Part 11

Honorary titles, capitalization of, 25.

“Hung,” distinguished from _hanged_, 106.

Hyphenated compounds: capitalization of, 29; avoid division of, 54.

Hyphenization, rules for, 45–51.

Hyphens: list of hyphenated words, 49; rules for use of, 45–51; purpose of, 19; use of hair-space with, 59. _See_ Compounds.

“I”: capitalization of word, 29. _See_ under _Me_.

_Ibid._, italicized, 64.

_-ible_ and _-able_. _See_ _-able_.

_-ical_, in divisions, 54.

_Idem_, italicized, 64.

i.e., set in roman, 64.

“If,” correct use of, 106.

Illustrations, legends beneath, omission of period, 12.

“In,” correct use of, 106.

“In-” (negative prefix), compounds with, 50.

Indention: rules for, 55–56; prose, each paragraph indented, 55; numbered paragraphs, treatment of, 55; of poetry, reverse indention, 55; of quotations, 55; different forms of, viz.: En échelon, Hanging, Half-diamond, Lozenge, Blocked, and Irregular, 55–56; use of in addressing letters, 116.

Independent sentences, first word capitalized after colon, 29.

Infinitive, the, never separated from _to_, 106.

Informal letter. _See_ Letter.

“Infra,” compounds with, 48; italicization of, 64.

_-ing_: verbal nouns (ending in) distinguished from participles, 106.

Initials, not to be divided, 54.

“Inside of,” distinguished from _within_, 106.

_Inst._, not used, 65.

Institutional terms, capitalization of, 26–28.

“Inter,” compounds with, 50.

International money orders, fees for, 137.

Interrogation-point: origin of, 15; use of, with quotations, 16; after direct questions, 16; to express doubt, 16; omission in indirect questions, 16; use of hair-space preceding, 59.

“Intra,” compounds with, 50.

“Invent,” distinguished from _discover_, 106.

Ironical word or phrase, use of quotation marks for, 17.

Irregular indention, described, 55.

_-ise_ and _-ize_, spelling of words terminating in, 37–38.

Italicizing: of abbreviations in literary and legal references, 64; of _ad loc._, 64; of algebraic unknown quantities, 64; of astronomical names, 64; of titles of books, 62; of names of botanical genera and species, 64; of names in citations of legal causes, 64; of _circa_ (_ca._), 64; of names of constellations, 64; of credits, at end of article, 62; for purpose of emphasis, 62; of names of geological subjects, 64; of geometric unknown quantities, 64; of _ibid._, 64; of _idem_, 64; of _infra_, 64; of _loc. cit._, 64; of literary references, 64; of names of scientific genera and species, 64; of stars, 64; of titles of newspapers and periodicals, 64; of _op. cit._, 64; of _passim_, 64; of poetry, 62; in prefaces, 62; of word “Resolved,” 64; in running heads, 62; of abbreviations of “shillings,” “pence,” 64; of names of ships, 62; of side-heads, 62; of signatures, 62; of _supra_, 64; of _s.v._, 64; of _vide_, 64; of zoölogical genera, 64; rules for, 62–64; lists of foreign words, italicized and not, 62–64; of dates in letters, 30.

Italics: origin of, 62; rules for, 62–64; list of foreign words and phrases not italicized, 63; list of italicized words, 63; how to indicate in MS., 64; italic punctuation marks, following, 64.

J, do not divide on, 53.

Journals. _See_ Periodicals.

Judiciary bodies, capitalization of names of, 28.

Juridical acts, treaties, etc., capitalization of names of, 27.

Kerned letters, spacing of, 60.

“Kind,” correct use of, 106.

“Kind of,” not followed by _a_ or _an_, 106.

“Lady.” _See_ under _Gentleman_.

“Lady friend.” _See_ under _Gentleman friend_.

Language, must convey writer’s meaning, 99.

“Last,” distinguished from _latest_, 107.

“Latter,” correct use of, 107.

Laws, capitalization of names of, 27.

“Lay,” distinguished from _lie_, 107.

