Chapter 73

Texts as the one last quoted do not refer to the released soul, but either to deep sleep or to 'union' (sampatti), i.e. the time of dying; the latter in accordance with the text 'then his speech is united (sampadyate) with his mind,--heat with the highest divinity' (Ch. Up. VI, 15, 1). In both those states the soul attains to the highest Self and is unconscious. That in the states of deep sleep and dying the soul is unconscious and that the released soul is all-knowing, Scripture reveals. The text 'In truth he thus does not know himself that he is I, nor does he know anything that exists. He is gone to utter annihilation. I see no good in this' (Ch. Up. VIII, 11, 1) declares that the soul is unconscious in the state of deep sleep; and a subsequent text in the same section declares the released soul to be all-knowing, 'He seeing these pleasures with the divine eye, i.e. the mind, rejoices' (VIII, 12, 5). The same is clearly stated in the text,'He who sees this sees everything, and obtains everything everywhere' (VII, 2, 6, 2). That at death there is unconsciousness appears from the text, 'having risen from these elements he vanishes again in them. When he has departed there is no more knowledge' (Bri. Up. IV, 5, 13). From all this it follows that the text as to the soul being held in embrace by the prâjña Self refers either to deep sleep or death.--Here terminates the adhikarana of 'non- being.'

17. With the exception of world-energy; on account of leading subject- matter and of non-proximity.

The doubt here presents itself whether the power of the released soul is a universal power such as belongs to the Supreme Person, extending to the creation, sustentation, and so on, of the worlds; or is limited to the intuition of the Supreme Person.--The Pûrvapakshin maintains the former view. For he says Scripture declares that the soul reaches equality with the Supreme Person: 'Free from stain he reaches the highest equality' (Mu. Up. III, 1, 3); and moreover Scripture ascribes to the released soul the power of realising all its thoughts. And these two conditions are not fulfilled unless the soul possess the special powers of the Lord with regard to the government, &c., of the world.--To this the Sûtra replies, 'with the exception of world-energy.' The released soul, freed from all that hides its true nature, possesses the power of intuitively beholding the pure Brahman, but does not possess the power of ruling and guiding the different forms of motion and rest belonging to animate and inanimate nature.--How is this known?--'From subject-matter.' For it is with special reference to the highest Brahman only that the text mentions ruling and controlling power over the entire world. 'That from whence these beings are born, that through which they live when born, that into which they enter at death, endeavour to know that; that is Brahman' (Taitt. Up. III, 1, 1). If such universal ruling and controlling power belonged to the released soul as well, it would not be used--as the text actually uses it--for defining Brahman; for all definition rests on special individual attributes. Analogously many other texts speak of universal ruling and controlling power with exclusive reference to the Supreme Person--'Being only this was in the beginning, &c.--it thought, may I be many' (Ch. Up. VI, 2); 'In the beginning this was Brahman, one only--it created the most excellent Kshattra,' &c. (Bri. Up. I, 4, 11); 'In the beginning all this was Self, one only--it thought, let me send forth these worlds' (Ait. Âr. II, 4, 1, 1); 'There was Narayana alone, not Brahmâ, and so on.' 'He who dwelling within the earth,' &c. (Bri. Up. III, 7, 3).--This also follows 'from non-proximity'; for in all those places which speak of world-controlling power the context in no way suggests the idea of the released soul, and hence there is no reason to ascribe such power to the latter.

18. If it be said that this is not so, on account of direct teaching; we reply not so, on account of the texts declaring that which abides within the spheres of those entrusted with special functions.

