Part 10
16 vershok = 1 archine 3 archine = 1 sachine 500 sachine = 1 verst
2. MEASURES OF WEIGHT
3 zolotnik = 1 loth 32 loth = 1 pound 40 pounds = 1 pood 10 poods = 1 berkovatz
In _Turkey_ the weights and measures differ considerably in different parts of the Empire, but the following are those used at Constantinople and the neighborhood:
1. MEASURES OF LENGTH
2 jeras = 1 rup 8 rups = 1 pek = 26.77 British inches
2. MEASURES OF WEIGHT
16 kirats = 1 dram 400 drams = 1 oke = 2.828 British pounds 44 okes = 1 kantar
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The usual measure of capacity in Turkey is the Kileh, which is slightly larger than the British bushel.
TIME AND WATCH ON BOARD SHIP
«Time.» — Time is kept by means of “Bells,” although there is but one bell on the ship; and to strike the clapper properly against the bell requires some skill.
First, two strokes of the clapper at the interval of a second, then an interval of two seconds; then two more strokes with a second’s interval apart, then a rest of two seconds, thus:
Bell, one second; B., two secs.; B. s.; B. ss.; B. s.; B. ss.; B.
«Watch.» — For purposes of discipline, and to divide the work fairly, the crew is mustered in two divisions: the Starboard (right side, looking forward) and the Port (left). The day commences at noon, and is thus divided:
Afternoon Watch noon to 4 P.M. First Dog Watch 4 P.M. to 6 P.M. Second Dog Watch 6 P.M. to 8 P.M. First Watch 8 P.M. to midnight Middle Watch 12 A.M. to 4 A.M. Morning Watch 4 A.M. to 8 A.M. Forenoon Watch 8 A.M. to noon
This makes seven _Watches_, which enables the crew to keep them alternately, as the _Watch_ which is on duty in the forenoon one {162} day has the afternoon the next day, and the men who have only four hours’ rest one night have eight hours the next. This is the reason for having _Dog Watches_, which are made by dividing the hours between 4 P.M. and 8 P.M. into two _Watches_.
PARCEL POST — TABLE OF RATES
+-------+---------+----------+-----------+------------ WEIGHT | Local | 1st zone| 2d zone | 3d zone | 4th zone OF | Rate | up to 50| 50 to 150| 150 to 300| 300 to 600 PARCEL | | miles | miles | miles | miles --------+-------+---------+----------+-----------+------------ 1 lb. | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 2 lbs. | 0.06 | .08 | .10 | .12 | .14 3 lbs. | 0.07 | .11 | .14 | .17 | .20 4 lbs. | .08 | .14 | .18 | .22 | .26 5 lbs. | .09 | .17 | .22 | .27 | .32 6 lbs. | .10 | .20 | .26 | .32 | .38 7 lbs. | .11 | .23 | .30 | .37 | .44 8 lbs. | .12 | .26 | .34 | .42 | .50 9 lbs. | .13 | .29 | .38 | .47 | .56 10 lbs. | .14 | .32 | .42 | .52 | .62 11 lbs. | .15 | .35 | .46 | .57 | .68 --------+-------+---------+----------+-----------+------------
+-------+---------+----------+-----------+------------ WEIGHT | 5th zone | 6th zone | 7th zone | 8th zone OF | 600 to 1000| 1000 to 1400| 1400 to 1800| all over PARCEL | miles | miles | miles | 1800 miles --------+-------+---------+----------+-----------+------------ 1 lb. | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.12 2 lbs. | .16 | .19 | .21 | .24 3 lbs. | .23 | .28 | .31 | .36 4 lbs. | .30 | .37 | .41 | .48 5 lbs. | .37 | .46 | .51 | .60 6 lbs. | .44 | .55 | .61 | .72 7 lbs. | .51 | .64 | .71 | .84 8 lbs. | .58 | .73 | .81 | .96 9 lbs. | .65 | .82 | .91 | 1.08 10 lbs. | .72 | .91 | 1.01 | 1.20 11 lbs. | .79 | 1.00 | 1.11 | 1.32 --------+------------+-------------+-------------+------------
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INDEX
“A” and “an,” spacing of, 60.