Legal references, words, phrases, and abbreviations italicized, 64.

Legends, omission of period after, 12.

Legislative bodies, capitalization of names of, 28.

“Less,” distinguished from _fewer_, 107.

Letter, Business: heading, 115; address, 116; salutation, 116; text of, 118; complimentary close, 121; signature, 122; envelope, 123; correct example of, 126.

Letter, Formal: heading, 115; address, 116; salutation, 117–118; text of, 120; complimentary close, 122; signature, 122; envelope, 123; correct examples of, 126–128.

Letter, Informal: heading, 115; address, 116; salutation, 117; text of, 120; complimentary close, 121–122; signature, 122; envelope, 123; correct examples of, 126–128.

Letter writing: introductory remarks on, 114; rules for, 115–125; examples of correct, 126–128; the signature, 122–123; envelope, 123–124; postal cards, 125; in general, 125; business, formal, informal, treatment of, 115–122.

Letters (correspondence): capitalization, punctuation, etc., rules for, 11, 12, 29; dates, where placed and when capitalized, 30; postal regulations, 129–141.

Letters: use of dash to indicate omission of, 13; use of apostrophe to indicate omission of, 19; used to mark divisions in enumerations, to be set in parentheses, 18; spacing of superior and inferior, 59.

“Liable,” distinguished from _likely_, 107.

“Life,” compounds with, 47.

“Like,” compounds with, 49.

“Likely,” correct use of, 107.

Linear measure, table of, 150.

Liquid measure, table of, 150.

Literary references: minor subdivisions, not capitalized, 28.

“Loan,” not used as a verb, 107.

“Locate,” distinguished from _settle_, 107.

_Loc. cit._, italicized, 64.

“Love,” distinguished from _like_, 107.

Lozenge indention, described, 56.

“Luxuriant,” distinguished from _luxurious_, 107.

“Mad,” distinguished from _angry_, 107.

Magazines. _See_ Periodicals.

Mail matter: first class, defined, 129; second class, 129; third class, 130; fourth class, 131; wrapping of, 132; forwarding of, 132; what cannot be mailed, 132; concealed matter, 133; domestic rates, 134; foreign rates, 134; rates for Cuba, Mexico, Canada, and Panama, 135; foreign parcels post, 136; money orders, 137; international money orders, 137; registered, domestic, and foreign, 138; special delivery, 139; postal distances and time from New York, 140.

“Major,” when spelled in full, 68.

“Man,” compounds with, 49. _See_ under _Gentleman_.

Manuscript: how to indicate capitals in, 30; italics in, 64.

Manutius, Aldus: relation to punctuation of, 3; designer of italic types, 62.

Mariners’ measure, table of, 151.

“Master,” compounds with, 47.

Mathematical signs, list of, 91–92.

“May.” _See_ under _Can_.

“Me,” correct use of, 107.

“Means,” either singular or plural, 107.

Measures: tables of, and general rules for, 149–160; linear, 150; square, 150; dry, 150; liquid, 150; paper, 151; time, 151; circular, 151; cloth, 151; mariners’, 151; surveyors’, 151; cubic, 152; British, 152; electrical, 155; builders’, 157; of timber and wood, 157; grain, 157; hay, 158; yard, 158; of barrels, 159; in the British Dependencies, 159; in European countries, 159–160.

Medical: signs, list of, 92; capitalization of, terms, 23.

“Memoranda,” plural of _memorandum_, 109.

Metric system: of weights and measures, 149; of equivalents, 152.

Mexico, postal rates to, 135.

“Mid,” compounds with, 46.

Military bodies, numbers of, spelled out, 32.

Miscellaneous measures, table of, 151.

Miscellaneous terms, abbreviations of, 81–89.

Monastic orders, capitalization of, 20.

Monetary signs, abbreviations of, 90–91; spacing of, 60.

Money order fees, 137.

“Monger,” compounds with, 51.

Months of year: capitalization of, 23; numbers preceding spelled out, 32; abbreviations of, 65–66.