But, an objection is raised, certain texts directly declare that the released soul also possesses 'world-energy.' Compare 'He becomes a self- ruler; he moves in all worlds according to his wishes' (Ch. Up. VII, 25, 2); 'He moves through these worlds, enjoying any food he wishes, and assuming any shape he wishes' (Taitt. Up. III, 10, 5). We cannot therefore accept the restriction laid down in the last Sûtra.--Not so, the latter half of the present Sûtra declares, 'on account of the texts declaring that which abides in the spheres of those entrusted with special functions.' The meaning of the texts quoted is that the released soul participates in the enjoyments connected with the spheres of Hiranyagarbha and other beings which are entrusted with special functions. The soul whose knowledge is no longer obstructed by Karman freely enjoys all the different worlds in which the power of Brahman manifests itself and thus is fully satisfied.--But if the released soul, no less than the soul implicated in the Samsâra, experiences enjoyments belonging to the sphere of change, it follows that the sum of its enjoyments is finite and limited, and that hence the released soul is no better off than the soul in the state of bondage!--Of this doubt the next Sûtra disposes.

19. That which is not within change; for thus Scripture declares the abiding (of the soul).

That which is not within change, i.e. the highest Brahman which is free from all change and of an absolutely perfect and blessed nature--this, together with the manifestations of its glory, is what forms the object of consciousness for the released soul. The worlds which are subject to change thus form objects for that soul's experience, in so far as they form part of Brahman's manifestation. For Scripture declares that the released soul thus abides within, i.e. is conscious of the changeless highest Brahman, 'when he finds freedom from fear and an abode in that which is invisible, incorporeal, undefined, unsupported, then he obtains the fearless' (Taitt. Up. II, 7). And that the world is contained within Brahman as its manifestation is declared in the text, 'In that all the worlds abide, and no one goes beyond' (Ka. Up. II, 5, 8). The meaning of the text stating that the Released freely move in all worlds, and similar texts, therefore is only that the released soul while conscious of Brahman with its manifestations experiences also the enjoyments, lying within the sphere of change, which abide in the world of Hiranyagarbha and similar beings; not that it possesses the world- energies--creative, ruling, and so on--which are the distinctive attribute of the highest Lord.

20. And thus Perception and Inference show.

That the energies connected with the rule of the entire world are exclusive attributes of the highest Person, Scripture and Smriti alike declare. Compare scriptural texts such as 'From fear of him the wind blows,' &c. (Taitt. Up. II, 8, 1); 'By the command of that Imperishable one sun and moon stand, held apart' (Bri. Up. III, 9); 'He is the lord of all, the king of all beings, the protector of all beings' (Bri. Up. IV, 4, 22). And Smriti texts such as 'With me as Supervisor, Prakriti brings forth the Universe of the movable and the immovable, and for this reason the world ever moves round'; 'Pervading this entire Universe by a portion of mine I do abide' (Bha. Gî. IX, 10; X, 42). Scripture and Smriti likewise declare that of the bliss which is enjoyed by the released soul the highest Person alone is the cause--'For he alone causes blessedness' (Taitt. Up. II, 7); 'He who serves me with unswerving devotion, surpasses these qualities and is fitted for becoming one with Brahman. For I am the abode of Brahman, of infinite immortality, of everlasting virtue, and of absolute bliss' (Bha. Gî. XIV, 26-27). The exalted qualities of the soul--freedom from evil and sin and so on--which manifest themselves in the state of Release no doubt belong to the soul's essential nature; but that the soul is of such a nature fundamentally depends on the Supreme Person, and on him also depends the permanency of those qualities; they are permanent in so far as the Lord himself on whom they depend is permanent. It is in the same way that all the things which constitute the means of enjoyment and sport on the part of the Lord are permanent in so far as the Lord himself is permanent. It thus appears that the equality to the Lord which the released soul may claim does not extend to the world-ruling energies.

21. And on account of the indication of the equality of enjoyment only.

The previous conclusion is confirmed by the further fact that the text directly teaches the released soul to be equal to Brahman in so far only as enjoying direct insight into the true nature of Brahman. 'He reaches all objects of desire, together with the all-knowing Brahman' (Taitt. Up. II, 1, 1).--The conclusion thus is that we have to shape our ideas as to the powers of the released soul in accordance with what the texts say as to the Lord only possessing the power of ruling and controlling the entire world, and that hence the latter power cannot be attributed to the soul.--But if the powers of the released soul altogether depend on the Lord, it may happen that He, being independent in all his doings, may will the released soul to return into the Sawsara.--Of this doubt the next Sûtra disposes.

