CHAPTER XI

EFFECT OF THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD

The effect of Underground Railroad operations in steadily withdrawing from the South some of its property and thus causing constant irritation to slave-owners and slave-traders has already been commented upon. The persons losing slaves of course regarded their losses as a personal and undeserved misfortune. Yet, considering the question broadly from the standpoint of their own interests, the work of the underground system was a relief to the masters and to the South. The possibility of a servile insurrection was a dreadful thing for Southern minds to contemplate; but they could not easily dismiss the terrible scenes enacted in San Domingo during the years 1791 to 1793 and the three famous uprisings of 1800, 1820 and 1831, in South Carolina and Virginia. The Underground Railroad had among its passengers such persons as Josiah Henson, J. W. Loguen, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, William Wells Brown and Henry Bibb; it therefore furnished the means of escape for persons well qualified for leadership among the slaves, and thereby lessened the danger of an uprising of the blacks against their masters. The negro historian, Williams, has said of the Underground Road that it served as a "safety-valve to the institution of slavery. As soon as leaders arose among the slaves, who refused to endure the yoke, they would go North. Had they remained, there must have been enacted at the South the direful scenes of San Domingo."[965]

[965] _History of the Negro Race in America_, Vol. II, pp. 58, 59.

It is difficult to arrive at any satisfactory idea of the actual loss sustained by slave-owners through underground channels. The charges of bad faith against the free states made in Congress by Southern members were sometimes accompanied by estimates of the amount of human property lost on account of the indisposition of those living north of Mason and Dixon's line to meet the requirements of the fugitive slave legislation. Thus as early as 1822, Moore, of Virginia, speaking in the House in favor of a new fugitive recovery law, said that the district he represented lost four or five thousand dollars worth of runaway slaves annually.[966] In August, 1850, Atchison, of Kentucky, informed the Senate that "depredations to the amount of hundreds of thousands of dollars are committed upon the property of the people of the border slave states of this Union annually."[967] Pratt, of Maryland, said that not less than $80,000 worth of slaves was lost every year by citizens of his state.[968] Mason, of Virginia, declared that the losses of his state were already too heavy to be borne, that they were increasing from year to year, and were then in excess of $100,000 per year.[969] Butler, of South Carolina, reckoned the annual loss of the Southern section at $200,000.[970] Clingman, of North Carolina, said that the thirty thousand fugitives then reported to be living in the North were worth at current prices little less than $15,000,000.[971] Claiborne, the biographer of General John A. Quitman, who was at one time governor of Louisiana, indicated as one of the defects of the second Fugitive Slave Law its failure to make "provision for the restitution to the South of the $30,000,000, of which she had been plundered through the 100,000 slaves abducted from her in the course of the last forty years" (1810-1850);[972] and the same writer stated that slavery was rapidly disappearing from the District of Columbia at the time of the enactment of the new law, the number of slaves "having been reduced since 1840 from 4,694 to 650, by 'underground railroads' and felonious abductions."[973]

[966] Benton's _Abridgment of the Debates of Congress_, Vol. VII, p. 296.

[967] _Congressional Globe_, Thirty-first Congress, First Session, Appendix, p. 1601.

[968] _Ibid._, p. 1603.

[969] _Ibid._, p. 1605.

[970] Von Holst, _Constitutional and Political History of the United States_, Vol. III, p. 552.

[971] _Congressional Globe_, Thirty-first Congress, First Session, p. 202. See also Von Holst's work, Vol. III, p. 552, foot-note.

[972] J. F. H. Claiborne, _Life and Correspondence of John A. Quitman_, Vol. II, p. 28.

[973] J. F. H. Claiborne, _Life and Correspondence of John A. Quitman_, Vol. II, p. 30. His figures are, of course, not correct.

The wide divergences among the estimates here given, as well as the obvious difficulty of getting reliable information in regard to the number of runaway slaves, renders these figures of little use in determining the loss of human property by the slaveholding states. Nevertheless, the estimates are valuable in illustrating the character of the complaints that were made in Congress, and in enabling one to realize that the tenure of slave property in the border states was rendered precarious by the operations of the Underground Railroad. Can it be thought strange that the disappearance week by week and month by month of valuable slaves over the unknown routes of the underground system should have produced wrath, suspicion and hostility in the minds of people who could justly claim to have a constitutional guarantee, the laws of Congress, and the decisions of the highest courts on their side?

In the compendiums of the United States Census for 1850 and 1860 are some statistics on fugitive slaves, which fall far short of the most moderate estimates of the Southerners, and flatly disagree with the testimony gathered from all other quarters. The official reports appear to show that the number of slaves escaping from their masters was small and inconsiderable, that it rapidly decreased, and that it was independent of proximity to a free population. But the censuses are not only opposed to the evidence, they are on their face inadequate.

If, as those tables indicate, only 1,011 slaves escaped from their masters in 1850, and only 803 in 1860, and in the latter year only 500 escaped from the border slave states, then it becomes impossible to understand the emphasis laid by Southern men upon the value of their runaway slaves, the steady pressure made by the border states for a more stringent law that resulted in the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, and the allegation of bad faith on the part of the North put forth by the Southern states as a reason for secession.[974] In considering the weight to be ascribed to the figures on fugitive slaves supplied by the census compendiums, it is proper to set over against them the showing afforded by the same compendiums relative to the decline of the slave population in the border slave states during the decade 1850-1860; for it is to be noted that the compendiums show a marked decline in these states, that they show a greater percentage of decline in the northernmost counties of these states than in the states as a whole, and, what is even more remarkable, that the loss appears to have been still greater during this time in the four "pan-handle" counties of Virginia than in any of the other states referred to, or in the border counties of any one of them.[975] It can scarcely be suggested that the relatively rapid decline of the slave population in the border counties was due to larger shipments of slaves to the far South from these marginal regions without at the same time suggesting that the explanation for such shipments lay in the proximity of a free population and the numerous lines of Underground Railroad maintained by it. The concurrence of evidence from sources other than the census reports, and the agreement therewith of part of the evidence gathered from these reports themselves, constrains one to say that those who compiled the statistics on fugitive slaves did not secure the facts in full; and that the complaints of large losses sustained by slave-owners through the befriending of fugitive slaves by Northern people, frequently made by Southern representatives in Congress and by the South generally, were not without sufficient foundation.

[974] Census of 1860, pp. 11, 12. See Table A, Appendix C, p. 378.

[975] See Tables B and C, Appendix C, p. 379.

It is natural that there should be great variation among the guesses made as to the total number of those indebted for liberty to the Underground Road. Very few of the persons that harbored runaways were so indiscreet as to keep a register of their hunted visitors. Their hospitality was equal to all possible demands, but was kept strictly secret. Under these circumstances one should handle all numerical generalizations with caution.

