The Vaudois of Piedmont: A Visit to Their Valleys
Chapter 24
The first exercise of evangelical liberty accorded to the Vaudois Church was shown in the attempt to preach the gospel and establish a place of Protestant worship, at what, in point of geographical nearness, was the neighbouring city, but not in the past the _neighbourly_ city of Pinerolo. The work was, however, accomplished chiefly by the munificence of American Protestants. Then came the opening of the edifice, which so worthily represents the Vaudois cause in Turin. Beckwith took a very energetic part in this important work. But the actual modern mission work of the Vaudois Church may be said to have begun in May, 1849, when Professor Malan preached in the temple at St. Giovanni (for the first time for centuries past) the gospel in the Italian language.
The Count Guiccardini and some other persons of social position at Florence and its neighbourhood joined the Vaudois Church in 1850. The same year a Vaudois missionary was appointed to Turin, chiefly by the liberality of two English gentlemen, Messrs. Brewin and Milsom. In 1851 a great many refugees, for conscience' sake, from Florence (the result of evangelistic labours there), fled to Turin and swelled the numbers of the Vaudois congregation.
Also on the evening of the day on which was laid the foundation of the new temple, Mazzarella, a Neapolitan advocate, deputy of parliament, and judge of the court of appeal at Genoa, was one of ten catechumens received into the membership of the Vaudois Church.
At the same time the gospel was finding its way into Genoa, a city devoted to Mariolatry. On the very day on which the Table decided to send M. Geymonat from Turin to work in Genoa, they received an application by letter from Genoa to admit to their communion and ministry a very distinguished ex-priest of Rome. This was no other than Dr. De Sanctis, rector of the Magdalen and professor of theology, &c., at Rome. Excepting during a short period, to which I need not refer, the connection thus begun between Dr. De Sanctis and the Vaudois continued until his lamented death on the last day of December, 1869. But there are two points I will allude to. First, the incidental means of his conversion. This was by a little treatise put into his hands at a time when he was preparing a series of lectures in defence of the decrees of the Council of Trent as compared with the word of God.
Secondly, the ground on which he sought admission into the Vaudois Church. In the letter addressed to the Table, dated August 17th, 1852, he states that he had abandoned the Church of Rome for nearly five years, and from the moment of his separation until then his thoughts "always turned to the Church of the Valleys, _because he recognized it as the true, primitive, apostolic Italian Church_." "During these five years," he adds, "I have lived among Christians who have proposed to me many times, with a view to my temporal advantage, that I should join some church; but I have always refused, thinking that _an Italian, sincerely seeking the good of his compatriots, should not belong to any other church than the ancient Italian Church_." I have transcribed these words, because I feel strongly their importance as coming from one so well able to estimate the value of the Vaudois in its past history and its adaptation to the necessities and opportunities of evangelizing that country so much needing the gospel of Christ--the Italy of to-day. It seems to me that it is for this very purpose that the little community confined within so narrow a space, apart from the more populous and frequented parts of Europe, has been preserved, in spite of so many attempts at extermination. What the seven thousand who did not bow the knee to Baal were to the rest of Israel, so it would seem that the faithful few in the valleys of Piedmont are intended to be in reference to that new kingdom of Italy, of which they form one of the most ancient provinces. And the whole attitude and character of the Church of the Valleys confirms this feeling. They can appeal to their brother Italians as no foreigners can. Their very sufferings give them a right which cannot be ignored. Mazzarella eloquently acknowledged this when he visited La Torre. Again, by the removal of their college to Florence; their literary enterprise in such publications as the _Amico di Casa_, _Amico Dei Fanculli_, _La Rivista Christiana_; the talent, zeal, and organizing power of their missionary agency, they show themselves fully alive to the privileged responsibilities of their position in Italy, and fully entitled to the hearty confidence and liberal support of all who desire the supremacy of evangelic truth in that land which has been so long the head quarters of the papacy!