22. Non-return, according to Scripture; non-return, according to Scripture.

We know from Scripture that there is a Supreme Person whose nature is absolute bliss and goodness; who is fundamentally antagonistic to all evil; who is the cause of the origination, sustentation, and dissolution of the world; who differs in nature from all other beings, who is all- knowing, who by his mere thought and will accomplishes all his purposes; who is an ocean of kindness as it were for all who depend on him; who is all-merciful; who is immeasurably raised above all possibility of any one being equal or superior to him; whose name is the _highest Brahman_. And with equal certainty we know from Scripture that this Supreme Lord, when pleased by the faithful worship of his Devotees--which worship consists in daily repeated meditation on Him, assisted by the performance of all the practices prescribed for each caste and âsrama-- frees them from the influence of Nescience which consists of karman accumulated in the infinite progress of time and hence hard to overcome; allows them to attain to that supreme bliss which consists in the direct intuition of His own true nature: and after that does not turn them back into the miseries of Samsâra. The text distinctly teaching this is 'He who behaves thus all his life through reaches the world of Brahman and does not return' (Ch. Up. VIII, 15). And the Lord himself declares 'Having obtained me great-souled men do not come into rebirth, the fleeting abode of misery; for they have reached the highest perfection. Up to the world of Brahma the worlds return again, O Arjuna; but having attained to me, O son of Kunti, there is no rebirth' (Bha. Gi. VIII, 1, 5-16). As, moreover, the released soul has freed itself from the bondage of karman, has its powers of knowledge fully developed, and has all its being in the supremely blissful intuition of the highest Brahman, it evidently cannot desire anything else nor enter on any other form of activity, and the idea of its returning into the Samsâra therefore is altogether excluded. Nor indeed need we fear that the Supreme Lord when once having taken to himself the Devotee whom he greatly loves will turn him back into the Samsâra. For He himself has said, 'To the wise man I am very dear, and dear he is to me. Noble indeed are all these, but the wise man I regard as my very Self. For he, with soul devoted, seeks me only as his highest goal. At the end of many births the wise man goes to me, thinking all is Vâsudeva. Such great-souled men are rarely met with' (Bha. Gî. VII, 17-19).--The repetition of the words of the Sûtra indicates the conclusion of this body of doctrine. Thus everything is settled to satisfaction.--Here terminates the adhikarana of 'with the exception of the world-energies.'

Here terminates the fourth pâda of the fourth adhyâya of the commentary on the Sârîraka Mîmâmsâ, composed by the reverend teacher Râmânuja. This completes the fourth adhyâya, and the whole work; and the entire body of doctrine is thus brought to a conclusion.

INDEX OF SANSKRIT WORDS

amsa, part,

akshara, the Imperishable,

akhyâti, the view that the attribute of one thing appears as that of another,

Agnirahasya, chapter in the Vâjasaneyaka (Sat. Bra. X),

Agnividyâ, knowledge of the Fires (i.e. Ch. Up. IV, 11-13),

agnihotra,

aghâtikarman,

anga, subordinate matter,

angin, principal matter,

ajada, intelligent,

ajadatva, intelligence,

ajâ,'the unborn' principle, goat,

ajñâna, non-knowledge, Nescience,

ajiva, non-soul,

anu, of atomic size,

atigraha,

ativâdin, one who makes a final supreme declaration,

Aditi, the individual soul,

adrishta, supersensuous, transcendental, the unseen principle

advitîya, without a second,

advaita-vâdin,

advaitin, he who holds the view of non-duality,

adharma, demerit,

adhikarana, chapter, passim.

