Chapter 3

[76] {57} ["A short two-edged knife or dagger ... formerly worn at the girdle" (_N. Eng. Dict._, art. "Anlace"). The "anlace" of the Spanish heroines was the national weapon, the _puñal_, or _cuchillo_, which was sometimes stuck in the sash (_Handbook for Spain_, ii. 803).]

[77] [Compare _Macbeth_, act v. sc. 5, line 10--

"The Time has been, my senses would have cooled To hear a night-shriek."]

[cr] -----_the column-scattering bolt afar,_ _The falchion's flash_--[MS. erased, D.]

[cs] {59} _The seal Love's rosy finger has imprest_ _On her fair chin denotes how soft his touch:_ _Her lips where kisses make voluptuous nest_.--[MS. erased.]

[78] [Writing to his mother (August 11, 1809), Byron compares "the Spanish style" of beauty to the disadvantage of the English: "Long black hair, dark languishing eyes, _clear_ olive complexions, and forms more graceful in motion than can be conceived by an Englishman ... render a Spanish beauty irresistible" (_Letters_, 1898, i. 239). Compare, too, the opening lines of _The Girl of Cadiz_, which gave place to the stanzas _To Inez_, at the close of this canto--

"Oh never talk again to me Of northern climes and British ladies."

But in _Don Juan_, Canto XII. stanzas lxxiv.-lxxvii., he makes the _amende_ to the fair Briton--

"She cannot step as doth an Arab barb, Or Andalusian girl from mass returning.

* * * * *

But though the soil may give you time and trouble, Well cultivated, it will render double."]

[ct] {60}

_Beauties that need not fear a broken vow_.--[MS. erased.] ----_a lecher's vow_.--[MS.]

[79] [The summit of Parnassus is not visible from Delphi or the neighbourhood. Before he composed "these stanzas" (December 16), (see note 13.B.) at the foot of Parnassus, Byron had first surveyed its "snow-clad" majesty as he sailed towards Vostizza (on the southern shore of the Gulf of Corinth), which he reached on the 5th, and quitted on the 14th of December. "The Echoes" (line 8) which were celebrated by the ancients (Justin, _Hist._, lib. xxiv. cap. 6), are those made by the Phædriades, or "gleaming peaks," a "lofty precipitous escarpment of red and grey limestone" at the head of the valley of the Pleistus, facing southwards.--_Travels in Albania_, i. 188, 199; _Geography of Greece_, by H. F. Tozer, 1873, p. 230.]

[cu] _Not in the landscape of a fabled lay_.--[MS. D.]

[80] {61} ["Upon Parnassus, going to the fountain of Delphi (Castri) in 1809, I saw a flight of twelve eagles (Hobhouse said they were vultures--at least in conversation), and I seized the omen. On the day before, I composed the lines to Parnassus [in _Childe Harold_] and, on beholding the birds, had a hope that Apollo had accepted my homage. I have, at least, had the name and fame of a poet during the poetical period of life (from twenty to thirty). Whether it will last is another matter; but I have been a votary of the deity and the place, and am grateful for what he has done in my behalf, leaving the future in his hands, as I left the past" (B. _Diary_, 1821).]

[cv] {62} _And walks with glassy steps o'er Aganippe's wave_.--[MS. erased.]

[cw] _Let me some remnant of thy Spirit bear_ _Some glorious thought to my petition grant_.--[MS. erased, D.]

[81] ["Parnassus ... is distinguished from all other Greek mountains by its mighty mass. This, with its vast buttresses, almost fills up the rest of the country" (_Geography of Greece_, by H.F. Tozer, 1873, p. 226).]

[82] {63} [In his first letter from Spain (to F. Hodgson, August 6, 1809) Byron exclaims, "Cadiz, sweet Cadiz!--it is the first spot in the creation ... Cadiz is a complete Cythera." See, too, letter to Mrs. Byron, August 11, 1809 (Letters, 1898, i. 234, 239).]

[cx] _While boyish blood boils gaily, who can 'scape_ _The lurking lures of thy enchanting gaze_.--[MS. erased.]

[83] {64} [It must not be supposed that the "thousand altars" of Cadiz correspond with and are in contrast to the "one dome" of Paphos. The point is that where Venus fixes her shrine, at Paphos or at Cadiz, altars blaze and worshippers abound (compare _Æneid_, i. 415-417)--

"Ipsa Paphum sublimis abit, sedesque revisit Læta suas, ubi templum illi, centumque Sabæo Ture calent aræ."]

