PART I

USAGES OF WAR AS REGARDS THE ENEMY’S ARMY

I WHO BELONGS TO THE HOSTILE ARMY 75

Regular Army--Irregular Troops--People’s Wars and National Wars.

II THE MEANS OF CONDUCTING WAR 84

A.--MEANS OF WAR DEPENDING ON FORCE 85

1. Annihilation, slaughter, and wounding of hostile combatants.

2. Capture of Enemy combatants: Modern conception of war captivity--Who is subject to it?--Point of view for treatment of prisoners of war--Right to put prisoners to death--Termination of the captivity--Transport of Prisoners.

3. Sieges and Bombardments: (_a_) Fortresses, strong places and fortified places. Notification of bombardment--Scope of bombardment--Treatment of civil population within an enemy’s fortress--Diplomatists of neutral States within a besieged fortress--Treatment of the fortress after storming it. (_b_) Open towns, villages, buildings and the like, which, however, are occupied or used for military purposes.

B.--METHODS NOT INVOLVING THE USE OF FORCE 110 Cunning and deceit--Lawful and unlawful stratagem.

III TREATMENT OF WOUNDED AND SICK SOLDIERS 115 Modern view of non-effective combatants--Geneva Convention--Hyenas of the battlefield.

IV INTERCOURSE BETWEEN BELLIGERENT ARMIES 117 Bearers of flags of truce--Treatment of them--Forms as to their reception.

V SCOUTS AND SPIES 124 The notion of a spy--Treatment.

VI DESERTERS AND RENEGADES 127

VII CIVILIANS IN THE TRAIN OF AN ARMY 128 General--Authorizations--The representatives of the Press.

VIII THE EXTERNAL MARK OF INVIOLABILITY 133

IX WAR TREATIES 135

A.--TREATIES OF EXCHANGE 135

B.--TREATIES OF CAPITULATION 136

C.--SAFE-CONDUCTS 140

D.--TREATIES OF ARMISTICE 141