Part 4

7. Smoothness of diction in a paragraph calls for the intelligent use of proper connective words between closely related sentences. A common fault, however, is the incorrect use of such words as _and_ or _but_ between sentences which are not closely related.

8. In developing the paragraph, emphasis is secured by a careful consideration of the relative values of the ideas expressed, giving to each idea space proportionate to its importance to the whole. This secures the proper climax.

9. The paragraph, like the composition itself, should possess clearness, unity, coherence, and emphasis. It is a group of related sentences, developing a central topic. Its length depends upon the length of the composition and upon the number of topics to be discussed. {59}

SPACING

Each line should be spaced evenly throughout.

2. The spaces in a line should never vary more than the difference between a _three to em_ space and an _en_ quad.[11]

[11] See page 60.

3. Uniformity in appearance shows excellence in printing. To have one line thin-spaced and the next wide-spaced is in bad taste. Even in narrow measure this inequality can be avoided with proper care.

4. In fonts of type where ends of hyphens and dashes touch the adjoining letters, hair-spaces should be used. Also use hair-spaces before colons, semicolons, interrogation-points, exclamation-marks, and inside quotation-marks.

5. No space should be left between superior letters, or letters indicating powers, and inferior figures or letters; or between letters forming products.

6. No space should be left between the abbreviations A.D. and B.C., A.M. and P.M., between titles, such as _LL.D._, _Ph.D._, etc., or between the abbreviations of States, such {60} as _N.Y._, _R.I._, _N.H._, etc., except in a wide-spaced line.

7. Scripture references should be spaced as follows: _II Sam. 1 : 2–6; 2 : 8–12._

8. No space should be left between the symbols $ and £ and the succeeding figures.

9. An indention of one or more ems should be allowed at the end of the last line of a paragraph.

10. The same space should be left on each side of short words, such as _a_, _an_, etc.

11. It is poor typography to thin-space or wide-space a line in order to avoid a turn-over.

12. Beginning and ending a line with the same word in wide measure should be avoided, but not at the expense of good spacing.

13. The kerned letters _f_ and _j_ require a hair-space before them when they begin a line. When kerned letters end a line a hair-space is necessary after them to prevent breaking off in printing.

14. Should wide spacing be necessary, it should occur where it will be least noticed; viz., between words ending or beginning with tall letters.

15. This is an en dash: – This is an em dash: — This is a 2 em dash: —— This is a 3 em dash: ———

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16. This line is hair-spaced. This line is spaced with 5-em spaces. This line is spaced with 4-em spaces. This line is spaced with 3-em spaces. This line is spaced with en quads. This line is spaced with em quads.

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ITALIC

The first italic types were designed and used by Aldus Manutius, the celebrated Italian printer, of the fifteenth century. It is said that the style was suggested by the handwriting of Petrarch. In the first fonts only the lower case letters were italic, the capitals being roman; but this irregularity soon gave way to the more regular style of italic capitals and lower case.

1. Italic is not used for the text of a book, but it is permissible for the preface, extracts, etc.

2. For poetry and other matter of a literary character italic has a decorative effect.

3. Italic is used for emphasis in roman composition and vice versa.

4. Italic is used frequently for subheads, running-heads, and side-heads, as well as for important paragraphs or extracts.

5. Italic is often used instead of roman-quoted for the titles of books, magazines, newspapers, and names of ships.

6. Signatures or credits are often placed in italic at the end of an article.

7. Foreign words and phrases are often required to be set in italic, but there are many which are now so familiar to English readers {63} that they are kept in the ordinary text. The following is a list of the most familiar words:

à propos ad valorem addenda aide-de-camp alias alibi alma mater anno domini ante-bellum beau idéal billet-doux bon-ton bona fide bravo café canto carte blanche chapeau chaperon chargé d’affaires chiaroscuro cicerone contra corrigenda data débris début depot diarrhœa diatum dilettante dramatis personæ ennui entrepôt erratum et cetera facsimile fête finis gratis hoi polloi imprimatur innuendo literati mandamus manœuvre mignonette naïve ollapodrida onus paterfamilias patois per annum per capita per cent. per centum per se post-mortem pro rata protégé quondam régime rendezvous rôle savant seraglio sobriquet ultimatum verbatim vice vice versa viva voce

