The world's leading conquerors
Part 43
Cortez, his birth and education, 322; his expeditions and conquests, 323-326; founds Vera Cruz, 325; yearns for Montezuma’s capital, 326; punishes disloyalty, 327; starts for Aztec capital, 327, 330; at the home of Montezuma, 331-334; his extreme cruelty, 330 _et seq._; imprisons Spanish envoys, 334-335; condemns Narvaez and his men, 335; wars on Vera Cruz Indians, 338; executes Montezuma, 338; his perilous escape from the Aztecs, 339; plans Mexican siege, 341; progress of the expedition, 341-348; takes Mexico, 348; plans a new city, 348; goes to Honduras, 349; returns to Mexico, 349; his last years, 349-350
Cromwell, 137
Cuba, its discovery and occupation, 307; barbarities practised on its inhabitants, 307-308
Curio, Cæsar’s agent at Rome, 104-105
Cuzco, taken by the Spaniards, 366
D
Dagobert, 135
Darius, resists Alexander in Syria, 22; outgeneraled by Alexander, 24; recrosses the Euphrates, 24; his humiliation, 25; gathers another army, 26-27, 29; again defeated by Alexander, 31; escapes to Media, 31; tries to make another stand, 33; his assassination, 34
Dauchan, 221
Davout, 444, 445
Demosthenes, leads patriotic Athenians, 7; delivers commemoration speech, 8; thanks gods for deliverance at Ægæ, 8; his relations with Attalus, 9; is given means to bribe Greek states, 12; aids Thebes’ struggle for restoring independence, 13; involved in Harpalus’ scandal, 57
Desaix, 398, 400
Desiderius, King of the Lombards, offers his daughter’s hand to Charles the Great, 139; before the walls of Rome, 140; prepares against Northern invasion, 141; flees to Pavia, 142; surrenders to Charles the Great, 143
Dionysus, Alexander’s thank offering to, 11
Directory, The, 379, 380, 382, 383, 384, 388, 389, 390, 392, 393, 394, 455
E
Eastern Emperor, The, 230
Economic conditions in Charles the Great’s empire, 189-198
Egypt, invaded by Alexander the Great, 28-29
Empire, Alexander’s, 48-64; Charles’, 172-179; Napoleon’s, 407-418; Ottoman, 285-292
Erfurt, 422
Euphrates, The, Alexander crosses, 29
Eylau, 416, 425
F
Ferdinand, 294, 420
Five Hundred, The Council of, 377
Fontainebleau, Napoleon’s farewell at, 441
Fouché, 423
Franks, The, 135, 136
Frederick III, 253
Frederick the Great, 414, 418
Free States, The, the final struggle of, 4
G
Gaul, Cæsar’s conquest of, 84-102; nature of the country, 85
Giustiniano, 257
Goethe, 422
Gold Fever, The, in Hayti, 305-306
Granada, end of, 294, 295
Greek Empire, feebleness of the revived, 223-224
Greek invasion of Persia, averted, 12
Greek and Persian elements, amalgamation of, attempted by Alexander, 49-50
Greek people, influenced by Persian invasion, 3-4
Gregory the Great, 136
H
Halicarnassus, taken by Alexander, 21
Harpalus, seeks to stir up revolt, 49; his fate in Athens, 57
Hayti, first European settlement in New World, 300; civilization of its natives, 300-302; its European colonization, 303; its economic exploitation, 303-304; discovery of gold in, 304
Heine, on Napoleon’s power, 415
Hellenic Confederation, votes Alexander a crown, 25
Helvetii, defeated by Cæsar, 89
Hermolaus, hanged by Alexander, 40
Hundred, The Five, 390, 391, 392
Hunyadi, 249, 250, 251
I
Illyrian campaign, The, 13
Incas, The, their state of civilization, 350-351; rise of their domination, 351-352; extent of their conquests, 353; their theological ideas, 353-355; their government, 355-356; as warriors, 357; capture and execution of their leader, 364
India, invasion of, 35-38, 40-41, 42, 46
