Part 3

1. The following words are spelled with the termination _ize_:

aggrandize agonize analyze anatomize anglicize apologize apostrophize apprize (_to value_) authorize baptize brutalize canonize catechize catholicize cauterize centralize characterize christianize civilize colonize criticize crystallize demoralize dogmatize economize emphasize epitomize equalize eulogize evangelize extemporize familiarize fertilize {38} fossilize fraternize galvanize generalize gormandize harmonize immortalize italicize jeopardize legalize liberalize localize magnetize memorialize mesmerize metamorphize methodize minimize modernize monopolize moralize nationalize naturalize neutralize organize ostracize paralyze particularize pasteurize patronize philosophize plagiarize pulverize realize recognize reorganize revolutionize satirize scandalize scrutinize signalize solemnize soliloquize specialize spiritualize standardize stigmatize subsidize summarize syllogize symbolize sympathize tantalize temporize tranquilize tyrannize universalize utilize vaporize vitalize vocalize vulcanize vulgarize

2. The following words are spelled with the termination _ise_:

advertise advise appraise apprise (_to inform_) arise chastise circumcise comprise compromise demise devise disfranchise disguise emprise enfranchise enterprise exercise exorcise franchise improvise incise manuprise merchandise premise reprise revise rise supervise surmise surprise

3. The following words have the termination _-ible_; words not included in this list {39} end in _-able_[6], except a few words pronounced similarly, but spelled differently.

accessible admissible appetible apprehensible audible cessible coercible compatible competible comprehensible compressible conceptible contemptible contractible controvertible convertible convincible corrigible corrosible corruptible credible decoctible deducible defeasible defensible descendible destructible digestible discernible distensible divisible docible edible effectible eligible eludible enforcible evincible expansible expressible extendible extensible fallible feasible fencible flexible forcible francible fusible gullible horrible illegible immiscible impassible[7] intelligible irascible legible miscible negligible partible passible[7] perceptible permissible persuasible pervertible plausible possible productible reducible reflexible refrangible remissible reprehensible resistible responsible reversible revertible risible seductible sensible tangible terrible transmissible visible

[6] RULE: Derivations of the first conjugation in Latin take _a_; those of the other conjugations, _i_.

[7] See page 42.

4. These are the irregular forms of the endings _-sion_ and _-tion_.

adhesion assertion attention coercion cohesion crucifixion {40} declension dimension dissension distortion divulsion expulsion impulsion insertion intention occasion propulsion recursion repulsion revulsion scansion suspicion tension version

5. The following words are pronounced similarly, but the meaning changes with the spelling:

Advice counsel advise to counsel albumen white of egg albumin viscous substance alegar ale vinegar aleger cheerful, sprightly ante preceding anti against apprise to inform apprize to value auger tool augur to predict by signs

Base bottom, vile bass lowest tone bask to lie in warmth basque apparel berth place to sleep birth coming into life breach gap breech hinder part of a gun

Cannon gun canon law or rule canyon gorge cannot denial of power can not affirmation of power canvas cloth {41} canvass to solicit capital chief, money, stock capitol building caster vial castor rodent censer incense-pan censor critic cere to wax sear to burn the surface seer prophet sere dry, withered claimant one who claims clamant beseeching complement fulness compliment praise conveyer one who conveys conveyor contrivance for conveying objects coquet to trifle in love coquette flirt council deliberative body counsel to advise consular pertaining to a counsel councilor member of a council counselor adviser corespondent one who answers jointly with another correspondent one who corresponds by letter

Depositary receiver depository place of deposit discreet prudent discrete distinct dyeing coloring dying expiring

Emigrant one who moves out of a country immigrant one who moves into a country emigration moving out immigration moving in empirical experimentative empyrical combustible principle of coal {42}

Faker cheat, swindler fakir Oriental religious ascetic farther as applied to distance further signifying additional

Galipot resin or pitch gallipot medicine pot gantlet “running the gantlet” gauntlet glove grisly horrible grizzly grayish

Hoard accumulate horde troop

Immanent inherent imminent impending impassible incapable of emotion impassable not passable incipient commencing insipient stupid, foolish indict charge with crime indite compose, write indiscreet imprudent indiscrete compact intension stretching intention determination