8. The following expressions, which are not as a rule so well known, should be italicized:

_ab ovo_ _ancien régime_ _bête noire_ _comme il faut_ _de quoi vivre_ _de trop_ _en passant_ _fait accompli_ _grand monde_ _hors de combat_ _inter alia_ _jeu d’esprit_ _locum tenens_ _mise en scène_ _noblesse oblige_ _raison d’être_ _sans cérémonie_ _tour de force_

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9. Italic is used in the following words, phrases, and abbreviations employed in literary and legal references: e.g., _ibid_, _idem_, _loc. cit._, _op. cit._, _ad loc._, _s.v._, _supra_, _infra_, _passim_, _vide_, _circa_ (_ca._). Exceptions: cf., i.e., e.g., v. (versus), viz., etc., which are always roman.

10. Punctuation marks which are placed after italicized words should be italic.

Italic is used:

1. For the names of plaintiff and defendant in the citation of legal causes.

2. In algebraic, geometric, and similar matter to designate unknown quantities, lines, etc.

3. For _s._ and _d._ (_shilling_ and _pence_) following the figures: e.g., 1_s._ 6_d._

4. For specific names in Botany, Zoölogy, and Geology.

5. In medical matter roman is used instead of italic for scientific terms.

6. For names of stars or constellations in astronomical matter.

7. In resolutions for the word _Resolved_.

In MS. one line drawn beneath a word or sentence signifies that it is to be put in italic. {65}

ABBREVIATIONS

DATES

Dates are not usually abbreviated in writing or in regular text matter; but when necessary the following rules may be followed:

1. Do not use _st_, _d_, _rd_, or _th_ after a date given in figures; e.g., _June 3_, not _June 3d_ or _3rd_. If a date is spelled out, the rule is as follows: e.g., _June the third_, not _June three_.

2. Do not use _ult._, _inst._, or _prox._, but always name the month: e.g., _Oct. 25_, not _25th ult._, _Nov. 10_, not _10th inst._

3. Use generally accepted abbreviations for the names of months when the day of the month is also given, and prefer dates in order of day, month, and year: e.g., _7 Jan., 1912_. When the name of the month is used alone or followed only by the year, do not abbreviate: e.g., _February, 1912_, not _Feb., 1912_.

4. For ordinary purposes use these as the generally accepted abbreviations for the months and days of the week:

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat.

5. In tables and wherever matter must be _greatly_ condensed use the Dewey dates, {66} which are the briefest possible without ambiguity, in the order of (_a_) day of week, (_b_) day of month, (_c_) month, (_d_) year. These abbreviations are not desirable except in tabular matter.

Ja. F. Mr. Ap. My. Je. Ju. Ag. S. O. N. D.

Sn. M. Tu. W. Th. F. St.

PROPER NAMES

1. Abbreviate _company_ in firm names: e.g., _John Brown & Co._

2. Spell out names of companies, railroads, etc., using the ampersand (&) only between proper names: e.g., _Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Company_; _Norfolk & Western Railroad_; but _American Smelting and Refining Company_. If names of railroads are abbreviated, use no space between the letters: e.g., _N.Y._, _N.H. & H.R.R._

3. Abbreviate _United States_ when immediately associated with the name of an officer of the army or navy, as _Lieut. John Doe, U.S.A._; when it is the name of an organization of the army or navy, as _First Regiment U.S.V._; when preceding the name of a government vessel, as _U.S.S. Brooklyn_.

4. In referring to plays, specify act, scene, and line, also part if necessary: e.g., _2 Henry IV, I, ii, 1–7_.

5. Christian names should be spelled in full, as _John_, _George_, _Charles_, except in an {67} original signature, or when following copy in a quotation.

6. When necessary to abbreviate Christian names, use the forms _Dan._, _Edw._, _Sam._, _Thos._, etc. _Alex_, _Ben_, _Ed_, and _Sam_ are not always abbreviations, and copy should be followed as regards period. Use the following list:

Alex. Alexander And. Andrew Anth. Anthony Ap. Appius Arch. Archibald Aug. August, Augustus

Benj. Benjamin

C. Caesar Caes. Aug. Caesar Augustus Cath. Catherine Chas. Charles

Dan. Daniel

Eben. Ebenezer Edm. Edmund Edw. Edward Eliz. Elizabeth Esd. Esdras Esth. Esther Ez. Ezra Ezek. Ezekiel