adhipati, sense-organ,

adhyayana, learning,

adhyavasâya, the deciding,

adhyâsa, superimposition,

anavasâda, freedom from dejection,

anâtmatva, absence of selfhood,

anârabdhakârya, (works) the effects of which have not yet begun,

aniruddha, principle of egoity,

anirvakaniyatâ, inexplicability,

anirvakaniyatvâ,

anirvakaniyatâ-vadin,

anîsâ,

anukûla, agreeable,

anuddharsha, absence of exultation,

anupalabdhi, non-perception,

anubhûti, consciousness,

anumati, favour, permission,

anumâna, inference,

anuvâda, reference to what is established by other means, explanatory comment,

anusaya, remainder,

anusmriti, recognition,

anrita, untrue,

antahkarana, internal organ,

antaram, difference, interval, break,

antariksha, ether, atmosphere,

antaryâmin, the inner Ruler,

antaryami-brâhmana,

anna, food,

anvaya, connexion, presence,

apara, secondary, lowest,

aparokshatva, being that which does not transcend the senses,

apâna,

apurushârtha, non-advantageous,

apûrva, unprecedented, new, the supersensuous result of an action which later on produces the sensible result,

apratisahkhyâ,

abhâva, absence of something, non-existence,

abhimâna, misconception,

abhivimâna,

abheda, non-distinction,

amûrta, undefined,

amrita,

amauna, non-mauna (see mauna),

arthavâda, an additional statement,

arthâpatti,

avagati, consciousness,

avatâra, incarnation,

avidyâ, Nescience,

avivâkya, (day of Soma sacrifice),

avyakta, the Unevolved,

avyâkritam, unevolved matter,

asvatva, generic character of horses,

asatkârya,

asatkâryavâda, the theory that the effect does not exist before its origination,

asatkhyâti, the view that the non-existing appears as existing,

asatya, untrue,

astikâya, existing body,

ahamkartri, organ of Egoity,

ahamkâra, the 'I,' egoity,

aham, 'I,' a secret name of Brahman,

ahar, a secret name of Brahman,

ahîna, class of sacrifices,

âkânkshâ, expectancy,

âkâsa, ether,

âkâra, conduct,

âtmakhyâti, the view that the Self appears as a thing,

atman, Self,

âtmabhâva, own being,

Âditya, Sun,

âdesa, instruction,

ânanda, bliss,

ânandamaya, consisting of bliss,

ânumâna, object of inference,

ânumânika, to be inferred,

âbhâsa, appearance,

ârambhana that which is taken or touched,

ârambhana-adhikarana,

Ârhata, a Jaina,

âlambhana,

âsrama, stage of life,

âsrava, influx,

itikartavyatâ, mode of procedure,

indriya, sense-organ,

îksh, to think,

îsvara, the Lord,

utpatti, being originated,

udâna,

udgâtri,

udgîtha,

udgîtha-vidyâ,

unmana, measure,

upakurvâna, a Brahmakârin who has completed his course of study and becomes a householder,

