Part 5
N. North (London Postal District) N.A. North America N.B. New Brunswick; North Britain (Scotland) N.C. North Carolina N. Dak. North Dakota N.E. New England; Northeast (London Postal District) Neb. Nebraska Neth. Netherlands Nev. Nevada N.F. Newfoundland N.H. New Hampshire N.J. New Jersey N. Mex. New Mexico N.S. Nova Scotia N.W. Northwest (London Postal District) N.Y. New York N.Y.C. New York City N. Zeal. New Zealand
O. Ohio Okla. Oklahoma Ont. Ontario Ore. Oregon
Pa. Pennsylvania Pal. Palestine P.D. Postal District (London) {80} P.E.I. Prince Edward Island Per. Persia Phila. Philadelphia P.I. Philippine Islands Port. Portugal P.R. Porto Rico Prus. Prussia
Que. Quebec
R.A. Russian America (_now Alaska_) R.I. Rhode Island Russ. Russia
S. South (London Postal District) S.A. South America S.C. South Carolina Scot. Scotland Sc. Pen. Scandinavian Peninsula S. Dak. South Dakota S. E. Southeast (London Postal District) Sic. Sicily S. Isl. Sandwich Islands Soc. Isl. Society Islands S. lat. South latitude Sp. Spain Sw. Sweden Switz. Switzerland Syr. Syria
Tenn. Tennessee Tex. Texas
U.C. Upper Canada (Ontario) U.K. United Kingdom U.S. United States U.S.A. United States of America Utah Utah
V. Victoria Va. Virginia Vt. Vermont {81}
W. Welsh, West; West (London Postal District) Wash. Washington W.C. West Central (London Postal District) W.I. West Indies W. lon. West longitude W. Va. West Virginia Wis. Wisconsin Wyo. Wyoming
8. MISCELLANEOUS ABBREVIATIONS
A.C. (_Ante Christum_) before Christ A.D. (_Anno Domini_) in the year of our Lord Ad lib. (_Ad libitum_) at pleasure Adj. Adjective Adv. Adverb Aet. (_Aetatis_) of age, aged A.H. (_Anno Hegirae_) in the year of the Hegira Alt. Altitude A.M. (_Anno Mundi_) in the year of the world; (_Ante Meridiem_) before noon An. (_Anno_) in the year An. A.C. (_Anno ante Christum_) in the year before Christ Anat. Anatomy Anc. Ancient Ang.-Sax. Anglo-Saxon Anom. Anomalous Anon. Anonymous Ap. Apostle Apo. Apogee Apoc. Apocalypse, Apocrypha A.R. (_Anno regni_) in the year of the reign Arch. Architecture A.R.R. (_Anno regni regis_) in the year of the reign of the king Arr. Arrival Art. Article {82} Assoc., Assn. Association Astrol. Astrology Astron. Astronomy A.U.C. (_anno urbis conditae_) in the year of the building of the city (Rome) Auth. Ver. or A.V. Authorized Version (of the Bible) Av. Average Ave. Avenue
B. (_Basso_) Bass; bay; born B.C. Before Christ Boul. Boulevard B.V. (_Bene Vale_) Farewell
C. Cape Caet. par. (_Caeteris paribus_) other things being equal Cap. (_Caput_) Chapter C. or Cent. Centigrade Cf. (_confer_) compare Ch. Child or children C.H. Court House Chap. Chapter Circ. Circle(s) Cit. Citizen Col. Column Coll. College Comp. Companion; comparative Cong. Congress C.Q.D. Marconi distress signal
D.B. Domesday Book D.C. (_Da Capo_) From the beginning; again Dec. Declination Deg. Degree(s) Del. (_Delineavit_) he drew it Dem. Democrat D.G. (_Dei gratia_) by the grace of God; (_Deo gratias_) thanks to God D.V. (_Deo volente_) God willing {83}
E. East; Eagle(s) Ea. Each E.B. English Bible (common) Ed. Editor, Edition E.E. Errors excepted E.g. (_Exempli gratia_) by way of example Elec. Electricity E.N.E. East-northeast Ent. Entomology E.S.E. East-southeast Et al. (_Et alibi_) and elsewhere; (_et alii_) and others Etc. (_Et caetera_) and so forth Et seq. (_Et sequentia_) the following Ex. Example Exc. Exception
