CHAPTER XXIII.
General account of the skeleton in Mammalia (_continued_). The skull and appendicular skeleton 455
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
FIG. PAGE
1 Diagrammatic sections of various forms of teeth 6
2 Cervical vertebrae of an Ox (_Bos taurus_) 15
3 Diagram of the skeleton of _Amphioxus lanceolatus_ 51
4 Dorsal, lateral, and ventral views of the skull of _Petromyzon marinus_ 56
5 Skull of a male _Chimaera monstrosa_ 65
6 Lateral view of the skull of a Dogfish (_Scyllium canicula_) 75
7 Semidorsal view of the pectoral girdle and fins of a Dogfish (_Scyllium canicula_) 80
8 Dorsal view of the pelvic girdle and fins of a male Dogfish (_Scyllium canicula_) 81
9 Dorsal and ventral views of the cranium of a Salmon (_Salmo salar_) from which most of the membrane bones have been removed 88
10 Lateral view of the chondrocranium of a Salmon (_Salmo salar_) 90
11 Lateral view of the skull of a Salmon (_Salmo salar_) 92
12 Mandibular and hyoid arches of a Cod (_Gadus morrhua_) 99
13 Right half of the pectoral girdle and right pectoral fin of a Cod (_Gadus morrhua_) 102
14 Diagram of a section through the jaw of a Shark (_Odontaspis americanus_) showing the succession of teeth 107
15 Part of the lower jaw of a Shark (_Galeus_) 108
16 Skulls of _Notidanus_ and _Cestracion_ 118
17 Dorsal view of the branchial arches of _Heptanchus_ 120
18 Lateral view of the skull of a Sturgeon (_Acipenser sturio_) 122
19 Dorsal and ventral views of the cranium of _Ceratodus miolepis_ 125
20 Lateral view of the skeleton of _Ceratodus miolepis_ 128
21 Dorsal, ventral and lateral views of the skull of a Newt (_Molge cristata_) 142
22 Ventral and lateral views of the shoulder-girdle and sternum of an old male Crested Newt (_Molge cristata_) 146
23 Right posterior and anterior limbs of a Newt (_Molge cristata_) 148
24 Dorsal and ventral views of the cranium of a Common Frog (_Rana temporaria_) 155
25 Dorsal and ventral views of the cranium of a Common Frog (_Rana temporaria_) from which the membrane bones have mostly been removed 157
26 Lateral view of the skull and posterior view of the cranium of a Common Frog (_Rana temporaria_) 159
27 Dorsal view of the skull of a Labyrinthodont (_Capitosaurus nasutus_) 176
28 Ventral view of the cranium, and lateral view of the cranium and mandible of _Siphonops annulatus_ 178
29 Visceral arches of Amphibia: A, _Molge cristata_; B, _Rana temporaria_, adult; C, Tadpole of _Rana_; D, _Siredon pisciformis_ 181
30 Shoulder-girdle and sternum of an adult male Common Frog (_Rana temporaria_), and of an adult female _Docidophryne gigantea_ 183
31 A, Right antibrachium and manus of a larval Salamander (_Salamandra maculosa_); B, Right tarsus and adjoining bones of _Molge sp._ 186
32 Lateral and dorsal views of the skull of an _Ichthyosaurus_ 196
33 Lateral view and longitudinal section of the skull of a Lizard (_Varanus varius_) 201
34 Lateral view of the shoulder-girdle of a Lizard (_Varanus_) 202
35 Restored skeleton of _Ceratosaurus nasicornis_ 206
36 Dorsal and ventral views of the carapace of a Loggerhead Turtle (_Thalassochelys caretta_) 216
37 Plastron of a Green Turtle (_Chelone midas_) 218
38 The skull of a Green Turtle (_Chelone midas_) 223
39 Longitudinal vertical section through the cranium of a Green Turtle (_Chelone midas_) 226
40 Anterior limb of a young Hawksbill Turtle (_Chelone imbricata_), and posterior limb of a large Green Turtle (_Chelone midas_) 234
41 The first four cervical vertebrae of a Crocodile (_Crocodilus vulgaris_) 239
42 Anterior view of a late thoracic and the first sacral vertebrae of a Crocodile (_Crocodilus palustris_) 242
43 Palatal aspect of the cranium and mandible of an Alligator (_Caiman latirostris_) 245
44 Lateral view of the skull of an Alligator (_Caiman latirostris_) 248
45 Longitudinal section through the skull of an Alligator (_Caiman latirostris_) 253
46 Sternum and associated membrane bones of a Crocodile (_Crocodilus palustris_) 261
47 Left half of the pectoral girdle of an Alligator (_Caiman latirostris_) 262
48 Right anterior and posterior limbs of an Alligator (_Caiman latirostris_) 264
49 Pelvis and sacrum of an Alligator (_Caiman latirostris_) 267
50 Preparation of part of the right mandibular ramus of _Crocodilus palustris_ 274
51 Dorsal and ventral views of the skull of a Common Snake (_Tropidonotus natrix_) 279
52 Skull of Hatteria (_Sphenodon punctatus_) 282
53 Hyoids of an Alligator (_Caiman latirostris_), and of a Green Turtle (_Chelone midas_) 285
54 Ventral view of the shoulder-girdle and sternum of _Loemanctus longipes_ 287