By rare good fortune the writer has found a single leaf of a diary kept by Daniel Osborn, a Friend or Quaker, of Alum Creek Settlement, Delaware County, Ohio, which gives a record of the blacks passing through that neighborhood during an interval of five months, from April 14 to September 10, 1844. The accompanying facsimiles, which reproduce the two sides of the leaf, show that the number is forty-seven. The year in which this memorandum was made may be fairly taken as an average year, and the line on which this Quaker settlement was a station as a representative underground route in Ohio. Now, along Ohio's southern boundary there were the initial stations of at least twelve important lines of travel, some of which were certainly in operation before 1830. Let us consider, as we may properly, that the period of operation continued from 1830 to 1860. Taking these as the elements for a computation, one may reckon that Ohio may have aided not less than 40,000 fugitives in the thirty years included in our reckoning.[976] That the number of refugees after 1844 did not decrease is indicated by the statement that during one month in the year of 1854-1855 sixty were harbored by one member of the Alum Creek Settlement. It is to be remembered that several families of the settlement were engaged in this work.[977]

[976] This computation was first printed by the writer in the _American Historical Review_, April, 1896, pp. 462, 463.

[977] Conversation with M. J. Benedict, L. A. Benedict and others, Alum Creek Settlement, Ohio, Dec. 2, 1893.

An illustration of underground activity in the East may be ventured. Mr. Robert Purvis, of Philadelphia, states that he kept a record of the fugitives that passed through the hands of the Vigilance Committee of Philadelphia for a long period, till the trepidation of his family after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Bill in 1850 caused him to destroy it. His record book showed, he says, an average of one a day sent northward. In other words, between 1830 and 1860 over 9,000 runaways were aided in Philadelphia. But we know that the Vigilance Committee did not begin this sort of work in the Quaker City, and that underground activities there date back at least to the time of Isaac T. Hopper's earliest efforts, that is, 1800 and before. We also know that there were many centres round about Philadelphia, some of whose work was certainly done independently of that place.

That the resources of some of the operators in centres in the West were being drained almost to exhaustion by the demands of the heavy traffic towards the close of the underground period, distinctly appears in the following letter from Col. J. Bowles, of Lawrence, Kansas, to Mr. F. B. Sanborn:--

LAWRENCE _April 4th 1859_

MR. F. B. SANBOURN

Dear Sir at the suggestion of friend Judge Conway I address you these few hastily written lines. I see I am expected to give you some information as to the present condition of the _U. G. R. R._ in Kansas or more particularly at the Lawrence depot. In order that you may fully understand the present condition of affairs I shall ask your permission to relate a small bit of the early history of this, the only _paying_, R. R. in Kansas.

Lawrence has been (from the first settlement of Kansas) known and cursed by all slave holders in and out of Mo. for being an abolition town. Missourians have a peculiar faculty for embracing every opportunity to denounce, curse, and _blow_ every thing they dislike. This peculiar faculty of theirs gave Lawrence great notoriety in _Mo._ especially among the negroes to whom the principal part of their denunciations were directed and on whom they were intended to have great effect. I have learned from negroes who were _emigrating_ from _Mo._ that they never would have known anything about a land of freedom or that they had a friend in the world only from their master's continual abuse of the Lawrence abolits. Slaves are usually very cunning and believe about as much as they please of what the master is telling him (thoug of course he must affect to believe every word) knowing it is to the master's interest to keep him ignorant of every thing that would make him likely or even wish to be free.

One old fellow said "when he started to come to Lawrence he didn't know if all de peoples in disha town war debbils as ole massa had said or not, but dis he did know if he could get dar safe old massa was fraid to come arter him, and if dey all should prove to be bad as ole massa had said he could lib wid dem bout as well as at home." Some few of them were unavoidably taken back to Mo. after leaving here for Iowa. Many of them found an opportunity to make their escape and bring others with them and none ever failed to be a successful missionary in the cause, telling every one he had a chance to converse with of the land of freedom, and the friends he found in Lawrence. One man I know well who has been captured twice and was shot each time in resisting his captors (one of whom he killed) told me that he was confident he had assisted in the escape of no less than twenty five of his fellow beings, and that he had also given information or sown the seed that would make a hundred more free men. He is now with some others in or about Canada. The last and successful escape was made from western Texas where he was sent for safe keeping. You can see from the above why L---- has had more than would seem to be her share of this good work to do. At first our means were limited and of course could not do much but then we were not so extensively known or patronized. As our means increased we found a corresponding increase in opportunity for doing good to the white man as well as the black. Kansas has been preëminently a land of charity. The friends in the East have helped such objects liberally yet Kansas has had much to do for herself in that line. To give you an idea of what has been done by the people of this place in U. G. R. R. I'll make a statement of the number of fugitives who have found assistance here. In the last four years I am personally known to [cognizant of] the fact of nearly three hundred fugitives having passed through and received assistance from the abolitionists here at Lawrence. Thus you see we have been continually strained to meet the heavy demands that were almost daily made upon us to carry on this (not very) _gradual emancipation_. I usually have assisted in collecting or begging money for the needy of either class. Many of the most zealous in the cause of humanity complained (as they had good cause to) that this heavy (and continually increasing) tax was interfering with their business to such a degree that they could not stand it longer and that other provisions must be made by which they would be relieved of a portion of a burden they had long bourn. This was about the state of affairs last Christmas when as you are aware the slaves have a few days holiday. Many of them chose this occasion to make a visit to Lawrence and during the week some twenty four came to our town, five or six of the number brought means to assist them on their journey. These were sent on, but the remainder must be kept until money could be raised to send them on. $150 was the am't necessary to send them to a place of safety. Under the circumstances it necessarily took some time to raise that am't, and a great many persons had to be applied to. It was not enough that the sympathies and love for the cause of humanity was appealed to in order to raise money, many had to be argued with and shown that the cause was actually in a suffering condition and the fugitives were then in town and the number must also be made known in order that the person might give liberally. Lawrence like most all towns has her bad men pimps and worst of all a few democrats, all of whom will do _anything_ for money. Somewhere in the ranks of the intimate friends to the cause these traitors to God and humanity found a judas who for thirty pieces of silver did betray our cause. This was not suspected until after the capture of Dr Day.... Every thing goes to prove that the capture of Day's party was the work of a traitor who though suspected has not yet been fairly tried and _dealt_ with as will be done as soon as Day is bailed out which will be done [in] a few days.

