xiii. While Laistner was chiefly concerned with the exploration of the
religious myths, he pointed out that epics and fairy-tales (Amor and Psyche, the stories of the Nibelung and Baldur, etc.) may be similarly explained. It seems probable that his investigations received a stimulus in the earlier experiments of J. Boerner (_Das Alpdrücken_, 1855) on the production of nightmare. Laistner has had many followers, notable C. Ruths (_Experimental-Untersuchungen über Musikphantome_, 1898), who argues (pp. 415-46) that the old Greek myths had their chief root in dream phenomena, in delirium, and in the visions aroused in some persons by hearing music, while he considers that many fabulous monsters and dragons have arisen from the combinations seen in dreams. We know that the Greeks, who were such great myth-makers, much occupied themselves in lying in wait for dreams, and in oneiromancy and necromancy (_e.g._, Bouché-Leclercq, _Histoire de la Divination dans l'Antiquité_, vol. 1. Bk. ii. ch. i. pp. 277-329). In this way alone it is doubtless true that, as Jewell says, 'dreams have had a great effect upon the history of the world.']
[Footnote 258: For evidence regarding the high esteem in which many of the greatest Greek and Latin Fathers held dreams as divine revelations, see _e.g._, Sully, Art. 'Dreams,' _Encyclopædia Britannica_.]
[Footnote 259: There is still a natural tendency in the uninstructed mind to identify spontaneous visual phenomena with Heaven. 'When I gets to bed,' said an aged and superannuated dustman to Vanderkiste (_The Dens of London_, p. 14), 'I says my prayers, and I puts my hands afore my eyes--so [covering his face with his hands]; well, I sees such beautiful things, sparkles like, all afloating about, and I wished to ax yer, sir, if that ain't a something of Heaven, sir.']
[Footnote 260: This was the only traceable element in the dream. The dreamer was accustomed to look at her watch on awaking in the morning, and, if it was seven or later, not to go to sleep again.]
[Footnote 261: Freud, 'Der Dichter und das Phantasieren' (1908), in second series of his _Sammlung Kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre;_ K. Abraham, _Traum und Mythus_ (1909); and O. Rank, _Der Mythus von der Geburt des Helden_ (1909), both published in the _Schriften zur angewandten Seelenkunde_, edited by Freud.]
[Footnote 262: Synesius refers to conversations with sheep in dreams, and he was probably the first to suggest that such dream phenomena may be the origin of fables in which animals speak. The dog and the cat, as we should expect, seem most frequently to speak in the dreams of civilised people. Thus I dreamed that I had a conversation with a cat who spoke with fair clearness and sense, though the whole of her sentences were not intelligible. I was not surprised at this relative lack of intelligibility, but neither was I surprised at her speaking at all. I have also encountered a talking parrot whose speech was more relevant than that of most talking parrots; this somewhat surprised me. In legends a wider range of animals are able to speak, no doubt because the primitive legend-makers were familiar with a wider range of animal life. How natural it is to the uninstructed mind to treat animals like human beings is well shown by the experiences of Helen Keller, the blind deaf-mute, who writes (_The World I Live in_, p. 147): 'After my education began, the world which came within my reach was all alive.... It was two years before I could be made to believe that my dogs did not understand what I said, and I always apologised to them when I ran into or stepped on them.']
[Footnote 263: _Journal of Mental Science_, January 1909, p. 16.]
[Footnote 264: 'Images and thoughts,' he said, 'possess a power in and of themselves independent of that act of the judgment or understanding by which we affirm or deny the existence of a reality correspondent to them. Such is the ordinary state of the mind in dreams.... Add to this a voluntary lending of the will to this suspension of one of its own operations, and you have the true theory of stage illusion.']
[Footnote 265: Quoted by Paul Delior, _Remy de Gourmont et son Œuvre_, p. 14.]
[Footnote 266: Thus even Leonardo da Vinci (Solmi, _Frammenti_, p. 285) acknowledged the benefit which he had gained by gazing at clouds or at mud-bespattered walls; and recommended the practice to other artists, for thereby, he says, they will receive suggestions for landscapes, battlepieces, 'and infinite things,' which they may bring to perfection. He compared this to the possibility of hearing words in the sounds of bells. Some other distinguished artists have adopted somewhat similar practices which are fundamentally the child's habit of seeing pictures in the fire.]