[84] [Compare Milton's _Paradise Lost_, i.--

... from morn To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve.]

[85] [It was seldom that Byron's memory played him false, but here a vague recollection of a Shakespearian phrase has beguiled him into a blunder. He is thinking of Hamlet's jibe on the corruption of manners, "The age is grown so picked that the toe of the peasant comes so near the heel of the courtier, he galls his kibe" (act v. sc. 1, line 150), and he forgets that a kibe is not a heel or a part of a heel, but a chilblain.]

[cy] ----_though in lieu_ _Of true devotion monkish temples share_ _The hours misspent, and all in turns is Love or Prayer_.---- [_MS. erased_.]

[cz] ----_or rule the hour in turns_.----[D.]

[86] {65} [As he intimates in the Preface to _Childe Harold_, Byron had originally intended to introduce "variations" in his poem of a droll or satirical character. Beattie, Thomson, Ariosto, were sufficient authorities for these humorous episodes. The stanzas on the Convention of Cintra (stanzas xxv.-xxviii. of the MS.), and the four stanzas on Sir John Carr; the concluding stanzas of the MS., which were written in this lighter vein, were suppressed at the instance of Dallas, or Murray, or Gifford. From a passage in a letter to Dallas (August 21, 1811), it appears that Byron had almost made up his mind to leave out "the two stanzas of a buffooning cast on London's Sunday" (_Letters_, 1898, i. 335). But, possibly, owing to their freedom from any compromising personalities, or because wiser counsels prevailed, they were allowed to stand, and continued (wrote Moore in 1832) to "disfigure the poem."]

[87] [A whiskey is a light carriage in which the traveller is _whisked_ along.]

[da] {66} _And humbler gig_----.--[MS.]

[db] _And droughty man alights and roars for "Roman Purl."_[§]--[MS. D.]

[§] A festive liquor so called. Query why "Roman"? [Query if "Roman"? "'Purl Royal,' Canary wine with a dash of the tincture of wormwood" (Grose's _Class. Dict._).]

----_for Punch or Purl_.--[D.]

[dc] _Some o'er thy Thames convoy_----.--[MS. D.]

[88] [Hone's _Everyday Book_ (1827, ii. 80-87) gives a detailed account of the custom of "swearing on the horns" at Highgate. "The horns, fixed on a pole of about five feet in length, were erected by placing the pole upright on the ground near the person to be sworn, who is requested to take off his hat," etc. The oath, or rather a small part of it, ran as follows: "Take notice what I am saying unto you, for _that_ is the first word of your oath--mind _that_! You must acknowledge me [the landlord] to be your adopted father, etc.... You must not eat brown bread while you can get white, except you like the brown best. You must not drink small beer while you can get strong, except you like the small best. You must not kiss the maid while you can kiss the mistress, but sooner than lose a good chance you may kiss them both," etc. Drovers, who frequented the "Gate House" at the top of the hill, and who wished to keep the tavern to themselves, are said to have been responsible for the rude beginnings of this tedious foolery.]

[89] {67} [M. Darmesteter quotes a striking passage from Gautier's _Voyage en Espagne_ (xv.), in appreciation of Cadiz and Byron: "L'aspect de Cadix, en venant du large, est charmant. A la voir ainsi étincelante de blancheur entre l'azur de la mer et l'azur du ciel, on dirait une immense couronne de filigrane d'argent; le dôme de la cathédrale, peint en jaune, semble une tiare de vermeil posée au milieu. Les pots de fleurs, les volutes et les tourelles qui terminent les maisons, varient à l'infini la dentelure. Byron a merveilleusement caractérisé la physionomie de Cadix en une seule touche:

"Brillante Cadix, qui t'élèves vers le ciel du milieu du bleu foncé de la mer."]