The following statement of agencies will confirm my assertion:--
+-------------------+------------------+----+----+----+----+---- DISTRICT. | STATION. | AGENTS. Pastors. | | | Evangelists. | | | | Communicants. | | | | | Day Scholars. | | | | | | Sunday | | | | | | Scholars. | | | | | | | -----------+-------------------+------------------+----+----+----+----+---- PIEDMONT |Susa |Sig. A. Castioni | .. | 1 | 14 | 0 | .. | | | | | | | ,, |Courmayeur |Sig. F. Costabel | .. | 1 | 17 | 15 | .. | | | | | | | ,, |Aosta and Vallata |Sig. S. Girardone | .. | 1 | 19 | 11 | 9 | | | | | | | ,, |Ivrea and } | | | | | | | neighbourhood } |Rev. Daniel Revel | 1 | .. | 70 | .. | 15 ,, |Castelrosso- } | | | | | | | Verolengo } | | | | | | | | | | | | | ,, |Pietra Marazzi |Sig. T. Pugno | .. | 1 | 24 | 6 | 4 | | | | | | | ,, |Monte Castello } |Sig. Rueggle | .. | 1 | 22 | 26 | 18 ,, |Pecetto } | | | | | | | | | | | | | ,, |Torino |Rev. Benjamin Pons| 1 | .. |108 |230 |190 | | | | | | | ,, |Pinerolo |Rev. Philip Cardon| 1 | .. |110 | 49 | 35 | | | | | | | LIGURIA |Genoa |Rev. Mattheo | 1 | .. |150 | 50 | 75 | | Prochet | | | | | | | | | | | | ,, |San Pier d'Arena |Rev. A. B. Tron | 1 | .. | 22 | 25 | 10 | | | | | | | ,, |Favale |Sig. Stefano | .. | 1 | 27 | 19 | 13 | | Cereghino | | | | | | | | | | | | LOMBARDY |Milan |Rev. Jn. David | 1 | .. |125 | 20 | 65 | | Turin | | | | | | | | | | | | ,, |Como and } |Rev. Daniel Gay | 1 | .. | 42 | 17 | 13 ,, | Val d'Intelvi } | | .. | .. | 28 | .. | .. | | | | | | | ,, |Brescia and } | }| 1 | .. | 42 | .. | 17 ,, | Castiglione } |Rev. John Pons(1)}| .. | | 16 | .. | 6 | delle Stiviere} | }| | | | | | | | | | | | ,, |Guidizzolo |Sig. P. Forneron | .. | 1 | 13 | 18 | 24 | | | | | | | VENETIA |Venice |Rev. John B. | 1 | .. |225 |103 | 96 | | Pons(2) | | | | | | | | | | | | ,, |Verona |Rev. John Pons | 1 | .. | 40 | 12 | 18 | | | | | | | EMILIA |Guastalla |Rev. B. Gardiol | 1 | | 51 | 28 | 26 | | | | | | | THE MARCHES|Ancona |Sigs. Calvino & | .. | 2 | 30 | .. | .. | | Vittorini | | | | | | | | | | | | COMARCA |Rome |{Rev. John Ribetti| 1 | .. | 68 | 76 | 45 | |{Rev. Henry Meille| 1 | .. | | | | | | | | | | NEAPOLITAN |Naples |{Rev. M. Devita | 1 | .. |150 |129 | 40 TERRITORY | |{Sig. Henry Tron | .. | 1 | | | ,, |Fragneto |{ | .. | .. | 8 | .. | .. | | | | | | | ,, |San Bartolommeo |Sig. Falletti | .. | 1 | 14 | .. | .. | | | | | | | SICILY |Catania |{Rev. Emilio Long}| 1 | 1 | 50 | 30 | 40 | |{Sig. A. Bellecci}| | | | | | | | | | | | | |{Rev. Augustus }| | | | | ,, |Messina |{ Malan }| 1 | 1 | 93 | 20 | 34 | |{Sig. G. G. Trom }| | | | | | | | | | | | ,, |Palermo |{Rev. John S. Kay}| 1 | 1 | 67 | 78 |36 | |{Sig. E. Bosio }| | | | | | | | | | | | ,, |Trabia |Sig. S. Trapani | .. | 1 | 7 | 44 | 24 | | | | | | | ,, |Trapani |Sig. G. Fasulo | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 15 | | | | | | | ,, |Riesi |{Rev. E. Long, }| 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |{ temporarily }| | | | | | | | | | | | | |{Rev. Auguste }| | | | | | |{ Meille, Rev. }| | | | | TUSCANY |Florence |{ Professors }| 4 | .. | 52 |120 | 38 | |{ Geymonat, A. }| | | | | | |{ Revel, and E. }| | | | | | |{ Comba }| | | | | | | | | | | | ,, |Pisa |Rev. P. Weitzecker| 1 | .. | 60 | 26 | 20 | | | | | | | | |{Supplied from }| | | | | ,, |Lucca |{ Florence }| | .. | 38 | 22 | 8 | |{ temporarily }| | | | | | | | | | | | ,, |Leghorn |Rev. P. Rostagno | 1 | .. | 78 |236 |130 | | | | | | | ,, |Rio Marina, Elba |Rev. S. Bonnetto | 1 | .. | 70 |158 | 22 -----------+-------------------+------------------+----+----+----+----+---- |40 Stations. | | 24 | 16 |1952|1568|1086 -----------+-------------------+------------------+----+----+----+----+----