“Most,” avoid using for _almost_, 107.

“Mother”: capitalization of, 24; compounds with, 47.

“Must,” correct use of, 107.

“Mutual,” distinguished from _common_, 108.

Names: capitalization of proper, 22–24; of publishers, in literary references, use of colon, 11; of societies, expositions, and conventions, capitalization of, 25; of races, tribes, etc., capitalization of, 27; abbreviation of proper, 66; Christian, 66–68; of scientific genera and species, italicized, 64; of stars, italicized, 64.

“Negligence,” distinguished from _neglect_, 108.

“Neither,” correct use of, 108.

“News,” is singular, 108.

Newspapers: titles of, article not treated as part of, 30; titles of, italicized, 62; postal rates and regulations for, 129.

New Testament, list of abbreviations for, 90.

“Nice,” correct use of, 108.

Nobility, capitalization of titles of, 25.

“No place,” written _nowhere_, 108.

“Non-,” compounds with, 50.

“Nor.” _See_ under _Or_.

“Not . . . but,” double negative, 108.

Notes, use of brackets in enclosing, 18.

“Notorious,” correct use of, 108.

Nouns: capitalization of geographical, simple and compounded, 22; capitalization of, followed by capitalized roman numeral, 28; hyphenization of, standing in objective relation to each other, 46–47; formation of possessive case of common and proper, 18–19; plural of polysyllabic proper ending in sibilant, how formed, 19; verbal, ending in _-ing_, distinguished from participles, 106.

“Nowhere near,” vulgarism for _not nearly_, 108.

Number: pronouns must agree with their antecedents, 108; of nouns and verbs must agree, 108.

Numbers: use of comma with, 7; when to spell out, 31–33; use of apostrophe to indicate omission of, 19; percentage, figures always used, 31; in statistics, figures used, 32; in ordinary matter, of less than three digits, to be spelled out, 32; in groups, varying in digits use figures, 32; round, treatment of, 32; commencing a sentence, spelled out, 32; expressed in figures, not to be divided, 54.

Numerals: use of period, following roman, 12; of apostrophe in forming plural, 19; roman, origin and early use of, 93–96; list of roman and arabic, 96–97; rules for use of roman, 98.

“O,” capitalization of word, 29.

_œ_, rules for use of 33.

“Of”: correct use of, 108; use of comma before, in connection with proper name, 7.

Ohm. _See_ Electrical measures.

_Op. cit._, italicized, 64.

“Open punctuation,” favored by best usage, 3–4; and “close punctuation,” 3–4.

“Or,” correct use of, 108.

Orders, monastic, capitalization of, 20.

Ordinals, capitalization of, 29.

Orthography: rules of, 33–36; final _f_, _l_, or _s_, 33; final consonant following diphthong, 33; added terminations after final accented syllable, 33–34; after diphthong or two vowels, 34; after final syllable ending in two consonants, 34; after final silent _e_, 34–35; after _ce_ or _ge_, 35; after final _e_ in participles, 35; after final _ie_, 35; after final _y_, 35–36; of French endings in _-re_, 36; of possessives of proper nouns, 36; of _-sion_ and _-tion_, 36; of _-or_ and _-our_, 34.

“Ought,” never combined with had, 109

_-our_, words ending in, 34.

“Out loud,” never used for _aloud_, 109.

“Over” compounds with, 50.

Panama, postal rates to, 135.

Paper measure, table of, 151.

Parables, biblical, capitalization of titles, 20.

Paragraphs, explanation of, 57; rules for, 55–58; unity, 57; emphasis, 57, 58; length, 57; coherence, 57; connective words between related sentences, 58; space used proportional to importance, 58; length, 58; indention of, 55, 57, 58, 60.

Parcel post, domestic, 131, 162; foreign, 136.

“Parent,” compounds of, 47.

Parentheses: substitution of dashes for, 14; use of, with interrogation-point, 16; placing of period with, 11; defined, 18; use of, in figures or letters to mark divisions in enumerations, 18; subdivided by brackets, 18.