[90] [The actors in a bull-fight consist of three or four classes: the _chulos_ or footmen, the _banderilleros_ or dart-throwers, the _picadores_ or horsemen, the _matadores_ or _espadas_ the executioners. Each bull-fight, which lasts about twenty minutes, is divided into three stages or acts. In the first act the _picadores_ receive the charge of the bull, defending themselves, but not, as a rule, attacking the foe with their lances or _garrochas_. In the second act the _chulos_, who are not mounted, wave coloured cloaks or handkerchiefs in the bull's face, and endeavour to divert his fury from the _picadores_, in case they have been thrown or worsted in the encounter. At the same time, the _banderilleros_ are at pains to implant in either side of the bull's neck a number of barbed darts ornamented with cut paper, and, sometimes, charged with detonating powder. It is _de rigeur_ to plant the barbs exactly on either side. In the third and final act, the protagonist, the _matador_ or _espada_, is the sole performer. His function is to entice the bull towards him by waving the _muleta_ or red flag, and, standing in front of the animal, to inflict the death-wound by plunging his sword between the left shoulder and the blade. "The teams of mules now enter, glittering with flags and tinkling with bells, whose gay decorations contrast with the stern cruelty and blood; the dead bull is carried off at a rapid gallop, which always delights the populace."--_Handbook for Spain_, by Richard Ford, 1898, i. 67-76.]

[91] {70} "The croupe is a particular leap taught in the manège."--[MS.] [_Croupe_, or _croup_, denotes the hind quarters of a horse. Compare Scott's ballad of "Young Lochinvar"--"So light to the croupe the fair lady he swung." Here it is used for "croupade," "a high curvet in which the hind legs are brought up under the belly of the horse" (_N. Eng. Dict._, art. "Croupade.")]

[92] {71} ["Brast" for "burst" is found in Spenser (_Faërie Queene_, i. 9. 21. 7), and is still current in Lancashire dialect. See _Lanc. Gloss._ (E. D. S. "brast").]

[93] [One bull-fight, one matador. In describing the last act Byron confuses the _chulos_ or cloak-waving footmen, who had already played their part, with the single champion, the matador, who is about to administer the _coup de grâce_.]

[dd] ----_he lies along the sand._--[MS. erased.]

[de] _The trophy corse is reared--disgusting prize_. or, _The corse is reared--sparkling the chariot flies_.--[MS. M.]

[94] [Compare Virgil, _Æneid_, viii. 264--

"Pedibusque informe cadaver Protrahitur. Nequeunt expleri corda tuendo--"]

[95] {72} "The Spaniards are as revengeful as ever. At Santa Otella, I heard a young peasant threaten to stab a woman (an old one, to be sure, which mitigates the offence), and was told, on expressing some small surprise, that this ethic was by no means uncommon."--[MS.]

[96] [Byron's "orthodoxy" of the word "centinel" was suggested by the Spanish _centinela_, or, perhaps, by Spenser's "centonell" (_Faërie Queene_, bk. i. c. ix. st. 41, line 8).]

[df] _And all whereat the wandering soul revolts_ _Which that stern dotard dreamed he could encage_.--[MS. erased.]

[dg] {73} _Full from the heart of Joy's delicious springs_ _Some Bitter bubbles up, and even on Roses stings_.--[MS.]

[97] [The Dallas Transcript reads "itself," but the MS. and earlier editions "herself."]

[dh] {74} _Had buried then his hopes, no more to rise:_ _Drugged with dull pleasure! life-abhorring Gloom_ _Wrote on his faded brow curst Cain's wandering doom_.-- [MS. erased.] _Had buried there_.--[MS. D.]

[98] [Byron's belief or, rather, haunting dread, that he was predestined to evil is to be traced to the Calvinistic teaching of his boyhood (compare _Childe Harold_, Canto III. stanza lxx. lines 8, 9; and Canto IV. stanza xxxiv. line 6). Lady Byron regarded this creed of despair as the secret of her husband's character, and the source of his aberrations. In a letter to H. C. Robinson, March 5, 1855, she writes, "Not merely from casual expressions, but from the whole tenour of Lord Byron's feelings, I could not but conclude he was a believer in the inspiration of the Bible, and had the gloomiest Calvinistic tenets. To that unhappy view of the relation of the creature to the Creator, I have always ascribed the misery of his life.... Instead of being made happier by any apparent good, he felt convinced that every blessing would be 'turned into a curse' to him. Who, possessed by such ideas, could lead a life of love and service to God or man? They must in a measure realize themselves. 'The worst of it is, I _do_ believe,' he said. I, like all connected with him, was broken against the rock of predestination."]

