CHAPTER VIII.

THE TROUBLES IN SPAIN.

Accession of Ferdinand VII.-- Apostolics and Liberals-- Disaffection of Ferdinand-- Carlist War-- Hatred of the Jesuits-- Atrocities of Espartero-- The Pope Protests-- Papal Encyclical-- Balmes and Cortes-- Concordat of 1851-- Attempt on the Life of the Queen-- Revolution of 1854-- Persecution and Calumny-- Protests of the Holy See-- Espartero Fails-- The Campaign of 1867-- Trickery of Napoleon III.-- Spain a Republic-- Persecution of Catholics-- Amadeus of Savoy-- The Republic of 1873-- Castillo-- Canovas in Power-- The Twentieth Century-- Canalejas-- Ferrer and the Barcelona Riots Page 379