[Footnote 267: Thus Tennyson (_Memoir_, by his son, vol. i. p. 320) was subject from boyhood to a kind of waking trance. 'This has generally come upon me,' he wrote, 'through repeating my own name two or three times to myself silently.' (It thus seems to have been a sort of auto-hypnotisation.) In this state, individuality seemed to dissolve, he said, and he found in it a proof that the extinction of personality by death would not involve loss of life, but rather a fuller life. We are so easily convinced in these matters!]
[Footnote 268: See _e.g._, De Manacéïne, _Sleep_, p. 314; Arturo Morselli, 'Dei Sogni nei Genii,' _La Cultura_, 1899.]
[Footnote 269: Thus I once planned in a dream a paper on the Progress of Psychology, which seemed to me on awakening to present a quite workable though not notably brilliant scheme.]
[Footnote 270: Sante de Sanctis, however (_I Sogni_, p. 369), reproduces a dream poem of twelve lines.]
[Footnote 271: See note in J. D. Campbell's edition of Coleridge's _Poetical Works_, p. 592.]
[Footnote 272: Tartini composed the sonata--a noble and beautiful work which still survives--at the age of twenty-one. In old age he told Lalande the astronomer (as the latter relates in his _Voyage d'un Français en Italie_, 1765, vol. ix. p. 55) that he had had a dream in which he sold his soul to the Devil, and it occurred to him in his dream to hand his fiddle to the Devil to see what he could do with it. 'But how great was my astonishment when I heard him play with consummate skill a sonata of such exquisite beauty as surpassed the boldest flights of my imagination. I felt enraptured, transported, enchanted; my breath was taken away, and I awoke. Seizing my violin I tried to retain the sounds I had heard. But it was in vain. The piece I then composed, the "Devil's Sonata," was the best I ever wrote, but how far below the one I had heard in my dream!' The dream, it will be seen, was of a fairly common type, and to Tartini's excitable temperament it served as a stimulus to his finest energies. But the real 'Devil's Sonata' was hopelessly lost. (See the articles on Tartini in Fetis, _Biographic Universelle des Musiciens_, and Grove's _Dictionary of Music and Musicians_.)]
[Footnote 273: Helen Keller, the blind deaf-mute, has written some interesting chapters on her dreams in _The World I Live in_. For the most part it would seem that the dream life of the blind (which has been studied by, among others, Jastrow, _Fact and Fable in Psychology_, pp. 337 _et seq._) is not usually rich or vivid.]
[Footnote 274: See _e.g._, Marie de Manacéïne, _Sleep_, p. 313.]
[Footnote 275: This aspect of dreaming has been set forth by Bergson (_Revue Philosophique_, December 1908, p. 574). 'The dream state,' he remarks, 'is the substratum of our normal state. Nothing is added in waking life; on the contrary, waking life is obtained by the limitation, concentration, and tension of that diffuse psychological life which is the life of dreaming. The perception and the memory which we find in dreaming are, in a sense, more natural than those of waking life: consciousness is then amused in perceiving for the sake of perceiving, and in remembering for the sake of remembering, without care for life, that is to say for the accomplishment of actions. To be awake is to eliminate, to choose, to concentrate the totality of the diffused life of dreaming to a point, to a practical problem. To be awake is to will; cease to will, detach yourself from life, become disinterested: in so doing you pass from the waking ego to the dreaming ego, which is less _tense_, but more _extended_ than the other.']
[Footnote 276: Pepys, _Diary_, 2nd April 1664.]
INDEX
Abraham, K., 65, 272.
After-images, 26.
Albès, 246, 248, 252, 256.
Alcohol, 250.
Aliotta, 102.
Allin, 249.
Analogy in dreams, 41.
Andamanese shamans, 268.
Anaesthesia from drugs, 101.
Andrews, Grace, 84, 108.
Animism and dreaming, 210, 266.
Anjel, 247, 257.
Antoninus, 281.
Apperception in dreams, 68, 259.
Apraxia, 97.
Aristotle, 17, 31, 65, 92.
Arnaud, 255.
Artemidorus of Daldi, 157.
Atavistic dreams, alleged, 133.
Attention in dreams, 24 _et seq.;_ 67, 219, 229, 252.
Auditory element in dreams, 77 _et seq._
Augustine, St., 239.