* * * * *

We would like ... that you plead our cause with those of our friends who are disposed to censure us and convince them we are still worthy and in great need of their respect and coöperation. I am sorry to say (but tis true) that many of the most zealous in the cause of humanity have become somewhat discouraged by the hard times and the lamentable capture of Day and party and cannot be induced to take hold of it and lend a willing hand. Never the less the work has went slowly but surely on, until very recently. Those who have persevered like many others, have found _their_ bottom dollar also of the money so generously contributed by persons of your notable society. This is partialy owing to heavy expenses of the trial of Dr Day and son which has been principally borne by the society here and has amounted to near $300. Now seems to be our dark day and we are casting about to see what can be done. We have some eight or ten fugitives now on hand who cannot be sent off until we get an addition to our financial department. This statement of facts has been made with a full knowledge of the many calls that is made upon your generosity in that quarter. Nothing shall be urged as an alternative for we feel confident the case here presented will meet with merited assistance sympathy or advice, as you may deem best. One word of old Brown and his movement in the emancipation cause, and I will have done. I understand from some parties who have been corresponding with some persons in Boston and other places in behalf of our cause that we could and would receive material aid only they are holding themselves in readiness to assist Brown. Such men I honor and they show themselves worthy the highest regard yet I assure them they do not understand Brown's plans for carrying out his cause. I have known Brown nearly four years, he is a bold cool calculating and far seeing man who is as consciencious as he is smart. He "knows the right and dare maintain it." I have talked confidentially with him on the subject. I know he expressed himself in this way as to the effects that he intended to make the master pay the way of the slave to the land of freedom. That is he intended to take property enough with the slaves to pay all expenses. So you see there is not fear of a large demand from that quarter. By no means would I be understood as counciling not to assist him. No indeed if I counciled at all it would be to this effect, render him all the assistance he ever asks for he is worthy and his cause is a good one. _Others_ would have been with him only they had all they could do in another quarter. I feel myself highly honored to be placed where I can with propriety communicate with a society whom I have only known to admire. Hoping what I have written (disconnectedly and badly written as it is) may be acceptable and that I may hear from you soon. I am very respectfully Your obedient servant

J. BOWLES Lawrence

F. B. SANBOURN Concord.

The success of the Underground Road in transporting negroes beyond the limits of the Southern states was long ago commented upon as standing in marked contrast with that of the American Colonization Society. This association was organized in 1816, and soon had auxiliary societies in most of the states. Its object was to remove the free blacks and such as might be made free from the South, and colonize them on the coast of Africa. By 1857, after an existence of forty years, the Colonization Society had sent to Africa 9,502 emigrants, of whom 3,676 were free-born, 326 self-purchased, and 5,500 emancipated on condition of being transported. That the informal method of the abolitionists was many times as efficient as that adopted by the organization mentioned, with its treasury and its board of officers, cannot be denied.[978]

[978] E. M. Pettit, _Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad_, Introduction, p. xi. Wilson gives an account of the American Colonization Society in his _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, Vol. I, pp. 208-222; see also the _Life of Garrison_, by his children, Index.

By actual count it is found that the number of persons within the limits of Ohio named as underground workers in the collections upon which this book is based, is about 1,540; in all other states taken together the number found is 1,670. It is proper to observe that these figures are minimum figures. Death and infirmity, as well as removal, have carried many unknown operators beyond the chance of discovery.

It is not surprising that the secret enterprises of this determined class of people--so effectual as to make rare the pursuit of a fugitive during the last years of the decade preceding the War[979]--should have become the ground of an important charge against the North in the crisis of 1860. The violation of the Fugitive Slave Law was an accusation upon which Southern members of Congress rang all the changes in the course of the violent debates of the sessions of 1860-1861. Thus Jones, of Georgia, said in the House in April, 1860: "It is a notorious fact that in a good many of the non-slaveholding states the Republican party have regularly organized societies--underground railroads--for the avowed purpose of stealing the slaves from the border States, and carrying them off to a free State or to Canada. These predatory bands are kept up by private and public subscriptions among the Abolitionists; and in many of the States, I am sorry to say, they receive the sanction and protection of the law. The border States lose annually thousands and millions of dollars' worth of property by this system of larceny that has been carried on for years." Polk, of Missouri, whose state had suffered not a little through the flight and abduction of slaves, made the same complaint in the Senate in January, 1861: "Underground railroads are established," said he, "stretching from the remotest slaveholding States clear up to Canada. Secret agencies are put to work in the very midst of our slaveholding communities to steal away slaves. The constitutional obligation for the rendition of the fugitive from service is violated. The laws of Congress enacted to carry this provision of the Constitution into effect are not executed. Their execution is prevented. Prevented, first, by hostile and unconstitutional state legislation. Secondly, by a vitiated public sentiment. Thirdly, by the concealing of the slave, so that the United States law cannot be made to reach him. And when the runaway is arrested under the fugitive slave law--which, however, is seldom the case--he is very often rescued.... This lawlessness is felt with special seriousness in the border slave States. The underground railroads start mostly from these States. Hundreds of thousands of dollars are lost annually. And no State loses more heavily than my own. Kentucky, it is estimated, loses annually as much as $200,000. The other border States no doubt lose in the same ratio, Missouri much more. But all these losses and outrages, all this disregard of constitutional obligation and social duty, are as nothing in their bearing upon the Union in comparison with the animus, the intent and purpose of which they are at once the fruit and the evidence...."[980] Of this animus the election of Lincoln was regarded as the crowning proof; and it became, as is well known, the signal for secession.

[979] McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, p. 71.

[980] _Congressional Globe_, Thirty-sixth Congress, Second Session, p. 356; see also _ibid._, Appendix, p. 197.

In December, 1860, the very month in which South Carolina chose to withdraw from the Union, the arrest of a runaway negro in Canada gave rise to an extradition case that became an additional cause of excitement. The negro was William Anderson, who in 1853 had been caught without a pass in Missouri, and had killed the man that tried to capture him. In 1860 he was recognized in Canada by a slave-catcher from Missouri, was arrested on the charge of murder, and thrown into jail at Toronto. As the Ashburton treaty contained an article providing for the extradition of slaves guilty of crimes committed in the United States, the American government sought to secure the surrender of Anderson for punishment. Lord Elgin, Governor-General of Canada at the time, was appealed to in the fugitive's behalf by Mrs. Laura S. Haviland. He made a spirited reply to the effect that "in case of a demand for William Anderson, he should require the case to be tried in their British court; and if twelve freeholders should testify that he had been a man of integrity since his arrival in their dominion, it should clear him." Nevertheless, the case was twice decided against the defendant, first by the common magistrate's court, then by the Court of Error and Appeal, to which it had been carried on a writ of habeas corpus. But this did not end the matter. Through the efforts of the fugitive's friends application was made for a writ of habeas corpus to the English Court of the Queen's Bench, and the writ was granted. Anderson was defended by Gerrit Smith, whose eloquent speech produced a profound impression in Canada, and did not fail to attract considerable notice in all parts of the United States.[981]

[981] Accounts of Anderson's case will be found in a collection of pamphlets in the Boston Public Library; in the _Liberator_, Dec. 3, 1860 and Jan. 22, 1861; in _A Woman's Life Work_, by Laura S. Haviland, pp. 207, 208; in the _History of Canada_, by J. M. McMullen, Vol. II, p. 259; in the _History of Canada_, by John MacMullen, p. 553; and in _Fugitive Slaves_, by M. G. McDougall, pp. 25, 26.

During the month of December, in which the Anderson case came into prominence, the example of secession set by South Carolina was followed by five other cotton states. Meantime Congress was giving unmistakable evidence of the importance attaching to the fugitive slave question. In his message of December 4, President Buchanan gave serious consideration to this question, although he insisted that the Fugitive Slave Law had been duly enforced in every contested case during his administration.[982] He recommended an "explanatory amendment" to the Constitution affording "recognition of the right of the master to have his slave who has escaped from one state to another restored and 'delivered up' to him, and of the validity of the Fugitive Slave Law enacted for this purpose, together with a declaration that all State laws impairing or defeating this right, are violations of the Constitution, and are consequently null and void."[983] On December 12 not less than eleven resolutions were introduced into the House on this subject, and on December 13, 18 and 24 other resolutions followed. Resolutions of a similar nature continued to be presented in both Houses during January and February of the succeeding year, ceasing only with the end of the session.[984]

[982] _Journal of the Senate_, Thirty-sixth Congress, Second Session, p. 10.

