as we could ascertain, we decided to call it Lewis Lake, in memory of that gallant explorer Captain Meriwether Lewis. The south fork of the Columbia, which was to have perpetuated his name, has reverted to its Indian title Shoshone, and is commonly known by that name, or its translation, Snake River. As this lake lies near the head of one of the principal forks of that stream, it may not be inappropriately called Lewis Lake."--Bradley.[CN]

[CN] Page 249, Sixth Annual Report of Dr. Hayden.

_Loon Lake_ (6,400)--R: 3--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Lost Lake_ (8,500)--M: 7--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.--This is probably Norris' Two-Ocean-Pond, and is doubtless also the lake referred to by Hayden in the following paragraph from his report for 1871:

"We camped at night on the shore of a lake which seemed to have no outlet. It is simply a depression which receives the drainage of the surrounding hills. It is marshy around the shores, and the surface is covered thickly with the leaves and flowers of a large yellow lily."--Hayden.

_Madison Lake_ (8,250)--N: 4--1872--U. S. G. S.--Head of the Madison River.

"A small lake, covering perhaps sixty acres, occupies the southern end of the [Firehole] valley, where it bends to the eastward; and as the ultimate lake source of the Madison River, is the only proper possessor of the name 'Madison Lake.'"--Bradley.[CO]

[CO] Page 243, Sixth Annual Report of Dr. Hayden.

_Mallard Lake_ (8,000)--L: 5--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Mary Lake_ (8,100)--J: 7--1873--Tourist Party.--Circumstance recorded by Rev. E. J. Stanley, one of the party, and author of the book "Rambles in Wonderland," describing the tour. The following extract is from his book:

"We passed along the bank of a lovely little lakelet, sleeping in seclusion in the shade of towering evergreens, by which it is sheltered from the roaring tempests. It is near the divide, and on its pebbly shore some members of our party unfurled the Stars and Stripes, and christened it Mary's Lake, in honor of Miss Clark, a young lady belonging to our party."

This lake appears on Jones' map for the same year as Summit Lake. Everts is said to have passed it in his wanderings, but there is no reliable evidence to that effect.

_Mirror Lake_ (8,700)--G: 12--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Obsidian Lake_ (7,650)--E: 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Riddle Lake_ (7,950)--N: 8--1872--U. S. G. S.--

"'Lake Riddle' is a fugitive name, which has been located at several places, but nowhere permanently. It is supposed to have been used originally to designate the mythical lake, among the mountains, whence, according to the hunters, water flowed to both oceans. I have agreed to Mr. Hering's proposal to attach the name to this lake, which is directly upon the divide at a point where the waters of the two oceans start so nearly together, and thus to solve the unsolved 'riddle' of the 'two-ocean-water.'"--Bradley.[CP] This was a year before Captain Jones verified the existence of Two-Ocean-Pass.

[CP] Page 250, Sixth Annual Report of Dr. Hayden.

_Shoshone Lake_ (7,740)--M-N: 5-6--1872--U. S. G. S.--From Shoshone, or Snake River, which here finds its source. This lake was first named De Lacy Lake, after its discoverer. The Washburn Party (1870) appear to have named it after their leader. In 1871, Doctor Hayden, failing to identify its location, and believing it to be tributary to the Madison River, renamed it Madison Lake. It is this name which appears on the first map of the Park and in the Act of Dedication, where the west boundary of the Park is described as being "fifteen miles west of the most western point of Madison Lake." In 1872, when the correct drainage of the lake was discovered, the name "Madison Lake" was transferred to its present location (See "Madison Lake"), and its place supplied by "Shoshone Lake." The Act of Dedication is therefore misleading, and it is necessary to know that "Madison Lake" of the Act, is "Shoshone Lake" now, in order to understand the true location of the west boundary of the Park.

In changing the name from "De Lacy" to "Shoshone," Prof. F. H. Bradley, of the United States Geological Survey, took occasion to reflect severely and unjustifiably upon De Lacy's work in mapping the country.[CQ]

[CQ] Page 24, Sixth Annual Report of Dr. Hayden.

De Lacy felt deeply wronged by this action, and Dr. Hayden promised him that he would set the matter right; but nothing was done. At a later day, Colonel Norris endeavored to do De Lacy tardy justice by placing his name on the stream which enters the lake from the north and drains the beautiful valley now crossed by the tourist route. This name remained for several year's, when it also was removed by the United States Geological Survey, and its place filled by "Heron Creek." During the past year, however, the name "De Lacy Creek" has been restored.

_Summit Lake_ (8,450)--M: 3--1885--U. S. G. S.--Near Continental Divide.

_Swan Lake_ (7,200)--D: 6--1879--Norris--Characteristic.

_Sylvan Lake_ (8,300)--L: 13--1878--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Tern Lake_ (8,150)--I: 11--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Trout Lake_ (6,850)--D: 13--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Turbid Lake_ (7,800)--K: 11--1878--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Twin Lakes_ (7,450)--G: 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Wapiti Lake_ (8,500)--H: 11--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_White Lake_ (8,150)--I: 11--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Woods, Lake of the_ (7,550)--F: 6--1885--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Yellowstone Lake_ (7,741)--K--0: 8--12--From the river which flows through it. This lake was named, on the map showing "Colter's Route in 1807," Lake Eustis, in honor of William Eustis, Secretary of War to President Madison, 1809 to 1812.

Later it appears as Sublette Lake, in honor of the noted fur trader, William Sublette. It is even said at one time to have borne the "fugitive name," Riddle Lake. But it early became known by its present name.

* * * * *

The islands of this lake are seven in number. They seem to have all been named by the United States Geological Survey largely for the employes of the survey. They are:

_Carrington Island._ For Campbell Carrington, zoologist.

_Dot Island._ A mere dot on the map.

_Frank Island._ For the brother of Henry W. Elliott, a member of the Hayden Expedition of 1871. This Island was renamed Belknap Island in 1875 by the members of Secretary Belknap's party, who passed through the Park in that year. The name, however, never came into use.

_Molly Island._--For the wife of Mr. Henry Gannett.

_Peale Island._--For Dr. A. C. Peale, author of the elaborate report on thermal springs which appears in Hayden's report for 1878.

_Pelican Roost._--Characteristic.

_Stevenson Island._--For James Stevenson. See "Mt. Stevenson."

* * * * *

The bays are also seven in number, of which only the following merit notice:

_Mary Bay._--Named by Henry W. Elliott for Miss Mary Force.

_Thumb._--From the old fancy that the form of the lake resembled that of the human hand.

_Bridge Bay._--From Bridge Creek. See "Bridge Creek."

The capes are thirteen in number. We need notice only Signal Point, which was much used in signaling by the early explorers; Steamboat Point, named from the Steamboat Springs near by; and Storm Point, so named because it receives the full force of the prevailing south-west winds from across the lake.

"_The Annie._"--The first boat on the Yellowstone Lake was a small canvass craft 12 feet long by 3-1/2 feet wide. Dr. Hayden records that, it was, christened _The Annie_, "by Mr. Stevenson, in compliment to Miss Anna L. Dawes, the amiable daughter of Hon. H. L. Dawes."

The boat was extemporized by Mr. James Stevenson from such materials as could be picked up. In the classic picture of this historic craft, the persons in the boat are James Stevenson and Henry W. Elliott. An original photograph of the boat now adorns the cabin of the _Zillah_, the small steamboat which conveys tourists about the Lake.

APPENDIX A.

VI.

MISCELLANEOUS FEATURES.

[Numbers in parentheses indicate altitudes.]

_Craig Pass_ (8,300)--L: 6--1891--From the maiden name of Mrs. Ida Craig Wilcox, the first tourist to cross the pass.

_Hayden Valley_ (7,800)--H-J: 8-10-1878--U.S.G.S. For the eminent American geologist, Ferdinand Vandiveer Hayden, M.D., LL. D., whose important part in the history of the Yellowstone National Park has been fully set forth in previous pages. The following condensed sketch of his life is from the pen of Dr. A. C. Peale:[CR]

[CR] Bulletin Philosophical Society of Washington, Vol. VI, pp. 476-478.

... "He was born at Westfield, Mass., September 7, 1829.... His father died when he was about ten years of age, and about two years later he went to live with an uncle at Rochester, in Lorain County, Ohio, where he remained for six years. He taught in the country district schools of the neighborhood during his sixteenth and seventeenth years, and at the age of eighteen went to Oberlin College, where he was graduated in 1850....

"He studied medicine with Dr. J. S. Newberry, at Cleveland, and at Albany was graduated Doctor of Medicine in the early part of 1853. After his graduation, he was sent by Prof. James Hall, of New York, to the Bad Lands of White River, in Dakota. The years 1854 and 1855 he spent exploring and collecting fossils in the Upper Missouri country, mainly at his own expense. From 1856 until 1859, he was connected as geologist with the expeditious of Lieutenant Warren, engaged in explorations in Nebraska and Dakota. From 1859 until 1862, he was surgeon, naturalist, and geologist with Captain W. F. Raynolds, in the exploration of the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers. In October, 1862, he was appointed acting assistant surgeon and assistant medical inspector until June, 1865, when he resigned, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for meritorious services during the war. He then resumed his scientific work, and in 1866 made another trip to the Bad Lands of Dakota, this time in the interest of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. In 1865, he was elected professor of mineralogy and geology in the University of Pennsylvania, which position he resigned in 1872. From 1867 to 1879, his history is that of the organization of which he had charge, which began as a geological survey of Nebraska, and became finally the Geological Survey of the Territories.... From 1879 until December, 1886, he was connected with the United States Geological Survey as geologist. His health began to fail soon after his connection with this organization, and gradually became worse, and he lived only a year after his resignation.

"In 1876, the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the University of Rochester, and in June, 1886, he received the same degree from the University of Pennsylvania. He was a member of seventeen scientific societies in the United States, among them the National Academy of Sciences, and was honorary and corresponding member of some seventy foreign societies. A bibliography of his writings includes 158 titles.

"... The gentleness and diffidence, approaching even timidity, which impressed his fellow-students at Oberlin, characterized Dr. Hayden throughout his life, and rendered it somewhat difficult for those who did not know him intimately to understand the reasons for his success, which was undoubtedly due to his energy and perseverance, qualities which were equally characteristic of him as a boy and student and in later life. His desire to forward the cause of science was sincere and enthusiastic, and he was always ready to modify his views upon the presentation of evidence. He was intensely nervous, frequently impulsive, but ever generous, and his honesty and integrity undoubted. The greater part of his work for the government and for science was a labor of love."

_Jones Pass_ (9,450)--K: 12--1880--Norris--For its discoverer, Captain W. A. Jones, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., who passed through it in 1873.

_Kingman Pass_ (7,230)--D: 6--1883--U. S. G. S.--The pass of which Golden Gate is the northern entrance. For Lieutenant D. C. Kingman, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., who built the road through the pass.

_Norris Geyser Basin_ (7,527)--G-H: 6--For P. W. Norris, who first explored and described it, and opened it up to tourists. It was, however, discovered in 1872 by E. S. Topping and Dwight Woodruff, who were led in that direction by noticing from the summit of Bunsen Peak a vast column of steam ascending to the southward. The day after this discovery, a tourist party, including a Mr. and Mrs. H. H. Stone, of Bozeman, Montana, visited it from Mammoth Hot Springs, and then continued their course, by way of the general line of the present route, to the Firehole Geyser Basin. Mrs. Stone was the first white woman to visit the Park.

_Norris Pass_ (8,260)--M : 6--1879--Norris--For its discoverer.

_Raynolds Pass_ (6,911)--Not on map.--Crosses the Continental Divide to the northward of Henry Lake, and connects the valley of Henry Fork with that of the Madison. Named for Captain W. F. Raynolds, who led his expedition through it in 1860.

_Sylvan Pass_ (8,650)--L : 13--1895--U. S. G. S.--Characteristic.

_Targhee Pass_ (7,063)--Not on map.--Crosses the Continental Divide to the eastward of Henry Lake, and leads from the valley of Henry Fork to that of the Madison. The origin and orthography of this name are uncertain. In Hayden's Report for 1872, occur three spellings, Targhee, Tyghee, and Tahgee. The weight of evidence is in favor of the form here adopted. There was an impression among the Hayden Survey people, in 1872, that the name was given in honor of some distinguished Indian Chief; but that there was no definite information on the point is evident from the following statements, taken from Hayden's Report for 1872. On page 56, it is stated that _Tahgee_ Pass "was named years ago for the head chief of the Bannocks." On page 227, it is said that _Tyghee_ Pass "was named for an old Shoshone chief who was wont to use it." The real origin is thus left somewhat obscure, but it is probable that the notion that the pass was named for an Indian chief may have some foundation in fact. There was living among the Bannocks within the present memory of white men a chief whose name was pronounced _Ti-gee_.

APPENDIX A.

VII.

LIST OF THE PROMINENT GEYSERS.

The numbers in the third column are the highest recorded eruptions. The numbers in the fourth and fifth columns are not to be taken as indicating the correct duration or periodicity of eruptions. The prevalent notion that geysers exhibit uniform periodicity of action, is erroneous. There is only one geyser of importance in the Park that can be depended on, and that is Old Faithful. The figures for the other geysers are merely rough averages, true, perhaps, as the mean of a year's observations, but not at all to be relied upon in predicting particular eruptions.

The following abbreviations are used: "M. H. S.," for Mammoth Hot Springs; "N. G. B.," "L. G. B.," "M. G. B.," "U. G. B.," "S. G. B.," and "H. G. B.," for the Norris, Lower, Middle, Upper, Shoshone, and Hart Lake, Geyser Basins respectively; "E. S. Y." and "W. S. Y." for the East and West Shores respectively of the Yellowstone Lake; "s." for second; "m." for minute; "h." for hour; and "d." for day.