F., Fahr. Fahrenheit (thermometer) Fec. (_Fecit_) he made it Fem. or f. Feminine Fig.(s) Figure(s) Finn. Finnish Fol. or f., ff. Folio(s) For. Foreign Ft. Fort
Gent. Gentleman Ger. German Goth. Gothic Gr. Greek
H. Husband Hdkf. Handkerchief H.e. (_Hoc est_) that is, or, this is Hist. History, Historical H.J.S. (_Hic jacet sepultus_) here lies buried H.M.P. (_Hoc monumentum posuit_) erected this monument H.R.I.P. (_Hic requiescit in pace_) here lies in peace H.S. (_Hic situs_) here lies {84}
Ibid., Ib. (_Ibidem_) in the same place Id. (_Idem_) the same I.e. (_Id est_) that is I.H.S. First letters of ΙΗΣΟΥΣ, Greek for _Jesus_[12] Illus. Illustrated Imp. Imperative (mood) Incog. (_Incognito_) unknown Indef. Indefinite Indic. Indicative (mood) Infin. Infinitive (mood) In lim. (_In limine_) at the outset In loc. (_In loco_) in the place Inst. (_Instante_) the current month Int. Interest Interj. Interjection In trans. (_In transitu_) on the passage Ion. Ionic Ir. Irish Irreg. Irregular Isl. Island Ital. Italic Itin. Itinerary
J.H.S. See I.H.S. Jour. Journal
Lat. Latin, latitude L.c. (_Loco citato_) in the place cited L.l. (_Loco laudato_) in the place quoted Lon. or Long. Longitude L.S. (_Locus sigilli_) place of the seal LXX The Septuagint
M. (_Meridies_) noon M. Married Mem. Memorandum, Memoranda Mgr. Manager Misc. Miscellaneous Mo.(s) Month, months {85} M.S. (_Memoriae sacrum_) sacred to the memory MS. (_Manuscriptum_) manuscript MSS. Manuscripts Mt. Mount, _Mont_ Myth. Mythology
N. Noun; note(s) Nat. National Naut. Nautical N.B. (_Nota Bene_) note well Nem. con. or (_Nemine contradicente_ or _nemine nem. diss. dissentiente_) none opposing N.l. (_Non liquet_) it does not appear N. lat. North latitude N.N.E. North-northeast N.N.W. North-northwest Nom. Nominative Nol. pros. (_Nolle prosequi_) indicates in law that a complaint will not be prosecuted N.S. New Style (_after 1752_) N.T. New Testament N.u. name(s) unknown N.V.M. Nativity of the Virgin Mary N.W. Northwest
Ob. (_Obiit_) he or she died Obj. Objective (case) Obs. Obsolete O.F. Odd Fellow(s) Olym. Olympiad O.H.M.S. On His Majesty’s Service Op. Opposite O.S. Old Style (_before 1752_) O.T. Old Testament
P. or pp. Page or pages Par. or ¶ Paragraph Par. Pas. Parallel Passage(s) Parl. Parliament Part. Participle {86} Partic. Particle Pass. Passive (voice) Pen. Peninsula Pent. Pentecost Perf. Perfect (tense) Pers. Person Pers. pron. Personal Pronoun Persp. Perspective Phil. Philosophy Pinx. (_Pinxit_) he painted it Pl. Plate(s) Plur. Plural Plup. Pluperfect Plff. Plaintiff P.M. (_Post meridiem_) afternoon to midnight P.O. Post-office Pop. Population Posit. Positive P.p. Past participle P.P.C. (_Pour prendre congé_) to take leave P. pr. Participle present Pro tem. (_Pro tempore_) for the time being P.R. (_Populus Romanus_) the Roman people Pret. Preterite tense Pron. Pronoun Pr. p. Present participle Pref. Preface P.S. Privy Seal P.T.O. Please turn over Pt. Point Pub. Publisher Pub. Doc. Public Document(s)