[99] {75} "Stanzas to be inserted after stanza 86th in _Childe Harold's Pilgrimage_, instead of the song at present in manuscript."-[MS. note to "To Inez."] [The stanzas _To Inez_ are dated January 25, 1810, on which day Byron and Hobhouse visited Marathon. Most likely they were addressed to Theresa Macri, the "Maid of Athens," or some favourite of the moment, and not to "Florence" (Mrs. Spencer Smith), whom he had recently (January 16) declared _emerita_ to the tune of "The spell is broke, the charm is flown." A fortnight later (February 10), Hobhouse, accompanied by the Albanian Vasilly and the Athenian Demetrius, set out for the Negroponte. "Lord Byron was unexpectedly detained at Athens" (_Travels in Albania_, i. 390). (For the stanzas to _The Girl of Cadiz_, which were suppressed in favour of those _To Inez,_ see _Poetical Works_, 1891, p. 14, and vol. iii. of the present issue.)]

[100] {76} [Compare Horace, _Odes_, II. xvi. 19, 20--

"Patriæ quis exsul Se quoque fugit?"]

[di] _To other zones howe'er remote_ _Still, still pursuing clings to me._--[MS. erased.]

[101] [Compare Prior's _Solomon_, bk. iii. lines 85, 86--

"In the remotest wood and lonely grot Certain to meet that worst of evils--_thought."_]

[102] {77} [Cadiz was captured from the Moors by Alonso el Sabio, in 1262. It narrowly escaped a siege, January-February, 1810. Soult commenced a "serious bombardment," May 16, 1812, but, three months later, August 24, the siege was broken up. Stanza lxxxv. is not in the original MS.]

[103] {78} [Charles IV. abdicated March 19, 1808, in favour of his son Ferdinand VII.; and in the following May, Charles once more abdicated on his own behalf, and Ferdinand for himself and his heirs, in favour of Napoleon. Thenceforward Charles was an exile, and Ferdinand a prisoner at Valençay, and Spain, so far as the Bourbons were concerned, remained "kingless," until motives of policy procured the release of the latter, who re-entered his kingdom March 22, 1814.]

[dj] Ye, who would more of Spain and Spaniards know, Sights, Saints, Antiques, Arts, Anecdotes and War, Go hie ye hence to Paternoster Row-- Are they not written in the Boke of Carr,[§1] Green Erin's Knight and Europe's wandering star! Then listen, Readers, to the Man of Ink, Hear what he did, and sought, and wrote afar; All those are cooped within one Quarto's brink, This borrow, steal,--don't buy,--and tell us what you think.

There may you read with spectacles on eyes, How many Wellesleys did embark for Spain,[§2] As if therein they meant to colonise, How many troops y-crossed the laughing main That ne'er beheld the said return again: How many buildings are in such a place, How many leagues from this to yonder plain, How many relics each cathedral grace, And where Giralda stands on her gigantic base.[§3]

There may you read (Oh, Phoebus, save Sir John! That these my words prophetic may not err)[§4] All that was said, or sung, and lost, or won, By vaunting Wellesley or by blundering Frere,[§a] He that wrote half the "Needy Knife-Grinder,"[§5] Thus Poesy the way to grandeur paves--[§b] Who would not such diplomatists prefer? But cease, my Muse, thy speed some respite craves, Leave legates to the House, and armies to their graves.

Yet here of Vulpes mention may be made,[§c][§6] Who for the Junta modelled sapient laws, Taught them to govern ere they were obeyed: Certes fit teacher to command, because His soul Socratic no Xantippe awes; Blest with a Dame in Virtue's bosom nurst,-- With her let silent Admiration pause!-- True to her second husband and her first: On such unshaken fame let Satire do its worst.

[§1] "Porphyry said that the prophecies of Daniel were written after their completion, and such may be my fate here; but it requires no second sight to foretell a tome; the first glimpse of the knight was enough."--[MS.]

["I have seen Sir John Carr at Seville and Cadiz, and, like Swift's barber, have been down on my knees to beg he would not put me into black and white" (letter to Hodgson, August 6, 1809, _Letters_, 1898, i. 235, note).]

[§2] "I presume Marquis and Mr. and Pole and Sir A. are returned by this time, and eke the bewildered Frere whose conduct was canvassed by the Commons."--[MS.]