-------------+-----------+---------------------------+----------------- | | Eruptions. | Name. | Location. +---------+--------+--------+ Authors of | | Height. | Dura- | Inter- | Names. | | | tion. | val. | Remarks. -------------+-----------+---------+--------+--------+----------------- | | | | | Arsenic | N. G. B. | -- | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Artemesia | U. G. B. | 150 ft. | 10 m. | 2 d. | U. S. G. S. Atomizer | U. G. B. | 20 ft. | 10 m. | -- | Unknown. Bead | L. G. B. | -- | -- | -- | Has a | | | | | "beautifully | | | | | beaded tube." | | | | | --Comstock. Bee Hive | U. G. B. | 220 ft. | 8 m. | 20 h. | Washburn Party. Bijou | U. G. B. | -- | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Bulger | U. G. B. | 5 ft. | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Castle | U. G. B. | 100 ft. | 25 m. | 24 h. | Washburn Party. | | | | | "From a | | | | | distance it | | | | | strongly | | | | | resembles an | | | | | old feudal | | | | | castle partially | | | | | in ruins." | | | | | --Doane. Catfish | L. G. B. | -- | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Chinaman | U. G. B. | -- | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Really | | | | | a quiescent | | | | | spring. Sometimes | | | | | called a geyser | | | | | from the | | | | | circumstance | | | | | that a Chinaman | | | | | who had used it | | | | | for a wash-tub | | | | | caused an | | | | | eruption by the | | | | | soap put in the | | | | | spring, thus | | | | | initiating the | | | | | practice of | | | | | "soaping | | | | | geysers." Clepsydra | L. G. B. | 50 ft. | 10 s. | 3 m. | "Like the ancient | | | | | water-clock of | | | | | that name, it | | | | | marks the passage | | | | | of time by the | | | | | discharge of | | | | | water."--Comstock | | | | | (1873). Comet | U. G. B. | 60 ft. | 1 m. | -- | U. S. G. S. Congress | N. G. B. | -- | -- | -- | Came into | | | | | existence in the | | | | | winter of 1893. | | | | | Like the | | | | | memorable 53d | | | | | Congress, for | | | | | which it is | | | | | named, its | | | | | performance | | | | | is sadly | | | | | incommensurate | | | | | with its | | | | | promises. Constant | N. G. B. | 40 ft. | 10 s. | 1 m. | Norris. Cubs | U. G. B. | -- | -- | -- | See "Lion." Deluge | H. G. B. | 15 ft. | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Echinus | N. G. B. | 20 ft. | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Economic | U. G. B. | -- | -- | -- | No water lost in | | | | | eruption; all | | | | | falls back into | | | | | crater. Excelsior | M. G. B. | 300 ft. | -- | 1 to 4 | "A geyser so | | | | h. | immeasurably | | | | | excelling any | | | | | other ancient or | | | | | modern known | | | | | to history | | | | | that I find but | | | | | one name fitting, | | | | | and herein | | | | | christen it the | | | | | Excelsior." | | | | | --Norris. The | | | | | Sheridan parties | | | | | in 1881 and 1882 | | | | | called it the | | | | | Sheridan Geyser. Fan | U. G. B. | 60 ft. | 10 m. | 8 h. | Washburn Party. Fearless | N. G. B. | -- | -- | -- | Norris. Fissure | N. G. B. | 100 ft. | 20 m. | 2 h. | U. S. G. S. Fitful | L. G. B. | 3 ft. | -- | -- | Comstock. Fountain | L. G. B. | 60 ft. | 15 m. | 4 h. | U. S. G. S. Giant | U. G. B. | 200 ft. | 90 m. | 6 d. | Washburn Party. Giantess | U. G. B. | 250 ft. | 12 h. | 14 d. | Washburn Party. Grand | U. G. B. | 200 ft. | 20 m. | 20 h. | U. S. G. S. Gray Bulger | L. G. B. | 1 ft. | 30 s. | 1 m. | U. S. G. S. Great | L. G. B. | 100 ft. | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Fountain | | | | | --Called | | | | | Architectural | | | | | Fountain in | | | | | 1871. Grotto | U. G. B. | 40 ft. | 30 m. | 4 h. | Washburn Party. Jet | L. G. B. | 15 ft. | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Jewell | U. G. B. | 50 ft. | 1 m. | 50 m. | U. S. G. S. Lion | U. G. B. | 60 ft. | 8 m. | 24 h. | With Lioness and | | | | | Cubs, called | | | | | "The Chimneys" | | | | | by Barlow in | | | | | 1871; renamed | | | | | "Trinity" | | | | | Geysers by | | | | | Comstock | | | | | in 1873; most | | | | | isolated cone | | | | | called "Niobe" by | | | | | U. S. G. S. in | | | | | 1878; present | | | | | name given by | | | | | Norris in 1881. Lioness | U. G. B. | 80 ft. | 10 m. | 24 h. | See "Lion." Lone Star | M : 5. | 60 ft. | 10 m. | 40 m. | Unknown. First | | | | | called "The | | | | | Solitary" by the | | | | | U. S. G. S. in | | | | | 1872. Minute | N. G. B. | 40 ft. | 20 s. | 90 s. | Norris. Model | U. G. B. | -- | -- | -- | Geyser on a small | | | | | scale. Monarch | N. G. B. | 125 ft. | 20 m. | 12 h. | Norris. Mortar | N. G. B. | 60 ft. | 6 m. | 8 h. | "Resembles in its | | | | | eruption the | | | | | particular piece | | | | | of ordnance from | | | | | which it derives | | | | | its name." Haynes | | | | | Guide Book. Mud Geyser | N. G. B. | 10 ft. | 5 m. | 20 m. | Norris. Mud Geyser | I : 9 | 30 ft. | 20 m. | 3 h. | Washburn Party. Oblong | U. G. B. | 40 ft. | 4 m. | 8 h. | U. S. G. S. Old Faithful | U. G. B. | 150 ft. |4-1/2 m.| 65 m. | Washburn Party. Pearl | N. G. B. | -- | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Pebble | N. G. B. | 50 ft. | -- | 75 m. | U. S. G. S. Pink Cone | L. G. B. | -- | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Restless | U. G. B. | -- | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Riverside | U. G. B. | 80 ft. | 15 m. | 8 h. | U. S. G. S. Rosette | L. G. B. | 30 ft. | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Rustic | H. G. B. | 47 ft. | 4 m. | 15 m. | U. S. G. S. Sawmill | U. G. B. | 35 ft. | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Sentinel | U. G. B. | 20 ft. | -- | -- | Barlow. Shield | S. G. B. | -- | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Spasmodic | U. G. B. | 5 ft. | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Spike | H. G. B. | -- | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Splendid | U. G. B. | 200 ft. | 10 m. | 3 h. | Norris. Sponge | U. G. B. | -- | -- | -- | From appearance of | | | | | its crater. Steady | L. G. B. | 30 ft. | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Surprise | U. G. B. | 100 ft. | 2 m. | -- | Turban | U. G. B. | 20 ft. | 25 m. | -- | U. S. G. S. "From | | | | | the fancied | | | | | appearance of | | | | | some of the large | | | | | globular masses | | | | | in its basin to | | | | | a Turkish | | | | | head-dress." | | | | | --Peale. Union (1) | S. G. B. | 114 ft. | 60 m. | 5 h. | U. S. G. S. in (2) | -- | 66 ft | -- | -- | 1872. (3) | -- | 3 ft. | -- | -- | So named "because | | | | | of its | | | | | combination | | | | | of the various | | | | | forms of geyseric | | | | | action."--Peale. | | | | | No. 1 is North | | | | | Cone; No. 2 | | | | | Middle Cone; | | | | | and No. 3 South | | | | | Cone. Vixen | N. G. B. | -- | -- | -- | Norris. White Dome | L. G. B. | 12 ft. | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Young | U. G. B. | 20 ft. | -- | -- | Earl of Dunraven. Faithful | | | | | Young | L. G. B. | 20 ft. | -- | -- | U. S. G. S. Hopeful | | | | |

APPENDIX B.

LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS NOW IN FORCE AFFECTING THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

THE ACT OF DEDICATION.

An Act to set apart a certain tract of land lying near the headwaters of the Yellowstone River as a public park.

_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled_, That the tract of land in the Territories of Montana and Wyoming lying near the headwaters of the Yellowstone River, and described as follows, to wit: commencing at the junction of Gardiner's River with the Yellowstone River and running east of the meridian, passing ten miles to the eastward of the most eastern point of Yellowstone Lake; thence south along the said meridian to the parallel of latitude, passing ten miles south of the most southern point of Yellowstone Lake; thence west along said parallel to the meridian, passing fifteen miles west of the most western point of Madison Lake; thence north along said meridian to the latitude of the junction of the Yellowstone and Gardiner's Rivers; thence east to the place of beginning, is hereby reserved and withdrawn from settlement, occupancy, or sale under the laws of the United States, and dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasuring ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people; and all persons who shall locate, or settle upon, or occupy the same or any part thereof, except as hereinafter provided, shall be considered trespassers and removed therefrom.

Sec. 2. That said public park shall be under the exclusive control of the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty it shall be as soon as practicable, to make and publish such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary or proper for the care and management of the same. Such regulations shall provide for the preservation from injury or spoliation of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders within said park, and their retention in their natural condition.

The Secretary may, in his discretion, grant leases for building purposes, for terms not exceeding ten years, of small parcels of ground, at such places in said park as shall require the erection of buildings for the accommodation of visitors; all of the proceeds of said leases, and all other revenues that may be derived from any source connected with said park, to be expended under his direction in the management of the same and the construction of roads and bridle-paths therein. He shall provide against the wanton destruction of the fish and game found within said park and against their capture or destruction for the purposes of merchandise or profit. He shall also cause all persons trespassing upon the same after the passage of this act to be removed therefrom, and generally shall be authorized to take all such measures as shall be necessary or proper to fully carry out the objects and purposes of this act.

_Approved March 1, 1872._

Signed by:

James G. Blaine, Speaker of the House.

Schuyler Colfax, Vice-President of the United States and President of the Senate.

Ulysses S. Grant, President of the United States.

MILITARY ASSISTANCE AUTHORIZED FOR PROTECTING THE PARK

SUNDRY CIVIL BILL FOR 1883.

... The Secretary of War, upon the request of the Secretary of the Interior, is hereby authorized and directed to make the necessary details of troops to prevent trespassers or intruders from entering the park for the purpose of destroying the game or objects of curiosity therein, or for any other purpose prohibited by law, and to remove such persons from the park if found therein....

_Approved, March 3, 1883._

* * * * *

ADMISSION OF THE STATE OF WYOMING.

Sec. 2. ... _Provided_, That nothing in this act contained shall repeal or affect any act of Congress relating to the Yellowstone National Park, or the reservation of the park as now defined, or as may be hereafter defined or extended, or the power of the United States over it; and nothing contained in this act shall interfere with the right and ownership of the United States in said park and reservation as it now is or may hereafter be defined or extended by law: but exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, shall be exercised by the United States, which shall have exclusive control and jurisdiction over the same; but nothing in this proviso contained shall be construed to prevent the service within said park of civil and criminal process lawfully issued by the authority of said state; and the said state shall not be entitled to select indemnity school lands for the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections that may be in said park reservation, as the same is now defined or may be hereafter defined....

_Approved, July 10, 1890._

THE NATIONAL PARK PROTECTIVE ACT.

An Act to protect the birds and animals in Yellowstone National Park, and to punish crimes in said park, and for other purposes.

_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled_, That the Yellowstone National Park, as its boundaries now are defined, or as they may be hereafter defined or extended, shall be under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States; and that all the laws applicable to places under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States shall have force and effect in said park; provided, however, that nothing in this Act shall be construed to forbid the service in the park of any civil or criminal process of any court having jurisdiction in the States of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming. All fugitives from justice taking refuge in said park shall be subject to the same laws as refugees from justice found in the State of Wyoming.

Sec. 2. That said park, for all the purposes of this Act, shall constitute a part of the United States judicial district of Wyoming and the District and Circuit Courts of the United States in and for said district shall have jurisdiction of all offenses committed within said park.

Sec. 3. That if any offense shall be committed in said Yellowstone National Park, which offense is not prohibited or the punishment is not specially provided for by any law of the United States or by any regulation of the Secretary of the Interior, the offender shall be subject to the same punishment as the laws of the State of Wyoming in force at the time of the commission of the offense may provide for a like offense in the said State; and no subsequent repeal of any such law of the State of Wyoming shall affect any prosecution for said offense committed within said park.

Sec. 4. That all hunting, or the killing, wounding, or capturing at any time of any bird or wild animal, except dangerous animals, when it is necessary to prevent them from destroying human life or inflicting an injury, is prohibited within the limits of said park; nor shall any fish be taken out of the waters of the park by means of seines, nets, traps, or by the use of drugs or any explosive substances or compounds, or in any other way than by hook and line, and then only at such seasons and in such times and manner as may be directed by the Secretary of the Interior. That the Secretary of the Interior shall make and publish such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary and proper for the management and care of the park and for the protection of the property therein, especially for the preservation from injury or spoliation of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonderful objects within said park; and for the protection of the animals and birds in the park, from capture or destruction, or to prevent their being frightened or driven from the park; and he shall make rules and regulations governing the taking of fish from the streams or lakes in the park. Possession within the said park of the dead bodies, or any part thereof, of any wild bird or animal shall be _prima facie_ evidence that the person or persons having the same are guilty of violating this Act. Any person or persons, or stage or express company or railway company, receiving for transportation any of the said animals, birds or fish so killed, taken or caught, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined for every such offense, not exceeding three hundred dollars. Any person found guilty of violating any of the provisions of this Act or any rule or regulation that may be promulgated by the Secretary of the Interior with reference to the management and care of the park, or for the protection of the property therein, for the preservation from injury or spoliation of timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities or wonderful objects within said park, or for the protection of the animals, birds and fish in the said park, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be subjected to a fine of not more than one thousand dollars or imprisonment not exceeding two years, or both, and be adjudged to pay all costs of the proceedings.

That all guns, traps, teams, horses, or means of transportation of every nature or description used by any person or persons within said park limits when engaged in killing, trapping, ensnaring, or capturing such wild beasts, birds, or wild animals shall be forfeited to the United States, and may be seized by the officers in said park and held pending the prosecution of any person or persons arrested under charge of violating the provisions of this Act, and upon conviction under this Act of such person or persons using said guns, traps, teams, horses, or other means of transportation, such forfeiture shall be adjudicated as a penalty in addition to the other punishment provided in this Act. Such forfeited property shall be disposed and accounted for by and under the authority of the Secretary of the Interior.

Sec. 5. That the United States Circuit Court in said district shall appoint a commissioner, who shall reside in the park, who shall have jurisdiction to hear and act upon all complaints made, of any and all violations of the law, or of the rules and regulations made by the Secretary of the Interior for the government of the park, and for the protection of the animals, birds, and fish and objects of interest therein, and for other purposes authorized by this Act. Such commissioner shall have power, upon sworn information, to issue process in the name of the United States for the arrest of any person charged with the commission of any misdemeanor, or charged with the violation of the rules and regulations, or with the violation of any provision of this Act prescribed for the government of said park, and for the protection of the animals, birds, and fish in the said park, and to try the person so charged, and, if found guilty, to impose the punishment and adjudge the forfeiture prescribed. In all cases of conviction, an appeal shall lie from the judgment of said commissioner to the United States District Court for the district of Wyoming, said appeal to be governed by the laws of the State of Wyoming providing for appeals in cases of misdemeanor from justices of the peace to the District Court of said State; but the United States Circuit Court in said district may prescribe rules of procedure and practice for said commissioner in the trial of cases, and for appeal to said United States District Court. Said commissioner shall also have power to issue process as hereinbefore provided for the arrest of any person charged with the commission of any felony within the park, and to summarily hear the evidence introduced, and, if he shall determine that probable cause is shown for holding the person so charged for trial, shall cause such person to be safely conveyed to a secure place for confinement, within the jurisdiction of the United States District Court in said State of Wyoming, and shall certify a transcript of the record of his proceedings and the testimony in the case to the said court, which court shall have jurisdiction of the case; provided, that the said commissioner shall grant bail in all cases bailable under the laws of the United States or of said State. All process issued by the commissioner shall be directed to the marshal of the United States for the district of Wyoming; but nothing herein contained shall be construed as preventing the arrest by any officer of the government or employe of the United States in the park, without process, of any person taken in the act of violating the law or any regulation of the Secretary of the Interior; provided, that the said commissioner shall only exercise such authority and powers as are conferred by this Act.