Aural origin of some dreams, alleged, 139.
Autoscopy, 163.
Bach, 153.
Baldwin, 2, 4, 68.
Ballet, G., 253.
Bancroft, H. H., 37.
Baudelaire, 152.
Beaunis, 14, 33, 72, 132, 145, 203, 211, 224, 270.
Beddoes, T., 199.
Benson, Archbishop, 224.
Bergson, 137, 255 _et seq._, 280.
Binet, 56, 57, 58, 201.
Binns, 246.
Binswanger, L., 144.
Birds in dreams, 37.
Bladder as a stimulant to dreams, 88, 96, 163, 164.
Bleuler, 150, 154.
Blind, dreams of the, 278.
Blood, dreams of, 183.
Bode, 2.
Boerner, J., 269.
Bolton, F. E., 133.
Bolton, J., 69.
Bonatelli, 247.
Bonne, 244.
Bouché-Leclercq, 270.
Bourget, 241.
Bradley, F. H., 97.
Bramwell, J. M., 188.
Brill, 165.
Brodie, Sir B., 13.
Brown, Horatio, 30, 108.
Browning, 146.
Brunton, Sir Lauder, 270.
Buccola, 244.
Buchan, 90.
Burnham, 230, 242.
Cabanis, 13.
Calkins, 17.
Capuana, 92.
Cardiac stimuli of dreams, 88, 90, 136, 140.
Carpenter, W., 14.
Cerebral light, 27.
Cervantes, 129.
Chabaneix, 130, 143, 206, 265.
Child, psychic state of, 189, 264.
Childhood, hypnogogic hallucinations of, 28 _et seq._, 232.
Chloroform anaesthesia compared to dreaming, 16, 32, 34, 135, 137.
Christina the Wonderful, 144.
Cicero, 129.
Claparède, 171, 174.
Clarke, E. H., 30, 119.
Classification of dreams, 17, 71.
Clavière, 150, 215, 216.
Cleland, 155.
Colegrove, 234.
Coleridge, 273, 275.
Colour in dreams, 33.
Colour associations, 149.
Coloured hearing, 150.
Comar, 163.
Confusion in dreams, 36 _et seq._
Consciousness, definition of, 2.
Contrast dreams, 175, 208.
Cooley, 189.
Corning, L., 79.
Crawley, 266.
Crichton-Browne, 108.
Criminals, dreams of, 120.
Curnock, N., 228.
Dauriac, 79, 152.
Day-dreams, 167, 244, 261, 274.
Dead, dreams of the, 194 _et seq._
Delacroix, 60.
Delage, 31.
Delbœuf, 5, 23.
Delior, 274.
Descartes, 13.
Dickens, 239.
Dircks, H., 2.
Dissociation in dreams, 66, 148, 185, 195, 221.
Dissolving view, dreams compared to, 36, 47.
Dogs, sleep of, 15, 101.
Dramatic element in dreams, 180 _et seq._
Dreaming, alleged dreams of, 65.
Dreamless sleep, 14.
Dreamy state, 239.
Dromard, 248, 255.
Drowning, hallucinations of the, 145, 214.
Dugas, 240, 248, 252, 253.
Duplex brain, theory of, 244.
Durkheim, 266.
Dying, hallucinations of the, 145, 161.
Ecstasy, Hysterical, 144.
Egger, 213, 216.
Ellis, Havelock, 28, 37, 165, 168, 179, 191, 197.
Emotion in dreams, 94 _et seq._
Epilepsy and pseudo-reminiscence, 239, 245.
Epileptic dreams, 139.
Erotic dreams, 88, 126, 177.
Erotic symbolism, 65, 179.
Extrospection, 172.
Fairies and dreams, 270.
Falling, dreams of, 129 _et seq._
False recognition in dreams, 230 _et seq._
Fear in dreams, 121, 174.
Féré, 92, 139, 156, 163, 248.
Ferenczi, 168.
Ferrero, 151.
Fish, dreams of, 163.
Floating, dreams of, 143.
Flournoy, 174, 187.
Flying, dreams of, 129 _et seq._
Forman, Simon, 30.
Foucault, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 17, 22, 24, 174, 187, 195, 202, 215, 216, 224, 234.
Fouillée, 252, 255.