Lessen to reduce lesson something to be studied

Maize corn maze labyrinth marten animal martin bird meat flesh meet to join, proper mete to measure miner digger minor under age mucous slimy mucus viscid fluid {43}

O wish, imprecation oh! an exclamation

Panel sunken plane with raised margins pannel rustic saddle parol oral declaration parole word of honor passable admitting passage passible unfeeling pendant ornament pendent hanging premices first-fruits premises property principal adjective principle noun prophecy prediction prophesy to foretell

Rabbet groove in edge of boards rabbit small animal resin semi-liquid exudation of the pine rosin solid product of turpentine rigger a fitter of ships’ rigging rigor muscular rigidity riot tumult ryot tiller of the soil

Saver one who saves savor flavor subtle sly, artful suttle net weight sheath scabbard sheathe to cover sleight artful trick slight small

Theocracy government by direction of God theocrasy mixture of worship of different gods ton measure of weight tun large cask {44}

Vertical perpendicular verticle axis, hinge

Wheal raised mark, a welt wheel rotating disk

{45}

COMPOUND WORDS

The general theory of compounding is that when two words are used together with but a single meaning, the hyphen is employed if the emphasis of pronunciation falls upon the first word, but omitted if it is the second word which requires the emphasis. Practice, however, has shown that this theory is not sufficiently specific in its expression to guide the student who is desirous of making consistent use of the hyphen, and recourse to the various dictionaries adds to his confusion because of the many variations. Good usage, therefore, becomes his only refuge, and the rules which are formulated and collated here are based wholly upon what appears to the present writer to come within this definition. Many words originally compounded or written as two words are now written as one; on the other hand, modern usage now compounds or breaks into two words many words which were originally written as one.

¶ In general, hyphens should always be omitted when the meaning can be equally well expressed by using the same words separately. {46}

Use the hyphen:

1. With the prefix _mid_, except in cases of words in common use: e.g., _mid-channel_, but _midsummer_, _midday_, etc.

2. When two or more words (except proper names which form a unity in themselves) are combined, preceding a noun: e.g., _the well-known financier_, _up-to-date equipment_, _go-as-you-please race_; but _a quaint old English tea-room_.

In applying this rule be careful not to hyphenate adjectives and participles with adverbs which end in _ly_, nor with combinations such as those referred to when following a noun or qualifying a predicate: e.g., _possessed of highly developed intelligence_, _a lawyer well thought of in his own city_.

3. In such words as _attorney-general_, _vice-president_, _rear-admiral_, etc.; but not in _viceroy_, _vicegerent_, etc.

4. Compounds of color: e.g., _olive-green_, _silver-gray_, _lemon-yellow_, _red-hot_, etc. But in simple cases of adjective and noun, as _brownish yellow_ or _yellowish white_ the words are not compounded.

5. In nouns which stand in objective relation to each other, one of whose components is derived from a transitive verb: e.g., _I am your well-wisher_, _He is a large property-holder_, _hero-worship_, but not in _bookkeeper_, _bookmaker_, _copyholder_, _dressmaker_, _lawgiver_, _proofreader_, {47} _taxpayer_, and similar common short compounds.[8]

[8] See page 50, Sec. 5.

6. In compounds of fellow: e.g., _play-fellow_, _fellow-creatures_, etc.; but _bedfellow_.

7. In compounds of _father_, _mother_, _brother_, _sister_, _daughter_, _parent_, and _foster_: e.g., _father-feeling_, _mother-country_, _brother-love_, _sister-empire_, _foster-father_, _great-grandfather_, etc.; but _fatherland_, _fatherhead_, _grandfather_.

8. In compounds of _world_ and _life_: e.g., _life-story_, _world-influence_, etc.; but _lifetime_.

9. In compounds of _master_: e.g., _master-painter_, etc.; but _masterpiece_.

10. In compounds of _god_: e.g., _sun-god_, _rain-god_, etc.; but _godson_.

11. When _half_ or _quarter_, etc., is combined with a noun: e.g., _half-circle_, _half-title_, _quarter-mile_, etc.; but _quartermaster_, _headquarters_, etc.

