CHAPTER VII.

WAR ON THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS.

Beginning of the War-- The Cabinet of Freemasons-- Waldeck-Rousseau-- The Associations Law of 1901-- Its Hypocritical Character-- Suppression of the Congregations-- Combes-- The Closing of Religious Establishments-- Expulsion of Monks and Nuns-- Character of Combes-- Early Attempts at Separation-- The Affair of "Nobis Nominavit"-- The Bishops of Laval and Dijon-- The Visit of President Loubet to Rome-- The Rupture of Diplomatic Relations With Rome-- The Discussion Upon the Separation Law-- Speech of M. Ribot-- The Separation Law Passed-- Its Chief Measures-- Sufferings of Catholics-- The Associations of Worship Condemned by the Holy See-- The Liquidation of Ecclesiastical Property-- The School Question in France Page 313