Freud, 52, 56, 65, 89, 99, 119, 120, 127, 133, 164 _et seq._, 210, 216, 217, 244, 262, 264, 272.
Fusion of dream imagery, 36 _et seq._
Galton, Sir F., 149.
Gassendi, 65, 202.
Genius and dreaming, 273.
Giessler, 22, 72, 174, 187, 189, 264.
Gissing, 170.
Glanvill, J., 280.
Glossolalia, 225.
Goblot, 6, 32, 154.
Godfernaux, 280.
Gods first appeared in dreams, 268.
Goethe, 70, 208.
Goncourt, E. de, 203.
Goncourt, J. de, 142.
Goron, 140.
Gowers, Sir W. R., 139, 239.
Grasset, 240, 243.
Greenwood, F., 66, 113, 163, 228.
Griesinger, 208.
Gross, Hans, 265.
Gruithuisen, 32.
Gustatory dreams, 85.
Guthrie, 76, 108, 138.
Guyon, E., 29, 31.
Hall, Stanley, 29, 65, 133, 174, 189.
Hallam, Florence, 74.
Hallucinations, 26, 159, 182, 188, 235, 271.
Hammond, 14, 65, 92, 104.
Hartland, E. S., 268.
Haschisch, 98, 215, 262.
Haskovec, 246.
Hawthorne, 228.
Head, H., 34, 121.
Headache and dreams, 34, 91, 116, 177.
Hearn, Lafcadio, 108, 133, 138, 209.
Heaven and dreams, 270.
Heine, 152.
Hell and dreams, 270.
Hermes, 129.
Herodotus, 89.
Herrick, C. L., 107.
Hervey de Saint-Denis, 159.
Heymans, 240, 248, 255.
Hilprecht, 220.
Hinton, James, 63.
Hippocrates, 13.
Hobbes, 31, 109, 269.
Holland, Sir H., 13.
Howells, W. D., 121.
Hutchinson, H., 132, 138.
Hypermnesia, 218 _et seq._
Hypnagogic hallucinations, 15, 28 _et seq._, 67, 141, 160, 181, 215, 232, 265.
Hypnagogic paramnesia, 232 _et seq._
Hypnopompic state, 238.
Hypnotism, 79, 231, 232, 234.
Hyslop, J. H., 27.
Hysteria, 67, 143, 162, 168, 187, 217, 219.
Icarus, 130, 138.
Ida of Louvain, St., 144.
Imagery in dreams, 21 _et seq._, 64, 104, 120.
Insane, hallucinations of, 34, 271.
Insanity compared to dreaming, 48, 69, 105, 170, 188, 231, 262 _et seq._
Isserlin, 165.
Jackson, Hughlings, 239, 240, 262.
James-Lange theory of emotion, 109.
Janet, 67, 144, 187, 229, 254, 255, 261.
Jastrow, J., 14, 64, 96, 220, 247, 262, 266, 278.
Jerome, St., 129.
Jessin, 242.
Jesus, 147, 210.
Jewell, 92, 99, 138, 140, 199, 211, 228, 265, 270.
Johnson, Dr., 185.
Joseph of Cupertino, St., 144.
Jones, Elmer, 32, 34, 135, 137.
Jones, Ernest, 165.
Jung, C. J., 89.
Kaleidoscope, dream process compared to, 21, 28.
Keller, Helen, 273, 278.
Kiernan, 92, 239.
Kingsford, Anna, 119, 247.
Kraepelin, 48, 230.
Krauss, F. S., 157.
Laistner, 269.
Lalande, 240, 247, 255.
Lalanne, 105.
Lamb, C., 273.
Languages remembered In sleep, 225.
Lapie, 243.
Laud, 176.
Laurentius, 17, 262.
Legends, symbolism in, 156, 209.
Leibnitz, 13.
Léon-Kindberg, 252, 255.
Leroy, 26, 60, 161, 239, 247.
Lessing, 14.
Levitation, 144.
Liepmann, 97, 170.
Lilliputian hallucinations, 161, 270.
Little, Graham, 108.
Linnæus, 281.
Locke, 14.
Logic of dreams, 5 _et seq._, 56 _et seq._
Logorrhœa, 170.
Lombard, E., 225.
Lombroso, 208.
Lorrain, Jacques le, 105.
Löwenfeld, 165.
Lubbock, 210.