“a” (negative prefix), compounds of, 50.
Abbreviations, use of period with, 12; of firms and corporations; capitalization of, 23; of degrees, capitalization of, 25; of titles and States, spacing of, 59–60; of italicized words in literary and legal references, 64; of dates and usages thereto, 65; of proper names, 66; of Christian names, 66–68; of titles, 68–75; of commercial terms, 76–77; of geographical terms, 77–81; miscellaneous, 81–89; scriptural, 90; of monetary signs, 90–91; of mathematical signs, 91–92; of medical signs, 92; not used in salutation of letters, 117.
_-able_ and _-ible_, spelling of words terminating in, 38–39; in division of words, 53.
Abstract ideas: capitalization of personified, 23.
Accents: list of symbols, 2; list of accented words, 36–37; retention of, in foreign words used in English, 36–37.
“Accept,” correct use of, 101.
Acts, juridical, capitalization of, 27.
A.D. (_anno Domini_): set in small caps, 30; spacing of, 59.
“Addenda,” plural of _addendum_, 109.
Address (of letters) the: business, formal, and informal, 116.
Adjectival nouns, capitalization of, 24.
Adjectives: use of comma with, 4, 5, 8; capitalization of, in titles of books and essays, 26; capitalization, with proper names, 26; compound, 46; ending in _-ical_, how to divide, 54.
_ad loc._, italicized, 64.
“Administration,” capitalization of, 25.
“Admire,” correct use of, 101.
“Admit,” correct use of, 101.
“Admittance,” correct use of, 99.
Adverbs: use of comma with, 4, 5; ending in “-ly” not to be hyphenated with adjectives and participles, 46; compound, treatment of, 51; position of, 101.
_æ_, rules for use of, 33.
“Affable,” correct use of, 101.
“Affect,” correct use of, 101.
Ages, to be spelled out, 32.
“Aggravate,” correct use of, 101.
“Ain’t,” correct use of, 101.
Alford, Dean: on use of the comma, 4.
Algebraic, unknown quantities italicized, 64.
Alignment, of quotation marks, 16.
Alliances, political, capitalization of names of, 27.
“All right,” correct use of, 101.
“Alternative,” correct use of, 101.
A.M. (_ante meridiem_): set in small capitals, 30; spacing of, 59.
Ampere. _See_ Electrical measures.
Ampersand (&), the use of, 66.
Analogy of language, influence in diction, 99.
“And,” correct use of, 101; when to use comma before, 5.
“Ante,” compounds with, 50.
“Anti,” compounds with, 50.
Antithetical clauses. _See_ Clauses.
“Any place,” use of, 101.
Apocrypha, list of abbreviations for, 90.
Apostrophe: rules for use of, 18–19; in designating the possessive case, 18; in forming plurals of numerals, 19; in forming plurals of polysyllabic proper nouns ending in a sibilant, 19; in indicating omission of letters or figures, 19; in indicating omission of letters in contracted words, 19; omission of, in words contracted in poetry, 19.
Apothecaries’ weight, table of, 150.
“Apparently,” correct use of, 101.
“Apt,” correct use of, 102.
Art, titles of works of, to be quoted, 17.
Articles: definite, not to be treated as part of title of magazines and newspapers, 30; correct use of, 102.
“As,” correct use of, 102.
Astronomical terms: capitalization of, 23; names of stars and constellations, italicized, 64.
“At,” correct use of, 102.
“At length,” correct use of, 102.
“Aught,” correct use of, 102.
“Avail,” correct use of, 102.
Avoirdupois weight, table of, 150.
“Aware,” correct use of, 102.
“Awful,” correct use of, 102.
“Badly,” correct use of, 102.
“Bank on,” use of, 102.
Barrels, measures of, in gallons, 159.
B.C. (_before Christ_): set in small caps, 30; spacing of, 59.
“Beg,” correct use of, 103.
Bells, use of on board ship, 161.
“Bi-,” compounds with, 50.