[983] _Journal of the Senate_, Thirty-sixth Congress, Second Session, p. 18.

[984] For a complete list of these resolutions see Mrs. McDougall's monograph on _Fugitive Slaves_, Appendix, pp. 117-119.

These efforts on the part of the national legislature to appease the spirit of secession in the South were paralleled by efforts equally futile on the part of various Northern state legislatures during the same period. It was reported that towards the close of the year 1860 a caucus of governors of seven Republican states was held in New York City, and decided to recommend to their legislatures "the unconditional and early repeal of the personal liberty bills passed by their respective states." As a matter of fact this recommendation was made by the Republican governors of four states, Maine, Massachusetts, New York and Illinois, and the Democratic governors of Rhode Island and Pennsylvania. Rhode Island repealed her personal liberty law in January, 1861; Massachusetts modified hers in March; and was followed by Vermont, which took similar action in April. Ohio had repealed her act in 1858, but her legislature seized this opportunity to urge her sister states to cancel any of their statutes "conflicting with or rendering less efficient the Constitution or the laws."[985] The conciliation of the South was clearly the purpose of these measures, but action came too late, for confidence between the sections had already been destroyed.

[985] Rhodes, _History of the United States_, Vol. III, pp. 252, 253.

The fact that the border slave states, with the exception of Virginia, remained in the Union, must not be interpreted as indicating small losses of human property by these states. The strong ties existing between the states lying on either side of the sectional line, the presence of a rigorous Union sentiment in Kentucky, western Virginia and the slaveholding regions lying east and west of these, together with the hope of a new compromise entertained by these states, tended to keep them in their places in the Union. The prospect of a stampede of slaves, in case they should join the secession movement, was a consideration that may be supposed to have had some weight in fixing the decision of the border slave states. Certainly it was one to which Northern men attached considerable importance at the time in explaining the steadfast position of these states; and the impossibility of recovering even a single fugitive from the free states in case of a disruption of the Union along Mason and Dixon's line was a thing of which Southern members of the national House were duly reminded by their Northern colleagues.

The retention of the loyalty of the border slave states was a matter of grave concern to President Lincoln, who sought first of all the preservation of the Union. In his inaugural address Lincoln had declared his purpose to see to it that the Fugitive Slave Law was executed, and when a few months later an opportunity presented itself he kept his promise. Congress also realized the need of caution on account of the border states, and moved slowly in framing general enactments. The changed conditions surrounding the slaves, due to the marshalling of forces for the War and the advance of Northern troops into the enemy's country, multiplied the chances for escape throughout the South, and removed the necessity for a long and perilous journey by the slaves to find friends. Negroes from the plantations of both loyal and disloyal masters flocked to the camps of Union soldiers, and could not be separated. Under such circumstances the need of uniformity of method in dealing with cases early became apparent. The War had scarcely more than commenced when protests began to be made against the employment of Northern troops as slave-catchers. A letter read in the Senate by Mr. Sumner, in December, 1861, made inquiry, "Shall our sons, who are offering their lives for the preservation of our institutions, be degraded to slave-catchers for any persons, loyal or disloyal? If such is the policy of the government, I shall urge my son to shed no more blood for its preservation."[986] Two German companies in one of the Massachusetts regiments also entered protest, making it a condition of their enlistment that they should not be required to perform such discreditable service. "They complained, and with them the German population generally throughout the country."[987] The inexpediency of the return of fugitives by the army was recognized by Congress in the early part of 1862, and a bill forbidding officers from restoring them under any consideration was signed by the President on May 14, 1862.[988]

[986] _Congressional Globe_, Thirty-seventh Congress, First Session, p. 30.

[987] _Congressional Globe_, Thirty-seventh Congress, First Session, p. 30; see also M. G. McDougall's _Fugitive Slaves_, p. 79.

[988] _House Journal_, Thirty-seventh Congress, Second Session, p. 265; _Senate Journal_, Thirty-seventh Congress, Second Session, p. 285; _Congressional Globe_, Thirty-seventh Congress, Second Session, p. 1243.

The various acts of Congress and the President relative to fugitive slaves down to the Proclamation of Emancipation, practically circumscribed the legal effect of the Fugitive Slave laws to the border states, for in the free states the laws had not been observed for a long time. It was not until June, 1864, that these measures were swept from the statute-book of the nation, notwithstanding the insistence of Kentucky and the other loyal states of the South that a constitutional obligation rested upon the government to retain them. The repeal act did not remove this obligation. Such a result could come only with the extinction of slavery, and the last vestige of slavery did not disappear until the adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865. The Amendment provides: "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction."

The general significance of the long controversy in regard to fugitive slaves can best be understood by tracing the development as a sectional issue of the question at the bottom of it, namely, the obligation to restore fugitives to their masters. The creation of a line dividing the free North from the slaveholding South in the early years of our national history, and the enactment of the first Fugitive Slave Law, by which the general government assumed a certain responsibility for runaways, led to the opening of the question. From that time on, the steadily increasing number of escapes, together with the spread of the underground system, which made these escapes almost uniformly successful, kept the question open. Operations along the secret lines constantly caused aggravation in the South; and the pursuit of passengers, mobs and violence were results widely witnessed in the North. The other questions between the sections were subject to compromise, but party action could not control the workings of the Underground Railroad. The stirring sights and affecting stories with which the North became acquainted through the stealthy migration of slaves were well adapted to make abolitionists rapidly, and the consequence was more aggravation on both sides. The practice of midnight emancipation in Northern states during the early years was accompanied, not unnaturally, with the formulation and statement of the principle of immediatism in neighborhoods where underground methods were familiar. Thus the way was prepared for Garrison and his talented coworkers, whose eloquent tongues and pens could no more be controlled by pro-slavery forces than could the Underground Railroad itself. Agitation reacted upon the Road and increased its activity; this caused counter agitation by Southerners in and out of Congress until a more rigorous Fugitive Slave Law was secured.

The Compromise of 1850 failed to reconcile the sections: Northern men despised the Fugitive Slave Law, and displayed greater zeal than ever before in aiding runaway slaves. Thus, in the later stages of the controversy, as from its beginning, the fugitive was a successful missionary in the cause of freedom. Personal liberty laws were passed by the free states to defend him; _Uncle Tom's Cabin_ was written to portray to the world his aspirations for liberty and his endeavors to secure it; John Brown devised a "subterranean pass way" to assist him, as a part of the great scheme of liberation that failed at Harper's Ferry. One of the chief reasons for withdrawing from the Union assigned by the seceding states was the bad faith of the North in refusing to surrender fugitives. At the outbreak of the Civil War large numbers of slaves sought refuge with the Union forces, the government soon found it impracticable to restore them, and disavowed all responsibility for them in 1862. By the Proclamation of Emancipation slavery was abolished within the area of the disloyal states, and the controversy became merely formal, the loyal slave states striving to maintain an abstract right based by them upon the Constitution. In 1864, however, they were forced to yield, and the fugitive slave legislation was repealed. The year following witnessed the cancellation of the fugitive slave clause in the Constitution by the amendment of that instrument. In view of all this it is safe to say that the Underground Railroad was one of the greatest forces which brought on the Civil War, and thus destroyed slavery.