12. In compounds of _self_: e.g., _self-esteem_, _self-respecting_, etc., but not in _selfhood_, _selfish_, _selfsame_, or _oneself_.

13. In connecting _ex_, _vice_, _general_, _elect_, etc., constituting parts of titles, with the chief noun: e.g., _ex-Governor Draper_, _Governor-elect Wilson_, etc.

14. In compounds of _by_: e.g., _by-laws_, _by-products_, etc.

15. In connection with prefixes _co_, _pre_, and _re_ when followed by words beginning with the same vowel as that in which they terminate, but not when followed by a {48} different vowel or a consonant: e.g., _co-operation_, but _coeducation_; _pre-empted_, but _prearranged_; _re-elected_, but _recast._ Exceptions: combinations with proper names, long or unusual formations, and words where the hyphen defines the meaning: e.g., _re-creation_ and _recreation_, _re-form_ and _reform_, _re-collect_ and _recollect_, _pre-Raphaelite_.

16. In writing ordinal numbers when compounded with such words as _first-rate_, _second-hand_, etc.

17. In connection with the word _quasi_ prefixed to a noun or to an adjective: e.g., _quasi-corporation_, _quasi-compliant_, etc.

18. In connection with the Latin prepositions _extra_, _infra_, _semi_, _supra_, and _ultra_: e.g., _extra-hazardous_ but _extraordinary_; _ultra-conservative_ but _Ultramontane_.

19. In spelling out fractional numbers involving more than two words: e.g., _The supply is three-quarters exhausted_; but, _This leaves twenty-five hundredths_.

20. In compounding numerals of one syllable with self-explanatory words of various meanings: e.g., _three-legged_, _four-footed_, _one-armed_, etc.

Also in combining numerals with nouns, to form an adjective: e.g. _twelve-inch rule_, _hundred-yard dash_, _two-horse team_, etc.

21. In compounding a noun in the possessive case with another noun: e.g., _jews’-harp_, _crow’s-nest_, etc. {49}

22. In some compounds with _tree_: e.g., _apple-tree_; but _whippletree_, _crosstree_, etc.

23. In compounding personal epithets: e.g., _hard-headed_, _bow-legged_, etc.

24. Use the hyphen in the following words:

after-years bas-relief birth-rate blood-feud blood-relations common-sense cross-examine cross-reference cross-section death-rate feast-day folk-song food-stuff fountain-head guinea-pig horse-power page-proof pay-roll poor-law post-office sea-level sense-perception son-in-law subject-matter man-of-war object-lesson thought-process title-page wave-length well-being well-nigh will-power

Do not use the hyphen:

1. When writing points of the compass: e.g., _northeast_, _southwest_; but _north-northeast_, etc.

2. In words ending in _like_, unless compounded with nouns containing more than one syllable (except when ending in _l_): e.g., _childlike_, _lifelike_; but _business-like_, _bell-like_, etc.

3. In compounds ending with _man_ or _woman_: e.g., _workman_, _needlewoman_, etc.

4. In phrases such as _by and by_, _by the bye_, _good morning_, _attorney at law_, _coat of arms_, etc.

5. In words ending in _boat_, _house_, _look_, _room_, _side_, _yard_, _shop_, _mill_, _field_, _work_, _chair_, _maker_, _holder_, _keeper_, _skin_, _store_, _book_, _fold_, _score_, _penny_, _pence_ when the prefixed noun {50} contains but a single syllable: e.g., _twofold_, _schoolroom_, _handbook_, _windmill_, _bookkeeper_, _workshop_, etc. Exceptions: _Court-house_ and _State House_.

When prefixed noun contains two syllables, use the hyphen: e.g., _bucket-shop_, _twenty-fold_, _ante-room_, _mason-work_, _paper-mill_, etc.[9]

When prefixed noun contains three or more syllables write as two separate words: e.g., _policy shop_.

6. In compounds of _bi_, _tri_, _semi_, or _demi_: e.g., _bimonthly_, _tricolor_, _semiannual_, _demijohn._ Exceptions: long or unusual formations: e.g., _bi-centennial_, etc.

7. In _today_,[10] _tonight_, _tomorrow_, _viewpoint_, or _standpoint_.

[9] See page 47, Sec. 5.