Bible: capitalization of names of books, divisions and versions of, 20; abbreviations for books of, 90.
Biblical: parables, capitalization of, 20; general terms, capitalization of, 21; capitalization of names and terms of, 20–21; books, abbreviations for, 90.
Blocked indention: in general, 56; of address of letters, 116.
Books: capitalization of titles, 26; italicizing of titles, 62; biblical abbreviations of, 90.
Botanical terms: capitalization of, 23; names of genera and species, italicized, 64.
Box-heads, omission of period after, 12.
Brackets, rules for use of, 18.
Break, or sudden change in sentence, indicated by dash, 13.
Briefness of form preferred, 99.
“Bring,” use of, 103.
British Dependencies, weights and measures of, 159.
British weights and measures, 153.
“Brother,” compounds with, 47.
Builders’ measures, table of, 157.
Buildings, capitalization of names of, 23.
Business letter. _See_ Letter.
“But,” correct use of, 103.
“By,” compounds with, 48.
C, soft, do not divide on, 53.
“Cabinet,” capitalization of, 25.
Campbell, Dr. Thomas, canons of, 99–100.
“Can,” distinguished from _may_, 103.
Canada, postal rates to, 135.
“Cannot but,” correct use of, 103.
“Can’t seem,” correct use of, 103.
Capitalization: of religious terms, 20–22; of proper names, 22–24; of titles, 24–26; of institutional terms, 26–28; of references, 28; of ordinals, 29; in general, 29–30; of abbreviation of academic degrees, 25; of abstract ideas personified, 23; of acts juridical, 27; of adjectives derived from proper nouns, 22; of adjectives and nouns designating definite geographical regions, 22; of astronomical terms, 23; of political alliances, 27; of books of the Bible, 20; of titles of books, 26; of botanical terms, 23; of buildings, 23; of “church,” 20; of civic titles, 25; of word following a colon, 26; of compound titles, 21; of hyphenated compounds, 29; of sessions of Congress, 29; of conventions, 25; of corporations — names and abbreviations, 23; of names of dynasties, 29; of ecclesiastical appellations, 26; of epithets used as proper names, 22; of titles of essays, 26; of “father,” 22; of “Fathers” — early church, 22; of foreign titles, as prefixes, 25–26; of geographical terms, 22–23; of geological terms, 23; of “gospel,” 20–21; of “government,” 25; of historical epochs, 22; of holidays, 26–27; of judiciary bodies, 28; of names of laws, 27; of names of legislative bodies, 28; of letters (correspondence), 29; of units of measurement, 29–30; of medical terms, 23; of military terms, 25; of monastic orders, 20; of “mother,” 24; of months of year, 23; of names for the Evil One, 21; names of political parties, 27; names of races, tribes, etc., 27; names of regiments, 29; of names of societies, 25; of popular names for the solar system, 23; of streets, parks, etc., 23; of titles of parables (biblical), 20; of titles of periodicals, 30; of “Pilgrim Fathers,” 22; of poetry, 29; of political alliances, 27; of political divisions, 28; of pronouns referring to the Deity, 21; of quotations, 29–30; of “revolutionary,” 22; of scientific terms, 23; of social organizations, 25; of side-heads, 29; of “State,” 24–25; of words on title-pages, 30; of names of treaties, 27; of “van” and “von” as prefixes, 25–26; of words with special meanings, 29; of zoölogical terms, 23; rules for, 20–30.
Capitalized words, list of: religious, 21; proper, 24.
Capitals: original use of, 20; rules for use of, 20–30; and small capitals, rules for use of, 28–30; how indicated in MS., 30.
Cases: confusion of, 103.
Caxton: his influence on punctuation, 9.
Centered head-lines, omission of period after, 12.
Centigrade. _See_ Thermometers.
Centuries, numbers of, to be spelled out, 32.
cf., to be set in roman, 64.
“Cherubim,” plural of _cherub_, 109.
“Childlike,” correct use of, 103.
Christ, pronouns referring to, how capitalized, 21.
Christian names, abbreviation of, 66–68.