Sec. 6. That the marshal of the United States for the district of Wyoming may appoint one or more deputy marshals for said park, who shall reside in said park, and the said United States District and Circuit Courts shall hold one session of said courts annually at the town of Sheridan, in the State of Wyoming, and may also hold other sessions at any other place in said State of Wyoming, or in said National Park, at such dates as the said courts may order.

Sec. 7. That the commissioner provided for in this Act shall, in addition to the fees allowed by law to commissioners of the Circuit Courts of the United States, be paid an annual salary of one thousand dollars, payable quarterly, and the marshal of the United States, and his deputies, and the attorney of the United States and his assistants in said district, shall be paid the same compensation and fees as are now provided by law for like services in said district.

Sec. 8. That all costs and expenses arising in cases under this Act, and properly chargeable to the United States, shall be certified, approved, and paid as like costs and expenses in the courts of the United States are certified, approved, and paid under the laws of the United States.

Sec. 9. That the Secretary of the Interior shall cause to be erected in the park a suitable building to be used as a jail, and also having in said building an office for the use of the commissioner, the cost of such building not to exceed five thousand dollars, to be paid out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, upon the certificate of the Secretary as a voucher therefor.

Sec. 10. That this act shall not be construed to repeal existing laws conferring upon the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of War certain powers with reference to the protection, improvement, and control of the said Yellowstone National Park.

_Approved, May 7, 1894._

LEASES IN THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

An act concerning leases in the Yellowstone National Park.

_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled_, That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized and empowered to lease to any person, corporation, or company, for a period not exceeding ten years, at such annual rental as the Secretary of the Interior may determine, parcels of land in the Yellowstone National Park, of not more than ten acres in extent for each tract, and not in excess of twenty acres in all to any one person, corporation, or company, on which maybe erected hotels and necessary out-buildings; provided, that such lease or leases shall not include any of the geysers or other objects of curiosity or interest in said park, or exclude the public from free and convenient approach thereto, or include any ground within one-eighth of a mile of any of the geysers or the Yellowstone Falls, the Grand Cañon, or the Yellowstone River, Mammoth Hot Springs, or any object of curiosity in the park; and provided, further, that such leases shall not convey, either expressly or by implication, any exclusive privilege within the park except upon the premises held thereunder and for the time therein granted. Every lease hereafter made for any property in said park shall require the lessee to observe and obey each and every provision in any Act of Congress, and every rule, order, or regulation made, or which may hereafter be made and published by the Secretary of the Interior concerning the use, care, management, or government of the park, or any object or property therein, under penalty of forfeiture of such lease, and every such lease shall be subject to the right of revocation and forfeiture, which shall therein be reserved by the Secretary of the Interior; and provided, further, that persons or corporations now holding leases of ground in the park may, upon the surrender thereof, be granted new leases hereunder, and upon the terms and stipulations contained in their present leases, with such modifications, restrictions, and reservations as the Secretary of the Interior may prescribe.

This Act, however, is not to be construed as mandatory upon the Secretary of the Interior, but the authority herein given is to be exercised in his sound discretion.

That so much of that portion of the Act of March third, eighteen hundred and eighty-three, relating to the Yellowstone Park, as conflicts with this Act, be, and the same is hereby, repealed.

_Approved, August 3, 1894._

RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

1895.

[Promulgated by the Secretary of the Interior.]

RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

1. It is forbidden to remove or injure the sediments or incrustations around the geysers, hot springs, or steam vents; or to deface the same by written inscription or otherwise; or to throw any substance into the springs or geyser vents; or to injure or disturb, in any manner, or to carry off any of the mineral deposits, specimens, natural curiosities, or wonders within the park.

2. It is forbidden to ride or drive upon any of the geyser or hot spring formations, or to turn loose stock to graze in their vicinity.

3. It is forbidden to cut or injure any growing timber. Camping parties will be allowed to use dead or fallen timber for fuel.

4. Fires shall be lighted only when necessary, and completely extinguished when not longer required. The utmost care should be exercised at all times to avoid setting fire to the timber and grass, and any one failing to comply therewith shall be peremptorily removed from the park.

5. Hunting or killing, wounding, or capturing of any bird or wild animal, except dangerous animals, when necessary to prevent them from destroying life or inflicting an injury, is prohibited. The outfits, including guns, traps, teams, horses, or means of transportation used by persons engaged in hunting, killing, trapping, ensnaring, or capturing such birds or wild animals, or in possession of game killed in the park under other circumstances than prescribed above, will be forfeited to the United States, except in cases where it is shown by satisfactory evidence that the outfit is not the property of the person or persons violating this regulation, and the actual owner thereof was not a party to such violation. Firearms will only be permitted in the park on the written permission of the Superintendent thereof. On arrival at the first station of the park guard, parties having firearms will turn them over to the sergeant in charge of the station, taking his receipt for them. They will be returned to the owners on leaving the park.

6. Fishing with nets, seines, traps, or by use of drugs or explosives, or in any other way than with hook and line, is prohibited. Fishing for purposes of merchandise or profit is forbidden by law. Fishing may be prohibited by order of the Superintendent of the park in any of the waters of the park, or limited therein to any specified season of the year, until otherwise ordered by the Secretary of the Interior.

7. No person will be permitted to reside permanently or to engage in any business in the park without permission, in writing, from the Department of the Interior. The Superintendent may grant authority to competent persons to act as guides, and revoke the same in his discretion, and no pack trains shall be allowed in the park unless in charge of a duly registered guide.

8. The herding or grazing of loose stock or cattle of any kind within the park, as well as the driving of such stock or cattle over the roads of the park, is strictly forbidden, except in such cases where authority therefor is granted by the Secretary of the Interior.

9. No drinking saloon or bar-room will be permitted within the limits of the park.

10. Private notices or advertisements shall not be posted or displayed within the park, except such as may be necessary for the convenience and guidance of the public, upon buildings on leased ground.

11. Persons who render themselves obnoxious by disorderly conduct or bad behavior, or who violate any of the foregoing rules, will be summarily removed from the park, and will not be allowed to return without permission in writing from the Secretary of the Interior or the Superintendent of the Park.

Any person who violates any of the foregoing regulations will be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and be subjected to a fine, as provided by the Act of Congress, approved May 7, 1894, "to protect the birds and animals in Yellowstone National Park, and to punish crimes in said park, and for other purposes," of not more than one thousand dollars or imprisonment not exceeding two years, or both, and be adjudged to pay all costs of the proceedings.

Hoke Smith, _Secretary of the Interior_.

APPENDIX C.

APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

Act June 20, 1878. To protect, preserve, and improve the Park $10,000 00

" Mar. 3, 1879. To protect, preserve, and improve the Park 10,000 00

" June 16, 1880. To protect, preserve, and improve the Park 15,000 00

" Mar. 3, 1881. To protect, preserve, and improve the Park 15,000 00

" Mar. 3, 1881. Deficiency for 1880 89 76

" Aug. 5, 1882. " " 1881 155 00

" Aug. 7, 1882. For protection and improvement of Park 15,000 00

" Aug. 7, 1882. To reimburse P. W. Norris for salary and expenses, April 18, 1877, to June 30, 1878 3,180 41

" Mar. 3, 1883. For protection and improvement of Park 40,000 00

" July 7, 1884. For protection and improvement of Park 40,000 00

" Mar. 3, 1885. For protection and improvement of Park 40,000 00

Joint Resolution of July 1 and July 15, 1886 Compensation of Superintendent and employes for month of July, 1886 934 25

Act Aug. 4, 1886. For construction of roads and bridges 20,000 00

" Mar. 3, 1887. For construction of roads and bridges 20,000 00

Act Oct. 2, 1888. For construction of roads and bridges 25,000 00

" Mar. 2, 1889. For construction of roads and bridges 50,000 00

" Aug. 30, 1890. For construction of roads and bridges 75,000 00

" Sept. 30, 1890. Reimbursement of Superintendent Conger 169 37

" Mar. 3, 1891. For construction of roads and bridges 75,000 00

" Aug. 5, 1892. For construction of roads and bridges 45,000 00

" Mar. 3, 1893. For construction of roads and bridges 30,000 00

" May 4, 1894. For erection of court-house and jail 5,000 00

" Aug. 18, 1894. For construction of roads and bridges 30,000 00

" Aug. 18, 1894. For salary of Commissioner provided by Act of May 4, 1894 1,000 00

" Mar. 2, 1895. For construction of roads and bridges 30,000 00

" Mar. 2, 1895. For salary of Commissioner 1,000 00

" Mar. 2, 1895. For reimbursement of John W. Meldrum 385 75 ----------- Total $596,914 54

Receipts from leases $8,358 94

Expenditures from same 4,053 45

Balance 4,305 49 ----------- Outlay for 23 years $592,609 05

Average annual outlay less than 25,000 00

APPENDIX D.

LIST OF SUPERINTENDENTS OF THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

_Name._ _Length of Service._ _Compensation._

Nathaniel P. Langford Appointed May 10, 1872; removed April 18, 1877 No compensation.

Philetus W. Norris Appointed April 18, 1877 Do. Commissioned July 5, 1878; removed February 2, 1882 $1,500 per annum.

Patrick H. Conger Commissioned February 2, 1882; resigned July 28, 1884 $2,000 per annum.

Robert E. Carpenter Commissioned August 4, 1884; removed May 29, 1885 Do.

David W. Wear Commissioned May 29, 1885. Congress failed to appropriate for office from August 1, 1886 Do.

Capt. Moses Harris Acting Superintendent of Park. August 10, 1886, detailed by Secretary of War, in pursuance of Act March 3, 1883 (22 Statutes, 627). Relieved from duty June 1, 1889 No compensation other than army pay.

Capt. F. A. Boutelle Acting Superintendent of Park; assigned June 1, 1889, relieving Capt. Moses Harris No compensation other than army pay.

Capt. Geo. S. Anderson. Acting Superintendent of Park; assigned January 21, 1891, relieving Capt. F. A. Boutelle Do.

APPENDIX E.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE LITERATURE OF THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

The following bibliography is intended to contain the names of such books and magazine articles in the English language as treat in whole or in part of the Yellowstone National Park. It does not include references in encyclopedias or school textbooks, nor, with few exceptions, articles from the daily or weekly journals. Those who desire to consult the more general literature relating to the geysers and hot springs of the world are referred to the excellent work of Dr. A. C. Peale, published in 1883, in the Twelfth Annual Report of Dr. Hayden, pp. 427-449.

The present list is carefully indexed under the more prominent words of the titles and under the names of the authors; but the full title of each work is given only once. To pass from any other reference to the corresponding full title, note the number following the reference and look for the title which is preceded by the same number. The abbreviation "Y. N. P." is for "Yellowstone National Park."

1. Action of Geysers. _Westminster Review_, vol. lxvii, p. 207.

Allen, C. J., 6.

2. American Big Game Hunting. The Book of the Boone and Crockett Club, vol. i. Editors, Theodore Roosevelt and George Bird Grinnell. New York. Forest and Stream Publishing Company. 1893. Contains numerous references to the Y. N. P. and an article entitled "The Yellowstone Park as a Game Preserve," by Arnold Hague.

3. Among the Geysers of the Yellowstone. E. Roberts. In his _Shoshone_. New York. Harper Brothers. 1888. pp. 202-245.

4. Analyses of some Geyser Deposits. By Henry Leffmann. _Chemical News._ London, vol. xliii, p. 124.

5. Analyses of the Waters of the Y. N. P. By Frank A. Gooch and James E. Whitfield, Bulletin No. 47, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington: Government Printing Office. 1888.

Anderson, G. S., 8, 24, 61.

6. Annual Reports of Officers of the Corps of Engineers in charge of the Construction of Roads and Bridges. Including, to the present time, reports by Lieutenant (now Captain) D. C. Kingman, Captain (now Major) C. B. Sears, Major Charles J. Allen, Lieutenant W. E. Craighill, Major (now Lieutenant-Colonel) W. A. Jones, and Lieutenant (now Captain) H. M. Chittenden. Washington: Government Printing Office.

7. Annual Reports of Secretaries of the Interior, from 1871 to the present time. Washington: Government Printing Office.

8. Annual Reports of Superintendents of the Park. Including, to the present time, reports by N. P. Langford, P. W. Norris, P. H. Conger, D. W. Wear, Captain (now Major, retired) Moses Harris, Captain F. A. Boutelle, and Captain George S. Anderson. Washington: Government Printing Office.

9. Annual Report (Fifth: 1871) of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories. By Dr. F. V. Hayden, with sub-reports by A. C. Peale, Joseph Leidy and T. C. Porter, Washington: Government Printing Office. 1872.

10. Annual Report (Sixth: 1872) of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories. By Dr. F. V. Hayden, with sub-reports by Dr. A. C. Peale, F. H. Bradley, C. H. Merriam, Henry Gannett, J. M. Coulter and N. P. Langford. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1873.

11. Annual Report (Twelfth: 1878) of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. By Dr. F. V. Hayden, with sub-reports by W. H. Holmes, Dr. A. C. Peale and Henry Gannett. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1883. This report contains Dr. Peale's exhaustive treatise upon the thermal phenomena of the park; his general treatise on the hot springs and geysers of the world, and his elaborate bibliography pertaining to these subjects.

12. Annual Reports of the United States Geological Survey. The serial numbers of these reports begin with June 30, 1880, the first report being for the year ending at that time. Nearly all these reports contain valuable references to the Park, most of them being from the pen of Prof. Arnold Hague. One article of great importance, by Walter Harvey Weed (Ninth Annual Report, 1888, pp. 613-676), on the formation of hot springs deposits through the agency of vegetable growth, deserves particular notice. Washington: Government Printing Office.

13. Aquatic Invertebrate Fauna of the Y. N. P., Preliminary Report upon. S. A. Forbes. Bulletin United States Fish Commission for 1891, p. 215. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1893.

Arthur, Chester A., 66.

14. Ascent of Mt. Hayden. N. P. Langford. _Scribner's_ (Old) _Monthly_, vol. vi, p. 129.

15. Astoria.--Washington Irving.--Chapter xv contains a reference to John Colter.

Attractions of the Y. N. P., 96.