Parenthetical clauses. _See_ Clauses.

Parks, capitalization of names of, 23.

“Partake of,” never used for _eat_, 109.

Participles: list of, how spelled, 37; not to be hyphenated with adverbs ending in “-ly,” 46; ending in _-ing_, distinguished from verbal nouns, 106.

Particles, in French, German, Italian, and Dutch, capitalization of, 25–26.

Parties, political, capitalization of names of, 27.

“Party,” never used for _person_, 109.

_Passim_, italicized, 64.

Pence. _See_ Shillings.

Peoples, capitalization of names or epithets of, 27.

“Per,” correct use of, 109.

Percentage, use of figures in, 31.

“Perception,” correct use of, 109.

Periodicals: titles of, definite article not to be treated as part of, 30; use of italics for, 62; postal rates, etc., 129.

Periods: placing of, in connection with quotation-marks, 11; rules for use of, 11–12; omitted after running-heads, 12; after box-heads in tables, 12; after cut-in side notes, 12; after centered head-lines, 12; after legends, 12; after subheads, 12; after date-lines, 12; after signatures, 12; after titles, blocked headings, etc., 12; after roman numerals, 12; use of, after abbreviations, 12; after a complete sentence, 12; to indicate an ellipsis, 12.

Personifications: abstract ideas, capitalization of, 23.

Phrases: inverted, use of comma, 5; in apposition, use of comma, 6; salutatory, use of comma, 7; foreign, italicization of, 62–63.

“Pilgrim Fathers,” capitalization of, 22.

Plays, rule for references to, 66.

Plurals, of foreign words: _cherub_, _memorandum_, _datum_, _donna_, _stratum_, _addendum_, and _rubai_, 109.

P.M. (_post meridiem_): set in small capitals, 30; spacing of, 59.

Poetry: rules for quotation alignment, in setting, 17; titles of poems, to be quoted, 17; omission of apostrophe in poems when word is contracted for meter, 19; capitalization of first word of each line, 29; indention of, 55; italicizing of, 62.

Points of compass: capitalization of, 22, 23, 24; hyphenization, 49.

Political alliances, parties, divisions, capitalization of names of, 27, 28.

Political divisions, capitalization of, 28.

Possessive case, how designated, 19.

Possessives of proper nouns ending in _s_, how formed, 36.

“Post,” compounds with, 50.

Postal cards, use of, 125.

Postal regulations, 129–141.

Pounds (£), no space between symbol and preceding figures, 60.

“Pre-,” compounds with, 47–48.

Preface, use of italic in, 62.

Prefixes, “co-,” “pre-,” and “re-,” hyphenization of, 47–48.

Prepositions, capitalization of, in titles of books and essays, 26.

“President,” capitalization of, 25; when spelled in full, 68.

“Pretty,” correct use of, 109.

“Professor,” when spelled in full, 68.

Pronouns: used with noun for emphasis, comma omitted, 8; referring to Deity, capitalization of, 21.

Pronunciation, correct, influence of, in division of words, 52–54.

Proper names: capitalization, of, 22–24; abbreviation of, 66; derivatives from, familiarly used, not capitalized, 24.

Proper nouns: formation of possessive, 36.

“Propose,” distinguished from _purpose_, 109.

_Prox._, not used, 65.

Psalms: capitalization of titles of, 21; capitalization of, 22.

“Pseudo,” compounds with, 51.

Publications: use of colon in titles of literary references, 11; use of italics for, 62.

Publishers: use of colon separating city of publication and name of, in literary references, 11.

Punctuation: origin and purpose of, 3; rules for, 3–19; of headings of letters, 115; “open” and “close,” 3–4.

Punctuation marks: list of, 2; after italics to be italic, 64.

Q, inseparable from _u_, 53.

“Quarter,” compounds with, 47.

“Quasi,” compounds with, 48.

Queries, when bracketed, 18.

Question-mark. _See_ Interrogation-point.

“Quite,” correct use of, 109.