Ferd. Ferdinand Fran. Francis Fred. Frederic, Frederick

Geo. George

Herbt. Herbert Hos. Hosea {68}

Jas. James Jona. Jonathan Jos. Joseph Josh. Joshua

Matt. Matthew

Nath. Nathaniel

Pet. Peter Phil. Philip, Philander Philem. Philemon

Reg. Reginald Richd. Richard Robt. Robert

Sam. Samuel

Theo. Theodore Thos. Thomas Tim. Timothy

Wm. William

TITLES

1. In ordinary body matter use generally accepted abbreviations of titles when they are immediately prefixed to names.

2. Do not abbreviate a title used as part of a name: e.g., _Bishop Lawrence_, not _Bp. Lawrence_.

3. Such titles as _Mr._, _Mrs._, _Messrs._, _Gen._, _Dr._, _Hon._, _Rev._, when prefixed to names, may be abbreviated; but _Colonel_, _Major_, _Professor_, _President_, _ex-President_, etc., are better spelled in full. Compound titles, such as _Major-General_, _Lieutenant-Colonel_, _Rear-Admiral_, etc., should also be spelled and both {69} words capitalized. Where a person has been mentioned by name and title, and is afterward mentioned by title only, the title should be capitalized. Where initials of a name are used, abbreviate the title: e.g., _Col. T. G. Benson, of the Second Illinois Regiment, has returned from Havana. The Colonel’s friends gave him a warm reception_.

4. When the names of sovereigns of a country are mentioned only occasionally, such names may be given in full: e.g., _George the Fifth_, _Charles the First_. When such names occur frequently, they may be printed with roman numerals without a period: e.g., _George V_, _Charles I_

5. The following is a full list of the usual abbreviations:

A.B. or B.A. (_Artium Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Arts Abp. Archbishop A.C. Archchancellor A.D. Archduke A.D.C. Aide-de-camp Adjt. Adjutant Adm. Admiral Admr. Administrator Admx., Admrx. Administratrix Adv. Advocate Agt. Agent Aldm. Alderman A.M. or M.A. (_Artium Magister_) Master of Arts Amb. Ambassador A.P.A. American Protective Association Asst. Assistant A.T. Archtreasurer Atty. Attorney {70}

B.A. or A.B. Bachelor of Arts Bart. Baronet B.C.L. Bachelor of Civil Law B.D. (_Baccalaureus Divinitatis_) Bachelor of Divinity B.LL. (_Baccalaureus Legum_) Bachelor of Laws B.M. (_Baccalaureus Medicinae_) Bachelor of Medicine Bp. Bishop B.R. (_Banco Regis_ or _Reginae_) the King’s or Queen’s Bench Brig.-Gen. Brigadier-General Bro(s). Brother(s) B.S. Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Surgery B.V. (_Beata Virgo_) Blessed Virgin

Cantab. (_Cantabrigia_) Cambridge Capt. Captain Capt.-Gen. Captain-General Cash. Cashier C.B. Companion of the Bath C.C.P. Court of Common Pleas C.E. Civil Engineer C.J. Chief Justice C.M.G. Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George Col. Colonel Com. Commander, Commodore Cor. Sec. Corresponding Secretary Corp. Corporal C.S. Court of Sessions C.S. (_Custos Sigilli_) Keeper of the Seal

D.C.L. Doctor of Civil Law D.D. Doctor of Divinity D.D.S. Doctor of Dental Surgery Dea. Deacon Dep. Deputy D.F. Defender of the Faith D.M. Doctor of Music {71} Dr. Doctor D.Sc. Doctor of Science D.T. (_Doctor Theologiae_) Doctor of Divinity D.V.M. or M.D.V. Doctor of Veterinary Medicine E. (_after titles_) Edinburgh Esq. Esquire F.D. (_Fidei Defensor_) Defender of the Faith F.G.S. Fellow of the Geological Society Fr. Father F.R.G.S. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society F.R.S. Fellow of the Royal Society F.R.S.A. Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts F.S.A. Fellow of the Society of Arts

G.C.B. Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath G.C.H. Knight of the Grand Cross of Hanover G.C.M.G. Knight of the Grand Cross, Order of St. Michael and St. George Gen. General Gov. Governor Govt. Government G.R. (_Georgius Rex_) King George