“Church,” when capitalized, 20.
_Circa_ (_ca._), italicized, 64.
Circular measure, table of, 151.
Circulars, postal rates and regulations for, 130.
Citation of legal causes: names of, italicized, 64; of author’s own words, quotation marks used, 16; of different works by same author or by different authors without intervening original matter, to be quoted, 16.
Civil titles, capitalization of, 25.
Classes of mail, rates, etc., 129–132.
Clauses, use of comma with: inverted, 5; independent, 6; relative, 6; dependent, 6; parenthetical, 5; co-ordinate, 6; antithetical, 7; Use of dash before concluding clause, 13.
Cloth measure, table of, 151.
“Co-,” compounds with, 47–48.
Coins, foreign: list of, showing comparative values, 145–147.
“College,” capitalization of, 27.
Colon: definition and use of, 10–11; capitalization, following use of, 26, 29, 30; use of in formal salutatory phrases beginning letters, 11, 117; in titles of literary references, 11; of names of publishers, 11; first word following, in quotation, capitalized, 11; use of, with quotation-marks, 11; before formal quotations, 11; separating chapter and verse in scriptural references, 11; in separating divisions of time, 11; use of hair-space before, 59; separating city of publication and publisher’s name, 11.
“Colonel,” when spelled in full, and when abbreviated, 68–69.
“Color,” hyphenization of compounds of, 46.
“Come,” correct use of, 103.
Comma: definition and use of, 4; when omitted, 7–8; omitted between two adjectives, 4; use of, with adverbs, 4, 5; with adjectives, 4, 5; before “but,” 6. With clauses: antithetical, 7; co-ordinate, 6, 7; dependent, 6; parenthetical, 5; and relative, 6. Use of: with conjunctions, 4–7; separating degrees from names of persons, 7; indicating ellipses, 7; separating numbers, 7; with quotation-marks, 4; with phrases, inverted and in opposition, 5–6; before “of” in connection with residence, 7; in salutatory phrase, 7, 117; in inverted sentences, 5; separating titles from names, 6; separating vocative words, 7; substitution of dashes for, 14; use of with exclamation point, 15; rules for use of, 4–8; omitted with pronouns used with nouns for emphasis, 8.
Comments, notes of, inclosed in brackets, 18.
Commercial terms, abbreviation of, 76–77.
“Common,” correct use of, 103.
“Company”: capitalization of, 23; abbreviation of, 66; use of (&) with, 66.
Compass: capitalization of points of, 22, 23, 24; hyphenization of points of, 49.
Complimentary close, of letters, 121.
Compound: adjectives, 46; adverbs, 51.
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Compound titles, spelling, abbreviation, and capitalization of, 68–96.
Compound words: general theory of and rules for, 45–51; list of, 49; division of, to be avoided, 54.
Compounds, hyphenated: capitalization of, 29.
Compounds, with: “a-” (negative prefix), 50; “ante,” 50; “anti,” 50; “bi,” 50; “brother,” 47; “by,” 48; “co,” 47–48; “daughter,” 47; “demi,” 50; “deutero,” 51; “elect,” 47; “electro,” 51; “ex,” 47; “extra,” 48; “eye,” 51; “father,” 47; “fellow,” 47; “foster,” 47; “general,” 47; “god,” 47; “half,” 47; “holder,” 51; “in,” 50; “infra,” 48; “inter,” 50; “intra,” 50; (negative prefix), 50; “life,” 47; “like,” 49; “man,” 49; “master,” 47; “mid,” 46; “monger,” 51; “mother,” 47; “non-,” 50; “over,” 50; “parent,” 47; “post,” 50; “pre,” 47–48; “pseudo,” 51; “quarter,” 47; “quasi,” 48; “re,” 47–48; “school,” 51; “self,” 47; “semi,” 48, 50; “sister,” 47; “sub,” 50; “sulpho,” 51; “super,” 50; “supra,” 48; “thermo,” 51; “to,” 50; “tree,” 49; “tri,” 50; “ultra,” 48; “un” (negative prefix), 50; “under,” 50; “vice,” 46; “woman,” 49; “world,” 47.
