Chapter I. The Sign VIRGO.

_The Promised Seed of the Woman_.

Plate 1: Virgo (the Virgin)

Here is the commencement of all prophecy in Gen. iii. 15, spoken to the serpent:—“I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed: it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise His heel.” This is the prophetic announcement which the Revelation in the heavens and in the Book is designed to unfold and develope. It lies at the root of all the ancient traditions and mythologies, which are simply the perversion and corruption of primitive truth.

VIRGO is represented as a woman with a _branch_ in her right hand, and some ears of corn in her left hand. Thus giving a two‐fold testimony of the Coming One.

The name of this sign in the Hebrew is _Bethulah_, which means _a virgin_, and in the Arabic _a branch_. The two words are connected, as in Latin—_Virgo_, which means _a virgin_; and _virga_, which means _a branch_ (Vulg. Isa. xi. 1). Another name is _Sunbul_, Arabic, _an ear of corn_.

In Gen. iii. 15 she is presented only as a woman; but in later prophecies her nationality is defined as being of the stock of Israel, the seed of Abraham, the line of David; and, further, she is to be a virgin. There are two prominent prophecies of her and her seed: one is connected with the first coming in incarnation, Isa. vii. 14 (quoted in Matt. i. 23.)

“Behold, a virgin shall conceive and bear a son, And shall call his name Immanuel.”

The other is connected with His second coming, leaping over the sufferings and this present interval of His rejection, and looking forward to His coming in glory and judgment, Isa. ix. 6, 7 (quoted in Luke ii. 11 and i. 32, 33)—

“For unto us a child is born, Unto us a son is given;(20) And the government shall be upon His shoulder; And His name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The Mighty God, The Everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace. Of the increase of His government there shall be no end. Upon the throne of David, and upon His kingdom, To order it, and to establish it With judgment and with justice From henceforth even for ever. The zeal of the LORD of hosts will perform this.”

It is difficult to separate the Virgin and her Seed in the prophecy, and so, here, we have first the sign VIRGO, where the name points to her as the prominent subject; while in the first of the three constellations of this sign, where the woman appears again, the name COMA points to the child as the great subject.

_Virgo_ contains 110 stars, _viz._, one of the 1st magnitude, six of the 3rd, ten of the 4th, etc.

ARATUS thus sings of them:—

“Beneath Boötes feet the Virgin seek, Who carries in her hand a glittering spike.... Over her shoulder there revolves a star In the right wing, superlatively bright;(21) It rolls beneath the tail, and may compare With the bright stars that deck the Greater Bear. Upon her shoulder one bright star is borne,(22) One clasps the circling girdle of her loins,(23) One at her bending knee;(24) and in her hand Glitters that bright and golden Ear of Corn.(25)

Thus the brightest star in Virgo (α)(26) has an ancient name, handed down to us in all the star‐maps, in which the Hebrew word (צֶמֶח) _Tsemech_ is preserved. It is called in Arabic _Al Zimach_, which means _the branch_. This star is in the ear of corn which she holds in her left hand. Hence the star has a modern Latin name, which has almost superseded the ancient one, _Spica_, which means, _an ear of corn_. But this hides the great truth revealed by its name _Al Zimach_. It foretold the coming of Him who should bear this name. The same Divine inspiration has, in the written Word, four times connected it with Him. There are twenty Hebrew words translated “Branch,” but only one of them (_Tsemech_) is used exclusively of the Messiah, and this word only four times.(27)Each of these further connects Him with one special account of Him, given in the Gospels.

(1.) Jer. xxiii. 5, 6—

“Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, That I will raise unto David a righteous BRANCH (_i.e._, a Son), And a KING shall reign and prosper.”

The account of His coming as King is written in the Gospel according to Matthew, where Jehovah says to Israel, “Behold thy KING.” (Zech. ix. 9; Matt. xxi. 9.)

(2.) Zech. iii. 8.—“Behold I will bring forth my SERVANT the BRANCH.” In the Gospel according to Mark we find the record of Jehovah’s servant and His service, and we hear Jehovah’s voice saying, “Behold my SERVANT.” (Isa. xlii. 1.)

(3.) Zech. vi. 12.—“Thus speaketh the LORD of hosts, saying, Behold the MAN whose name is the BRANCH.” In the Gospel according to Luke we behold Him, presented in “the MAN Christ Jesus.”