Upakosala-vidyâ,

upalakshana, secondary mark,

upasad, certain offerings,

upâdâna, material cause,

upâdhi, limiting adjunct,

upâs, to meditate,

upâsana, meditation,

upâsana, meditation,

ûha, a kind of cognitional activity,

rita,

ekavâkyatva, syntactical unity,

aisvarya, lordly power, superior existence,

om, omkâra, the syllable Om, aupâdhika, limiting adjuncts,

karana, instrument, activity, action, the instrumental case,

karmakânda,

karman, action, works, good and evil deeds,

karma-bhâvanâ,

karma-mîmâmsâ,

kalpa, world period,

kalpaka, the shaping agent,

kalpana, formation, i.e.creation,

kalyâna, virtuous conduct,

kâpâla, skull,

kâma, desired thing,

kârya, thing to be done,

kâla, time,

Kundapâyinâm ayanam,

kriti, action,

kaivalya, isolation,

kriyâ, action, works,

kshetrajña, embodied soul,

khanda, a piece,

khyâti,

gati, the going,

guna, quality, attribute, secondary matter, details,

godohana, a sacrificial vessel,

graha,

ghanî-bhûta, concreted,

ghâtikarman,

kfaturmukha, four-faced,

kamasa, cup,

karana, conduct, works,

kitta, mind,

kid-rûpa, essentially intelligent,

kinta, thinking,

kaitanya, intelligence,

kaitta, mental,

gada, non-intelligent,

gâti, generic character,

giva, individual soul,

gîva âtmâ, living Self,

givaghana,

givanmukta, released in this life,

gîvanmukti, release in this life,

gña., knower,

gñâtri, knower,

gñâna., knowledge, consciousness, pl. forms of knowledge,

tajjalan,

tatkratuh, according to what his thought is,

tattva of the Sânkhyas,

tat tvam asi,

tanu, body,

tan-maya, consisting of that,

tanmâtra, the subtle matter,

tapas, austerity,

tamas, darkness,

tarka, ratiocination,

tukch, futile,

tejas, fire or heat,

taijasa, active,

tyat, that,

dama,

dahara-vidyâ,

daharâkâsa, small ether,

dîkshâ, initiatory ceremony,

devamâyâ,

desa, place,

dosha, imperfection, a».

dravya, substance,

dvâdasâha, the twelve days' sacrifice,

dviparârdha,

dvîpa, island,

dvaita, duality,

dvaitavâdin, (the Vaiseshika) who holds the view of duality,

dharma, attribute,

dhyâna, devout meditation,

dhyana-vidhi,

dhyai, to meditate or to know,

nâdî, vein,

nâda, tone,

nâmadheya, name,

nitya, permanent,

nityânityavastuviveka,

nididhyâsana, meditation,

nididhyâsitavya, to be meditated upon,

nimitta, cause,

niyoga, i.e. apûrva, supersensuous result of an action which later on products the sensible result,

niranvaya, absolute,

nirupâkhya, non-entity,

nirjara, decay,

nirvikalpaka, non-determinate,

Nishâda-sthapati,

nivâra, wild rice,

naimittika, contingent,

naishhthika, a perpetual religious student observing the vow of chastity,

pañkaganah, 'five-people,'

pañkâgni-vidyâ,

pada, word,

padârtha, a thing,

para, highest,

paramâtman, higher Self,

paramesara, highest Lord,

parinama, modification,

paryâya, particular states of substances

pâñditya, learning,

pâriplava, a performance of the Asvamedha sacrifice,

pârivrajaka, an ascetic,

pârivrâjya, the wandering about as a mendicant,

putika, a plant,

pudgala, body,

purusha soul,

purushavakas, to he designated by the term 'man,'

purusha-vidyâ,

purushottama, the highest Person,

pûrvapaksha, primâ facie view,

pûrvapakshin, he who holds the primâ facie view, passim.

prakarana, leading subject-matter,

prakâra, mode,

prakâs, to shine forth,

prakâsa, light,

prakriti, primeval matter, originating principle, nature,

prakriyâ, subject-matter,

prajñamatrah, subjects,

pranava, the syllable Om,

Pratardana-vidyâ (i.e. Kau. Up III),

pratikûla, disagreeable,

pratîjñâ, initial statement,

pratlbuddha atma, the Self of intelligence,

pratisankhya,

pratîka, symbol,

pratyaksha, perception, presentative thought,

pratyakshatâ, immediate presentation,

pratyag-âtman, the individual soul,

pratyaa, consciousness,

pratyâhâra, complete restraining of the senses from receiving external impressions,