Quotation-marks: use of, 16–17; double and single, 16–17; in poetry, 16; in ellipses, 17; repetition in paragraph beginnings, 17; in titles of poems, books, etc., 17; serial titles, 17; names of ships, 17; titles of works of art, 17; words and phrases accompanied by definitions and specially emphasized, or intended to possess unusual, technical, or ironical meanings, 17; use of colon with, 10; substitution of dash for, 14; use of comma with, 7; use of colon and dash before, 14; use of exclamation-point with, 15; capitalization of first word in, 29; following colon, 30; use of hair-space inside, 59.

Quotations: indention of, 55.

Races, capitalization of names of, 27.

“Railroad,” to be spelled out, 66.

“Raise,” never used as noun, 109.

“Rarely ever,” vulgarism for _rarely_, 109.

Rates, postal, 129–132.

“Re-,” compounds with, 47–48.

_-re_, French ending not used, 36.

Réaumur. _See_ Thermometers.

“Reference,” used with _with_ not _in_, 109.

References, capitalization of, nouns, 28; literary references, 28; use of colon in scriptural, 11; italics used in words, phrases, and abbreviations of literary and legal, 64.

“Regard.” _See_ under _Reference_.

Regiments, capitalization of names of, 29.

Regions, or parts of the world, proper capitalization of, 22–23.

Registered mail, domestic and foreign, regulations for, 138.

“Relative,” use of the word, 99.

Relative clauses, use of comma with, 6.

Religious terms, capitalization of, 20–22, 26.

Residence, use of comma before “of” in connection with, 7.

Resolutions: word “Resolved” in, italicized, 64; word “Whereas,” 26.

“Resolved,” in resolutions, word following, to be capitalized, 26; italicization of, 64.

Respect, capitalization of titles of, 25.

“Respect.” _See_ under _Reference_.

“Reverend,” always preceded by _the_, 110.

Reverse indention, 55.

“Revolutionary,” capitalization of, 22.

Roman: used in medical terms, 64; in certain words and phrases, literary and legal, 64.

Roman numerals: use of period after, 12. _See_ Numerals.

“Rubaiyat,” plural of _rubai_, 109.

Running-heads, period not used following, 12.

Salutatory phrase: of letters, business, formal and informal, 116–118; use of comma, 7. _See_ Phrase.

“Same,” not used as pronoun, 110.

“Same as,” distinguished from _just as_, 110.

Sarcasm, indicated by use of exclamation-point, 15.

“Scarcely.” _See_ under _Hardly_.

“School,” compounds with, 51.

Scientific terms, capitalization of, 23; italicizing of, 64.

Scriptural terms, abbreviations of, 90.

Scripture, punctuation of: comma, 9; colon, 11; dash, 13; spacing of, references, 60.

Seasons, capitalization of, 23.

“Seldom ever.” _See_ under _Rarely ever_.

“Self,” compounds with, 47.

“Semi,” compounds with, 48, 50.

Semicolon: defined, 8, 9; compared with comma, 9; placing of, in connection with quotation-marks, 9; rules for use of, 9; dividing compound sentences, 9; separating passages in Scripture references containing chapters, 9; use of hair-space preceding, 59.

“Sensible of,” distinguished from _sensitive to_, 110.

Sentences: first word of, capitalized, 29; first word after colon capitalized in independent, 29; connection of, in paragraph, 58.

Serial titles, to be quoted, 17.

“Set,” distinguished from _sit_, 110.

“Sewage,” correct use of, 110.

“Shall,” correct use of, 110.

“She.” _See_ under _Her_.

Shillings and pence, abbreviations, _s._ and _d._, italics, 64.

Ships: names of, quoted, 17; names of, italicized, 62; time and watch on board, 161.

“Should,” correct use of, 111.

“Show,” correct use of, 111.

“Show up,” vulgarism for _expose_, 111.

Side-heads: capitalization of, 29; italicizing of, 62.

Signatures, omission of period after, 12; italicizing of, 62; general rules for, 122.

“Since,” correct use of, 111.

