CHAPTER I.

THE EARLIER CRISES.

Influence of the Reformation-- Jansenism-- The Abbey of Port Royal-- Quesnel-- The Bull "Unigenitus"-- Destructive Influence of Jansenism-- Not Quite Extinguished Even Yet-- Quietism-- Molinos and Madame Guyon-- Louis XIV. and Gallicanism-- The Gallican Liberties-- Resistance to Them-- Gallicanism One of the Chief Causes of Anti-Christianism in France-- Van Espen and the Pseudo-Canonists-- Johannes von Hontheim, Known as Febronius-- His Hostility to the Papal Supremacy-- Scipio di Ricci-- The Congress of Ems-- Joseph II. of Austria and the Josephine Schism-- Suppression of the Society of Jesus-- The Sophists-- Voltaire and the Encyclopaedists-- Freemasonry-- Neo-Paganism Page 1