16. Attractions of the Y. N. P. _Kansas City Review._ April 1880, p. 743.

17. Autumn in the Yellowstone Park. L. Rutgers. In his _On and off the Saddle_. New York: Putnam, 1894, pp. 1-19.

Barlow, Captain J. W., 94.

18. Battle of the Big Hole. G. O. Shields. Chicago and New York: Rand, McNally & Company. 1889. Contains an account of the Nez Percé Campaign.

Beam, Wm., 21.

19. Bicycle Tour of the Y. N. P. First. W. O. Owen. _Outing_, vol. xviii p. 191.

20. Black Hills, The, and American Wonderland. H. N. Maguire. _The Lakeside Library_, vol. iv, p. 298.

21. Bonneville, Captain, The Adventures of. Washington Irving. Chapter xxiii contains a reference to John Colter, the Stinkingwater River, and to "Colter's Hell."

22. Botanical Observations in Western Wyoming. C. C. Parry. _American Naturalist_, vol. viii, pp. 9, 102, 175, 211.

Boutelle, Capt. F. A., 8.

Brackett, W. S., 63.

Bradbury, J., 115.

Bradley, F. H., 10.

Brockett, G. P., 152

Brown, R., 125.

Bunce, O. B., 83.

Butler, J. D., 65.

23. Calumet of the Coteau. P. W. Norris. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1883.

24. Camping in the Y. N. P. Captain Geo. S. Anderson. _Youth's Companion_, October 17, 1895, p. 488. Gives exhaustive directions for those desiring to camp through the Park.

Catlin, George, 62.

Chittenden, H. M., 6, 98.

25. Chronicles of the Yellowstone. E. S. Topping. St. Paul: Pioneer Press Company. 1883.

Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report of, 91.

Comstock, T. B., 45, 90, 118, 141.

Conger, P. H., 8.

26. Congressional Reports (only the more important):

To accompany House Bill 764 (Act of Dedication), 42d Cong., 2d Session.

Report of a Special Committee of the House of Representatives appointed by the Speaker on the 4th day of March, 1885, to investigate, among other things, the Y. N. P. House Report No. 1,076, 49th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 245-270.

Report of the Committee on Public Lands on the administration of the Y. N. P. in compliance with House resolution of April 8, 1892. House Report No. 1,956, 52d Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 295.

Adverse Report on the admission of steam railways within the Park. House Report No. 1,386, 53d Cong., 2d Sess.

Adverse Report on the admission of electric railways within the Park. House Report No. 1,387, 53d Cong., 2d Sess.

Adverse Report on Segregation project and change of boundaries. House Report No. 1,763, 53d Cong., 3d Sess.

27. Contributions to the Geological Chemistry of the Y. N. P. Henry Leffmann and Wm. Beam. _American Journal of Science._ 3d series, vol. xxv, p. 104.

28. Cooke City _versus_ the National Park. New York: _Forest and Stream_, December 8, 1892, p. 16.

Cope, E. D., 145.

Corps of Engineers, Officers of, Annual Reports of, 6.

Coues, Elliott, 57.

Coulter, J. M., 10.

Craighill, W. E., 6.

Dana, E. S., 89.

De Lacy, W., 72, 114.

De Vallibus, 132.

Donne, G. C., 136.

Donaldson, T., 87.

Driscoll, C. F., 142.

Dudley, W. H., 159.

Dunraven, Earl of, 53.

29. Earth, The, and its Inhabitants. Élisée Reclus. Vol. iii. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1893. Contains numerous references to the Y. N. P.

Eccles, James, 70, 99.

Eldridge, G. H., 44.

30. Elk Hunt, An, at Two-Ocean Pass. Theodore Roosevelt. _The Century_, vol. xliv, p. 713.

Ellsworth, Spencer, 86.

31. Enchanted Land, The, or an October Ramble among the Geysers, etc., of the Y. N. P. Illustrated. 8vo. pp. 48. Paper. R. E. Strahorn. Omaha. 1881.

Evermann, B. W., 91.

Everts, T. C., 110.

32. Expedition through the Big Horn Mountains, Y. N. P., etc., in 1881. Report by Lieutenant-General P. H. Sheridan, with sub-reports by Lieutenant-Colonel J. F. Gregory, A. D. C., Surgeon W. H. Forwood, U. S. A., and Captain S. C. Kellogg, U. S. A. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1882.

33. Expedition to the Yellowstone. _Analectic Magazine_, vol. xv, pp. 293, 347.

34. Exploration of Parts of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana, in 1882. Report by Lieutenant-General P. H. Sheridan, with sub-reports by Lieutenant-Colonel J. F. Gregory, A. D. C., and Surgeon W. H. Forwood, U. S. A. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1882.

35. Exploration of the Yellowstone and the Country drained by that River. W. F. Raynolds, Brevet Brigadier-General U. S. A. Sen. Ex. Doc. No. 77, 40th Cong., 1st Sess. On page 10 is a reference to the geyser regions.

36. Falls of the Yellowstone. Howard O'Neil. _Southern Magazine_, vol. ix., p. 219.

37. Falls of the Yellowstone. Moses Thatcher. _The Contributor._ Salt Lake City. Vol. v, p. 140.

Ferris, G. T., 84.

38. Fifth Avenue to Alaska. Edward Pierrepont. New York: G. P. Putnam Sons, 1884, p. 237. Printed for private circulation only.

Folsom, D. E., 119.

Forbes, S. A., 13.

Forest Reservation, The Y. N. P. as a, 157.

Forwood, W. H., 32, 34.

39. Fossil Forests of the Volcanic Tertiary Formations of the Y. N. P. W. H. Holmes. Bulletin United States Geological Survey, vol. v, p. 125. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1879.

40. Fossil Forests of the Yellowstone. Walter Harvey Weed. _School of Mines Quarterly_, vol. xiii, no. 3.

41. Fossil Forests of the Yellowstone. Prof. Samuel E. Tillman. United States Military Academy. _Popular Science Monthly_, vol. xliii, p. 301, July, 1893.

42. Fossil Forests of the Yellowstone. Prof. Frank H. Knowlton, P. H. D. _The Epoch_, vol. i, no. 1, p. 18. April, 1895.

Francis, E., 49.

Frankland, E., 143.

Game Exploration, Y. N. P., 158.

Game Preserve, The Y. N. P. as a, 2.

Gannett, H., 10, 11, 153.

Geike, A., 48.

Geological Chemistry of the Y. N. P. Contributions to the, 27.

43. Geological History of the Y. N. P. Arnold Hague. _Transactions American Institute of Mining Engineers_, vol. xvi, 1888. Also in Smithsonian Report for 1892, p. 133.

44. Geological Reconnaissance in North-western Wyoming. George Homans Eldridge. Bulletin 119, United States Geological Survey. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1894.

45. Geology of Western Wyoming. Theo. B. Comstock. _American Journal of Science._ 3d series, vol. vi, p. 426.

Geyser Deposits, Analyses of, 4.

Geyserland, Pilgrimage to, 86.

Geysers, Action of, 1.

46. Geysers and how they are explained. Joseph Le Conte. _Popular Science Monthly_, vol. xii, p. 407.

47. Geysers, Comparisons of. A. C. Peale. _Science_, vol. ii, p. 101.

48. Geysers of the Yellowstone. Archibald Geike. _Macmillan_, vol. xliv, p. 421. Same article, _Appleton's Journal_, vol. xxvi, p. 538; and _Eclectic Magazine_, vol. xcviii, p. 124.

49. Geysers of the Yellowstone. E. Francis. _Nineteenth Century_, vol. xi, p. 369. Same article in Living Age, vol. cliii, p. 31, and _Eclectic Magazine_, vol. xcviii, p. 598.

Geysers of the Yellowstone, Among the, 3.

Geyser Regions, The World's, 134.

Geysers, Soaping, 102, 103, 104.

50. Gigantic "Pleasuring Ground," A. _Nature_, vol. vi, pp. 397, 437.

51. Glacial Phenomena in the Y. N. P. W. H. Holmes. _American Naturalist_, vol. xv, p. 203.

52. Gold Hunt on the Yellowstone, A. Edward B. Nealley. _Lippincott's_, vol. ix, p. 204.

Gooch, F. A., 5.

53. Great Divide, The. Earl of Dunraven. London: Chatto and Windus. 1876.

54. Great West, The. A Journal of Rambles over Mountain and Plain. P. W. Norris. A long series of articles under the above title appeared in the _Norris Suburban_ in 1876, '7, '8. They deal largely with the Y. N. P., and contain much of historic value. Norris subsequently rearranged and extended these articles with a view to publication in book form; but death interrupted his purpose. The manuscript is now in the possession of William Hallett Phillips, of Washington, D. C.

Gregory, J. F., 32, 34, 66.

Grinnell, G. B., 2, 61, 89.

55. Grotto Geyser, The. F. V. Hayden. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1876.

56. Guide Books of the Y. N. P. The guide books of the Park are numerous; but as they are all similar in character, and generally supplanted by the latest issue, it seems unnecessary to give a full list of them. Among those who have prepared guides or manuals of the Park, of practical value to the tourist, may be mentioned H. J. Norton, P. W. Norris, Henry J. Winser, G. L. Henderson, W. W. & S. K. Wiley, W. C. Riley, F. J. Haynes, A. B. Guptill, and the Northern Pacific and Union Pacific Railway Companies. The leading authorities at the present time are Haynes' (St. Paul) Guide Book and O. D. Wheeler's (N. P. R. R.) "Wonderland" Series. See "Wonderland Series."

Gunnison, J. W., 77.

Guptill, A. B., 56, 148.

Hague, Arnold, 2, 12, 43, 67, 102, 154, 156, 157.

Harris, Moses, 8.

Harrison, Carter, 107.

Hayden, F. V., 9, 10, 11, 55, 59, 60, 117, 127, 128, 140, 160.

Hayden, Mt., Ascent of, 14.

Haynes, F. J., 56, 66, 162.

Heap, D. P., 94.

Hedges, C., 137.

Henderson, G. L., 56, 161.

Heizman, C. L., 90, 108.

57. History of the Expeditions under the Command of Lewis and Clark, to the Sources of the Missouri River, thence across the Rocky Mountains and down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. Performed during the Years 1804-5-6, by Order of the Government of the United States. Elliott Coues. 4 vols. New York: Francis P. Harper. 1893. Pages 283, 1153, 1154, 1181, and 1182 contain references to the Y. N. P.

Holmes, W. H., 11, 39, 51, 82.

58. Horseback Rides through the Y. N. P. H. J. Norton. Virginia City, Mont. 1874. The first real guide book of the Park.

59. Hot Springs and Geysers of the Yellowstone and Firehole Rivers. F. V. Hayden. _American Journal of Science_, vol. ciii, pp. 105, 161.

60. Hot Springs of the Y. N. P. F. V. Hayden. In _The Great West_, Philadelphia: Franklin Publishing Co. 1880.

Hough, E., 158.

Howard, O. O., 79, 81.

Hoyt, J. W., 93.

61. Hunting in Many Lands. Book of the Boone and Crockett Club. Vol. ii. Editors, Theodore Roosevelt and George Bird Grinnell. New York: Forest and Stream Publishing Company. 1895. Contains an article by Captain G. S. Anderson, 6th U. S. Cavalry, on "Protection in the Y. N. P.", and one by the Editors on "The Yellowstone Park Protective Act."

Iddings, J. P., 156.

62. Illustrations of the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians. George Catlin. 2 vols. London: Henry G. Bohn. 1857. Pages 261-2 contain reference to Catlin's Park project. Published also in New York. 1841.

63. Indian Remains on the Upper Yellowstone. William S. Brackett. Smithsonian Institute Report for 1892, p. 577.

64. Inspection Made in the Summer of 1877 by Generals P. H. Sheridan and W. T. Sherman. Contains letters from General Sherman to the Secretary of War, and reports by General Sheridan, Colonel O. M. Poe, and other officers. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1878.

Irving, Washington, 15, 21.

65. John Colter. Professor J. D. Butler. _Magazine American History_, vol. xii, no. 1, p. 83.

Jones, W. A., 6, 90.

Jones, W. P., 153.

Jordan, D. S., 92, 150.

Joseph, Nez Percé, 81.

66. Journey through the Yellowstone National Park and North-western Wyoming. 1883. Photographs of Party and Scenery along the Route Traveled, and Copies of the Associated Press Dispatches sent whilst En Route. Washington: Government Printing Office.

This book, of which only twelve copies were ever made, is the record of the journey of President Arthur through the Park as the guest of Lieutenant-General Sheridan in 1883. The dispatches were mostly written by Lieutenant-Colonel M. V. Sheridan, Military Secretary, and by Lieutenant-Colonel James F. Gregory, Aide-de-Camp; but at least one dispatch was written by each of the other members of the party, except the President. All the dispatches were read to and approved by the President before being sent. No newspaper correspondent accompanied the expedition. The photographs, which form an important feature of the book, were taken by F. J. Haynes, who accompanied the party.

Kellogg, S. C., 32.

Kingman, D. C., 6.

Knowlton, F. H., 42.

Koch, Peter, 144.

Langford, N. P., 8, 10, 14, 119, 120, 129, 137.

Le Conte, Joseph, 46.

Leffmann, Henry, 4, 27.

Leidy, Joseph, 9.

Lewis and Clark, 57.

Liederkranz Expedition to the Y. N. P., 159.

Linton, Edwin, 85.

Ludlow, William, 89.

Maguire, H. N., 20.

67. Map of the North-west, An Early. Arnold Hague. _Science_, vol. x, p. 217.

68. Map of the Y. N. P. _Science_, vol. xi, p. 255.

69. Marvels of the Yellowstone. _Leisure Hour_, vol. xxi, p. 134.

Merriam, C. H., 10.

70. Microscopical Character of Vitreous Rocks of Montana. Frank Rutley and James Eccles. _Quarterly Journal Geological Society_, London, vol. xxxvii, p. 391.

71. Military Road from Fort Walla Walla to Fort Benton, Report on Construction of. Captain John Mullan, U. S. A. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1863. Pages 19 and 53 refer to geysers and hot springs near the Upper Yellowstone.

72. Mineral Resources of the States and Territories. Rossiter W. Raymond. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1869. Page 142 quotes W. W. De Lacy in regard to hot springs on the Firehole and Snake Rivers.

73. Mineral Springs of the United States. A. C. Peale. Bulletin No. 32, United States Geological Survey. Washington: Government Printing Office.

74. Mineral Springs of the United States. A. C. Peale. _Popular Science Monthly_, vol. xxx, p. 711.

75. Mineral Springs of the United States and Canada. G. E. Walton. _Popular Science Monthly_, vol. iii, p. 515.

76. Mineral Waters of the Y. N. P. A. C. Peale. _Science_, vol. xvii, p. 36.

Mitchell, S. W., 112.