From this it will be seen that the Waldensian Church has at this moment forty stations and forty missionaries labouring in Italy and Sicily, of whom twenty-four are ordained ministers who have attended the college curriculum of nine years required by the Waldensian Church, four are probationers who have also attended their whole college course, and only wait till their year of probation as missionaries has expired to be also ordained, and the other twelve are lay evangelists, or schoolmaster evangelists, who have given satisfactory proof of their piety and ability to teach. The number of day schools instituted in connection with these mission stations is fifty-eight, taught by fifty-nine teachers, and attended by 1,568 pupils, according to the return made to the Synod in August, though I am inclined to think that there has been an increase in the number since then. There are thirty-eight Sabbath schools, at which there has been an attendance of 1,086 scholars, the greater number of whom are children of parents still professing Catholicism. The congregations begin to recognise the obligation of doing something to support divine ordinances among themselves, and this year they have contributed to the funds of the Evangelization Commission the sum of 21,217,84 lires, about L848 sterling, being upwards of L400 sterling more than last year. The number of communicants up to the middle of August was 1,952, and that of catechumens 214, while the number of hearers was then stated at Sabbath worship at a maximum of 3,220. This is a brief account of the mission-work of the Waldensian Church in Italy, apart altogether from the pastoral and educational work carried on in the fifteen parishes of the valleys, and in the college of La Tour, which I have not time to enlarge on at present.
But whilst I desire to evoke the sympathy of English-speaking Christians everywhere on behalf of the Italian mission-work of the Waldensian Church, my chief object in sending out this little volume has been to call attention to some wants of the Vaudois in their own home-field. It is delightful to an English visitor to those valleys to recount the long lines of deserved connection between his own country and this Goshen of the Alps--a line reaching from the days of our first Charles, strengthening visibly during the time of Cromwell, revived under William and Mary, and Ann, continuing still through the time of the Georges; though suspended for awhile by the interference of European warfare, yet again rekindled by the energy and eloquence of Gilly, expanded and deepened by the devotedness of Beckwith, and other benefactors following in his train too numerous for us to register, but not one of them ignored or forgotten by the grateful valley-men benefitted by their Christian kindness. Apart from the institutions to which I have already adverted, there is another which meets the eye of the visitor at La Torre, as he turns up the Val Angrogna. This is the Vaudois Orphan Asylum and Industrial School, established by the British Ladies' Association, the secretary of which is Miss Hathaway, Cheltenham. As the title indicates, the orphans are taught useful industries, such as straw-hat plaiting, lace and needle-work. Articles thus made are disposed of for the benefit of the institution, which provides a home for sixty children. Very great was the need of such a place in the valleys, and deeply encouraging have been the fruits of this work of faith and labour of love. Not to extend my little book too far beyond its original design, viz., that of a "handy-book on the valleys brought down to date," I can only add that it seems to me that the chief wants of the church in her own valleys are--first, a better sustenance for her pastors; the very circumstance that those pastors are now expected to take their places side by side with the foremost men of other churches in the Continent of Europe for the defence and spread of God's truth justifies this plea, if it were otherwise weak, which it is not.