Concealed mail matter, law concerning, 133.
“Confess,” use of, 103.
Congress: sessions of, capitalization, 29; numbers of, spelled out, 32.
Conjunctions: use of comma with, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; capitalization of, in titles of books and essays, 26.
“Conscious,” correct use of, 103.
Consonants, construction of, rules for division of words, 52–53.
Constellations, names of, italicized, 64.
“Constitution,” capitalization of, 25.
“Continual,” correct use of, 103.
Contraction of word, use of apostrophe, 19.
Conventions, capitalization of names of, 25.
Co-ordinate clauses. _See_ Clauses.
Corporations, capitalization of names, of abbreviations, and of “Co.,” 23.
Corrections, indicated by use of brackets, 18.
Correctness, a requisite of discourse, 99.
Credits, italicizing of, 62.
Criticisms, indicated by use of brackets, 18.
Cuba, postal rates to, 135.
Cubic measure, table of, 152.
Cut-in side notes, omission of period after, 12.
Dashes: use of, with changed construction, dates, abrupt terminations, rhetorical emphasis, verse and page references, short, snappy sentences, omitted letters, concluding clauses, 13; for separating subject-matter from its authority, 13; to precede addition to completed sentence, 14; substitution of, for commas or parenthesis, 14; with colon, to mark long quotation, 14; substitution of, for quotation-marks, 14; misuse of, 12; rules for, 13–14; use in France, 14; use of hair-space with, 59; examples of, 60; use of in salutatory phrases of letters, 117.
“Data,” plural of _datum_, 109.
Date-lines, omission of period after, 12.
Dates: use of dash to connect, 13; abbreviation of, 65–66; _st_, _d_, _rd_, and _th_, to be omitted, 65; of letters, where placed, when capitalized and italicized, 30; _ult._, _inst._, and _prox._, not used, 65; the Dewey, 66; of letters, 115.
“Daughter,” compounds with, 47.
Days of week: capitalization of, 23; abbreviation of, 65–66.
“Deadly,” correct use of, 103.
Decades, specific references to, spelled out, 32.
“Decided,” correct use of, 104.
“Definite,” correct use of, 104.
Degrees: capitalization and abbreviations of, 25; use of comma separating, from name of person, 6.
“Demean,” correct use of, 104.
“Demi,” compounds with, 50.
Dependent clauses, use of comma, 6.
Derivation, influence of, in division, 52, 53.
“Deutero,” compounds with, 51.
Devil. _See_ Evil One.
Dewey abbreviations of dates, the, 66.
Diction, correct and faulty, 99–113; Dr. Campbell’s canons, 99; use of standard authors, 100; list of words and phrases, 101–113.
Dictionary, the function of, 100.
“Different,” correct use of, 104.
Diphthongs, general rules for, 33.
Directions, use of brackets in indicating, 18.
“Directly,” use of, 104.
Disbelief, in statement, indicated by use of exclamation-point, 15.
“Discover,” correct use of, 104.
Display composition, use of period after, 12.
Division of words: rules for, 52–54; avoid unnecessary, 52; on two letters to be avoided, 53.
Divisional mark, avoid separating from matter it pertains to, 54.
Dollars ($), no space between symbol and following figures, 60; table of monetary signs, 90–91.
Domestic postal rates, 134.
“Donne,” plural of _donna_, 109.
“Don’t,” correct use of, 104.
Drop-folios, enclosed by brackets, 18.
Dry measure, table of, 150.
Dynasties: capitalization of names, 29; numbers of, to be spelled out, 32.
“Each other,” correct use of, 104.
Ecclesiastical appellations, capitalization of, 26.
“Effect,” correct use of, 104.
e.g., set in roman, 64.
“Egoists,” correct use of, 104.
“Either,” correct use of, 104.
“Elect,” compounds with, 47.
Electrical measures, 155–156.
“Electro,” compounds with, 51.
Ellipses: comma indicating, 7; period indicating, 12; to be treated as part of quotation, 17.