Montana Historical Society, Transactions of, 114.

77. Mormons or Latter Day Saints, A History of. Captain J. W. Gunnison, U. S. A. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co. 1852. Also Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1856. Page 151 contains a reference to Bridger's knowledge of the geyser regions.

Mullan, John, 71.

National Park, Our Great, 83.

Nealley, E. B., 52.

78. New North-west, The. _The Century_, vol. xxiv, p. 504.

79. Nez Percé Campaign, The, Reports of General Howard and other officers upon. Vol. i, Reports of Secretary of War for 1877. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1877.

Nez Percé Campaign, The, 18, 79, 80, 81.

80. Nez Percé Indians, Report of Civil and Military Commission to inquire into Grievances of. Vol. i, Report of Secretary of the Interior for 1877, p. 607. Nez Percé War described on pp. 405-409, same volume. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1877.

81. Nez Percé Joseph. History of the Nez Percé Campaign of 1877. General O. O. Howard. Boston. Lee and Shepard. 1881.

Norris, P. W., 8, 23, 54, 56.

Northern Pacific Railway Co., 56, 126.

Norton, H. J., 56, 58.

82. Notes on an Extensive Deposit of Obsidian in the Y. N. P. W. H. Holmes. _American Naturalist_, vol. xiii, p. 247.

Obsidian in the Y. N. P., 82.

O'Neil, H., 36.

83. Our Great National Park. O. B. Bunce. In _Picturesque America; or, the Land we Live in_, vol. i, p. 292. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1872.

84. Our Native Land, or Glances at American Scenery and Places. George T. Ferris. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1886, pp. 148-178.

Overhead Sounds in the Vicinity of the Yellowstone Lake. S. A. Forbes. Page 215, _Preliminary Report on Aquatic Invertebrate Fauna, in the Y. N. P._, 13.

85. Overhead Sounds in the Vicinity of the Yellowstone Lake. Edwin Linton. _Science_, vol. xxii, No. 561, p. 244.

Owen, W. O., 19.

Parry, C. C., 22, 90.

Peale, A. C., 9, 10, 11, 47, 73, 74, 76, 109, 134.

Peck, J. K., 155.

Pierrepont, Edward, 38.

86. Pilgrimage to Geyserland. Spencer Ellsworth. Lacon, Ill. 1883.

Poe, O. M., 64.

Porter, R. P., 153.

Porter, T. C., 9.

Protection in the Y. N. P., 61.

Protective Act, Y. N. P., 61.

87. Public Domain, The. Its History with Statistics. Thomas Donaldson. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1884, p. 1294.

88. Rambles in Wonderland. Edwin J. Stanley. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1873.

Raymond, R. W., 72, 104, 105, 106, 130.

Raynolds, W. F., 35.

Reclus, Élisée, 29.

89. Reconnaissance from Carroll, Montana, to the Y. N. P. Captain (now Lieutenant-Colonel) Wm. Ludlow, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., with sub-reports by George Bird Grinnell and Edward S. Dana. Appendix N N, Chief of Engineers' Report for 1876. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1876. Also published separately in quarto, 155 pages. 1876.

90. Reconnaissance of North-western Wyoming, including the Y. N. P., made in the summer of 1873. Captain W. A. Jones, of the Corps of Engineers, with sub-reports by Prof. Theo. B. Comstock, Dr. C. L. Heizman, U. S. A., and Dr. C. C. Parry. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1875.

91. Reconnaissance of the Streams and Lakes of Western Montana and North-western Wyoming. Barton W. Evermann. In Report of the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1892, pp. 1-58.

92. Reconnaissance of the Streams and Lakes of the Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, in the interests of the United States Fish Commission. David Starr Jordan. Bulletin United States Fish Commission, vol. ix, pp. 41-63. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1890.

93. Reconnaissance for a Wagon Road to the National Park. Gov. John W. Hoyt, of Wyoming. In Annual Report of Secretary of the Interior, 1881. Vol. ii, p. 1074. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1881.

94. Reconnaissance of the Yellowstone River in 1871. Captains Barlow and Heap, of the United States Corps of Engineers. Sen. Ex. Doc. No. 66, 42d Cong., 2d Sess.

95. Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian. Captain George M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1889. Vol. i contains a memoir upon the Voyages, Explorations, and Surveys pertaining to that portion of the United States west of the Mississippi River from the year 1500 to 1880, including an epitome of a Memoir by Lieutenant G. K. Warren, covering the period from 1800 to 1857.

96. Resources of Montana Territory and Attractions of the Y. N. P. R. E. Strahorn. Helena, Montana: Montana Legislative Assembly. 1879.

Richardson, James, 131.

Riley, W. C., 56.

97. River of the West, The. Frances Fuller Victor. Hartford, Conn.: Columbian Book Company. 1871. Pages 75 and 76 contain a description of some of the hot springs districts of the Park as seen in 1829.

98. Roads in the Y. N. P. Lieutenant H. M. Chittenden, U. S. A. _Good Roads_, vol. v, no. 1, p. 1.

Roberts, E., 3, 146.

99. Rocky Mountain Region of Wyoming and Idaho. James Eccles. _Alpine Journal_, London. Vol. ix, p. 241.

Rollins, A. W., 111.

Roosevelt, Theodore, 2, 30, 61.

Rutgers, L., 17.

Rutley, F., 70.

Saltus, J. S., 123.

Sanitarium, A Winter, 124.

Sargent, C. S., 149.

100. Scorodite from the Y. N. P. J. Edward Whitfield. Bulletin U. S. G. S., No. 55. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1889.

Sears, C. B., 6.

Secretaries of the Interior, Annual Reports of, 7, 80, 93.

Sessions, F. C., 147.

Sheridan, M. V., 66.

Sheridan, P. H., 32, 34, 64, 66.

Sherman, W. T., 64.

Shields, G. O., 18.

101. Siliceous Pebbles from the Geyser of the Yellowstone Cañon. A. P. Townsend. _American Chemist_, vol. iii, p. 288.

Siliceous Sinter, Formation of, 12.

102. Soaping Geysers. Arnold Hague. _Science_, vol. xiii, p. 382. Also in Smithsonian Report for 1892, p. 153.

103. Soaping Geysers. _Popular Science Monthly_, vol. xxxvii, p. 139.

104. Soaping Geysers. R. W. Raymond. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Buffalo Meeting, October, 1888.

Stanley, E. J., 88.

105. Statistics of Mines and Mining. Rossiter W. Raymond. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1870. Page 312 contains references to the geysers of the Yellowstone.

106. Statistics of Mines and Mining. Rossiter W. Raymond. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1872. Pages 213-216 contain a reference to the geysers from the pen of General Washburn.

Strahorn, R. E., 31, 96.

Strong, W. E., 116.

107. Summer's Outing, A, or, The Old Man's Story. Carter Harrison. Chicago: Dibble Publishing Company. 1891.

Superintendents of the Y. N. P., Annual Reports of, 8.

Tetons, The Three, 111.

Thatcher, M., 37.

108. Therapeutical Value of the Springs in the Y. N. P. Dr. C. L. Heizmann, U. S. A. Philadelphia. _Medical Times_, vol. vi, p. 409.

109. Thermal Springs of the Y. N. P., Report on. A. C. Peale. _Popular Science Monthly_, vol. xxiii, p. 515.

110. Thirty-seven Days of Peril. Truman C. Everts. _Scribner's Monthly_, vol. iii, p. 1.

111. Three Tetons, The. Alice Wellington Rollins. _Harper's_, vol. lxxiv, p. 869.

112. Through the Yellowstone Park to Fort Custer. Dr. S. Weir Mitchell. _Lippincott's_, vol. xxvi, p. 29.

113. Through the Yellowstone Park on Horseback. G. W. Wingate. New York: Orange Judd. Co. 1886.

Tillman, S. E., 41.

Topping, E. S., 25.

Townsend, A. P., 101.

114. Transactions Montana Historical Society, vol. i. Helena, Montana: Rocky Mountain Publishing Company. 1876. Contains numerous references to the Upper Yellowstone, the most important of which is an article entitled "Trip up the South Snake River," by Walter W. De Lacy.

115. Travels in the Interior of America in the years 1808-10-11. John Bradbury. Liverpool: 1817.

Travertine, Formation of, 12.

Trip up the South Snake River in 1863. Walter W. De Lacy, 114.

116. Trip to the Y. N. P., in July, August and September, 1875. Gen. W. E. Strong. Washington. 1876.

Trumbull, Walter, 121, 137.

117. Two-Ocean Pass, The So-called. Dr. F. V. Hayden. Vol. v, Bulletins United States Geological Survey of the Territories, p. 223.

Two-Ocean Pass, 30, 91, 117.

118. Unexplained Phenomena of the Geyser Basins of the Y. N. P. Theodore B. Comstock. _Popular Science Monthly_, vol. xii, p. 372.

Union Pacific Railroad Company, 56.

United States Geological Survey, Annual Reports of, 9 to 12.

119. Valley of the Upper Yellowstone. David E. Folsom. _Western Monthly_, vol. iv, p. 60, July, 1870. Reprinted by Mr. N. P. Langford, with an interesting preface by himself. St. Paul, Minn. 1894.

Vegetation of Hot Waters, 12.

Victor, F. F., 97.

120. Vigilante Days and Ways. N. P. Langford. St. Paul: D. D. Merrill & Co. 1893. Contains numerous references to the Park.

Walton, G. E., 75.

Warren, G. K., 95.

Washburn, H. D., 106, 137.

121. Washburn Yellowstone Expedition, The. Walter Trumbull. _Overland Monthly_, vol. vi, pp. 431, 489.

122. _Wasp, The._ Vol. i, No. 17, August 13, 1842. Contains the article quoted on pp. 44-49, stated to have been an extract from an unpublished work entitled "Life in the Rocky Mountains." Author unknown. _The Wasp_ was a Mormon paper, published at Nauvoo, Ill.

Wear, D. W., 8.

Weed, W. H., 12, 40, 156.

123. Week in the Yellowstone, A. J. Sanford Saltus. New York: Knickerbocker Press. 1895. Printed for private circulation.

Wheeler, G. M., 95.

Wheeler, O. D., 56, 126.

Whitfield, J. E., 5, 100.

Wiley, W. W. and S. K., 56.

Wilson, S. A., 135.

Wingate, G. W., 113.

Winser, H. J., 56.

124. Winter Sanitarium for the American Continent. _Popular Science Monthly_, vol. xxvii, p. 290.

125. Wonderland of America. Robert Brown. In the _Countries of the World_, vol. iv. London, Paris, and New York.

Wonderland, American, The Black Hills and, 20.

Wonderland, Rambles in, 88.

126. Wonderland Series. O. D. Wheeler. Annual Publication of Northern Pacific Railroad Company, describing the country along the line of that railroad. These books all contain valuable articles on the Park. They include "6,000 Miles through Wonderland," 1893, "Indianland and Wonderland," 1894, and "Sketches of Wonderland," 1895.

127. Wonders of the Rocky Mountains. The Y. N. P. How to reach it. F. V. Hayden. In _Williams' Illustrated Guide to the Pacific Railroad, California_, etc. New York. 1876.

128. Wonders of the West. More about the Yellowstone. F. V. Hayden. _Scribner's Monthly_, vol. iii, No. 4, p. 388.

129. Wonders of the Yellowstone, The. N. P. Langford. _Scribner's Monthly_, vol. ii, pp. 1, 113.

130. Wonders of the Yellowstone, The. Rossiter W. Raymond. In his _Camp and Cabin_. New York: Fords, Howard & Hulburt. 1880.

131. Wonders of the Yellowstone, The. James Richardson. New York: Scribner, Armstrong & Co. 1872.

132. Wonders of the Yellowstone, The. De Vallibus. _Contributor_, Salt Lake City, vol. v, pp. 5, 47, 86.

133. Wonders of the Yellowstone Region. _Chambers' Journal_, vol. li, p. 315.

134. World's Geyser Regions, The. A. C. Peale. _Popular Science Monthly_, vol. xxvii, p. 494.

Wright, G. M., 156.

Yellowstone, Chronicles of the, 25.

Yellowstone Expedition, 121.

135. Yellowstone Expedition of 1863. S. A. Wilson. _Magazine Western History_, vol. xiii, pp. 448, 668.

136. Yellowstone Expedition of 1870, Report upon. Lieutenant Gustavus C. Doane. Sen. Ex. Doc. No. 51, 41st Cong., 3d Sess.

137. Yellowstone Expedition of 1870. A Series of Articles in Montana Papers, describing the Expedition. These consisted of articles by Mr. Langford in the _Helena Herald_; "Notes" by General Washburn in the same paper; a series of articles, including "Sulphur Mountain and Mud Volcano," "Hell-broth Springs," "Yellowstone Lake," "Mt. Everts," and others, by Mr. Hedges, published in the _Herald_; and a similar series in the _Helena Gazette_ by Walter Trumbull. These articles appeared between September 26, 1870, immediately after the return of the Expedition, and November 12th, the date of the banquet given to Mr. Everts after his miraculous escape from his terrible adventure.

Yellowstone, Expedition to the, 33.

Yellowstone, Exploration of the, 35.

Yellowstone, Falls of the, 36, 37.

Yellowstone, Fossil Forests of the, 39, 40, 41, 42.

Yellowstone, Geysers and Hot Springs of the, 3, 31, 48, 49, 59, 60.

Yellowstone, Gold Hunt on the, 52.

Yellowstone, Indian Remains on the, 63.

Yellowstone Lake, Overhead Sounds in the Vicinity of, 13, 85.

Yellowstone, Marvels of the, 69.

138. Yellowstone National Park. _Scribner's Monthly_, vol. iv, p. 120.

139. Yellowstone National Park. _Manhattan Illustrated Monthly_, vol. iv, No. 2, p. 129, August, 1884.

140. Yellowstone National Park. F. V. Hayden. _American Journal of Science_, vol. ciii, p. 294.

141. Yellowstone National Park. Theo. B. Comstock. _American Naturalist_, vol. viii, pp. 65, 155.

142. Yellowstone National Park. Charles F. Driscoll. _American Architect_, vol. xiii, p. 130.

143. Yellowstone National Park. E. Frankland. _Popular Science Monthly_, vol. xxvii, p. 289.

144. Yellowstone National Park. Peter Koch. _Magazine American History_, vol. xi, p. 497.

145. Yellowstone National Park. E. D. Cope. _American Naturalist_, vol. xix, p. 1017.

146. Yellowstone National Park. E. Roberts. _Art Journal_, vol. xl, pp. 193, 325.

147. Yellowstone National Park. F. C. Sessions. _Magazine Western History_, vol. vi, p. 433.

148. Yellowstone National Park. A. B. Guptill. _Outing_, vol. xvi, p. 256.

149. Yellowstone National Park. C. G. Sargent. _Garden and Forest_, vol. vii, p. 131.

150. Yellowstone National Park. D. S. Jordan. _Around the World_, vol. i, p. 148.

151. Yellowstone National Park. (Anon.) _Nature_, vol. v, p. 403; vi, pp. 397, 437.

152. Yellowstone National Park. G. P. Brockett. In _Our Western Empire_, chap. xxii. Philadelphia, 1881.

153. Yellowstone National Park. Robert P. Porter, Henry Gannett, and W. P. Jones. In _The West from the Census of 1880_. Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co. 1882.