J
Jacobins, The, 401
Jena, 415
Jerome of Westphalia, 435
John the Fearless, 239
Joseph, King of Naples, 421, 426
Josephine, 422
Jourdon, 427
K
Kutusoff, 431
L
Lafayette, opposes “arbitrary government,” 403
Lala Schahin, 232
Lannes, 417, 425
Las Casas, 299, 303-304, 306-308, 310, 349
Legion of Honor, Napoleon’s, 404
Leipzig, 437
Letitia, Maria, 371, 414
Louis XIV, 434
Louis XVIII, proclaimed King of France, 439; plans for the dethronement of, 442
M
Macedon, Kingdom of, 3, 7
Macedonia, 10
Macedonians, 10
Manuel II, 236, 237, 239, 243, 244, 245, 247
Marbot, on the Prussian campaign, 416; on Napoleon’s marshals, 434
Marcellus, wants Cæsar declared enemy of the people, 106
Marseilles, 375
Masséna, 425, 426-427
Memnon, 21-22
Memoirs, Napoleon’s, 448-449
Metternich, 433, 435, 436
Mexico, its great antiquity, 311; its early history, 311-322; taken by Cortez, 341-348; plans for the reconstruction of, 348
Mohammed II, his ambitions, 253; prepares to besiege Constantinople, 254-255; his strategy, 256-257; sacks Constantinople, 258; inaugurates Mohammedan rule, 259; attacks Belgrade, 260-261; conquers Servia and Bosnia, 262; takes Athens, 263; ravages Morea, 263; humiliates Venice, 264; enters Italy, 265; defeated at Croia, 266; his aggressive policy, 266; his fleet in the Greek islands, 267; abandons aggression on Wallachia, 269; defeated by Stephen of Moldavia, 270-271; end of his reign, 271; extent of his conquests, 271-272
“Moniteur,” The, 408
Montezuma II, 316, 324, 325, 326, 331, 332, 333, 336, 337, 338
Morea, ravaged by Turks, 263
Moreau, 405, 436
Moscow, Napoleon’s retreat from, 431-432
Murad I, his personal qualities, 220; his measures and conquests, 220-234; his assassination, 234
Murad II, succeeds Mohammed, 246; besieges Constantinople, 246; invades Morea, 247; leads army in person, 248; defeats Hunyadi, 250; attempts to repress Albanian rebellion, 252; his success in the Morea, 252; his death, 252
Murat, 417, 423, 432, 433, 435, 442
N
Napoleon, his birth and ancestry, 371; his childhood and education, 372-373; his early revolutionary sympathies, 373-374; arrives in France, 374; shows Jacobin leanings, 374; made brigadier-general, 375; attracted by Robespierres’s régime, 375; commended by Committee of Public Safety, 376; involved in ruin of Robespierre’s party, 376; stricken from list of French generals, 377; appointed second commander of Convention, 377; made commander-in-chief of the army, 378; prepares to attack Austrian provinces, 379; his plan of operations, 380; defeats Austrians and their allies, 380-381; asserts French sovereignty over Naples and Tuscany, 382; accounts for Austrians’ defeat, 382; eulogized by Talleyrand, 383; calls Directory a makeshift, 384; his Egyptian Campaign, 384-389; his share in Siéyès’ scheme, 390; receives command of Paris troops, 391; ejected from Hall of Five Hundred, 391; appointed Consul, 392; seeks rôle of a Washington, 394; would be master of France, 394; projects sham constitution, 394-396; his administrative activities, 396-397; wars on coalition, 397-400; hastens to resume reins of government, 400; escapes a plot, 401; erects revolutionary tribunal, 401; re-elected First Consul, 402; reconstructs the provisional government, 402-404; departs from Republicanism, 404; seeks revenge, 405-407; inaugurates the Empire, 407; becomes Emperor of France, 407; plans to extend his dominions, 408-409; renews hostilities with England, 410; forces Austrians