Q. Question Q.B. Queen’s Bench Q.C. Queen’s College; Queen’s Council Q.d. (_Quasi dicat_) as if he should say; (_Quasi dictum_) as if said; (_Quasi dixisset_) as if he had said Q.E. (_Quod est_) which is {87} Q.E.D. (_Quod erat demonstrandum_) which was to be proved Q.E.F. (_Quod erat faciendum_) which was to be done Q.l. (_Quantum libet_) as much as you please Q. Mess. Queen’s Messenger Qm. (_Quomodo_) by what means, how Q.p. or q. pl. (_Quantum placet_) as much as you please Qr. Quarter Q.s. (_Quantum sufficit_) a sufficient quantity Q.v. (_Quantum vis_) as much as you will Q.v. (_Quod vide_) which see Qy. Query
R., Reaum Reaumur (thermometer) R. (_Regina_) Queen; (_Rex_) King Rem. Remark(s) R.A. Royal Academy; Royal Academician; Royal Artillery R. E. Royal Engineers Recd. Received Rect. Rector Ref. Reformation; Reformed Ref. Ch. Reformed Church Ref. Reference Regr. Registrar Regt. Regiment Rel. pron. Relative Pronoun Rep. Representative Repub. Republican R.M. Royal Marines R.N. Royal Navy Ro. (_Recto_) right-hand page Rom. Cath. Roman Catholic R.P. (_Res Publica_) Republic Ru. Runic
S. Solo (_in Italian music_); South S. SS. Section(s), Saint(s) S.a. (_Secundum artem_) according to art {88} Sax. Saxon S.C. (_Senatus consultum_) a decree of the Senate S.C (_in law_) same case Sch. Schooner(s) Schol. (_Scholium_) a note Sci. Science Sculp. (_Sculpsit_) he engraved S.E. Southeast Sen. Senate; Senator Seq. or sq. (_Sequente_) and in what follows Seqq. or sqq. (_Sequentibus_) and in the following (places) Ser. Series Shak. Shakspere Sing. Singular (number) S.J.C. Supreme Judicial Court S. lat. South latitude S.O.S. Marconi distress signal S.P. (_Sine prole_) without issue Sp. gr. Specific gravity S.P.Q.R. (_Senatus Populusque Romanus_) the Senate and the Roman People S.R.I. (_Sacrum Romanum Imperium_) the Holy Roman Empire S.R.S. (_Societatis Regiae Socius_) Fellow of the Royal Society S.S. Sunday School S.S.E. South-southeast S.S.W. South-southwest St. Saint; street Stat. Statute(s) Ster. Sterling Subj. Subjunctive Subst. Substantive Su.-Goth. Suio-Gothic Super. Superfine Superl. Superlative S.W. Southwest {89}
T. Tenor (_in music_); (_Tutti_) the whole orchestra, after a solo Ter. Territory Term. Termination Theor. Theorem Tr. Translator; transpose
Um. Unmarried Univ. University U.S.A. United States Army U.S.M. United States Mail U.S.N. United States Navy U.S.S. United States Ship U.s. (_Ut supra_) as above
Vat. Vatican V.a. Verb active V. aux. Verb auxiliary V. def. Verb defective V. dep. Verb deponent Ven. Venerable V.g. (_Verbi gratiâ_) for example V. imp. Verb impersonal V. in Verb intransitive V. irr. Verb irregular V. n. Verb neuter Vo. (_Verso_) left-hand page Voc. Vocative Vol. Volume V. r. Verb reflexive V. tr. Verb transitive V. Vulgate (Version)
W. West; wife W. lon. West longitude W.N.W. West-northwest W.S.W. West-southwest
Xmas Christmas
Zoöl. Zoölogy
[12] Erroneously _Jesus hominum Salvator_.
{90}
9. SCRIPTURAL ABBREVIATIONS
OLD TESTAMENT (O. T.)
Gen. Exod. Lev. Num. Deut. Josh. Judg. Ruth I and II Sam. I and II Kings I and II Chron. Ezra Neh. Esth. Job Ps. (Pss.) Prov. Eccles. Song of Sol. (or Cant.) Isa. Jer. Lam. Ezek. Dan. Hos. Joel Amos Obad. Jonah Mic. Nah. Hab. Zeph. Hag. Zech. Mal.
NEW TESTAMENT (N. T.)
Matt. Mark Luke John Acts Rom. I and II Cor. Gal. Eph. Phil. Col. I and II Thess. I and II Tim. Titus Philem. Heb. Jas. I and II Pet. I, II, and III John Jude Rev.
APOCRYPHA
I and II Esd. Tob. = Tobit Jud. = Judith Rest of Esther Wisd. of Sol. Eccles. Bar. Song of Three Children Sus. Bel and Dragon Pr. of Man. I, II, II, and IV Macc.