_-sion_ and _-tion_, spelling of words terminating in, 39–40.

“Sister,” compounds with, 47.

“Size up,” vulgarism for _estimate_, 111.

Small capitals: how indicated in MS., 30; rules for, 30.

“So,” correct use of, 111.

Social organizations, capitalization of, 25.

Solar system, capitalization of popular names of, 23.

“Some,” correct use of, 111.

“Some one,” not a compound word, 51

“Some place,” written _somewhere_, 111.

“Sort.” _See_ under _Kind_.

“Sort of,” correct use of, 111.

Sovereigns, abbreviation of names of, 69.

Spaces, examples of, 61.

Spacing: rules for, 59–61; uniformity of, 59; hair-spaces in connection with punctuation marks, 59; of abbreviated titles, 25, 59–60; of Scripture references, 60; of A.M., P.M., etc., 59; symbols and figures, 60; at end of paragraph, 60; in regard to turn-overs, 60; kerned letters, _f_ and _j_ require hair-spaces, 60; wide spacing, 60; examples, dashes and spaces, 60–61; of abbreviations of railroads, 66.

Special delivery, mail system, 139.

Species, scientific names of: use of capitals, 23; italicizing of, 64.

Spelling: rules for, 31–34; difficulties and choice of usages, 31; of decades, ages, centuries, dynasties, 32; of numbers of military bodies, streets, sessions of Congress, 32; of numbers, 31–32; of time of day, 32–33; use of diphthongs, 33; rules of orthography, 33–36, _see_ Orthography; lists of words, — accented words, 37; participles, 37; variable endings, _-ize_, 37–38; ending in _-ise_, 38; ending in _-ible_ and _-able_, 39; ending in _-sion_ and _-tion_, 39–40; pronounced alike, but varying in meaning according to spelling, 40–44.

“Splendid,” correct use of, 111.

Square measure, table of, 150.

Squares, capitalization of names of, 23.

Standard time: meaning and explanation of, 142–144; table of, 144.

Stars, names of, italicized, 64.

“Start,” distinguished from _begin_, 111.

“State,” capitalization of, 24–25.

States: spacing of abbreviations of, 60–61; list of abbreviations of, 77–81.

Statistics, treatment of numbers in, 32.

“Stop,” distinguished from _stay_, 111.

“Strata,” plural of _stratum_, 109.

Streets: capitalization of names of, 23; numbers of, spelled out, 32.

“Sub,” compounds with, 50.

Subdivisions: in literary references, not capitalized, 28.

Subheads, omission of period after, 12; italicizing of, 62.

Subject-matter: separation of, by dash, from its authority, 13.

“Sulpho,” compounds with, 51

“Super,” compounds with, 50.

“Supra,” compounds with, 48; italicized, 64.

Surveyors’ measure, table of, 151.

_s.v._, italicized, 64.

Symbols: monetary, 90–91; mathematical, 91–92; medical, 93; spacing of monetary, 60.

Tables: box-heads in, omission of period, 12.

“Take,” correct use of, 111.

“Take stock in,” slang expression, 112.

Technical: use of figures in, matter, 32; words or phrases, use of quotation-marks for, 17.

Tense, common errors of, 112.

Text of letters: business, formal, and informal, 118–120.

“That.” _See_ under _Which_.

“The,” not part of title of magazines and papers, 30.

“Them,” distinguished from _they_, 112.

“Thermo,” compounds with, 51.

Thermometers, comparative table: Réaumur, Centigrade, Fahrenheit, 148.

“They.” _See_ under _Them_.

“This,” not used as adverb, 112.

Thoroughfares: capitalization of names of, 23; numbers of, spelled out, 32.

“Through,” distinguished from _finished_, 112.

Timber and wood, measures of, 157.

Time: use of colon between hours and minutes, 11; of day, when spelled out, 32; standard, explanation of, 142–144; on board ship, 161.

Time measure, table of, 151.

_-tion_ and _-sion_. See _-sion_.

Title-pages, capitalization of certain words, 30.