to capitulate, 411; defeats allies at Austerlitz, 412; forms Confederation of the Rhine, 413; his birthday made a national holiday, 414; prepares for new campaign, 415; enters Berlin, 415-416; defeats Prussians, 416; held in check at Eylau, 417; breaks up Fourth Coalition, 417; forms alliance with Alexander of Russia, 417; plans invasion of British Asia, 419-420; annexes Spain, 420; embarks on Asiatic campaign, 420; gets abdication from Ferdinand and Charles IV, 420; makes his brother king of Spain, 421; modifies plan of aggressive campaign, 422; confers with Alexander at Erfurt, 422; hastens back to Spain to restore Joseph to the throne, 423; urges Alexander to help against Fifth Coalition, 424; enters on new Austrian campaign, 424; wins dubious victory at Wagram, 425; threatens to annex Iberian kingdom, 426; provoked by bad turn of affairs, 427; intrigues with the Czar of Russia, 428-429; invades Russia, 429-430; fights inconclusive battles at Smolensk and Borodino, 430; enters Moscow, 431; retreats westward, 431-432; tries to rehabilitate his broken army, 433; grows sick and suspicious, 432-434; beaten at Leipzig, 437; forced to abdicate, 439; tries to commit suicide, 440; takes farewell of his troops, 441; exiled at Elba, 442; plans to regain control, 442; returns to Paris, 443; appeals to his veteran troops, 443; makes liberal professions, 444; prepares for new war with allies, 444; attacks Blücher, 445; defeated at Waterloo, 445; again forced to abdicate, 445; confined at St. Helena, 446; dies of cancer, 448; his “Memoirs,” 448-449; his ambitions and genius, 449-453; his military blunders, 440-441; his economic, financial, and religious policies, 454-460; as a lawgiver, 461; as a general, 463; his moral standards, 463
Napoleonic Régime, The, 448-463
Narvaez, 334, 335
Ney, 417
O
Osman, begins rule as independent prince, 214; converted to Islamism, 215; reason for his leadership, 217; his plan of conquest, 217; his death, 218
Ottomans, The, their chief characteristics, 280; their changed traditions, 280-281; their religious absolutism, 281-282; position of their women, 282; their army, 283; their rule over subject peoples, 283-287; economic effects of their rule, 284-285; beginnings of their conquests, 285-287; their rule over African provinces, 287; their Algerian corsairs, 288; eclipse of their power, 288-289; their conflict with the Christian Armada, 289-291; decline of their empire, 292
Ourach, 222
Ourkhan, 218-219
P
Pachacutic, 352
Paoli, Pasquale, 371, 373, 374
Parmenio, executed by Alexander, 35
Persians, The, awakened to danger of Greek invasion, 12; their incompetence in aggressive warfare, 18-19
Persian invasion, influence of, on Greek people, 3-4
Peter of Cyprus, 229, 230
Peru, the Incas of, 350-370
Philip of Macedon, beginning of his historic career, 4; his lawless and amorous nature, 5; performs duty toward Alexander, 5; understanding entered into with Alexander, 5; death of, as master of Greece, 4; his assassination, 6; as destroyer of Greek liberties, 7
Philotas, executed by Alexander, 35
Pippin the Hunchback, 167
Pippin, his characteristics, 135; his policy, 136; end of his reign, 137; his march on the Saxons, 145; his diplomacy, 138, 161
Pitt, William, 400
Pizarro, his birth, education, and characteristics, 357-358; plans to acquire Bisu, 357-359; starts for Caxamalca, 359; sets trap for Atahuallpa, 360-361; massacres Peruvians and captures their chief, 362; reduces captives to slavery, 363; receives enormous ransom from Peruvians, 363; executes Atahuallpa, 364; his pact with Alvarado, 365; plans new Peruvian capital, 365; takes Cuzco, 366; his administration, 368; his assassination, 368