[10] _Cf._ the old English words _to-morn_, _to-year_, etc.

8. In connection with the negative prefixes _un_, _in_, and _a_: e.g., _unrepublican_, _inanimate_, etc., but the prefix _non_ requires the hyphen except in words which have become common: e.g., _non-conductor_, but _nonsense_.

9. In connection with the words _over_ and _under_ employed as prefixes: e.g., _overestimate_, _undersecretary_; but _over-soul_, _over-spiritual_, _under-man_.

10. In connection with the Latin prepositions _ante_, _anti_, _inter_, _intra_, _post_, _sub_, and _super_: e.g., _antedate_, _antidote_, _subtitle_, etc.; but _ante-room_, _anti-imperialistic_, _intra-atomic_. {51}

11. In spelling out a series of fractions: e.g., _I can secure you one, two, or three fifths_, not _one-_, _two-_, or _three-fifths_.

Nor in writing ordinary fractions: e.g., _one half_, _five eighths_, etc.

But another class of fractions require the hyphen: e.g., _twenty-fifth_, _twenty-two one-hundredths_.

12. In compounds ending with _holder_ or _monger_: e.g., _stockholder_, _ironmonger_.

13. In compounds beginning with _eye_: e.g., _eyeglass_, _eyebrow_, _eyelash_, _eyewitness_, etc.

14. In compounds with the word _school_: e.g., _schoolmates_, _schoolmaster_, etc. Exceptions: when made with a participle: e.g., _school-teaching_; or in combinations where separate words are more clear: e.g., _school committee_, _school children_, etc.

15. In compounds with _deutero_, _electro_, _pseudo_, _sulpho_, _thermo_, etc., unless the compound is unusual: e.g., _electrotype_, _pseudonym_, etc.

16. In compound adverbs: e.g., _meantime_, _moreover_, _forever_, _everywhere_, etc. But in phrases like _after a while_, _in the mean time_, _for ever and ever_, the words should be separated.

17. In words like _anybody_, _anyhow_, _anything_, _anyway_, _anywhere_, _somebody_, _somehow_, _something_, _sometime_, _somewhat_, _somewhere._ But _any one_ and _some one_ are written as separate words. {52}

DIVISION OF WORDS

The unnecessary division of a word should always be avoided. The whole word should be carried over whenever possible.

2. A word should be divided in accordance with its natural division in correct pronunciation, rather than according to derivation: e.g., _knowl-edge_, not _know-ledge_; but divide according to meaning and derivation as far as is compatible with good spacing and pronunciation: e.g., _dis-pleasure_, not _displeas-ure_.

3. A single consonant between two vowels should be joined with the first vowel if short, but with the latter if long: e.g., _riv-er_, _ri-val_; but avoid dividing words as short as these if possible.

4. When two consonants come together between two vowels the consonants should be divided: e.g., _mil-lion_, _struc-ture_.

5. When three consonants come together between two vowels the first of which is short, all which can be pronounced together go with the last syllable: e.g., _han-dle_, _chil-dren_, _frus-trate_, etc.

6. Whenever practicable, and always when the pronunciation of a word is peculiar, the division should come upon the vowel: e.g., _pro-duct_, _colo-nel_, _sepa-rate_, _peo-ple_, _pro-gress_. {53}

Exceptions: words ending in _-able_ and _-ible_, which should carry the vowel over into the next line.

7. The letters _c_ and _g_ must never be separated from the vowels _e_, _i_, and _y_ upon which their soft sound depends: e.g., _re-li-gion_, _ca-pa-ci-ty_, etc.

8. _X_ must never begin a syllable, _j_ must never end one, and _q_ must not be separated from _u_, which invariably follows it.

9. When used as terminations, _ing_, _en_, _ed_, _er_, _est_, and the plural _es_ are considered as syllables, except when the preceding consonant is doubled, or when they follow _c_ or _g_ soft: e.g., _speak-ing_, _tak-en_, _long-er_; but _lat-ter_, _for-cing_, _ran-ging_.

10. Two-letter divisions should always be avoided. These words should never be divided: _eleven_, _heaven_, _power_, _faster_, _finer_, _houses_, _given_, _flower_, _prayer_, _soften_, _liken_, _verses_, _listen_, _often_, _voyage_, _nothing_, _even_, etc.