(4.) Isa. iv. 2.—“In that day shall the BRANCH of JEHOVAH be beautiful and glorious.” So that this Branch, this Son, is Jehovah Himself; and as we read the record of John we hear the voice from heaven saying, “Behold your GOD.” (Isa. xl. 9.)

This is the Branch foretold by the star _Al Zimach_ in the ear of corn.

The star β is called _Zavijaveh_, which means _the gloriously beautiful_, as in Isa. iv. 2. The star ε, in the arm bearing the branch, is called _Al Mureddin_, which means _who shall come down_ (as in Ps. lxxii. 8), or _who shall have dominion_. It is also known as _Vindemiatrix_, a Chaldee word which means _the son_, or _branch_, _who cometh_.

Other names of stars in the sign, not identified, are—

_Subilah, who carries_. (Isa. xlvi. 4.)

_Al Azal, the Branch_. (As in Isa. xviii. 5.)

_Subilon, a spike of corn_. (As in Isa. xvii. 5.)

The Greeks, ignorant of the Divine origin and teaching of the sign, represented Virgo as _Ceres_, with ears of corn in her hand.

In the Zodiac in the Temple of Denderah, in Egypt, about 2000 B.C. (now in Paris), she is likewise represented with a branch in her hand, but ignorantly explained by a false religion to represent _Isis_! Her name is called _Aspolia_, which means _ears of corn_, or _the seed_, which shows that though the woman is seen, it is her Seed who is the great subject of the prophecy.

Passing to the three constellations anciently assigned to the sign Virgo, we come to what may be compared to _three sections_ of the chapter, each giving some further detail as to the interpretation of its teaching.

1. COMA (The Woman and Child).

_The Desired of all Nations._

The first constellation in Virgo explains that this coming “Branch” will be a child, and that He should be the “Desire of all nations.”

The ancient name of this constellation is _Comah_,(28) _the desired_, or _the longed for_. We have the word used by the Holy Spirit in this very connection, in Hag. ii. 7: “The DESIRE of all nations shall come.”

Plate 2: Coma (the Desired)

The ancient Zodiacs pictured this constellation as a woman with a child in her arms. ALBUMAZAR(29) (or ABU MASHER), an Arabian astronomer of the eighth century, says, “There arises in the first Decan,(30) as the Persians, Chaldeans, and Egyptians, and the two HERMES and ASCALIUS teach, _a young woman_, whose Persian name denotes a pure virgin, sitting on a throne, _nourishing an infant boy_ (the boy, I say), having a Hebrew name, by some nations called IHESU, with the signification IEZA, which in Greek is called CHRISTOS.”

But this picture is not found in any of the _modern_ maps of the stars. There we find to‐day a woman’s wig! It appears that BERENICE, the wife of EUERGETES (PTOLEMY III.), king of Egypt in the third century B.C., when her husband once went on a dangerous expedition, vowed to consecrate her fine head of hair to Venus if he returned in safety. Her hair, which was hung up in the Temple of Venus, was subsequently stolen, and to comfort BERENICE, CONON, an astronomer of Alexandria (B.C. 283‐222), gave it out that Jupiter had taken it and made it a constellation!

This is a good example of how the meaning of other constellations have been perverted (ignorantly or intentionally). In this case, as in others, the transition from ancient to more modern languages helped to hide the meaning. The Hebrew name was COMA (_desired_). But the Greeks had a word for hair, _Có‐me_. This again is transferred to the Latin _coma_, and thus “_Coma Berenicæ_” (_the hair of Berenice_) comes down to us to‐day as the name of this constellation, and gives us a woman’s wig instead of that Blessed One, “the Desire of all Nations.”

In this case, however, we are able to give absolute proof that this is a perversion.

The ancient Egyptian name for this constellation was _Shes‐nu, the desired son_!

The Zodiac in the Temple of Denderah, in Egypt, going back at least 2,000 years B.C., has no trace of any hair, but it has the figure of a woman and child. In our illustration we have given a copy of this very ancient picture, and not the wig of hair!