Pompeius the Great, Cæsar anxious to measure strength with, 69-70; returns from Eastern campaign, 75; forms triumvirate with Cæsar and Crassus, 78; marries Cæsar’s daughter, 80; breaks with Cæsar, 102; is outgeneraled by Cæsar in Spain, 107-110; his final defeat and assassination, 115
Pompeius, Cnæus, seeks to avenge father’s murder, 122; his defeat, capture, and execution, 123
Pope Hadrian, 160
Pope Leo III, 160
Pope Stephen, 136, 140, 159
Pope Sylvester, 137
Porus, King, defeated and taken by Alexander, 46
Pressburg, 412-413, 414
R
Republic of Plato, The, 227
Reign of Terror, The, 374
Rhine, Confederation of the, 413
Robespierre, Napoleon on good terms with, 374; commends Napoleon, 375
Russia invaded by Napoleon, 429-432
S
Scanderbeg, 251, 252, 260, 261, 266, 267
Scipio, Cæsar would force to give battle, 119; defeated by Cæsar, 119; perishes at sea, 119
Scythians, routed by Alexander, 37
Selim, opposes his father’s authority, 273; forces father to abdicate, 273; murders claimants of throne, 273; organizes massacre of Schismatics, 274; subjugates Egypt, 275; his death, 275
Siéyès, Director, 390, 392, 394
Sigismund of Hungary, 236-240, 241-248
Slave Trade, American, started by Columbus, 298-299
Smolensk, 430
Sogdinians, massacred by Alexander, 38-39
Souliman, succeeds his father, 275; his aggressions, 276-278; end of his reign, 279-280
“Souper de Beaucaire,” Napoleon’s, 374
Spain, its phenomenal rise, 293-295; its motive in encouraging Columbus, 295; recalls Cortez, 349; advantages of its colonial policy, 369-370; mistreated by Napoleon, 419; annexed by the French, 420; revolutionary movement in, 420; revolts against French domination, 421
Stephen of Moldavia, defeats Mohammed II, 269-271
Sulla, 72
Syria, invaded by Alexander, 28
St. Helena, Napoleon at, 446-448
T
Talleyrand, eulogizes Napoleon, 383; at Erfurt, 422; his alleged plot, 423; helps to make Napoleon abdicate, 439; suggests Napoleon’s imprisonment at Elba, 441
Terrorists, The, 374
Thebes, aided by Demosthenes, 13; taken by Macedonians, 14; razed by Alexander, 15; its association with Greek heroic age, 15; the consternation caused by its fate, 15-16
Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, 134, 159
Tilsit, 417, 418-419
Timur, 244
Toltecs, The, 312-314
Toulon, 375, 377
Trafalgar, 411
Treaty of, Amiens, 409; Lunéville, 399; Pressburg, 412-414; Tilsit, 417
Tribunate, The, 396, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 444
Tupac, 352
Turanians, in the New World, 290; their civilization, 296
Tyre, siege of, 27
V
Vaca de Castro, 368
Velasquez, 327, 328, 334
Venice, defeated by Mohammed II, 264; chief rival of Ottoman empire, 289-290
Vera Cruz, founded by Cortez, 325, 338, 339
Vercingetorix, executed by Cæsar, 120
Viazma, 431
Vienna, Congress of, 444, 449
Vlad, 267-268, 269-271
W
Wagram, 425
Washington, George, Napoleon in the rôle of a, 394; mourned in Paris, 397
Wallachia, 269
Waterloo, 445
Wellington, at Torres Vedras, 426; invades Spain, 427; heads Dutch and English armies, 445; defeats the French at Waterloo, 445
West Indian Islands, The, their inhabitants, 299-300
Witikind, organizes revolt against Charles the Great, 148; accepts Christianity, 149
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