154. Yellowstone National Park. Arnold Hague. Extract from the proceedings of the Fifth Session of the International Congress of Geologists. Washington, 1891.

155. Yellowstone National Park. J. K. Peck. In his _Seven Wonders of the World_. New York: Hunt and Eaton, p. 71.

Yellowstone National Park, Analyses of Waters of, 5.

Yellowstone National Park, Aquatic Invertebrate Fauna of, 13.

Yellowstone National Park, Attractions of, 16, 96.

Yellowstone National Park, Autumn in, 17.

Yellowstone National Park, Camping in, 24.

Yellowstone National Park, Cooke City _versus_, 28.

Yellowstone National Park, Expeditions to or through, 32, 34.

Yellowstone National Park, First Bicycle Tour of, 19.

156. Yellowstone National Park Folio. (In preparation.) A publication by the United States Geological Survey, consisting of four geological and four topographical maps; a descriptive text by Prof. Arnold Hague, of the United States Geological Survey; and a geological text by Prof. Hague as Geologist in Charge, assisted by Messrs. J. P. Iddings, W. H. Weed, and G. M. Wright. It is understood that this Folio is presently to be followed by an exhaustive Monograph upon the Park.

157. Yellowstone National Park as a Forest Reservation. Arnold Hague. _Nation_, vol. xlvi, p. 9.

158. Yellowstone National Park Game Exploration. E. Hough. Under the above title a series of thirteen articles appeared in _Forest and Stream_ in the summer of 1894, the first article appearing in the issue of May 5, and the last in that of August 25 of that year. These articles are of great interest and value as forming probably the most complete discussion of the game question in the Park that has yet appeared. Their descriptions of snow-shoe traveling and of the winter scenery of that region are well worthy of perusal. The graphic narrative of the arrest of the poacher, Howell, is an important feature.

Yellowstone National Park as a Game Preserve, 2.

Yellowstone National Park, Geological Chemistry of, 27.

Yellowstone National Park, Geological History of, 43.

Yellowstone National Park, Glacial Phenomena in, 51.

Yellowstone National Park, Guide Books of, 56.

Yellowstone National Park, Horseback Rides through, 58.

Yellowstone National Park, Hot Springs and Geysers of, 3, 31, 48, 49, 59, 60.

Yellowstone National Park. How to reach it, 127.

159. Yellowstone National Park from the Hurricane Deck of a Cayuse; or, The Liederkranz Expedition to Geyserland. W. H. Dudley. Butte City, Montana. 1886.

Yellowstone National Park, Journey through, 66.

Yellowstone National Park, Map of, 68.

Yellowstone National Park, Mineral Waters of, 76.

160. Yellowstone National Park and the Mountain Regions of Portions of Idaho, Nevada, Colorado, and Utah. F. V. Hayden. Boston. 1876. Large folio.

Yellowstone National Park, Obsidian in, 82.

161. Yellowstone National Park, Past, Present, and Future. Facts for the Consideration of the Committee on Territories for 1891, and Future Committees. G. L. Henderson. Washington: Gibson Brothers. 1891.

162. Yellowstone National Park in Photogravure. F. J. Haynes. Fargo, North Dakota. 1887.

Yellowstone National Park, Protection in, 61.

Yellowstone National Park, Protective Act, 61.

Yellowstone National Park, Reconnaissance to, 89, 90.

Yellowstone National Park, Reconnaissance of Streams and Lakes of, 91, 92.

Yellowstone National Park, Reconnaissance for a Wagon Road to, 93.

Yellowstone National Park, Roads in, 98.

Yellowstone National Park, Scorodite in, 100.

Yellowstone National Park, Therapeutical Value of Springs of, 108.

Yellowstone National Park, Thermal Springs of, 109.

Yellowstone National Park, Through the, to Fort Custer, 112.

Yellowstone National Park, Through the, on Horseback, 113.

Yellowstone National Park, A Trip to, 116.

Yellowstone National Park, Unexplained Phenomena of, 118.

Yellowstone River, Reconnaissance of, 94.

Yellowstone, Valley of the Upper, 119.

Yellowstone, A Week in the, 123.

Yellowstone, Wonders of the, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133.

INDEX.

[Appendices A and E being carefully arranged alphabetically, names found in them are not included in this index unless they also occur in the main body of the work. The few abbreviations used are self-explanatory.]

Absaroka, Indian name for Crow Tribe, 8. Absaroka Range, name considered, 289. described, 152, 240. first ascent of, 80, 295. first crossed, 104. profile of human face in, 243. Act of Dedication becomes a law, 95. comments upon, 96, 97. history of, 92-5. provisions of, 127. text of, 345. vote on, 95. Act of 1883, Military Assistance in protecting Park, 134, 347. Act of 1890, admitting Wyoming, 347. Act of 1894, National Park Protective Act, 141, 145, 348. Act of 1894, regulating leases, 141, 352. Adirondacks, proposal for reservation in, 97. Administration of the Park, 206-8. Administrative History of the Y. N. P., 127-141. Adverse reports on railroad projects, etc., 141. Africa, preserve for big game in, 97. thermal springs of, 161. Alder Gulch, discovery of gold in, 66. Algonquian family of Indians, 8. territory, 37. Altitudes in the Y. N. P., 154. Alvarez, Spanish trader, 46, 49. American Fur Company, historical sketch of, 34-5, 38. American Fur Company, territory of, 35, 37. Amethyst Mountain, 263. Anderson, Captain G. S., eighth superintendent Y. N. P., 139. plans capture of Howell, 143. quoted, 273, 276. Andesitic lava flows in Y. N. P., 157. "Annie," first boat on Y. Lake, 336. Antelope, habitat of, in Y. N. P., 216. Apollinaris Spring, 217. Appropriations for the Y. N. P., 357. Area of the Y. N. P., 148. Arnold, A. J., member of Helena tourist party, 112, 120. Arsenic Geyser, 220. Artemesia Geyser, 228. Arthur, Chester A., visits Y. N. P., 107, 371. Assistant Superintendents, Y. N. P., 135. Astor, John Jacob, and the American fur trade, 34. Astorians, The, 21, 23. departure of, for Pacific coast, 31 surrender to N. W. Fur Co., 33. Astringent Creek, 143. Atlantic Creek, 246. Atmosphere of the Y. N. P., 199, 210. Australia, thermal springs of, 161. Autumn foliage in the Y. N. P., 192.

Baird, S. F., presents Lieutenant Doane's report to Phil. Soc. of Washington, 83. Bannock Indians, 8, 10. incursion of, into Y. N. P., 126, 215. territory of, 10. Bannock Peak, 217. Bannock Trail, 17, 24, 43. Baring-Gould's theory of geyser action, 166. Barlow, Captain J. W., expedition of, 85-6, 291. quoted, 6, 231, 344. report of, 86. Baronett, C. J., biographical sketch, 292. Baronett's Bridge burned, 124. history of, 261. Basaltic lava flows in Y. N. P., 157. Bath Lake, 214. Battle of trappers and Indians near Y. Lake, 49. Battle of the Big Hole, 116. Bays of the Y. Lake, 335. Bears and tourists, 184. Bear Creek, 70. Beaver Lake, 219. Bechler River, 151. Bee Hive Geyser, 234. Belknap, W. W., visits Y. N. P., 105. Beryl Spring, 221. Bibliography of the Y. N. P., 361. Biddle Lake, first name for Jackson Lake, 331. Big Game Ridge, 153. Big Hole, Battle of the, 116. Bighorn River, Lisa's fort on, 29, 31. source of, 188. Big Thunder, Nez Percé chief, 113. Birds in the Y. N. P., 185. Biscuit Basin, 228. Blackfeet Indians, 8, 9. territory of, 8, 9, 18. treaties with, 18, 19. Black Growler, 175, 220. Black Sand Basin, 230. Blaine, J. G., introduces Langford at Washington lecture, 84. signs Act of Dedication, 346. Block house, ancient, in Y. N. P., 41. Boat, first on Y. Lake, 337. Boat ride on Y. Lake, 243. Boiling River, 212. Boiling Springs in Y. N. P., 174. Bonneville, Captain, 37. refers to Firehole River, 49, 316. Bottler's Ranch, 120. Boundaries of the Y. N. P., 148, 278-280, 333. Boutelle, Captain F. A., Seventh Superintendent of the Park, 139. Bradbury, John, 3, 21. Bradbury, John, interviews Colter, 28. Bradley, F. H., quoted, 321, 331, 332, 333. Bridge, Baronett. See _Baronett's Bridge_. Bridge Creek, 244. Bridge, Natural, 244. Bridge over the Y. River, 203. Bridger, James, ability of as guide, 328. biographical sketch, 327. acquaintance of with Park country, 51, 52, 61. disbelieved by the public, 53, 57. guide to Captain Raynolds, 59. his stories, 54-56. partner in Rocky Mountain Fur Company, 36. and Two-Ocean Pass, 61, 245. British Fur Companies, strife between, 34. British Fur Traders excluded from U. S. Territory, 34. Bronze Geyser, 240. Buffalo of Y. N. P., 143, 184. Buildings at Mammoth Hot Springs, 209, 216. Buildings in Y. N. P. in 1880, 132. Bunsen Peak, 215. Bunsen's theory of geyser action, 163-5. Burgess, Felix, government scout, 110. arrests Howell, 143, 144. "Burning Mountains," 13, 16.

Cache Creek, name of, 70. Calcareous Springs in the Y. N. P., 173. California, discovery of gold in, 39, 100. Camas Creek, Battle of, 116. Camping in the Y. N. P., 205. Canadian National Park, 97. Canadian Niagara Park, 97. Cañon Hotel, 253. Capes of the Y. Lake, 336. Carpenter, Frank and Ida, members of Radersburg tourist party, 112. experiences of, with Nez Percés, 117-19. Carpenter, R. E., Fourth Superintendent Y. N. P., 136. removed from office, 136. Cascade Creek, 180, 253. Castle Geyser, 167, 230. Cathedral Rock, 215. Catlin, George, biographical sketch of, 87-8. Indian Gallery of, 88. originates Park idea, 89. quoted, 88-9. Chittenden, Lieutenant, H. M., measures height of Upper Fall, 326. Chouteau, Valle & Co. buy out Astor, 35. Clagett W. H., his work for Park bill, 92, 94. Claimants for credit of originating Park idea, 90. Clark's Fork Mining District, 264. Clark, Wm., gives names to Y. Lake and Jackson Lake, 24. mentioned, 5, 21, 22. receives information from Colter, 27, 31. Cleopatra Spring, 214. Climate of the Y. N. P., 189, 198. Coast and Geodetic Survey, monument of, near Y. Lake, 248. Cold-water geyser, 48. Cole, Senator, remarks of, on Park bill, 94. Colfax, Schuyler, signs Act of Dedication, 346. Color of rock in Grand Cañon, 253. water in Hot Springs, 172, 213. Colter, John, adventure of, with the Blackfeet, 28-31. character of, 21. declines to join the Astorians, 31. discovers Grand Cañon of the Y., 27. discovers Jackson Lake, 24. discovers Mammoth Hot Springs, 26. discovers Tar Spring on the Stinkingwater, 23. discovers Y. Lake, 24, 27. gives Clark information, 31. marries, 31. receives discharge from Lewis and Clark, 20. returns to St. Louis, 31. whereabouts of, in winter of 1806-7, 22. "Colter's Hell," 28, 31. "Colter's River," 26. "Colter's Route in 1807," 25-7. Comet Geyser, 230. Commission to examine into grievances of Nez Percé Indians, 114, 115. Comstock, T. B., member of Captain Jones' party in 1873, 105. Comstock, T. B., his theory of geyser action, 166. quoted 342, 343, 344. Conant Creek, trail along, 12, 24. Cone Geysers, 167. Conger, P. H., Third Superintendent of Y. N. P., 131. resigns, 136. Congress abolishes civilian police force in Park, 137. Congress Geyser, 220. Congressional Reports on Y. N. P., 141. Constant Geyser, 220. Continental Divide, 151, 238. Cook, C. W., Member of Folsom Party in 1869, 73. Cooke City, 264. "Corduroying" on snow-shoes, 195. Cost of visiting Y. N. P., 274. Cowan, Mr. and Mrs. George F., members Radersburg tourist party, 112. experiences of, with Nez Percés, 118-120. re-visit Park, 120. Craig Pass, 238, 338. Cretaceous Period in Y. N. P., 156. Crevice Creek, 71. Crook, General George, visits Park, 106. Crosby, Schuyler, appeals to Congress for protection to Y. N. P., 133. member of presidential party, 1883, 107. Crow Indians, territory of, 8, 18. treaties with, 18, 19. tribal characteristics, 8. Crystal Falls, 80, 253. Cubs, The, 232. Cupid's Cave, 214.

Danger to future existence of Y. N. P., 281. Dawes, Hon. H. L., 94, 336. Dawes, Miss Anna L., 336. Death Gulch, 264. De Lacy Creek, 239. De Lacy, W. W., discovers Lower Geyser Basin, 68. discovers Shoshone Lake, 68. history of his expedition, 67-69. Deluge Geyser, 243. Denudation and erosion, work of, in Y. N. P., 158. "Devil," frequency of name in Y. N. P., 287, 388. Devil's Kitchen, 214. Diamond, The, Bridger's story of, 35. Dietrich, Richard, member of Helena tourist party, 111. killed by Nez Percés, 122. Dingee, William, member of Helena tourist party, 112. Discovery of gold, 65, 66. Discovery of the Y., 72. long delay in, 101. Doane, Lieutenant G. C., ascends Absaroka Range, 80, 295. biographical sketch, 294. commands escort to Washburn Expedition, 14, 76. descends Grand Cañon, 80. guide to General Belknap, 105. measures height of Upper Falls, 325. quoted, 6, 14, 78, 175, 235, 237, 254, 261, 297, 325, 343. report of, upon Washburn Expedition, 83. Dome, The, 217. Drainage areas of Y. N. P., 149. "Dreamers" among the Nez Percés, 114. Du Charne, Baptiste, upon the Upper Y. in 1824, 41. Duncan, L., member of Helena tourist party, 1877, 111. Dunnell, M. H., and Park bill, 93. Dunraven, Earl of, 9. publishes "Great Divide," 295. quoted, 96. visits Y. N. P., 295.