prathiman, solid extension,

pradesa, space,

pradyumna, the internal organ,

pradhâna, principal matter, non-sentient principle,

pradhâna, a superior,

prabhâ, light,

prayojana, final cause,

pralaya, destruction of the world,

prâgña, knowing, conscious, intelligent, the personal Self, the highest Self,

prâna, breath, breathing out; soul; Breath, a name of Brahman,

prâna, pl. organs and vital breath,

prânamaya, consisting of breath,

prânâgnihotra,

prâdesamâtra,

prâpti, the being obtained,

prâyaskitta, expiatory rite,

prerakatva, prompting quality,

phala, result,

phalavidhi, injunction of results,

bâdha, sublation,

bâdhita, sublated,

bâlya, childlike state,

buddhi, internal organ, intellect,

brimh, root from which 'Brahman' is derived,

brimhana, growth,

brihat, great,

brihattva, greatness,

brahmakarya, chastity,

brahmagignâsâ, enquiry into Brahman,

brahmatva, Brahma-hood,

brahman,

brahma-bhâvanâ,

brahmavidyâ, knowledge of Brahman,

brahmasamstha, founded on Brahman,

bhakti, devotion, devout meditation,

bhagavat, the Lord, then a holy person,

bhagâsana,

bhâkta, secondary or figurative,

bhâva, entity,

bhinna, separate,

bhinnatva, difference,

bhûta, beings,

bhûta, element,

bhûtamâtrâh, objects,

bhûtâdi, originator of the elements,

bhûman,'muchness,' fulness of bliss,

bhûma-vidyâ (Ch. Up. VII, 2),

bheda, difference,

bhedâbheda, view that there is difference and absence of difference at the same time,

bhautika, elemental,

bhrama, erroneous cognition, error,

bhrânti, illusion,

madhu, 'honey,' the sun,

madhuividyâ,

manana, reflection,

manas, internal organ, mind,

mantavya, to be reflected on,

mantra,

-maya, consisting of, made of,

Mahat, the Great Principle (of the Sânkhya),

mahâvrata-brâhmana,

mâtrâ, mora (metrical unit),

mânasa, mental (offering of a Soma cup),

mâyâ,

mâyin, possessing mâyâ,

mithyâ, false,

mithyâtva, falsehood,

mukta, released,

mukhya prâna, chief vital air,

mudrâ, a badge,

muni,

mûrta, defined,

mauna, Muni-hood, state of a Muni,

yathâkratub, according as his thought is,

yushmad-artha, the objective element,

yoga, mystic concentration of mind,

yogayug, practitioner of Yoga,

yogasiddha, perfected by Yoga,

yogyatâ, compatibility,

yoni, female organ of generation,

rajas, passion,

rahasya-brâhmana,

râga, passion,

rukaka = nishka,

rûpa, form, character,

lakshanâ, implied meaning, implication,

linga, inferential mark,

vastu, substance,

vâkya, syntactical connexion,

vâkyabheda, split of a sentence,

vâyu, wind,

vâasanâ, a flow of ideas, states of consciousness,

vikâra, effected thing, effect,

vikriti, being Modified,

vijñâna, understanding, knowledge, idea,

vijñânamaya, consisting of understanding, (the soul in deep sleep).

vid, to know or to meditate,

vidyâ, form of meditation on Brahman,

viniyoga, application,

vipaskit, intelligent,

vipaskittva, intelligence,

vibhava, manifestation,

vibhûti, manifestation of power,

vimoka, freeness of mind,

vivrit, to manifest itself,

viveka, abstention,

viseshana, determining attribute,

vishaya, object,

virya, strength,

vritta, conduct,

vedana, knowledge,

vedanâ, sensation,

veda-vrata,

vaikârika, modified,

vaikhânasa, hermit,

vaisvarûpya, many-natured universe,

vaisvânara-vidyâ

vyavahâra, speech,

vyashti, discrete aspect (of the world),

vyâna,

vyâvahârika, conventional,

vyâvritti, individual difference,

vyûha, division,

sakti, power, potentiality,

sabda, sound,

sama,

sarira, body,

sâkhâ,

Sândilya-vidyâ,

sârira, joined to a body,

sâriraka (doctrine) of the embodied (self),

sâstra, science, scriptural injunction,

sirovrata, vow of (carrying fire on the) head,

sila, conduct,

subhâsraya, perfect object,

sudra (etymology),

sesha, supplementary,

seshin, principal matter to be subserved by other things,

sraddhi, faith, belief,

sravana, hearing,

sruti, scriptural statement, rg,

samyamana,

samyoga, conjunction,

samvara, a kind of deep meditation,

samvargavidyâ

samvid, consciousness,

samsâra,

samskâra, impression,

samskriti, the being made ready,