Secondly, help in the restoration of her ancient sanctuaries, and one or two additional ones. One thing that struck me as a painful void was, the absence of any public monument of the past events of the wonderful history of the Vaudois. It is true, in one sense, that the whole place is a museum of relics; that every rock has some thrilling tale, every mountain slope and hill-side graven upon it the memory of saints and martyrs. Yet I confess that those who do remember what has passed, and that those who wish that generations yet to come may know the history of these valleys, may well desire that some external tokens stood out to impress the passer-by with suitable emotion. I had this feeling most strongly as I reached the Shiloh of the valleys--the Pra del Tor.
Our route lay through the luxuriant and lovely Val Angrogna, which now rejoiced in the fascinating charms of springtide. Everywhere the eye rested on scenes of softness and beauty, the turf not unlike that which gives such a charm to an English landscape, while the undulating slopes were covered with an unutterable profusion of flowers. As we advanced higher up the valley we were strongly reminded of the words of a French writer: "Sometimes in leaving a gorge our attention was absorbed by a beautiful meadow. A strange intermixture of wild and cultivated nature met our eye everywhere, betraying the hand of man where one would have thought it impossible for him to penetrate. By the side of a cavern we find houses; branches of the vine where we only looked for brambles; vineyards in desert places, and fields amidst the overhanging rocks." All this is true beyond exaggeration, especially after you leave the village of Angrogna, with its parsonage-house in the most picturesque situation of any we encountered. About half an hour from this spot the scenery becomes wildly grand, especially as you draw nigh to the torrent. On one side is the lofty Vandalin, and on the other precipitous rocks; while in the narrow valley the stream rushes down with its roar and foam, forming beautiful cascades, and reminding you of some of the grandest scenery in Switzerland. But, greatly as I was delighted with the topographical interest of my journey, yet I would not forget that it was the people and their fathers' deeds and sufferings that had led me to undertake this rather fatiguing enterprise; and long before I reached the Barricata, or Pra del Torno, I had a great enjoyment in being taken by a Vaudois mechanic, who left his work at Angrogna, and would have no acknowledgment but my thanks, in order to show me one of those wonderful hiding-places in the very heart of the mountains, where the God of the hill and of the Vaudois so effectively succoured his people. The particular cavern I was shown was most difficult of access, not only by its seclusion, but also on other grounds; the entrance would only admit one or two persons at a time; but once within there seemed space enough for about a hundred persons. Here I understood large numbers of the persecuted Vaudois had found a refuge and a sanctuary in its holiest and happiest sense. The words, "He shall dwell on high: his place of defence shall be the munitions of rocks," came to my thoughts with a freshness and fulness of meaning not previously realized. But the testimony of this valley is everywhere, "The Lord fought for Israel." The next point of remarkable interest shows this, viz., the Barricata, which is a kind of entrance to the enclosure known as Pra del Torno. At this spot the rocks on either side come down close to the mountain, so that only a mere ledge of rock remains as a path. Consequently, a small number of men could at this point drive back a host; and here, during the persecutions of the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries, the contemptuous foes of the Vaudois met with humiliating and disastrous repulses, while the Vaudois themselves escaped comparatively unhurt. This circumstance led the enemy, during the persecution of 1560, under the Count de la Trinita, to place his men on the heights above Roccamanente; but his one thousand two hundred men were successfully driven back by less than one-twentieth of that number of the Vaudois; and when he renewed the attack with scornful assurance of victory, a few days later, the Vaudois, who were engaged in prayer at the time, having despatched six of their number, who were slingers, to a commanding point above the assailants, obtained a still more triumphant victory, without loss on their own side, but with terrible slaughter to the enemy, including eight of his chief officers.
Time fails to recount all that might be said of these celebrated regions. I must, however, make passing mention of the beautiful mountain peak a little higher up on the right hand as you approach Pra del Torno, _i.e._, La Vachera. On the 11th of June, 1655, after the Piedmontese troops were unable to force the Barricata, though they tried from 5 a.m. to 3 p.m., they advanced towards La Vachera. The Vaudois went up higher. Thinking this to be a retreat, the Piedmontese soldiers exclaimed, "Advance, wreck of Janavello!" The Vaudois responded, "Advance, wreck of San Segonzo!" accompanied by such a shower of stones that the soldiers fled in greatest confusion, leaving behind them two hundred dead, and carrying away more than twice that number of wounded. Indeed, this defeat was so decisive that the persecutors were constrained to acknowledge "God was with the Barbets," and that whereas "formerly the wolves eat the dogs (_i.e._, barbetti), now the dogs (barbetti) eat the wolves."