We have been permitted to trace it from a work on _Egyptian Scenery_ by the late eminent astronomer, Edward J. Cooper, of Markree Castle, co. Sligo, who visited that Temple in the year 1820 with an Italian artist, Signor Bossi. The original drawing from which our tracing is made (and enlarged) was drawn by Signor Bossi on the spot, before it was taken to Paris in 1821.(31) We thus have before us the exact representations of one of these star‐pictures at least 4,000 years old.

Even Shakespeare understood the truth about this constellation picture, which has been so long covered by modern inventions. In his _Titus Andronicus_(32) he speaks of an arrow being shot up to heaven to the “_Good boy in Virgo’s lap._”

The constellation itself is very remarkable. Others contain one or two stars of the first or second magnitude, and then a greater or less variety of lesser stars; but this is peculiar from having no one very bright star, but contains so many stars of the 4th and 5th magnitudes. It contains 43 stars altogether, ten being of the 4th magnitude, and the remainder of the 5th, 6th, etc.

It was in all probability the constellation of _Coma_ in which “the Star of Bethlehem” appeared. There was a traditional prophecy, well‐known in the East, carefully preserved and handed down, that a new star would appear in this sign when He whom it foretold should be born.

This was, doubtless, referred to in the prophecy of Balaam, which would thus receive a double fulfilment, first of the literal “Star,” and also of the person to whom it referred. The Lord said by Balaam (Num. xxiv. 17),

“There shall come(33) a star out of Jacob, And a sceptre shall rise out of Israel.”

Thomas Hyde, an eminent Orientalist (1636‐1703), writing on the ancient religion of the Persians, quotes from ABULFARAGIUS (an Arab Christian Historian, 1226‐1286), who says that ZOROASTER, or ZERDUSHT, the Persian, was a pupil of Daniel the Prophet, and that he predicted to the Magians (who were the astronomers of Persia), that when they should see _a new star_ appear it would notify the birth of a mysterious child, whom they were to adore. It is further stated in the _Zend Avesta_ that this new star was to appear in the sign of the Virgin. Some have supposed that this passage is not genuine. But whether it was interpolated before or after the event, it is equally good evidence for our purpose here. For if it was written _before_ the event, it is evidence of the _prophetic announcement_; and if it was interpolated _after_ the event it is evidence of the _historic fact_.

The Book of Job shows us how Astronomy flourished in Idumea; and the Gospel according to Matthew shows that the Persian Magi, as well as others, were looking for “the Desire of all nations.”

New stars have appeared again and again. It was in 125 B.C. that a star, so bright as to be seen in the day‐time, suddenly appeared. It was this that caused HIPPARCHUS to draw up his catalogue of stars, which has been handed down to us by PTOLEMY (150 A.D.).

This new star would show the _latitude_, passing at that time immediately overhead at midnight, every twenty‐four hours; while the prophecy would give the _longitude_ as the land of Jacob. Having these two factors, it would be only a matter of observation, and easy for the Magi to find the place where it would be vertical, and thus to locate the very spot of the birth of Him of whom it was the sign, for they emphatically called it “His Star.” There is a beautiful tradition which relates how, in their difficulty, on their way from Jerusalem to find the actual spot under the _Zenith_ of this star, these Magi sat down beside David’s “Well of Bethlehem” to refresh themselves. There they saw the star reflected in the clear water of the well. Hence it is written that “when they saw the star they rejoiced with exceeding joy,” for they knew they were at the very spot and place of His appearing whence He was to “come forth.”

There can be little doubt that it was _a new star_. In the first place a new star is no unusual phenomenon. In the second place the tradition is well supported by ancient Christian writers. One speaks of its “surpassing brightness.” Another (IGNATIUS, Bp. of Antioch, A.D. 69) says, “At the appearance of the Lord a star shone forth brighter than all the other stars.” IGNATIUS, doubtless, had this from those who had actually seen it! PRUDENTIUS (4th cent. A.D.) says that not even the morning star was so fair. Archbishop Trench, who quotes these authorities, says “This star, I conceive, as so many ancients and moderns have done, to have been a new star in the heavens.”

One step more places this new star in the constellation of COMA, and with new force makes it indeed “His star”—the “Sign” of His “coming forth from Bethlehem.” Will it be “the sign of the Son of Man in heaven” (Matt. xxiv. 30) when He shall “come unto” this world again to complete the wondrous prophecies written of Him in the heavenly and earthly Revelations?(34)

Thus does the constellation of COMA reveal that the coming “Seed of the woman” was to be a child born, a son given.