APPENDIX A

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AND NATIONAL ACTS RELATIVE TO FUGITIVE SLAVES, 1787-1850

Fugitive Clause in Northwest Ordinance of 1787. [Chapter II, p. 20.]

=1787, July 13.= Art. VI. "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted; _provided_, always, that any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service aforesaid." Read first time, July 11, 1787. Passed July 13, 1787.--_Journals of Congress_, XII, 84, 92.

Fugitive Clause in the Constitution. [Chapter II, p. 20.]

=1787, Sept. 13.= Art. IV, § 2. "No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due."--_Revised Statutes of the United States_, I, 18.

First Fugitive Slave Act. [Chapter II, p. 21.]

=1793, Feb. 12.= _An Act respecting fugitives from justice and persons escaping from the service of their masters._

"SECTION 1. _Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled_, That whenever the executive authority of any state in the Union, or of either of the territories northwest or south of the river Ohio, shall demand any person as a fugitive from justice, of the executive authority of any such state or territory to which such person shall have fled, and shall moreover produce the copy of an indictment found, or an affidavit made before a magistrate of any state or territory as aforesaid, charging the person so demanded, with having committed treason, felony or other crime, certified as authentic by the governor or chief magistrate of the state or territory from whence the person so charged fled, it shall be the duty of the executive authority of the state or territory to which such person shall have fled, to cause him or her to be arrested and secured, and notice of the arrest to be given to the executive authority making such demand, or to the agent of such authority appointed to receive the fugitive, and to cause the fugitive to be delivered to such agent when he shall appear: But if no such agent shall appear within six months from the time of the arrest, the prisoner may be discharged. And all costs or expenses incurred in the apprehending, securing, and transmitting such fugitive to the state or territory making such demand, shall be paid by such state or territory.

"SEC. 2. _And be it further enacted_, That any agent, appointed as aforesaid, who shall receive the fugitive into his custody, shall be empowered to transport him or her to the state or territory from which he or she shall have fled. And if any person or persons shall by force set at liberty, or rescue the fugitive from such agent while transporting, as aforesaid, the person or persons so offending shall, on conviction, be fined not exceeding five hundred dollars, and be imprisoned not exceeding one year.

"SEC. 3. _And be it also enacted_, That when a person held to labour in any of the United States, or in either of the territories on the northwest or south of the river Ohio, under the laws thereof, shall escape into any other of the said states or territory, the person to whom such labour or service may be due, his agent or attorney, is hereby empowered to seize or arrest such fugitive from labour, and to take him or her before any judge of the circuit or district courts of the United States, residing or being within the state, or before any magistrate of a county, city or town corporate, wherein such seizure or arrest shall be made, and upon proof to the satisfaction of such judge or magistrate, either by oral testimony or affidavit taken before and certified by a magistrate of any such state or territory, that the person so seized or arrested, doth, under the laws of the state or territory from which he or she fled, owe service or labour to the person claiming him or her, it shall be the duty of such judge or magistrate to give a certificate thereof to such claimant, his agent or attorney, which shall be sufficient warrant for removing the said fugitive from labour, to the state or territory from which he or she fled.

"SEC. 4. _And be it further enacted_, That any person who shall knowingly and willingly obstruct or hinder such claimant, his agent or attorney, in so seizing or arresting such fugitive from labour, or shall rescue such fugitive from such claimant, his agent or attorney, when so arrested pursuant to the authority herein given or declared; or shall harbour or conceal such person after notice that he or she was a fugitive from labour, as aforesaid, shall, for either of the said offences, forfeit and pay the sum of five hundred dollars. Which penalty may be recovered by and for the benefit of such claimant, by action of debt, in any court proper to try the same; saving moreover to the person claiming such labour or service, his right of action for or on account of the said injuries or either of them."--_Statutes at Large_, I, 302-305.

Fugitive Slave Clause in the Missouri Compromise. [Chapter X, p. 298.]

=1820, March 19.= The Missouri Compromise provided "that any persons escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any State or Territory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed, and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor, or service, as aforesaid."--_Annals of Congress, 16 Cong. 1 Sess._, 1469, 1587.

Second Fugitive Slave Act. [Chapter II, p. 22.]

=1850, Sept. 18.= "_An Act to amend, and supplementary to, the Act entitled 'An Act respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons escaping from the Service of their Masters,' approved February twelfth, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three._

"_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled_, That the persons who have been, or may hereafter be, appointed commissioners, in virtue of any act of Congress, by the Circuit Courts of the United States, and who, in consequence of such appointment, are authorized to exercise the powers that any justice of the peace, or other magistrate of any of the United States, may exercise in respect to offenders for any crime or offence against the United States, by arresting, imprisoning, or bailing the same under and by virtue of the thirty-third section of the act of the twenty-fourth of September, seventeen hundred and eighty-nine, entitled 'An Act to establish the judicial courts of the United States,' shall be, and are hereby, authorized and required to exercise and discharge all the powers and duties conferred by this act.

"SEC. 2. _And be it further enacted_, That the Superior Court of each organized Territory of the United States shall have the same power to appoint commissioners to take acknowledgments of bail and affidavits, and to take depositions of witnesses in civil causes, which is now possessed by the Circuit Court of the United States; and all commissioners who shall hereafter be appointed for such purposes by the Superior Court of any organized Territory of the United States, shall possess all the powers, and exercise all the duties, conferred by law upon the commissioners appointed by the Circuit Courts of the United States for similar purposes, and shall moreover exercise and discharge all the powers and duties conferred by this act.

"SEC. 3. _And be it further enacted_, That the Circuit Courts of the United States, and the Superior Courts of each organized Territory of the United States, shall from time to time enlarge the number of commissioners, with a view to afford reasonable facilities to reclaim fugitives from labor, and to the prompt discharge of the duties imposed by this act.

"SEC. 4. _And be it further enacted_, That the commissioners above named shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the judges of the Circuit and District Courts of the United States, in their respective circuits and districts within the several States, and the judges of the Superior Courts of the Territories, severally and collectively, in term-time and vacation; and shall grant certificates to such claimants, upon satisfactory proof being made, with authority to take and remove such fugitives from service or labor, under the restrictions herein contained, to the State or Territory from which such persons may have escaped or fled.

