CHAPTER V.

THE KULTURKAMPF IN GERMANY.

(1) The Causes-- The Liberalism of the Rationalists-- The Liberalism of Pseudo-Catholics-- Günther-- Frohschammer-- Doellinger-- The Desire for Protestant Ascendancy-- The Hatred for Catholic Nations-- The Determination of Caesarism to Reduce All Religion to the Domination of the State-- (2) The Men-- Bismarck-- Bishop Ketteler-- Windthorst-- Malincrodt-- The Centre Party-- The Laws of Hate-- May Laws-- Courage of the Bishops-- War of Violence-- The Turn of the Tide-- Reconciliation Page 209