H.B.M. His or Her Britannic Majesty H.M. His or Her Majesty H.M.S. His or Her Majesty’s Service Hon. Honorable H.R. House of Representatives H.R.E. Holy Roman Emperor H.R.H. His or Her Royal Highness H.S.H. His or Her Serene Highness

I.N.R.I. (_Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judaeorum_) Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews Insp. Inspector Insp. Gen. Inspector General I.O.O.F. Independent Order of Odd Fellows {72}

J.A. Judge-Advocate J.P. Justice of the Peace J. Prob. Judge of the Probate Jr. or Jun. Junior

K. King K.A. Knight of St. Andrew, in Russia K.A.N. Knight of Alexander Newski, in Russia K.B. King’s Bench; Knight of the Bath K.B.A. Knight of St. Bento d’Avis, in Portugal K.B.E. Knight of the Black Eagle, in Prussia K.C. King’s Council; Knight of the Crescent, in Turkey K.C.B. Knight Commander of the Bath K.C.H. Knight Commander of Hanover K.C.M.G. Knight Commander of Order of St. Michael and St. George K.C.S. Knight of Charles III, in Spain K.E. Knight of the Elephant, in Denmark K.F. Knight of Ferdinand of Spain K.F.M. Knight of Ferdinand and Merit, in Sicily K.G. Knight of the Garter K.G.C. Knight of the Grand Cross K.G.C.B. Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath K.G.F. Knight of the Golden Fleece K.G.H. Knight of the Guelph of Hanover K.G.V. Knight of Gustavus Vasa of Sweden K.H. Knight of Hanover K.J. Knight of St. Joachim K.L.H. Knight of the Legion of Honor K.M. Knight of Malta K. Mess. King’s Messenger K.M.H. Knight of Merit, in Holstein K.M.J. Knight of Maximilian Joseph of Bavaria K.M.T. Knight of Maria Theresa of Austria K.N.S. Knight of the Royal North Star, in Sweden K.P. Knight of St. Patrick {73} K.R.E. Knight of the Red Eagle, in Prussia K.S. Knight of the Sword, in Sweden K.S.A. Knight of St. Anne of Russia K.S.E. Knight of St. Esprit, in France K.S.F. Knight of St. Fernando of Spain K.S.F.M. Knight of St. Ferdinand and Merit, in Naples K.S.G. Knight of St. George of Russia K.S.H. Knight of St. Hubert of Bavaria K.S.J. Knight of St. Janarius of Naples K.S.L. Knight of the Sun and Lion, in Persia K.S.M. & S.G. Knight of St. Michael and St. George of the Ionian Isles K.S.P. Knight of St. Stanislaus of Poland K.S.S. Knight of the Southern Star of the Brazils; Knight of the Sword, in Sweden K.S.W. Knight of St. Wladimir of Russia Kt. Knight K.T. Knight of the Thistle K.T.S. Knight of the Tower and Sword, in Portugal K.W. Knight of William of the Netherlands K.W.E. Knight of the White Eagle, in Poland

L. (_after titles_) London L.C. Lord Chancellor L.C.J. Lord Chief Justice Leg. Legate Legis. Legislature Lieut. Lieutenant Lieut.-Col. Lieutenant-Colonel Lieut.-Gen. Lieutenant-General Litt.D. (_Litterarum Doctor_) Doctor of Literature LL.B. (_Legum Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Laws LL.D. (_Legum Doctor_) Doctor of Laws

M. Monsieur M.A. Master of Arts Maj. Major Maj.-Gen. Major-General {74} M.B. (_Medicinae Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Medicine; (_Musicae Baccalaureus_) Bachelor of Music M.C. Member of Congress M.D. (_Medicinae Doctor_) Doctor of Medicine Messrs. Messieurs Mgr. Manager; Monsignor Min. Plen. Minister Plenipotentiary Mlle. Mademoiselle Mme. Madame M.P. Member of Parliament M.R. Master of the Rolls Mr. Mister or Master Mrs. Mistress Mus. Doc. Doctor of Music

Oxon. (_Oxonensis_) Oxford

P.C. (_Patres Conscripti_) Conscript Fathers; Senators; Privy Counsellor Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy Ph.G. Graduate in Pharmacy P.M. Postmaster P.M.G. Postmaster-General P.R.A. President of the Royal Academy Pres. President Prof. Professor Prov. Provost P.R.S. President of the Royal Society