Lucretius, 15, 129, 238, 268.
Macario, 92.
Macaulay, Lord, 221.
MacDougall, R., 79, 107, 138, 208, 229.
Macnish, 14.
Maeder, 156, 160, 164, 166.
Magnification of dream imagery, 104 _et seq._, 135, 160.
Maine de Biran, 26, 94.
Maitland, E., 119, 247.
Mallarmé, 274.
Manacéïne, Marie de, 119, 163, 187, 199, 229, 232, 275, 279.
Marillier, 251.
Marro, 263.
Marshall, H. R., 57.
Masselon, 92.
Maudsley, 119, 270, 273.
Maurier, G. du, 206.
Maury, 31, 32, 47, 186, 203, 213.
Memory and dreams, 8 _et seq._, 212 _et seq._
Mercier, C., 2, 110.
Méré, 243.
Mescal, 27, 28.
Metamorphosis of dream imagery, 22.
Metaphysics and dreams, 63.
Metchnikoff, 174.
Meunier, R., 84, 92, 108.
Migraine, 34, 270.
Millet, J., 150.
Miner, J. B., 138, 152.
Mitchell, Sir A., 13.
Mitchell, Weir, 32.
Moll, 234.
Monboddo, Lord, 158, 226.
Monroe, W. S., 74, 83.
Moral attitude in dreaming, 118 _et seq._
Moreau of Tours, 262.
Morphia dreams, 140.
Morselli, A., 275.
Mosso, 136.
Mourre, Baron, 24.
Movement in dreams, 20, 45, 96, 97 _et seq._
Movement in sleep, 15.
Müller, J., 32.
Murder, dreams of, 111 _et seq._, 142.
Murray, Elsie, 110.
Music, symbolism of, 151.
Music in dreams, 77 _et seq._
Myers, 255.
Myth-making and dreaming, 210, 269 _et seq._
Näcke, 13, 119, 175, 202, 208, 236.
Nayrac, 68.
Neologisms in dreams, 48.
Neurasthenia, 27.
Newbold, 220.
Newman, E., 153.
Nietzsche, 274.
Nightmare, 99, 181.
Night-terrors, 30, 96, 108.
Nitrous oxide anaesthesia, 101, 135.
Nocturnal enuresis, 90.
Number-forms, 149.
Olfactory dreams, 83.
Oneiromancy, 156, 270.
Opium visions, 28, 140.
Orpheus, 210.
Paramnesia, 230 _et seq._
Paraphasia, 48.
Parish, E., 67, 184, 235.
Parker, Thornton, 269.
Partridge, G. E., 29.
Paul, St., 191.
Pepys, 202, 280.
Periodicity in memory, 224.
Personality in dreams, division of, 187.
Peter, St., 146.
Petty, Sir W., 280.
Philostratus, 157.
Pick, 97.
Piderit, 155.
Piéron, 92, 145, 159, 162, 215, 216, 252, 255.
Pirro, 153.
Pliny the Elder, 157.
Prel, Carl du, 221.
Premonitory dreams, 91, 163.
Presentative dreams, 17, 71, 166.
Primitive psychic slate, 266.
Prince, Morton, 174, 187.
Prodromic dreams, 91, 157, 163.
Prophetic dreams, 93, 157.
Pseudo-reminiscence in dreams, 230 _et seq._
Psychasthenia, 255.
Punning in dreams, 51.
Purcell, 153.
Pury, Jean de, 251.
Pythagoras, 242.
Quincey, De, 28, 30.
Rachilde, 143, 265.
Raffaelli, 130.
Railway travelling, dreams of, 81, 119.
Rank, O., 272.
Rapidity of dreams, alleged, 213 _et seq._
Raymond, 229.
Reasoning in dreams, 56 _et seq._
Renan, 203.
Representative dreams, 17, 71, 167.
Respiratory stimuli to dreams, 134 _et seq._
Retinal element in dreams, 23, 26, 31, 183.
Rhythm, 138.
Ribot, 25, 26, 79, 85, 242, 252, 255.
Rochas, Colonel de, 79, 131, 144.
Rosenbach, 246.
Ruths, C., 79, 129, 211, 269.
Sageret, 41.
Saints, alleged levitation of, 144.
Salish Indians, 210, 268.
Sand, George, 239, 265.