Early knowledge of the Y., 50, 60. East Gardiner Cañon and Falls, 215. Echinus Geyser, 220. Elephant Back, original name for Washburn Range, 152, 296. Electric Peak, 152, 215. Electric railways in Y. N. P., 204, 276, 277, 280, 365. Elk in Y. N. P., 184, 280. Elliott, H. W., 336, 337. Emerald Pool (Norris Geyser Basin), 220. (Upper Geyser Basin), 230. Equipment for snow-shoe traveling, 195. Erosion, work of, in Y. N. P., 158. Eustis Lake, first name for Y. Lake, 335. Eustis, William, 334. Evermann, B. W., describes Two-Ocean Pass, 245. Everts, Mt., 153, 215, 216. Everts, T. C., experience of, in 1870, 81, 297. member of Washburn Party, 76. Excelsior Geyser, 226. Expedition of 1869. See _Folsom Expedition_. of 1870. See _Washburn Expedition_. Explorations by U. S. Government, relation of to Y. N. P., 100. Explorers, rush of, to Y. N. P., 103.

Face, profile of in Absaroka Range, 293. Fairy Fall, 226. Falls River, 151. Basin, 154. Falls of the Yellowstone described, 251, 254. measurement of, 80, 105, 325-6. not on Colter's map, 27. Fan Geyser, 229. Fauna of the Y. N. P., 181. Fearless Geyser, 220. Firehole Cascade, 222. Spring, 225. River, 43, 150. Fish Commission U. S., work of, in Y. N. P., 186. Fishes of the Y. N. P., 185, 186. Fishing Cone, story of, 56. Fishing Cone, west shore Y. Lake, 242. Fishless streams of the Y. N. P., 186. Flora of the Y. N. P., 187. Flow of water from Y. N. P., 190. Flowers of the Y. N. P., 190. Foller, August, member of Helena tourist party, 112. Folsom, D. E., 73. article by, in _Western Monthly_, 74. measures Falls of the Y., 325. quoted, 160, 241, 256. suggests Park idea, 91. Folsom Expedition, 72-4. Forbes, S. A., quoted, 246. Ford of the Y. River at Mud Geyser, 26, 249. at Tower Creek, 261. _Forest and Stream_, 145, 281, 383. Forest Reserve, 148. Forests of the Y. N. P., economic value of, 188. effect of railroads upon, 272. extent of, 187. preservation of, 207. Formations about geysers, 169. Fort Yellowstone, 208, 216. Fossil Forests of the Y., 177-180, 263. Fountain Geyser, 167, 223. Fountain geysers, 167. Fountain Hotel, 223. "Free trappers," 37. French name for Y. River, 2, 7. French and Indian War, 4. Friends of the Y. N. P., 281. Frying Pan, 219. Funds for the Y. N. P.; lack of, 128. Fur companies, growth and history, 32-36. territory controlled by, 37. Fur trade, climax in, 32, 39. competition in, 38. decline of, 39, 100. in its relation to western exploration, 32, 99, 100.

Gallatin Range, 152. Gallatin River, 26, 150. Game preserve, the Y. N. P. as a, 181. Game in the Y. N. P., destruction of, 183. killing of, prohibited, 134. present condition of, 184, 383. protection of, 181, 207. tourists and, 184. Gandy, Captain C. M., photographic work of, in Y. N. P., vii. Gannett, Henry, measures heights of Falls, 326. quoted, 293, 295, 296. Gardiner's Hole, 317. Gardiner River, 150, 212. early known to trappers, 43, 318. Geographical names, importance of, 285. policy of the U. S. G. S. in regard to, 286. in the Y. N. P., 108, 285-6. Geologic activity diminishing, 159. Geology of the Y. N. P., 156-161. Geyser action, theories concerning, 163-6. "Geyser," etymology of, 162. Geyser regions of the world, 160-161. Geysers, description of, 162. formations about, 169. Soaping, 165. underground connection, 169. water supply for, 169. Giant Geyser, 167, 230. Giantess Geyser, 167, 232. "Giant's Face," 244. Gibbon Cañon, 221. Gibbon Falls, 222. Gibbon, John, 104. battle of, with Nez Percés, 116. Gibbon Meadows, 221. Gibbon Paintpots, 221. Gibbon River, 104, 150, 221. Gillette, W. C., member of Washburn Party, 76. Glacial Epoch in Y. N. P., 158. Glaciers, channels of, 158. Glass Mountain, Bridger's story, 54. Gold, discovery of, 65. in California, 39, 100. in Idaho, 65. in Montana, 65, 66. in the Nez Percé Reservation, 113. Golden Gate, 215. Gold-seekers on the Yellowstone, 101. Government officials and protection of Y. N. P., 282. Grand Cañon of the Y., colors in, 6, 254. Colter discovers the, 27. description of, 253-8. in winter, 257. Grand Geyser, 167, 231. Grand Teton, 153. ascent of, 222, 309. granite blocks near summit, 12, 222, 223. name considered, 323. Granite Block near Grand Cañon, 258. Granite Blocks near summit of Grand Teton, 12, 222, 223. Grant, U. S., signs Act of Dedication, 346. Gray Peak, 217. Great Bend of the Y., 6, 43. Great Fountain Geyser, 167, 224. Green River, 188. Grinnell, G. B., 105. Grotto Geyser, 229. Grotto Spring, 249. Gunnison, Captain J. W., and James Bridger, 52. quoted, 52, 329.

Hague, Arnold, quoted, 160, 182, 286, 290, 306, 321. referred to, 245, 322. Hancock, Gen. W. S., 76, 300. Harris, Captain Moses, quoted, 284. Sixth Superintendent Y. N. P., 138. Hart Lake, 151, 242 Geyser Basin, 243. Hauser, S. T., descends Grand Cañon, 80. member of Washburn Party, 76. Hayden and Barlow discover Mammoth Hot Springs, 85. route of, 85, 86. Hayden Expedition of 1871, 85, 86. results, 86. Hayden Expeditions of 1872 and 1878, 103. Hayden, F. V., biographical sketch, 338-340. connection of, with Park bill, 86, 92, 93, 95. explorations of, in Y. N. P., 85, 103. geologist to Captain Raynolds, 59. quoted, 6, 95, 213, 286, 293, 294, 296, 301, 307, 314, 317, 330, 332, 341. referred to, 245. Hayden Valley, 154, 250. Haynes, F. J., accompanies Presidential party, 107, 371. winter tours of Y. N. P., 109. work of, in Y. N. P., vii. Health resort, Y. N. P. as a, 199. Heap, Captain D. P., with Captain Barlow, 1871, 85. Hedges, Cornelius, member of Washburn Party, 76, 83. quoted, 32, 76, 249, 320. originates National Park project, 91. _Helena Herald_, and Washburn Expedition, 83. Helena tourists, 1877, 111. experiences of, with Nez Percés, 121, 122. Hell Roaring Creek, 71, 287. Henry, Andrew, fur trader, 330. Henry, Joseph, quoted, 89. Henry Lake, 330. Howard's command at, 116. Highland Plateau, 153. Holmes, Mount, 217. Holmes, Wm. H., quoted, 306. Hoodoo Region, 265. Hostility to the Y. N. P., vi., 267-9. Hotel system of Y. N. P., 204. Hot Spring, color of water in, 172, 213. Hot Springs of the Y. N. P., 162, 172-5. Hot Springs and Geysers, water supply for, 169. Hot Springs in Grand Cañon, 254. Hough, E., connection of, with the Howell episode, 145, 383. quoted, 258. winter tour of, through Y. N. P., 110, 145. Howard, General O. O., and Nez Percé campaign, 106, 115, 116, 123. "Howard's Trail," 126. Howell the Poacher, capture and conviction of, 144-6. Hoyt, J. W., expedition of, 15, 106. Hudson's Bay Fur Company, historical sketch 33-5. territory of, 34, 37. Hurricane, The, 220. Huston, George, crosses Park country, 71.

Iceland, thermal springs of, 161. Idaho, admission of, to Union, 282. Indians and name Yellowstone, 3, 7, 16. implements of, in Y. N. P., 12. knowledge of, concerning the geyser regions, 8, 13-17, 98. title of, to Y. N. P., 19. traditions of, concerning Y. N. P., 16. trails of, in Y. N. P., 11, 12, 13. treaties with, 18, 19. tribes of, near Y. N. P., 8. visits of, to Park country, 17. Inscription on pine tree near Grand Cañon, 40, 251. Inspiration Point, 254. Invalids at Mammoth Hot Springs in 1871, 200, 212. Irving, Washington, quotes Bradbury, 28. Isa Lake, 238. Islands of Y. Lake, 335. Itasca State Park, 97.

Jackson, David, fur trader, 36. Jackson Lake, first named by Wm. Clark, 24, 331. discovered, 24. mentioned, 152, 222. Jackson, W. H., photographer in Y. N. P., vii. Jefferson Fork, scene of Colter's adventure, 29. Jefferson, Thomas, 1. Jewel Geyser, 228. Jones Creek, 104. Jones, Captain W. A., discovers and names Two-Gwo-Tee Pass, 105. discovers Two-Ocean Pass, 104, 245. expedition of, 15, 104. first to cross Absaroka Range, 104. measures Y. Falls, 326. names mountains east of Park, 289. quoted, 6. Joseph, Non-treaty Nez Percé chief, 113, 126. estimate of his character, 301. Joseph Peak, 217. Junction Butte, 261. Junction Valley, 154, 263. Jupiter Terrace, 214.

_Kansas City Journal_, editor of, rejects Bridger's statements, 53. Kenck, Charles, member Helena Tourist Party, 112. killed by Nez Percés, 122. Kepler Cascade, 237. Killing of game in Y. N. P. prohibited, 134. Kingman, Lieutenant D. C., prepares project for Park road system, 140. quoted, 271. reports of, 140. Kingman Pass, 215.

Lake Shore Geyser, 242. Lake View, 240. Lakes of the Y. N. P., 151. Lamar River, 150. Cañon of, 263. Langford, N. P., 27, 55. advocates Park project, 92. ascends Absaroka Range, 80, 295. ascends Grand Teton, 222, 309. biographical sketch of, 302. first Superintendent Y. N. P., 129. lectures on the Washburn Expedition, 84. measures height of Lower Fall, 325. member of the Washburn Expedition, 75. publishes articles on Washburn Expedition, 84. quoted, 92, 232, 305, 312, 317. reprints Folsom's article, 74. work of, for Park Bill, 92-3. Laws for Y. N. P., lack of, 127. Leases, Act of 1894 regulating, 141, 352. of land to Y. N. P. Improvement Co., 132. and privileges in Y. N. P., 132, 207. revenue from, 128. Lewis and Clark among the Mandans, 1. expedition of, 101. give Colter his discharge, 20. and North-west Fur Co., traders, 33. use name "Yellow Stone," 1, 2. quoted, 20. return journey of, 20. send report to President Jefferson, 1. Lewis Lake, 151. Lewis, Meriwether, kills a Blackfoot Indian, 9. Lewis River, 151. Liberty Cap, 214. "Life in the Rocky Mountains," referred to, 44. quoted from, 44, 48. Lincoln Pass, 23. Linton, Edwin, quoted, 247. Lion Geyser, 232. Lioness Geyser, 232. Lisa, Manuel, at mouth of Bighorn River, 29. Locomotive Spring, 220. Lone Star Geyser, 167, 237. "Lone Traders," 37. Looking Glass, Nez Percé chief, 113. Lookout Hill, 214. Lookout Point, 254. Louisiana, cession of to U. S., 3. Lower Fall of the Y., described, 254. recorded measurements of, 325-6 Lower Geyser Basin, 223. Ludlow, Captain William, explorations of, 105. measures Falls of Y., 105, 326. quoted, 209, 253, 297. report of, 105.

Mackenzie, theory of geyser action, 166. Madison Lake, 237, 333. Madison Plateau, 153. Madison River, 150. Madison Valley, 154. Mammoth Hot Springs, buildings at, 209, 216. described, 173, 212. discovery of, 26, 85. Mandan Indians, 1, 2, 4. Mann, Charles, member of Radersburg Tourist party, 112. Map of Y. N. P., vii. Map, Raynolds', 63. Marten traps, discovery of cache of, 41. Mason, Major J. W., commands escort to Governor Hoyt, 106. Maynadier, Lieutenant, commands detachment of Raynolds Party, 59, 60. quoted, 62. McCartney, C. J., attacked by Nez Percés, 123. McCartney Cave, 214. Meek, Joseph, adventures of, 42. Members of Congress from States near Park, 282-3. Mexico, war with, 39, 100. Middle Gardiner Falls and Cañon, 215. Midway Geyser Basin, 226. Mileage of Park Road System, 202. Miles, General N. A., intercepts and captures Nez Percés, 124. Mineral Springs of the Y. N. P., therapeutic value of, 199 Minerva Terrace, 214. Minnetaree, Indian dialect, 7. Minute Man, 220. Mirror Plateau, 153. Missouri Fur Co., 29, 35. _Missouri Gazette_, extract from, 21, 23. Missouri River, 1, 4, 150, 188. Missouri River, fur trade along, 35. _Mi tsi a-da-zi_, Indian name for Yellowstone, 7. Monarch Geyser, 220. Montana Territory, becomes a state, 288. early explorations in, 3. emigration to, 66. population of, in 1862, 66. Monument Geyser Basin, 221. Monument, survey, 248. Moore, Charles, sketches by, 168. records height of Falls, 326. Moran, Thomas, painting by, 256. quoted, 256. Mormon emigration, 39, 100. Morning Glory, 229. Mound, artificial in Y. N. P., 12. Mountain sheep of Y. N. P., 216. Mountain stream of hot water, Bridger's story, 55. Mountain Systems of the West, formation of, 156. of the Y. N. P., 151, 152. Mud Geyser, Norris Geyser Basin, 220. Y. River, 249, Mud Volcano, 248. Mystic Fall, 228.

Names of Hot Springs and Geysers, 287. Narrow Gauge Terrace, 214. National Park project, origin of, 87-92. National Park Protective Act, 110, 141-5, 348. National Parks on sites of battle-fields, 97. Natural Bridge, 244. Navigation of Y. Lake and River, 203. New Crater Geyser, 220. _New York Tribune_ quotes Langford on Park project, 92. New Zealand, thermal springs of, 97, 161. Nez Percé Creek, 126, 150, 223. Nez Percé Indians attack Y. N. P. tourists, 118, 121. cede territory to U. S., 113. characteristics of, 114. fate of, 126. impress white man as guide, 14. incursion of, into Y. N. P., 117-123, 215. surrender to Miles, 124. territory of, 112. treaties with, 113. Nez Percé War, beginning of, 115. causes of, 112, 115. criticism upon, 125. statistics of, 125. Niagara Falls compared with the Falls of the Y., 251, 254. original sketch of, 168. Niagara Park, Canadian, 97. New York State, 97. Non-treaty Nez Percés, 113. Norris, P. W., biographical sketch of, 303. builds road of volcanic glass, 218. criticism of his work, 131. discoveries of, 40, 41, 108, 130. names Dunraven Peak after himself, 295. quoted, 15, 218, 265, 307, 314, 324, 331, 343. road work of, 130. second Superintendent Y. N. P., 14, 129, 130. writings of, 131. Norris Geyser Basin, 220, 340. discovery of, 340. North-west Fur Company and name "Yellowstone," 4. sketch of, 33.