But we now come to the goal of our journey to-day, Pra del Torno, a very sanctuary, embosomed amidst the everlasting hills, the site of the ancient college of the Vaudois clergy, from whence they went forth to preach the doctrines of a pure faith even before Wickliffe rose as the morning star of the Reformation in our own land. Nature is still there in all its grandeur; but I must confess to a feeling of sadness as I beheld a church under the patronage of the Virgin Mary in these valleys, where so much noble blood had been shed for the maintenance of the truth as it is in Jesus, but no place of worship for the descendants of the men who were ready to die, but not ready to dishonour God by participating in a worship contrary to His blessed Word. And my regret was not lessened when I learnt that the evangelical Vaudois has to make an eight hours' journey to his nearest temple, and that his pastor would have a journey of similar character to make to the sick and aged members of his flock in this secluded spot. I found a schoolroom, erected by General Beckwith, in a dilapidated state, and the poor old schoolmaster very infirm from sickness and age. My desire, therefore, is to raise funds either to greatly improve the schoolroom, or, better still, to erect a neat temple in this consecrated spot, so as at once to commemorate the piety and heroism of the dead, and to provide for the wants of the living. The pastor of the parish, the Rev. J. Durand Canton, has informed me how great a boon such a place would be. The Table have also assured me of their hearty co-operation. Several subscriptions have been kindly promised. F. A. Bevan, Esq., of the firm of Messrs. Barclay, Bevan, and Co., 54, Lombard Street, has kindly consented to receive donations for the object: they may also be sent to me. Let each reader of this volume join in the work, and so, by the divine blessing, it shall be accomplished; and another object also, viz., that which makes the church of the valleys a holy bond of union between Christian brethren in both hemispheres; and between those whose church polity may differ, but whose creed is one in all essential points, and who proclaim as the one thing needful a living faith in a living Saviour, the one Mediator between God and men, the man CHRIST JESUS.
INDEX OF PLACES AND PERSONS.
Amadeus II., 44, 84-91.
Angrogna, Vale of, 125.
Arnaud, Henri-- His birth and early life, 63. Exploits at Germano, Salabertrand, Villaro, 69, 73. Privation of himself and troops, 75, 76. Banishment, 87. Latter days and death, 88, 89.
Azeglio, Marquis, 101.
Balsille-- Description of, 70, 78. Siege of, 80, 81. Escape from, 82, 83.
Beckwith, General, 109-112.
Barthelemi, martyr, 35.
Brandenburg, Elector of, 85.
Bricherasio, 4.
Bucer, 34.
Calabria, Persecutions in, 33.
Castelluzzo, Crag of, 45.
Castrocaro, Signal death of, 43.
Catinat, Marshal, 80, 81.
Cavour, Count, 101.
Charles Felix, Bigotry of, 97.
Charles Albert, Justice of, 98, 99.
Children kidnapped, 43, 90.
Claude, Bishop of Turin, 17.
Colonies of the Vaudois, 31.
Cromwell espouses the cause of the Vaudois, 50.
Cutti, Count of, as a ruler, 96.
De la Trinite, Count, 39.
Ecomlapadius, 34.
Edicts of 1686, 58.
Elector Palatine, Noble letter of, 42.
Emancipation, 101.
Emmanuel, Philibert, 10, 38, 43.
Exile of the Vaudois, 61.
Earthquake, Severe, 95.
Farel, 34.
Fequieres, Marquis of, plants a cannon on Mont Guignivert, 82.
Fog, Providential, 27, 82, 83.
Gastaldo, Edict of, 45.
Geneva-- City of, kindness of to the exiles, 61. Lake of, 65.
Gilly, Rev. Dr., 107, 108.
Jahier, 54.
Janavello, 54. Bravery of, 56. Banished, 57, 64.
Jerome, 15, 16.
Juliano, Colonel of, rout of soldiers, 25, 72.
La Torre, Pelice, 44, 52.