Emphasis, rhetorical: use of dash to secure, 13; of exclamation-point, 15; of paragraph, 57–58; of italics, 62.
En échelon indention: described, 56; use of in addressing letters, 116;
“Enormity,” correct use of, 104.
“Enthuse,” (verb) correct use of, 104.
Enumerations, use of parentheses in connection with letters or figures used to express subdivisions in, 18.
Envelopes, rules for addressing, 123–124.
Epithets: capitalized when used as proper names, 22; hyphenization of compound personal, 49.
Essays, capitalization of titles, 26.
etc., quotation-marks to include, 17.
Euphony, authority of, 100.
European countries, weights and measures of, 159–160.
“Every place,” written _everywhere_, 104.
Evil One, the capitalization of names for, 21.
“ex-,” prefixed to titles, 47.
“Excellent,” never qualified, 104.
“Except” (verb), correct use of, 104.
“Exceptional,” correct use of, 105.
Exclamation-point: proper use of, 14–15; with quotation-marks, 14–15; origin, 15; expressing strong emotion, 15; sarcasm or doubt, 15; use of, with comma, 15; as distinguished from vocative, 15; use of hair-space preceding, 59.
“Expect,” correct use of, 105.
Expositions, capitalization of names of, 25.
“Extra,” compounds with, 48.
“Eye,” compounds with, 51.
Fahrenheit. _See_ Thermometers.
“Falseness,” correct use of, 105.
Family names, capitalization of, 24.
“Fathers”: capitalization of, 24; use of compounds with, 47.
“Federal,” capitalization of, 25.
“Fellow,” compounds of, 47.
Figures: rules for use of, 31–33; use of apostrophe to indicate omission of, 19; used to mark divisions in enumerations, to be placed in parentheses, 18; percentage, figures always to be used, 31; use of, in statistics, 32; spacing of, 59; spacing between, and $, £, 60.
“Fix,” correct use of, 105.
Foreign languages: capitalization of titles, as _von_, _le_, _da_, etc., 25–26; spelling of words ending in _re_ (French), 36; words and phrases, when italicized, 62–63; list of italicized and not italicized words, 63; use of accents, 36–37.
Foreign titles, capitalization of, 25–26.
Foreign words, plurals of. _See_ Plurals.
Formal letter. _See_ Letter.
“Former,” correct use of, 105.
Forwarding of mail matter, 132.
“Foster,” compounds with, 47.
Fractions, use of hyphens in spelling, 48.
France, use of dash in, 14.
French endings in _re_, not to be used, 36.
G, soft, do not divide on, 53.
“General,” compounds with, 47.
“Gentleman,” correct use of, 105.
“Gentleman friend,” to be avoided, 105.
Geographical terms: capitalization of, 22; abbreviations of, 77–81.
Geological terms: capitalization of, 23; italicized, 64.
Geometric symbols, as unknown quantities, italics, 64.
“Go,” correct use of, 105.
God: pronouns referring to, capitalization of, 21; compounds with, 47.
“Gospel,” when capitalized, 20–21.
“Got,” correct use of, 105.
“Gotten”: obsolete, 105; improper use of, 105.
“Government,” capitalization of, 25.
Governmental terms, capitalization of, 25.
Grain and Hay, measures of, 157–158.
“Guess,” correct use of, 105.
Hair-space, use of, 59–61.
“Half,” compounds with, 47.
Half-diamond indention, 56.
“Hanged,” distinguished from _hung_, 105.
Hanging indention, described, 56.
“Hardly,” never preceded by _not_, 105.
“He,” correct use of, 105.
Headings: capitalization of certain words, 30; of letters (correspondence), 115.
Head-lines, omission of period after, 12.
“Healthful,” correct use of, 105.
“Her,” correct use of, 106.
“Him,” correct use of, 106.
Historical epochs, capitalization of appellation for, 24.
“Hoi polloi,” never preceded by _the_, 106.
“Holder,” compounds with, 51.
Holidays, capitalization of names of, 26–27.
“Holy,” capitalization of, 21.
“Honorable,” correct use of, 106.