[A motion which had been brought forward in the House of Commons, February 24, 1809, "to inquire into the causes ...of the late campaign in Spain," was defeated, but the Government recalled J. Hookham Frere, British Minister to the Supreme Junta, and nominated the Marquis Wellesley Ambassador Extraordinary to Seville. Wellesley landed in Spain early in August, but a duel which took place, September 21, between Perceval and Canning led to changes in the ministry, and, with a view to taking office, he left Cadiz November 10, 1809. His brother, Henry Wellesley (1773-1847, first Baron Cowley), succeeded him as Envoy Extraordinary. If "Mr." stands for Henry Wellesley, "Pole" may be William Wellesley Pole, afterwards third Earl of Mornington.]

[§3] [The base of the Giralda, the cathedral tower at Seville, is a square of fifty feet. The pinnacle of the filigree belfry, which surmounts the original Moorish tower, "is crowned with _El Girardillo_, a bronze statue of _La Fé_, The Faith.... Although 14 feet high, and weighing 2800 lbs., it turns with the slightest breeze."--Ford's _Handbook for Spain_, i. 174.]

[§4] [_Vide ante_, p. 78, note 2.]

[§a] _By shrivelled Wellesley_----.--[MS. erased.]

[§b] _None better known for doing things by halves_ _As many in our Senate did aver_.--[MS. erased.]

[§c] _Yet surely Vulpes merits some applause_.--[MS. erased.]

[§5] "The Needy Knife-grinder," in the _Anti-Jacobin_, was a joint production of Messrs. Frere and Canning.

[§6] [Henry Richard Vassall Fox, second Lord Holland (1773-1840), accompanied Sir David Baird to Corunna, September, 1808, and made a prolonged tour in Spain, returning in the autumn of 1809. He suggested to the Junta of Seville to extend their functions as a committee of defence, and proposed a new constitution. His wife, Elizabeth Vassall, the daughter of a rich Jamaica planter, was first married (June 27, 1786) to Sir Godfrey Webster, Bart. Sir Godfrey divorced his wife July 3, 1797, and three days later she was married to Lord Holland. She had lived with him for some time previously, and before the divorce had borne him a son, Charles Richard Fox (1796-1873), who was acknowledged by Lord Holland.]

[104] {81} [Stanzas lxxxviii.-xciii., which record the battles of Barossa (March 5, 1811) and Albuera (May 16, 1811), and the death of Byron's school-friend Wingfield (May 14, 1811), were written at Newstead in August, 1811, and take the place of four omitted stanzas (_q.v. supra_).]

[105] [Francisco Pizarro (1480-1541), with his brothers, Hernando, Juan Gonzalo, and his half-brother Martin de Alcantara, having revisited Spain, set sail for Panama in 1530. During his progress southward from Panama, he took the island of Puna, which formed part of the province of Quito. His defeat and treacherous capture of Atuahalpa, King of Quito, younger brother of Huascar the Supreme Inca, took place in 1532, near the town of Caxamarca, in Peno (_Mod. Univ. History_, 1763, xxxviii. 295, _seq._). Spain's weakness during the Napoleonic invasion was the opportunity of her colonies. Quito, the capital of Ecuador, rose in rebellion, August 10, 1810, and during the same year Mexico and La Plata began their long struggle for independence.]

[106] {82} [During the American War of Independence (1775-83), and afterwards during the French Revolution, it was the custom to plant trees as "symbols of growing freedom." The French trees were decorated with "caps of Liberty." No such trees had ever been planted in Spain. (See note by the Rev. E.C. Everard Owen, _Childe Harold_, 1897, p. 158.)]

[dk] _And thou, my friend! since thus my selfish woe_ {_to weaken in_ _Bursts from my heart,_ {_however light my strain,_ {_for ever light the_----.--[D.] _Had the sword laid thee, with the mighty, low_ _Pride had forbade me of thy fall to plain_.--[MS. D.]

[107] [Compare the In Memoriam stanzas at the end of Beattie's _Minstrel_--"And am I left to unavailing woe?" II. 63, line 2.]

[dl] {83} ----_belov'd the most_.--[MS. D.]

[108] [With reference to this stanza, Byron wrote to Dallas, October 25, 1811 (_Letters_, 1898, ii. 58, 59), "I send you a conclusion to the _whole_. In a stanza towards the end of Canto I. in the line,

"Oh, known the earliest and _beloved_ the most,

I shall alter the epithet to '_esteemed_ the most.'"]

[dm] ----_where none so long was dear_.--[MS. D.]

[dn] _And fancy follow to_----.--[MS. D.]

[109] "Fytte" means "part."--[Note erased.]

* * * * *

NOTES TO CHILDE HAROLD'S PILGRIMAGE.