11. When a derivative word ends in _t_, the _t_ is carried over when the accent changes: e.g., _instinc-tive_ (instinct); but not otherwise: e.g., _construct-ive_ (construct).

12. More than two divisions in successive lines should be avoided.

13. A division at the end of the last full line of a paragraph should be avoided.

14. A word of four letters is not divisible. Dividing words of five or six letters should be avoided if possible. {54}

15. An amount that is stated in figures should not be divided.

16. A word in the past tense, pronounced as one syllable, should not be divided: e.g., _beamed_.

17. The separation of two initials of a person’s name, or such combination as B.C., A.M., should be avoided.

18. A divided word that will appear on the last line of one page and the top line of the next page is to be avoided.

19. Separating a divisional mark (_a_) or (_b_) from the matter to which it pertains should be avoided.

20. Adjectives ending in _-ical_ should be divided upon the _i_: e.g., _musi-cal_, not _music-al_ or _mu-sical_.

21. Word endings _-tion_, _-sion_, _-tial_, _-cial_, _-tive_, etc., are treated as one syllable.

22. In compound words additional hyphens should be avoided: e.g., _music-lesson_, not _music-les-son_.

Keep prefixes, roots, suffixes, etc., as distinct as possible.

NOTE. Division of words in French, Italian, German, and Spanish, may be found in De Vinne’s “Correct Composition,” pp. 434–446. {55}

INDENTION AND PARAGRAPHING

In prose manuscript, each paragraph should be written with _regular_ indention.

2. When paragraphs are numbered, the figure should be written where the capital letter of the first word would otherwise be placed.

3. In poetry, lines which overrun should be written with _reverse_ indention.

4. When poetry is quoted in a prose composition, it should begin on a new line. If the continuation of the prose writing does not call for a new paragraph, the next line of prose text begins without indention.

5. When a prose quotation is introduced, it should be treated as in Rule 4 if it contains more than a single sentence; otherwise it is “run in,” with the proper quotation-marks and punctuation.

6. There are different forms of indention in typography which are used for different purposes, viz.:

«Irregular indention.»— For this form of indention there are no specified rules, and it is used principally in certain styles of poetry and in display work. {56}

«En échelon indention» is largely used for display in posters and advertisements. It consists in the diagonal arrangement of words, thus:

CARPETS

CHAIRS

TABLES

STOVES

«Hanging indention», which makes the first line of full width and indents all the following lines one or more ems on the left, as shown in these four lines.

«Half-diamond indention» was used largely by early printers, particularly by Aldus, not only for title-pages, but also for chapter endings. It consists in arranging all lines right and left thus

«Lozenge indention» requires an arrangement of the lines in this manner:

IT IS ALWAYS A TROUBLESOME THING TO ACCOMPLISH AS IT TAKES MUCH EXPERIMENTING TO GAIN RESULTS

BLOCKED INDENTION CALLS FOR AN ARRANGEMENT OF THE WORDS IN SUCH A MANNER THAT THE LINES ARE ALL OF EQUAL LENGTH

{57}

PARAGRAPHING

Indention and Display are the methods employed in typography to secure clearness and to add distinction to the printed page, but clearness in the body of the text is dependent upon the skill of the writer in properly dividing his composition into paragraphs. Just as correct punctuation assists the reader in his understanding of a sentence, so does correct paragraphing add to the understanding of the composition as a whole. The following rules may be formulated, based upon the practice of the most careful writers:

1. A sentence which continues the topic of the sentence which precedes it rather than introduces a new topic should never begin a paragraph.

2. Each paragraph should possess a single central topic, to which all the statements in the paragraph should relate. The introduction of a single statement not so related to the central topic violates the unity.

3. A sentence or short passage may be detached from the paragraph to which it properly belongs if the writer wishes particularly to emphasize it.

4. For ease in reading, a passage which exceeds three hundred words in length may be broken into two paragraphs, even though no new topic has been developed.

5. Any digression from the central topic, or any change in the viewpoint in {58} considering the central topic, demands a new paragraph.

6. Coherence in a paragraph requires a natural and logical order of development.