Oblong Geyser, 230. Obsidian Cliff, 217. first road past, 218. Indian quarry at, 12, 217. Old Faithful, 167, 234-6. discovery of, 82. Oldham, Albert, member Radersburg tourist party, 112. "Old Man of the Mountains," 244. Orange Geyser, 214. Original sketches of Park scenery, 168, 169. Orographic agencies, work of, in Park, 157. Overhead sounds near Y. Lake, 246.

Pacific Creek, 246. Pacific Fur Co., 34. Paintpots described, 174. on west shore Y. Lake, 242. Peale, A. C., quoted, 13, 323, 344. work of, in Y. N. P., 361, 363. Pearl Geyser, 220. Pend d'Oreilles Indians in geyser basins, 14, 45. Peterson, W., member of Folsom party, 73. Petrifactions in Y. N. P., Bridger's story, 56. perfection of, 179. Pfister, Frederick, member of Helena tourist party, 112. Phillips, W. H., connection of, with Y. N. P., 281. Photography of Grand Cañon, 256. _Pierre Janne._ See _Roche Janne_. Pierre's Hole, 24. Pike, Z. M., gives Spanish translation of _Pierre Janne_, 5. Pine, prevalence of, in Y. N. P., 188. Pine tree inscribed with date 1819, 40, 251. Pitchstone Plateau, 153. Plateaus of the Y. N. P., 153. Platte River, 188. Poe, General O. M., 105. quoted, 287. Pompey's Pillar, 5. Potts, companion of Colter, 29. Precedent, effect of, upon future of Y. N. P, 284. Presidential Party of 1883, 107, 371. Prismatic Lake, 227. Private interests and Y. N. P., 280. Prospecting expeditions in the Upper Y., 7, 66-71. Prospectors, unknown, slain by Nez Percés, 121. Protection of game, 181, 207. Protective Act, Y. N. P., 110, 141. Public business in Y. N. P., 139. Pulpit Terrace, 214. Punch bowl, 230. Pryor's Fork, 22. Pryor's Gap, 23, 24.

Quadrant Mountain, 217. Quiescent Springs, 172-3.

Radersburg tourist party, 1877, 112. experiences of, with Nez Percés, 117-120. Railroads and the Y. N. P., 133, 270-6, 280, 365. Rapids of the Y. River, 251. Raymond, R. W., quoted, 6. Raynolds, Captain W. F., expedition of, 58, 59, 101. map of, 62. quoted, 60, 61, 62. report of, 63. Red Mountain Range, 152. Rendezvous in the fur trade, 36. Reservoir, Y. Lake as a, 190. Rhyolitic rocks in Y. N. P., 157. "River of the West," 42. quoted from, 42, 317. River sources in and near Y. N. P., 188. Riverside Geyser, 229. Road system of the Y. N. P., 140, 201-7. Roberts, Joseph, member of Helena tourist party, 112. _Roche Janne_, French name for Y. River, 2, 3, 7. Rocky Mountains ascended by De La Verendrye, 4. Rocky Mountain Fur Company sketch, of, 36, 38. territory of, 36, 37. Routes from the east to the Pacific Coast, 100. Rules and Regulations for the Y. N. P., 354. Rustic Falls, 215. Rustic Geyser, old logs around, 13, 243.

Sapphire Pool, 228. Scenery of the Y. N, P., 155, 209. in winter, 197. Scenic portion of tourist route, 260. Schemes to destroy the Y. N. P., 268. Schofield, Lieutenant, meets Radersburg tourists, 120. Schurz, Carl, visits Park, 106. Schwatka, Frederick, attempts winter journey through Y. N. P., 108. Seasons in the Y. N. P., 193, 199 Secretary of the Interior applies for military aid, 137. instruction of, to first superintendent, 270. Segregation projects, 133, 278, 280, 365. Sepulcher Mountain, 215. Sequoia National Park, 97. Sheepeater Indians, 8, 18, 306. characteristics of, 10, 11. ignorant of geyser regions, 15. number of, 17. original occupants of park country, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17. relics of, 13. Sheridan Mt., 15, 152, 242. an extinct volcano, 156. Sheridan, General P. H., aids exploration and discovery, 75. gives public warning of dangers to Park, 106, 133. quoted, 15. visits Park, 106, 107. Sherman, General W. T., quoted, 111, 256. visits Park, 105. Shively, Nez Percé guide, 123. Shoshonean family of Indians, 8. territory, 37. Shoshone Indians, 8, 18. characteristics of, 9, 10. Spanish articles among, 5. treaty with, 18. Shoshone Geyser Basin, 239. Shoshone Lake, 151, 239, 333. Shoshone Point, 239. Sierra Shoshone Range, 152. Silica, its function in geyser formation, 170. Siouan family of Indians, 8. territory, 37. _Ski_, Norwegian snow-shoe, 194. Slough Creek, 71. Smith, Jacob, member of Washburn Party, 76. Smith, Jedediah, fur trader, 36. Snake Creek, battle of, 124. Snake River, 26, 150. Snowfall in Y. N. P., 193. Snow-shoe traveling in Y. N. P., 194, 195, 196. Snowy Range, 152. Soaping Geysers, 165, 343. Soda Butte, 264. Cañon, 264. Creek, 150. Soda Spring, 221. Solar eclipse of 1860, 59. South-west Fur Co., 35. Spanish traders and name "Yellowstone," 5. Specimen Ridge, 179, 180, 263. Spike Geyser, 243. Splendid Geyser, 230. Sponge, The, 232. Spring Creek Cañon, 238. Spurgin, Captain W. F., builds road for Howard across Y. N. P., 124, 126. Stage rides in Y. N. P., 277. Stanley, E. J., quoted, 322. Stanton, Captain W. S., makes reconnaissance through Y. N. P., 106. Steady Geyser, 225. Steamboat, first to reach mouth of Y. River, 87. Steamboat Spring, 175, 244. Steam vents, 175. Stevenson, James, ascends Grand Teton, 222, 309. biographical sketch, 307-308. builds first boat on Y. Lake, 337. Stewart, J., member of Helena party of tourists, 112. Stickney, Benj., member of Washburn party, 76. descends to bottom of Grand Cañon, 80. Stinking Cabin Creek, 322. Stone, Benj., experience of with Nez Percés, 123. member Helena party of tourists, 112. Stone, Mrs. H. H., first white woman to visit Park, 340. Streams of Y. N. P., fish in, 186. Strong, Gen. W. E., accompanies Secretary Belknap to Y. N. P., 105. Stuart, James, 65, 70. Sturgis, General S. D., attacks Nez Percés, 124. fails to intercept Nez Percés, 124. Sublette Lake, early name for Y. Lake, 335. Sublette, William, fur trader, 36. Subterranean heat, origin of, 158. Sulphur Mountain, 249. Spring, 250. Superintendents of the Park, duties of, 206, 207. list of, 359. Swan Lake, 217. Flats, 154.

Talmage, T. DeWitt, quoted, 253, 257. Temperatures in Y. N. P., 198. Terraces, formation of, 173, 212. Terrace Mountain, 215. Tertiary Period in Y. N. P., 156. Teton, Grand. See _Grand Teton_. Teton Pass, 24. Teton Range, 152, 222, 243. Therapeutic value of springs in Y. N. P., 199. Thermal activity in Y. N. P. not diminishing, 160. Thermal springs, geographical distribution of, 160. Third Cañon of the Y., 266. Thompson, David, and name "Yellowstone," 1, 2. and source of Y. River, 2. Thumb of Y. Lake, 241, 335. Topping, E. S., quoted, 313, 315. Tour of the Y. N. P., best season for, 210. Tourists and wild animals in Y. N. P., 184. Tourists' season in Y. N. P., 193. Tower Falls, 261. discovered, 78. Transportation in the Y. N. P., 204. Trappers ignorant of geyser regions, 99. Treaties with Indians, 18, 19. Tree inscribed with date 1819, 40, 251. Trees of Y. N. P., 187. Trout Creek, serpentine course of, 249. Trout in Y. Lake, 186. Trumbull, Walter, member Washburn Party, 76. publications by, 83, 84. sketches by, 169. _Tukuarika_, native name for Sheepeater Indians, 8, 10. Turban Geyser, 230. Turquoise Spring, 227. Twin Buttes, 225. Twin Lakes, 219. Two-Gwo-Tee Pass, 105. Two-Ocean Pass, 59, 105, 245, 333. crossed by fish, 186. discovered, 104, 245. Tyndall, John, quoted, 174.

Union Geyser, 167, 239. Pass, 23, 59. U. S. Geological Survey, explorations under, 103. measurements by, of height of Falls, 326. names by, in Y. N. P., 286. Unknown visitor to geyser basins in 1833, 14, 44. Upper Fall of the Y., 251. Upper Geyser Basin, 228. discovery of, 82. visited in 1833, 44.

Valleys of the Y. N. P., 153. Vandalism in the Y. N. P., 207. Verendrye, Chevalier de la, explorations of, 4. Vest, Senator G. C., connection of with Y. N. P., 281. member Presidential party, 1883, 107. quoted, 282. Virginia Cascade, 220. Visitors to Y. N. P. in 1883, 107. Vixen Geyser, 220. Volcanic rocks in Y. N. P., 157.

War of Rebellion, 63. War with Mexico, 100. Washburn Expedition of 1870, history of, 75-84. organization of, 75-7. results of, 84. revives Park idea, 90. Washburn, General H. D., biographical sketch, 311. chief of Washburn Expedition, 75. "notes" of, upon Washburn Expedition, 83. quoted, 325. Washburn, Mt., 152, 260. an extinct volcano, 156. Washburn Range, 17,152. original name of, 152. on Colter's map, 26. _Wasp_, The, 48. Watchmen at Park hotels in winter, 194. Water-falls of Y. N. P., 151, 324. Wear, D. W., Fifth Superintendent Y. N. P., 137. Weed, W. H., quoted, 264. Weikert, A. J., member of Helena tourist party, 111. experience of, with Nez Percés, 123-6. We-Saw, Shoshone Indian, 15. West Shore geyser basin, 242. White Bird, Nez Percé chief, 113. White Elephant, 214. Wilkie, Leslie, member Helena tourist party, 112. Willow Park, 154, 217. Wingate, G. W., quoted, 190. Winter journeys through the Y. N. P., 108. Winter in the Y. N. P., 197, 198. Witch Creek, 243. Wyeth, Nathaniel J., 37. Wyoming, admission of, to Union, 282,347. Wyoming Territory attempts to protect Park, 134, 135.

"Yancey's," 263. "Yellowstone," origin of name, 1-7. Spanish translation of, 5, note. _Yellowstone_, first steamboat at mouth of Y. River, 87. Yellowstone, discovery of the, 72. early knowledge of the, 40, 50, 60. fossil forests of the, 177-180, 263. gold-seekers on the, 101. Grand Cañon of, colors in, 6, 254. Third Cañon of the, 266. Upper, prospecting expeditions on the, 66-71. Upper, why so long unknown, 99, 101. Yellowstone Falls, compared with Niagara, 251, 254. Lower, 251, 254. measurement of heights, 80, 325-6. Upper, 261. Yellowstone Lake, 151, 240, 241. bays of, 333. boat ride on, 243. capes of, 336. compared with other lakes, 241. discovered, 24, 27, 80. first boat on, 337. form of, 240. islands of, 335. monument on shore of, 248. names of, 334. navigation of, 203. overhead sounds near, 246. reservoir possibilities of, 190. thumb, of, 241. trout of, 186. Yellowstone National Park, administration of, 206. administrative history of, 127-148. altitudes in, 154. area of, 148. Assistant Superintendents of, 135. atmosphere of, 210. autumn foliage of, 192. basaltic lava flows in, 157. birds, 185. boundaries of, 148, 278-280. buffalo of, 143, 184. buildings of, in 1880, 132. calcareous springs of, 173. camping in, 205. climate of, 189, 198. Congressional Reports on, 141. cost of visiting, 274. Cretaceous Period in, 156. danger to future existence of, 281. drainage areas of, 149. economic importance of, 190. electric railways in, 204, 276-280. elk in, 280. exploration of, 103, 108. fauna of, 181. fishes of, 185-6. flora of, 187. flow of water from, 190. flowers of, 190. forests of, 187, 188. fossil forests of, 177-180, 263. friends of, 281. funds for, 128. game in, 134, 181-4, 207. geographical names in, 108, 285-6. geology of, 156. Glacial Epoch in, 158. healthfulness of, 199. hostility to, vi, 267, 269. hotel system of, 204. hot springs of, 172-5. Indian knowledge of. See "_Indian_." lakes of the, 151. laws for, 127. leases in, 141, 207. mineral springs of, 199. mountain systems of, 151-2. nature of country in, 16, 17. Nez Percé incursion into, 117, 123, 215. petrifactions in, 56, 179. plateaus of, 153. private interests and, 280. Protective Act, 110, 141. public business in, 139. railroads and. See _Railroads_. rhyolitic rocks in, 157. road system of, 201. rules and regulations for, 354. scenery of, 155, 197, 209, 260. schemes to destroy, 268. season for tour of, 210. seasons of, 199. snow in, 193. snow-shoe traveling in, 194-6. source of great rivers near, 188. stage rides through the, 277. Superintendents of, 206-7, 359. Tertiary Period in, 156. thermal springs of, 161. tour of, 210, _et seq._ tourist transportation in, 204. trees of, 187. valleys of, 153. vandalism in, 207. visitors to, in 1883, 107. volcanic rocks in, 157. water falls of, 324. winter in, 193, 197, 198. winter journeys through, 108. Yellowstone Park Association, 140. Yellowstone Park Improvement Company, 132, 139, 140. Yellowstone River, 149, 250, 256. bridge over, 203. color of banks, 5, 6. flow of, 150. fords, 26, 249, 261. Great Bend of, 6, 43. junction of, with Gardiner, 211. navigation of, 203. source of, 2, 188. Yosemite Wonderland, 90, 94, 97, 253. Young Hopeful, 225. Yount Peak, source of the Y. River, 2, 149.

_Zillah, The_, tourist boat on Y. Lake, 336.

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Transcriber's Notes

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