10. MONETARY SIGNS
$ Dollar or dollars cts. Cents gn. Guinea £ (_English_) Pound or pounds ∠ or s. Shilling or shillings {91} d. (_Denarius_) penny or pence fr. Franc or francs c. (_French_) Centime or centimes m. Mark or marks pf. Pfennig or pfennigs cr. (_Austrian_) Crown or crowns hr. Heller or hellers rub. Ruble or rubles kop. Kopec or kopecs kr. (_Danish_) Crown or crowns öro, öre Oro or öre £ (_Italian_) Lira or lire c. (_Italian_) Centesimo or centesimi
11. MATHEMATICAL SIGNS
+ Plus − Minus ± Plus or minus ∓ Minus or plus × Multiplied by[13] ÷ Divided by = Equal to ≠ Not equal to ≡ Identical with ≢ Not identical with ≅ Congruent to ＞ Greater than ＜ Less than ≏ The difference between ≎ Is equivalent to ∫ Integration ∶ and ∷ Proportion ∝ Varies as ≐ Approaches as a limit
∞ Infinity ∴ Therefore {92} ∵ Because ⋯ Continuation √ The radical sign ⊥ Perpendicular to [∟5] Factorial sign ∥ Parallel ⌒ Arc of circle ° Degree of circle ′ Minute of circle ″ Second of circle ∠ ⦠ Angle ∟ Right angle □ Square ▭ Rectangle ▱ Parallelogram △ Triangle
[13] This is also indicated algebraically by a dot, as, _a_ · _b_
12. MEDICAL SIGNS
āā (ἀνά) of each ℞ (_Recipe_) take ℥, ℥i Ounce, one ounce ℥ss Half an ounce ℥iss One ounce and a half ℥ij Two ounces Ʒ Drachm ℈ Scruple ○ (_Octavius_) Pint ℥ Fluid ounce Ʒ Fluid drachm _m._ Minim or drop
{93}
NUMERALS
According to Astle, the combination of Greek numerical characters was not well known to the Latins before the thirteenth century, although Greek numerical characters were frequently used in France and Germany in episcopal letters, and continued to the eleventh century. But of all the Greek ciphers the episemon βαῦ was most in use with the Latins; it gradually assumed the form of _G_ with a tail, for so it appears in a Latin inscription of the year 296. It is found to have been used in the fifth century in Latin MSS. It was reckoned for 6, and this value has been evinced by such a number of monumental proofs, that there is no room to give it any other. Some of the learned, with even Mabillon, have been mistaken in estimating it as 5, but in a posthumous work he acknowledges his error.
Those authors were led into this error by the medals of the Emperor Justinian having the episemon for 5; but it is a certain fact that the coiners had been mistaken and confounded it with the tailed _U_, for the episemon was still in use in the fourth century, and among the Latins was estimated as 6, but {94} under a form somewhat different. Whenever it appears in other monuments of the western nations of Europe of that very century and the following, it is rarely used to express any number except 5.
The Etruscans also used their letters for indicating numbers by writing them from right to left, and the ancient Danes copied the example in the application of their letters.
The Romans, when they borrowed arts and sciences from the Greeks, learned also their method of using alphabetical numeration. This custom, however, was not very ancient among them. Before writing was yet current with them, they made use of nails for reckoning years, and the method of driving those nails became in process of time a ceremony of their religion. The first eight Roman numerals were composed of the I and the V. The Roman ten was composed of the V proper and the V inverted (Ʌ), which characters served to reckon as far as forty; but when writing became more general, I, V, X, L, C, D, and M were the only characters appropriated to the indication of numbers. The above seven letters, in their most extensive combination, produce six hundred and sixty-six thousand, ranged thus, DCLXVIM. Some, however, contend that the Romans were strangers to any higher number than 100,000. The want of ciphers obliged them to double, treble, and multiply {95} their numerical characters four-fold, according as they had occasion to make them express units, tens, hundreds, etc. For the sake of brevity they had recourse to another expedient: by drawing a small line over any of their numeral characters they made them stand for as many thousands as they contained units. Thus a small line over Ī made it 1000, and over ̄X expressed 10,000, etc.
When the Romans wrote several units together in succession, the first and last were longer than the rest IIIIII; thus _vir_ after those six units signified _sex-vir_. D stood for 500, and the perpendicular line of this letter was sometimes separated from the body thus (IↃ,) without lessening its value. M, whether capital or uncial, expressed 1000. In the uncial form it sometimes assumed that of one of those figures, CIↃ, CD, ∞, ⅿ. The cumbent X was also used to signify a similar number.
In ancient MSS. 4 is written IIII and not IV, 9 thus VIIII and not IX, etc. Instead of V five units, IIIII, were sometimes used in the eighth century. Half was expressed by an S at the end of the figures, CIIS was put 102 1/2. This S sometimes appeared in the form of our 5.
In some old MSS. those numerical figures LXL are used to express 90. The Roman numeral letters were generally used both in England, France, Italy, and Germany, from the earliest times to the middle of the fifteenth century. {96}
The ancient people of Spain made use of the Roman ciphers. The X with the top of the right-hand stroke in form of a semi-circle reckoned for 40; it merits the more particular notice as it has misled many of the learned. The Roman ciphers, however, were continued in use with the Spaniards until the fifteenth century. The Germans used the Roman ciphers for a long time, nearly in the same manner as the French.
The points after the Roman ciphers were exceedingly various, and never rightly fixed. It is not known when the ancient custom was first introduced of placing an O at top immediately after the Roman characters, as Aº Mº Lº VIº etc.
NUMERAL LETTERS