Leger, 44, 46.
Leidet, Pastor of Guigot, martyred, 60.
Louis XIV. of France, an inveterate persecutor of the Vaudois, 86.
Maggiore, Lago, 1.
Maiden's Rock, The, 40.
Margaret of Navarre, 42.
Milton's Sonnet, 50.
Monks of Pinerolo, 39.
Marengo, Battle of, 94.
Mont Blanc, 67.
Mont Cenis, 68.
Nantes, Edict of, revoked, 58.
Noir of Mondovi, Remarkable death of, 26.
Otho, Emperor of Germany, 23.
Outburst of Romish intolerance at the opening of Vaudois Temple in Turin, 3.
Pascal, Jean Louis, 33, 34.
Persecution of 1686, 46, 60.
Poulat, Captain, 83.
Pra del Torre, 26, 127.
Prali, 71.
Popes-- Silvester, 11. Zachary, 16. Innocent VIII. 24. Innocent XII. 86. Lucius, 28. Pius IV., presiding at a martyrdom, 34. Gregory, 16, 97.
Re-baptism of a child prevented, 35.
Rodoret Temple, 118. Avalanche at, 117.
Return glorious, first Sunday at home, 70.
Refugees met at Milan, 85.
Remarkable supply of food, 79.
Salabertrand, Capture of bridge, 69.
San Secondo, 4.
Sartoire, Nicolas, martyred, 36.
Seyssel, Claude, 11.
Sibaud, Oath of, 73.
Solaro, Count of, 3.
St. Germano, Cruelties at, 56, 57.
Synods-- Remarkable, 19. Angrogna, 35.
Turin-- Opening of the Vaudois Temple at, 3. Proclamation of _Statuto_, 101-103.
Truchet, a persecutor, his death, 43.
Temples built, 34.
Vaudois Church-- Its antiquity, 9, 13, 24, 94. Creed, 14. Organization, 15, 22. Missions, 29, 31, 122.
Victor Emmanuel I., 97.
Viso, Monte, 4.
Vigilantius, 15, 16.
Varaille, Geoffrey, martyr, 36.
Waldensian loyalty to House of Savoy, 1.
Waldensian Pedlars, 29-31.
Wurtemburg, Duke of, 88.
William III., 63.
Zeal of Seremius, Bishop of Marseilles, against images, 16.
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+----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | TRANSCRIBERS' NOTES | | | | General: corrections to punctuation and format not individually | | noted | | | | Page 4: enterprize standardised to enterprise | | | | Page 10: No quotes in original around How long have ... their name? | | etc. Replicated in this version as it is believed to be intentional | | | | Page 14: docrine corrected to doctrine | | | | Page 21: [alpha]-[epsilon] are the Greek letters in the original | | | | Page 33: Chateau not standardised as it is part of a place-name | | | | Page 34: characterised standardised to characterized | | | | Page 36: Vachere standardised to Vachere | | | | Page 39: attemped corrected to attempted | | | | Pages 41, 55 Miraboc, Mirabouc not standardised as it is not clear | | if they refer to the same place | | | | Page 51: garisoned corrected to garrisoned | | | | Page 52: chalet as in original | | | | Page 76: l'Ombraile standardised to l'Ombraille | | | | Page 84: Palavacini standardised to Palavicini | | | | Page 87: Zenophon as in original | | | | Page 94: assignd corrected to assigned | | | | Page 115: No quotes in original around You need ... the rest. | | Replicated in this version as it is believed to be intentional | | | | Page 116: Amount of 21,217,84 lires as in original | | | | Page 131: Brandenburgh standardised to Brandenburg; Barthelemei | | standardised to Barthelemi | | | | Page 132: Claude, Seyssell re-indexed as Seyssel, Claude, for | | consistency with other index entries and the text; index entry for | | Cutti, Count of refers to page for Count Crotti in original; | | Guignevert standardised to Guignivert | | | | Page 133: Lago, Maggiore re-indexed as Maggiore, Lago | | | | Footnote A: Phillibert standardised to Philibert | | | | Footnote E: chateau standardised to chateau; aigulles corrected to | | aiguilles | +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
End of Project Gutenberg's The Vaudois of Piedmont, by John Napper Worsfold