But He was to be more: He was to be God and man—two natures in one person! This is the lesson of the next picture.

2. CENTAURUS (The Centaur).

_The Despised Sin‐offering_.

It is the figure of a being with two natures. Jamieson, in his _Celestial Atlas_, 1822, says, “On the authority of the most accomplished Orientalist of our own times, the Arabic and Chaldaic name of this constellation is בזה.” Now this Hebrew word _Bezeh_ (and the Arabic _Al Beze_) means _the despised_. It is the very word used of this Divine sufferer in Isa. liii. 3, “He is DESPISED (נִבְזֶה) and rejected of men.”

Plate 3: Centaurus (the Centaur)

The constellation contains thirty‐five stars. Two of the 1st magnitude, one of the 2nd, six of the 3rd, nine of the 4th, etc., which, together with the four bright stars in the Cross make a brilliant show in southern latitudes.

The brightest star, α (in the horse’s fore‐foot), has come down to us with the ancient name of _Toliman_, which means _the heretofore and hereafter_, marking Him as the one “which is, and which was, and which is to come—the Almighty” (Rev. i. 8). Sir John Herschell observed this star to be growing rapidly brighter. It may be, therefore, one of the changeable stars, and its name may be taken as an indication of the fact that it was known to the ancients.

Another name for the constellation was in Hebrew, _Asmeath_, which means a _sin‐offering_ (as in Isa. liii. 10).

The Greek name was _Cheiron_, which means _the pierced_, or _who pierces_. In the Greek fables _Cheiron_ was renowned for his skill in hunting, medicine, music, athletics, and prophecy. All the most distinguished heroes of Greece are described as his pupils. He was supposed to be immortal, but he voluntarily agreed to die; and, wounded by a poisoned arrow (not intended for him) while in conflict with a wild boar, he transferred his immortality to Prometheus; whereupon he was placed amongst the stars.

We can easily see how this fable is the ignorant perversion of the primitive Revelation. The true tradition can be seen dimly through it, and we can discern Him of whom it spoke,—the all‐wise, all‐powerful Teacher and Prophet, who “went about doing good,” yet “despised and rejected of men,” laying down His life that others might live.

It is one of the lowest of the constellations, _i.e._ the farthest south from the northern centre. It is situated immediately over the Cross, which bespeaks His own death; He is seen in the act of destroying the enemy.

Thus these star‐pictures tell us that it would be as a _child_ that the _Promised Seed_ should come forth and grow and wax strong in spirit and be filled with wisdom (Luke ii. 40); and that as a man having two natures He should suffer and die. Then the third and last section in this first chapter of this First Book goes on to tell of His second coming in glory.

3. BOÖTES (The Coming One).

_He cometh_.

This constellation still further develops this wondrous personage.

He is pictured as a man walking rapidly, with a spear in his right hand and a sickle in his left hand.

Plate 4: Boötes (the Coming One)

The Greeks called him _Bo‐ö‐tes_, which is from the Hebrew root _Bo_ (בּוֹא, _to come_), meaning _the coming_. It is referred to in Ps. xcvi. 13:—

“For He cometh, For He cometh to judge the earth; He shall judge the world in righteousness, And the people with His truth.”

It it probable that his ancient name was _Arcturus_(35) (as referred to in Job ix. 9), for this is the name of the brightest star, α (in the left knee). _Arcturus_ means _He cometh_.(36)

The ancient Egyptians called him _Smat_, which means _one who rules_, _subdues_, and _governs_. They also called him _Bau_ (a reminiscence of the more ancient _Bo_), which means also _the coming one_.

The star μ (in the spear‐head) is named _Al Katurops_, which means _the branch_, _treading under foot_.

The star ε (just below the waist on his right side) is called _Mirac_, or _Mizar_, or _Izar_. _Mirac_ means _the coming forth as an arrow_; _Mizar_, or _Izar_, means _the preserver_, _guarding_.

The star η is called _Muphride_, _i.e._ _who separates_.

The star β (in the head) is named _Nekkar_, _i.e._ _the pierced_ (Zech.