chapter xii., near close of vol. v. of the Didot edition of 1843; also,

_Jevons_, _Principles of Science_, vol. ii., p. 328.

[124] For a candid summary of the proofs from geology, astronomy, and zoölogy, that the Noachian Deluge was not universally or widely extended, see _McClintock and Strong_, _Cyclopædia of Biblical Theology and Ecclesiastical Literature_, article _Deluge_. For general history, see _Lyell_, _D'Archiac_, and _Vezian_. For special cases showing bitterness of the conflict, see the _Rev. Mr. Davis's Life of Rev. Dr. Pye Smith_, _passim_.

[125] For comparison between conduct of Italian and English ecclesiastics, as regards geology, see _Lyell_, _Principles of Geology_, tenth English ed., vol i., p. 33. For a philosophical statement of reasons why the struggle was more bitter, and the attempt at deceptive compromises more absurd in England than elsewhere, see _Maury_, _L'Ancienne Académie des Sciences_, second edition, p. 152.

[126] For these citations, see _Lyell_, _Principles of Geology_, introduction.

[127] See _Pye Smith, D. D._, _Geology and Scripture_, pp. 156, 157, 168, 169.

[128] _Wiseman_, _Twelve Lectures on the Connection between Science and Revealed Religion_, first American edition, New York, 1837.

[129] See _Silliman's Journal_, vol. xxx., p. 114.

[130] Prof. Goldwin Smith informs me that the papers of Sir Robert Peel, yet unpublished, contain very curious specimens of these epistles.

[131] See _Personal Recollections of Mary Somerville_, Boston, 1874, pp. 139 and 375. Compare with any statement of his religious views that Dean Cockburn was able to make, the following from Mrs. Somerville: "Nothing has afforded me so convincing a proof of the Deity as these purely mental conceptions of numerical and mathematical science which have been, by slow degrees, vouchsafed to man--and are still granted in these latter times, by the differential calculus, now superseded by the higher algebra--all of which must have existed in that sublimely omniscient mind from eternity."--See _Personal Recollections_, pp. 140, 141.

[132] For another great error of the Church in political economy, leading to injury to commerce, see _Lindsay_, _History of Merchant-Shipping_, London, 1874, vol. ii.

[133] See _Murray_, _History of Usury_, Philadelphia, 1866, p. 25; also, _Coquelin and Guillaumin_, _Dictionnaire de l'Économie Politique_, articles _Intérêt_ and _Usure_; also, _Lecky_, _History of Rationalism in Europe_, vol. ii., chapter vi.; also, _Jeremy Bentham's Defence of Usury_, Letter X.; also, _Mr. D. S. Dickinson's Speech in the Senate of New York_, vol. i. of his collected writings. Of all the summaries, Lecky's is by far the best.

[134] The texts cited most frequently were Leviticus xxv. 36, 37; Deuteronomy xxiii. 19; Psalms xv. 5; Ezekiel xviii. 8 and 17; St. Luke vi. 35. See _Lecky_; also, _Dickinson's Speech_, as above.

[135] See _Dictionnaire de l'Économie Politique_, articles _Intérêt_ and _Usure_ for these citations. For some doubtful reservations made by St. Augustine, see _Murray_.

[136] See citation of the Latin text in _Lecky_.

[137] For this moral effect, see _Montesquieu_, _Esprit des Lois_, lib. xxi., chap. xx.

[138] See citation in _Lecky_.

[139] See _Coquelin and Guillaumin_, article _Intérêt_.

[140] See _Craik's History of British Commerce_, chapter vi. The statute cited is _3 Henry VII._, chapter vi.

[141] See _Lecky_.

[142] See citation from the _Tischreden_, in _Guillaumin and Coquelin_, article _Intérêt_.

[143] See _Craik's History of British Commerce_, chapter vi.

[144] For citation, as above, see _Lecky_. For further account, see _Œuvres de Bossuet_, edition of 1845, vol. xi., p. 330.

[145] See citation from _Concina_ in _Lecky_; also, acquiescence in this interpretation by _Mr. Dickinson_, in _Speech in Senate of New York_, above quoted.

[146] See _Réplique des douze Docteurs_, etc., cited by Guillaumin and Coquelin.

[147] _Burton_, _History of Scotland_, vol. viii., p. 511. See, also, Mause Headrigg's views in Scott's _Old Mortality_, chapter vii. For the case of a person debarred from the communion for "raising the devil's wind" with a winnowing-machine, see _Works of Sir J. Y. Simpson_, vol.