55 Left half of the skeleton of a Common Fowl (_Gallus bankiva_) 301 56 The wing of a Wild Duck (_Anas boschas_) 304
57 Wings of a Wild Duck with the coverts removed (_Anas boschas_) 305
58 Dorsal and ventral views of the pelvis and sacrum of a Duck (_Anas boschas_) 311
59 Skull of a Duck (_Anas boschas_) 312
60 A, Ventral view of the cranium of a Duck (_Anas boschas_); B, Cranium and mandible seen from the left side 313
61 Lateral view of the pelvis and sacrum of a Duck (_Anas boschas_) 325 62 Third cervical vertebra of an Ostrich (_Struthio camelus_) 331
63 Shoulder-girdle and sternum of A, Black Vulture (_Vultur cinereus_); B, Peacock (_Pavo cristatus_); C, Pelican (_Pelicanus conspicillatus_) 337
64 Bones of the right wing of A, a Penguin; B, an Ostrich (_Struthio camelus_) and C, a Gannet (_Sula alba_) 339
65 Pelvic girdle and sacrum of A, Cassowary (_Casuarius galeatus_); B, Owen's Apteryx (_A. oweni_); C, Broad-billed Rhea (_R. macrorhyncha_); D, Ostrich (_Struthio camelus_) 340
66 Ventral view of the shoulder-girdle and sternum of a Duckbill (_Ornithorhynchus paradoxus_) 347
67 Cervical vertebrae of a Ca'ing Whale (_Globicephalus melas_) 354
68 Dentition of a Dog (_Canis familiaris_) 375
69 Atlas and axis vertebrae of a Dog (_Canis familiaris_) 379
70 Second thoracic and second lumbar vertebrae of a Dog (_Canis familiaris_) 382
71 Diagram of the relations of the principal bones in the Mammalian skull 385
72 Vertical longitudinal section through skull of a Dog (_Canis familiaris_) 387
73 Dorsal view of the cranium of a Dog (_Canis familiaris_) 389
74 Diagram of the mammalian tympanic cavity and associated bones 391
75 Ventral view of the cranium of a Dog (_Canis familiaris_) 396
76 Sternum and sternal ribs of a Dog (_Canis familiaris_) 403
77 Bones of the left upper arm and fore-arm of a Dog (_Canis familiaris_) 407
78 Right innominate bone, A, of a full-grown Terrier; B, of a Collie Puppy 410
79 Left leg bones of a Dog (_Canis familiaris_) 411
80 A, Right manus; B, Right pes of a Dog (_Canis familiaris_) 413
81 Skull of a young Indian Rhinoceros (_R. unicornis_) showing the change of the dentition 421
82 Palatal aspect of the cranium and mandible of a Donkey (_Equus asinus_) 431
83 Skull of _Procavia (Dendrohyrax) dorsalis_ 433
84 Carnassial or sectorial teeth of Carnivora 436
85 Mandible of Isabelline Bear (_Ursus isabellinus_) 438
86 Left mandibular ramus of the Sea Leopard (_Ogmorhinus leptonyx_) 439
87 Cervical vertebrae of a young Fin Whale (_Balaenoptera musculus_) 444
88 Atlas and axis vertebrae of an Ox (_Bos taurus_) 445
89 First and second thoracic vertebrae of an Ox (_Bos taurus_) 449
90 Skulls of Tasmanian Wolf (_Thylacinus cynocephalus_) and Hairy-nosed Wombat (_Phascolomys latifrons_) 456
91 Skull of Two-fingered Sloth (_Choloepus didactylus_) 458
92 Skull of _Rhytina stelleri_ 460
93 Lateral view and longitudinal section of the skull of a young Ca'ing Whale (_Globicephalus melas_) 463
94 Cranium and mandible of a Pig (_Sus scrofa_) 466
95 Mandible of a Hippopotamus (_Hippopotamus amphibius_) 467
96 Skull of a young Indian Elephant (_Elephas indicus_) 474
97 Longitudinal section of the skull of a young Indian Elephant (_Elephas indicus_) 475
98 Half-front view of the skull of a Porcupine (_Hystrix cristata_) 477 99 Skulls of an old and of a young Gorilla (_Gorilla savagei_) 483
100 Malleus, stapes, and incus of Man, Dog, and Rabbit 485
101 Skeleton of a Cape Buffalo (_Bubalus caffer_) 492
102 Lateral and dorsal views of the shoulder-girdle and part of the sternum of the Spiny Anteater (_Echidna aculeata_) 494
103 Skeleton of a Llama (_Auchenia glama_) 496
104 Dorsal view of the sternum and right half of the shoulder girdle of _Mus sylvaticus_ 498
105 Anterior surface of the right humerus of a Wombat (_Phascolomys latifrons_) 500
106 Manus of Perissodactyles: A, Left manus of _Tapirus_; B, Right manus of _Titanotherium_; C, Left manus of _Chalicotherium giganteum_ 508
107 Left manus of A, _Coryphodon hamatus_; B, _Phenacodus primaevus_; C, _Procavia (Dendrohyrax) arboreus_ 510
108 Left anterior and posterior limbs and limb girdles of _Uintatherium mirabile_ 516
109 Left femur of an Ox (_Bos taurus_) and of a Sumatran Rhinoceros (_Rhinoceros sumatrensis_) 518
110 Pes of A, a Tapir (_Tapirus americanus_); B, a Rhinoceros (_Rhinoceros sumatrensis_); C, _Hipparion gracile_; D, a Horse (_Equus caballus_) 524
ERRATA.
p. 172, note, _for_ 14 _read_ 15.
p. 279, description of figure, _for_ Tropidinotus _read_ Tropidonotus.
p. 287, description of figure, _for_ shoulder-girdle of sternum _read_ shoulder-girdle and sternum.
p. 393, middle of page, _for_ VIII _read_ VII.
p. 427, line 2, _for_ Grampus _read_ Killer.