"SEC. 5. _And be it further enacted_, That it shall be the duty of all marshals and deputy marshals to obey and execute all warrants and precepts issued under the provisions of this act, when to them directed; and should any marshal or deputy marshal refuse to receive such warrant, or other process, when tendered, or to use all proper means diligently to execute the same, he shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in the sum of one thousand dollars, to the use of such claimant, on the motion of such claimant by the Circuit or District Court for the district of such marshal; and after arrest of such fugitive, by such marshal or his deputy, or whilst at any time in his custody under the provisions of this act, should such fugitive escape, whether with or without the assent of such marshal or his deputy, such marshal shall be liable, on his official bond, to be prosecuted for the benefit of such claimant, for the full value of the service or labor of said fugitive in the State, Territory, or District whence he escaped: and the better to enable the said commissioners, when thus appointed, to execute their duties faithfully and efficiently, in conformity with the requirements of the Constitution of the United States and of this act, they are hereby authorized and empowered, within their counties respectively, to appoint, in writing under their hands, any one or more suitable persons, from time to time, to execute all such warrants and other process as may be issued by them in the lawful performance of their respective duties; with authority to such commissioners, or the persons to be appointed by them, to execute process as aforesaid, to summon and call to their aid the bystanders, or _posse comitatus_ of the proper county, when necessary to insure a faithful observance of the clause of the Constitution referred to, in conformity with the provisions of this act; and all good citizens are hereby commanded to aid and assist in the prompt and efficient execution of this law, whenever their services may be required, as aforesaid, for that purpose; and said warrants shall run, and be executed by said officers, anywhere in the State within which they are issued.

"SEC. 6. _And be it further enacted_, That when a person held to service or labor in any State or Territory of the United States, has heretofore or shall hereafter escape into another State or Territory of the United States, the person or persons to whom such service or labor may be due, or his, her, or their agent or attorney, duly authorized, by power of attorney, in writing, acknowledged and certified under the seal of some legal officer or court of the State or Territory in which the same may be executed, may pursue and reclaim such fugitive person, either by procuring a warrant from some one of the courts, judges, or commissioners aforesaid, of the proper circuit, district, or county, for the apprehension of such fugitive from service or labor, or by seizing and arresting such fugitive, where the same can be done without process, and by taking, or causing such person to be taken, forthwith before such court, judge, or commissioner, whose duty it shall be to hear and determine the case of such claimant in a summary manner; and upon satisfactory proof being made, by deposition or affidavit, in writing, to be taken and certified by such court, judge, or commissioner, or by other satisfactory testimony, duly taken and certified by some court, magistrate, justice of the peace, or other legal officer authorized to administer an oath and take depositions under the laws of the State or Territory from which such person owing service or labor may have escaped, with a certificate of such magistracy or other authority, as aforesaid, with the seal of the proper court or officer thereto attached, which seal shall be sufficient to establish the competency of the proof, and with proof, also by affidavit, of the identity of the person whose service or labor is claimed to be due as aforesaid, that the person so arrested does in fact owe service or labor to the person or persons claiming him or her, in the State or Territory from which such fugitive may have escaped as aforesaid, and that said person escaped, to make out and deliver to such claimant, his or her agent or attorney, a certificate setting forth the substantial facts as to the service or labor due from such fugitive to the claimant, and of his or her escape from the State or Territory in which such service or labor was due, to the State or Territory in which he or she was arrested, with authority to such claimant, or his or her agent or attorney, to use such reasonable force and restraint as may be necessary, under the circumstances of the case, to take and remove such fugitive person back to the State or Territory whence he or she may have escaped as aforesaid. In no trial or hearing under this act shall the testimony of such alleged fugitive be admitted in evidence; and the certificates in this and the first [fourth] section mentioned, shall be conclusive of the right of the person or persons in whose favor granted, to remove such fugitive to the State or Territory from which he escaped, and shall prevent all molestation of such person or persons by any process issued by any court, judge, magistrate, or other person whomsoever.

"SEC. 7. _And be it further enacted_, That any person who shall knowingly and willingly obstruct, hinder, or prevent such claimant, his agent or attorney, or any person or persons lawfully assisting him, her, or them, from arresting such a fugitive from service or labor, either with or without process as aforesaid, or shall rescue, or attempt to rescue, such fugitive from service or labor, from the custody of such claimant, his or her agent or attorney, or other person or persons lawfully assisting as aforesaid, when so arrested, pursuant to the authority herein given and declared; or shall aid, abet, or assist such person so owing service or labor as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to escape from such claimant, his agent or attorney, or other person or persons legally authorized as aforesaid; or shall harbor or conceal such fugitive, so as to prevent the discovery and arrest of such person, after notice or knowledge of the fact that such person was a fugitive from service or labor as aforesaid, shall, for either of said offences, be subject to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding six months, by indictment and conviction before the District Court of the United States for the district in which such offence may have been committed, or before the proper court of criminal jurisdiction, if committed within any one of the organized Territories of the United States; and shall moreover forfeit and pay, by way of civil damages to the party injured by such illegal conduct, the sum of one thousand dollars, for each fugitive so lost as aforesaid, to be recovered by action of debt, in any of the District or Territorial Courts aforesaid, within whose jurisdiction the said offence may have been committed.

"SEC. 8. _And be it further enacted_, That the marshals, their deputies, and the clerks of the said District and Territorial Courts, shall be paid, for their services, the like fees as may be allowed to them for similar services in other cases; and where such services are rendered exclusively in the arrest, custody, and delivery of the fugitive to the claimant, his or her agent or attorney, or where such supposed fugitive may be discharged out of custody for the want of sufficient proof as aforesaid, then such fees are to be paid in the whole by such claimant, his agent or attorney; and in all cases where the proceedings are before a commissioner, he shall be entitled to a fee of ten dollars in full for his services in each case, upon the delivery of the said certificate to the claimant, his or her agent or attorney; or a fee of five dollars in cases where the proof shall not, in the opinion of such commissioner, warrant such certificate and delivery, inclusive of all services incident to such arrest and examination, to be paid, in either case, by the claimant, his or her agent or attorney. The person or persons authorized to execute the process to be issued by such commissioners for the arrest and detention of fugitives from service or labor as aforesaid, shall also be entitled to a fee of five dollars each for each person he or they may arrest and take before any such commissioner as aforesaid, at the instance and request of such claimant, with such other fees as may be deemed reasonable by such commissioner for such other additional services as may be necessarily performed by him or them; such as attending at the examination, keeping the fugitive in custody, and providing him with food and lodging during his detention, and until the final determination of such commissioner; and, in general, for performing such other duties as may be required by such claimant, his or her attorney or agent, or commissioner in the premises, such fees to be made up in conformity with the fees usually charged by the officers of the courts of justice within the proper district or county, as near as may be practicable, and paid by such claimants, their agents or attorneys, whether such supposed fugitives from service or labor be ordered to be delivered to such claimants by the final determination of such commissioners or not.