Q. Queen Q.M. Quartermaster

R.A. Royal Academician R.E. Royal Engineers Reg. Prof. Regius Professor Rev. Reverend R.M. Royal Marines R.N. Royal Navy R.N.O. (_Riddare af Nordstjerneorden_) Knight of the Order of Polar Star {75} R.S.S. (_Regiae Societatis Socius_) Fellow of the Royal Society Rt. Hon. Right Honorable Rt. Rev. Right Reverend Rt. Wpful. Right Worshipful R.W. Right Worthy R.W.O. (_Riddare af Wasa Orden_) Knight of the Order of Wasa

Sec. Secretary Sec. Leg. Secretary of Legation Serg. Sergeant Serg.-Maj. Sergeant-Major S.J. Society of Jesus S.J.C. Supreme Judicial Court Sol. Solicitor Sol.-Gen. Solicitor-General Sr., Sen. Senior S.R.S. (_Societatis Regiae Socius_) Fellow of the Royal Society S.T.D. (_Sacrae Theologiae Doctor_) Doctor of Divinity S.T.P. (_Sacrae Theologiae Professor_) Professor of Divinity St. Saint, Street Supt. Superintendent

Tr(s). Trustee(s) Treas. Treasurer

U.J.C. (_Utriusque Juris Doctor_) Doctor of both Laws

V.C. Vice-Chancellor V.D.M. (_Verbi Dei Minister_) Preacher of the Word Vice-Pres. Vice-President Visc. Viscount

W.S. Writer to the Signet

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6. COMMERCIAL ABBREVIATIONS

A1 Highest class or grade Acct. Account Advt., Ad. Advertisement Agt. Agent Amt. Amount Anon. Anonymous Ans. Answer Art. Article Av., Ave. Avenue

Bal. Balance Bd. Bound Bdl. Bundle Bds. Boards Bldg. Building B.O. Buyer’s Option Bro(s). Brother; Brothers

Chap. Chapter C.I.F. Cost, insurance, freight Co. Company C.O.D. Cash on Delivery Cr. Creditor

Dept. Department Do. Ditto, the same Dr. Debtor

E.E. Errors excepted E.O.D. Every other day E. & O.E. Errors and omissions excepted Etc. (_Et cetera_) and so forth Ex., Exch. Exchange Exp. Express

Fgt. Freight F.O.B. Free on board

H. Hour H.P. Half pay, horse-power {77}

Incor. Incorporated Ins. Insurance

K.D. Knock down (_of furniture_, etc.)

L.P. Large paper

Memo. Memorandum Mfg. Manufacturing Mfr. Manufacturer Min. Minute

No. (_numero_) number

O.K. All right

Payt. Payment Pd. Paid Per an. (_Per annum_) by the year Per cent. (_Per centum_) by the hundred Pkg. Package Pl. Plate, plates Pref. Preface

Rd. Road Rem. Remarks Rep. Reports R.R. Railroad Ry. Railway

Ser. Series Sq. Square S.S. Steamship, steamer

T.F. Till forbidden

7. GEOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS

Ala. Alabama Alaska Alaska Ariz. Arizona Ark. Arkansas Austral. Australasia {78}

B.A. British America Br. Col. British Columbia

Cal. California Can. Canada C.B. Cape Breton Colo. Colorado Conn. Connecticut C.W. Canada West (Ontario)

D.C. District of Columbia Del. Delaware Den. Denmark

E. East (London Postal District) East Isl. Eastern Islands E.C. East Central (London Postal District) E.I. East Indies Eng. England, English

Fin. Finland Fla. Florida

Ga. Georgia G.B. Great Britain Glas. Glasgow

H.I. Hawaiian Islands

Ia. Iowa Idaho Idaho Ill. Illinois Ind. Indiana Ind. Ter. Indian Territory (_now Oklahoma_) Ire. Ireland It. Italy

Jam. Jamaica Jap. Japan

Kan. Kansas Ky. Kentucky

La. Louisiana L.C. Lower Canada {79}

Man. Manitoba Mass. Massachusetts Md. Maryland Me. Maine Mex. Mexico Mich. Michigan Minn. Minnesota Miss. Mississippi Mo. Missouri Mont. Montana