Sante de Sanctis, 92, 120, 168, 199, 208, 276.
Savage, psychic state of, 190, 266.
Savage, G. H., 33.
Schaaffhausen, 13.
Scherner, 88, 135, 159, 163, 164.
School, dreams of return to, 83, 195.
Schopenhauer, 175.
Schroeder, T., 191.
Schweitzer, 153.
Scripture, E. W., 27.
Secondary self in dreams, 187.
Segre, 96.
Sensory impressions in sleep, 71 _et seq._
Shamans, 268.
Shelley, 241.
Silberer, 141.
Simon, Max, 91.
Skin sensations in dreams, 74 _et seq._, 117, 135, 137.
Sleep, dreamless, 14.
Smith, Hélène, 187.
Snakes, dreams of, 65.
Sollier, 144, 163, 188.
Solmi, 274.
Somnambulism, 95.
Spencer, Herbert, 130, 210.
Spontaneous character of dream imagery, 24.
Ssikorski, 145.
Stekel, 168.
Stewart, Dugald, 104.
Stoddart, 34, 221.
Stomach on dreams, influence of, 108 _et seq._
Storms as cause of dreams, 81.
Stout, 2, 4, 68, 98, 195.
Stevenson, R. L., 217.
Stretton, 2.
Strümpell, 14, 135.
Suarez de Mendoza, 150.
Subconscious, definition of, 4.
Subconsciousness in dreams, 23, 63.
Suggestibility in dreams, 230.
Sully, 17, 234, 242, 244, 264, 266, 270.
Sunshine in dreams, 2.
Sutton, Bland, 133.
Swedenborg, 239.
Swoboda, 224.
Syllogistic arrangement of dreams, 58.
Symbolism in dreams, 81, 91, 109, 141, 148 _et seq._
Symonds, J. A., 30, 108.
Synaesthesias, 149.
Synesius, 65, 129, 157, 227, 272.
Tactile sensations in dreams, 74 _et seq._, 85, 137.
Tannery, 5, 6, 66, 244.
Tartini, 276.
Taste dreams, 85.
Taylor, S., 239.
Therapeutic use of music during sleep, 79, 84.
Theresa, St., 144.
Thurn, Sir E. im, 268.
Tennyson, 275.
Time in dreams, estimate of, 250.
Tissié, 17, 72, 250.
Titchener, 85.
Tobolowska, 60, 216.
Toothache as a cause of dreams, 116.
Tout, Hill, 268.
Tuke, Hack, 235.
Turner, J., 231.
Turner, W. A., 239.
Tylor, 210, 266.
Urbantschitsch, 155.
Vanderkiste, 270.
Vaschide, 13, 92, 159, 162, 172, 199, 280.
Verbal transformations in dreams, 47.
Vesical dreams, 88, 96, 163, 164.
Vesme, C. de, 131.
Vigilambulism, 144.
Vinci, L. da, 274.
Visceral stimuli of dreams, 87 _et seq._, 121, 164.
Vision in dreams, 20.
Visual stimuli of dreams, 86, 108 _et seq._
Vold, Mourly, 32.
Volkelt, 89.
Vurpas, 172.
Wagner, 153, 183.
Weed, Sarah, 74.
Weygandt, 14, 72, 199.
Wigan, 244, 245.
Wiggam, 176, 208.
Wilks, Sir S., 214.
Wilson, A., 187.
Winslow, Forbes, 92.
Wish-dreams, 89, 165 _et seq._
Wordsworth, 215.
Wright, H., 96.
Wundt, 14, 23, 57, 72, 135, 136, 195, 210.
Zenoglossia, 225.
Printed in Great Britain by T. and A. CONSTABLE LTD. at the Edinburgh University Press
* * * * *
+--------------------------------------------------------------+ | Transcriber notes: | | | | P. 189. 'given him posion', changed 'posion' to 'poison'. | | P. 203. Added footnote [184] link. | | P. 214. 'concommitants' changed to 'concomitants'. | | P. 215. 'alarum clock', changed 'alarum' to 'alarm'. | | P. 215. 'hashisch' changed to 'hashish'. | | P. 231. Footnote 210, 'alcholic' changed to 'alcoholic'. | | P. 249. 'hue to' changed to 'due to'. | | Fixed various punctuation | +--------------------------------------------------------------+