"SEC. 9. _And be it further enacted_, That, upon affidavit made by the claimant of such fugitive, his agent or attorney, after such certificate has been issued, that he has reason to apprehend that such fugitive will be rescued by force from his or their possession before he can be taken beyond the limits of the State in which the arrest is made, it shall be the duty of the officer making the arrest to retain such fugitive in his custody, and to remove him to the State whence he fled, and there to deliver him to said claimant, his agent, or attorney. And to this end, the officer aforesaid is hereby authorized and required to employ so many persons as he may deem necessary to overcome such force, and to retain them in his service so long as circumstances may require. The said officer and his assistants, while so employed, to receive the same compensation, and to be allowed the same expenses, as are now allowed by law for transportation of criminals, to be certified by the judge of the district within which the arrest is made, and paid out of the treasury of the United States.

"SEC. 10. _And be it further enacted_, That when any person held to service or labor in any State or Territory, or in the District of Columbia, shall escape therefrom, the party to whom such service or labor shall be due, his, her, or their agent or attorney, may apply to any court of record therein, or judge thereof in vacation, and make satisfactory proof to such court, or judge in vacation, of the escape aforesaid, and that the person escaping owed service or labor to such party. Whereupon the court shall cause a record to be made of the matters so proved, and also a general description of the person so escaping, with such convenient certainty as may be; and a transcript of such record, authenticated by the attestation of the clerk and of the seal of the said court, being produced in any other State, Territory, or district in which the person so escaping may be found, and being exhibited to any judge, commissioner, or other officer authorized by the law of the United States to cause persons escaping from service or labor to be delivered up, shall be held and taken to be full and conclusive evidence of the fact of escape, and that the service or labor of the person escaping is due to the party in such record mentioned. And upon the production by the said party of other and further evidence if necessary, either oral or by affidavit, in addition to what is contained in the said record of the identity of the person escaping, he or she shall be delivered up to the claimant. And the said court, commissioner, judge, or other person authorized by this act to grant certificates to claimants of fugitives, shall, upon the production of the record and other evidences aforesaid, grant to such claimant a certificate of his right to take any such person identified and proved to be owing service or labor as aforesaid, which certificate shall authorize such claimant to seize or arrest and transport such person to the State or Territory from which he escaped: _Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed as requiring the production of a transcript of such record as evidence as aforesaid. But in its absence the claim shall be heard and determined upon other satisfactory proofs, competent in law.

"Approved, September 18, 1850."--_Statutes at Large_, IX, 462-465.

APPENDIX B

LIST OF IMPORTANT FUGITIVE SLAVE CASES

The following list is not intended to be exhaustive: it by no means includes all the cases illustrative of the work of the Underground Road, but it represents fairly well the various phases of that work, and does not intentionally omit any of the famous cases. Less than one half of the list here given will be found in Mrs. McDougall's _Fugitive Slaves_, Appendix D, pp. 124-128.

1. Early escape to Canada.

1748. Negro servant escapes from the English to Canada: _New York Colonial Manuscripts_, X, 209.

2. Case of ship _Friendship_.

1770. Harbored a slave: Moore, _Slavery in Massachusetts_, 117.

3. Somersett case.

1772. England refuses to return a fugitive slave: Moore, _Slavery in Massachusetts_, 117; Cobb, _Historical Sketch of Slavery_, 163; Goodell, _Slavery and Anti-Slavery_, 44-52; Hurd, _Law of Freedom and Bondage_, I, 189-193; Broom, _Constitutional Law_, 6-119; Howells, _State Trials_, XX, 1; Taswell-Langmead, _English Constitutional History_, 300, n.

4. Dalby's fugitive.

1786. Aided by Quakers in Philadelphia: Sparks, _Washington_, IX, 158; Applegarth, _Quakers of Pennsylvania_, 463.

5. Slave escaped from Drayton.

1786. Difficult to apprehend because, as Washington declared, there were "numbers who would rather facilitate the escape of slaves than apprehend them when runaways." Lund, _Origin of the Late War_, I, 20.

6. First recorded case of rescue. (Quincy's case.)

1793. Alleged fugitive rescued from the court-room in Boston: Edw. C. Learned, _Speech on the New Fugitive Slave Law_, Chicago, Oct. 25, 1850; Whittier, _Prose Works_, II, 129, "A Chapter of History"; Goodell, _Slavery and Anti-Slavery_, 232; _Boston Atlas_, Oct. 15, 1850; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 35.

7. Washington's fugitive.

1796, October. Public sentiment in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, prevents the return of a fugitive slave to President Washington: _Magazine of American History_, December, 1877, p. 759; Charles Sumner, _Works_, III, 177; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 35.

8. Columbia case.

1804. General Boude defends a runaway: Smedley, _Underground Railroad_, 26.

9. Case of Wright _vs._ Deacon.

1819. Trial before Supreme Court of Pennsylvania to determine status of an alleged runaway: 5 Sergeant and Rawle's _Reports_, 63.

10. Case of Hill _vs._ Low.

1822. Action brought in Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania for penalty under the law of 1793 for obstructing arrest of a fugitive: 4 Washington's _Circuit Court Reports_, 327.

11. Case of Commonwealth _vs._ Griffith.

1823. Prosecution in Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts of a slave-catcher for seizing without a warrant a runaway in New Bedford: 2 Pickering's _Reports_, 15.

12. Escape of Tice Davids.

1831. Mysterious disappearance of a slave at Ripley, Ohio, leads to the naming of the Underground Railroad: Rush R. Sloane, _Firelands Pioneer_, July, 1888, p. 35.

13. Dayton (Ohio) case.

1832, January. Rendition of the fugitive, Thomas Mitchell, at Dayton, Ohio, followed by the suicide of the negro, at Cincinnati, when on his way back to slavery: Howe, _Historical Collections of Ohio_, II, 554, 555.

14. Case of Johnson _vs._ Tompkins.

1833. Prosecution of a claimant for seizure and removal of his escaped slave from Pennsylvania to New Jersey; followed by counter prosecution of the abolitionists before Circuit Court of the United States: 1 Baldwin's _Circuit Court Reports_, 571; 13 _Federal Cases_, 840.

15. Case of Jack _vs._ Martin.

1835. Action under New York law for recovery of a fugitive from New Orleans: 12 Wendell's _Reports_, 311.

16. Basil Dorsey case.

1836. Trial and rescue of Dorsey in Bucks County, Pennsylvania: Smedley, _Underground Railroad_, 356-361; E. H. Magill, "When Men were Sold. The Underground Railroad in Bucks County," in _The Bucks County Intelligencer_, Feb. 3, 1898.

17. Matilda case.

1837. March. Rescue of a slave at Cincinnati, Ohio, on her way from Virginia to Missouri with her master. Later she was found in the employ of James G. Birney, who was tried for harboring the fugitive, while Matilda was remanded to her master: Schuckers, _Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 41-44; Warden, _Private Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 282-284; _8 Ohio Reports_.

18. Schooner _Boston_ case. (Georgia and Maine controversy.)

1837. Controversy between Georgia and Maine over a stowaway on the schooner _Boston_, who escaped through Maine to Canada: Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, I, 473; Niles's _Register_, LIII, 71, 72, LV, 356; _Senate Journal_, 1839-40, pp. 235-237; _Senate Doc._, 26 Cong., 1 Sess., Vol. V, Doc. 273; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 41.

19. Case of Peter, _alias_ Lewis Martin.

1837. Fugitive adjudged to his claimant by Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York: 2 Paine's _Reports_, 350; _16 Federal Cases_, 881.

20. Philadelphia case.

1838. Attempted rescue of a captured fugitive by a crowd of colored people: _Liberator_, March 16, 1838.

21. Marion (Ohio) case.

1838. Rescue of a fugitive at Marion, Ohio, from the hands of his claimant, who sought to detain him after the decision of the court in the slave's favor: Aaron Benedict, _The Sentinel_, Mt. Gilead, Ohio, July 13, 1893.

22. Escape of Douglass.

1838. Escape of Frederick Douglass from Baltimore to New York: _Life and Times of Douglass_; Williams, _Negro Race in America_, II, 59, 422; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, I, 501, 502.

23. Isaac Gansey case. (Virginia and New York controversy.)

1839. Controversy between Virginia and New York over extradition of three negroes demanded by Virginia for aiding a slave to escape: _U. S. Gazette_, "Case of Isaac," Judge Hopkinson's Speech; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, I, 474; Seward, _Works_, II, 449-518; Von Holst, _Constitutional History_, II, 538-540: _Senate Documents_, 27 Cong., 2 Sess., Vol. II, Doc. 96; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 41.

24. Granville (Ohio) rescue case.

1841. Discharge of fugitive, John, after a hearing obtained through a writ of habeas corpus; followed by the departure of the negro over an underground route: Bushnell, _History of Granville_, Licking County, Ohio, 307, 308.

25. Burr, Work and Thompson case.

1841. Prosecution for aiding fugitive slaves in western Illinois: Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 71; Goodell, _Slavery and Anti-Slavery_, 440; Thompson, _Prison Life and Reflections_; Asbury, _History of Quincy, Illinois_, 74.

26. Van Zandt case. (Jones _vs._ Van Zandt.)

1842-1847. Prosecution for aiding runaways in southwestern Ohio; 5 Howard's _Reports_, 215; Letter of N. L. Van Sandt, Clarinda, Iowa; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, I, 475, 476; Cobb, _Historical Sketches of Slavery_, 207; 2 McLean's _Reports_, 612; Schuckers, _Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 53-66; Warden, _Private Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 296.

27. Prigg case. (Prigg _vs._ the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.)

1842. Prosecution for causing arrest and removal of a runaway contrary to provisions of a state law. Decision of the Supreme Court of the United States frees state officers from taking part in fugitive slave cases: 16 Peters' _Reports_, 539; _Report of Case of Edward Prigg_, Supreme Court, Pennsylvania; Cobb, _Historical Sketch of Slavery_; Bledsoe, _Liberty and Slavery_, 355; Clarke, _Anti-Slavery Days_, 69; Hurd, _Law of Freedom and Bondage_, II, 456-492; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, I, 472, 473; Von Holst, _Constitutional History_, III, 310-312.

28. Latimer case.

1842. Famous fugitive slave case in Boston. Fugitive released by purchase: _Liberator_, Oct. 25, Nov. 11, Nov. 25, 1842, Feb. 3, 7, 17, 1843, and Aug. 16, 1844; _Law Reporter_, Latimer Case, March, 1843; _Eleventh Annual Report of Mass. Anti-Slavery Society_; _Mass. House Journal_, 1843, pp. 72, 158; _Mass. Senate Journal_, 1843, p. 232; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, I, 477; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 39, 40.

29. Milton Clark rescue case.

1842. September. Release of the fugitive, captured in Lake County, Ohio, by writ of habeas corpus in Ashtabula County, Ohio, followed by his disappearance by way of the Underground Railroad: _Geneva_ (Ohio) _Times_, Sept. 14, 1892.

30. Eells case.

1842-1852. Prosecution for harboring a slave in Adams County, Illinois: _5 Illinois Reports_, 498; 14 Howard's _Reports_, 13.

31. Case of Charles T. Torrey.

1843. Prosecution for attempt to abduct slaves from Virginia: Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 80.

32. Case of Delia A. Webster.

1844. Prosecution for attempt to abduct slaves from Kentucky: _Rev. Calvin Fairbank During Slavery Times_; _Chicago Tribune_, Jan. 29, 1893.

33. Case of Calvin Fairbank.

1844. Prosecution for attempt to abduct slaves from Kentucky: _Rev. Calvin Fairbank During Slavery Times_; _Chicago Tribune_, Jan. 29, 1893.

34. Marysville (Ohio) rendition case.

1844, September 10. Rendition of two fugitives captured on the Scioto River, near Marysville, Union County, Ohio: _Marysville Tribune_, May 17, 1893; Letter of Mahlon Pickrell, Zanesfield, Ohio, March 25, 1893.

35. Walker case.

1844. Prosecution for attempt to abduct slaves from Florida: Trial and Imprisonment of Jonathan Walker, _Liberator_, Aug. 16, 31, Sept. 6, 13, Oct. 18, 25 and Dec. 27, 1844, Aug. 8, 15, and July 18, 1845; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, 83; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 42.

36. Case of State _vs._ Hoppess. (Watson case.)

1845. Action before the Supreme Court of Ohio on the circuit to secure the liberation of a recaptured slave: _2 Western Law Journal_, 279; Schuckers, _Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 74-77; Warden, _Private Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 309.

37. Case of Vaughan _vs._ Williams.

1845. Prosecution before the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Indiana for rescuing fugitive slaves: _3 Western Law Journal_, 65; _8 Law Reporter_, 375; _28 Federal Cases_, 1115; 3 McLean's _Reports_, 530.

38. Parish case. (Jane Garrison case.)

1845-1849. Prosecution of F. D. Parish for aiding fugitives at Sandusky, Ohio: _Firelands Pioneer_, July, 1888; Warden, _Private Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 310; A. E. Lee, _History of Columbus, Ohio_, I, 598.

39. Toledo (Ohio) rescue case.

1847, February. Rescue of a fugitive from custody while his captor was being tried on a charge of assault and battery before a justice of the peace: Conversation with James M. Ashley, Toledo, Ohio, July, 1895, and with Mavor Brigham, Toledo, Ohio, Aug. 4, 1895.

40. Crosswhite rescue case. (Case of Giltner _vs._ Gorham.)

1847. Prosecution for obstructing arrest of fugitives at Marshall, Michigan: Pamphlet proposing a "Defensive League of Freedom," by E. G. Loring, and others, pp. 5, 6; 4 McLean's _Reports_, 402.

41. Kauffman case.

1848. Prosecution of Daniel Kauffman, of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, for aiding fugitives: E. G. Loring and others, Pamphlet proposing a "Defensive League of Freedom," pp. 5, 6.

42. Garrett case.

1848. Prosecution of Thomas Garrett, of Wilmington, Delaware, for aiding fugitive slaves: Still, _Underground Railroad Records_, 623-641; Smedley, _Underground Railroad_, 237-245; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 60; Wyman, _New England Magazine_, March, 1896.

43. Case of Drayton and Sayres. (Case of the schooner _Pearl_.)

1848, April 18. Prosecution for attempting abduction of slaves from Washington, D.C.: _Personal Memoir of Daniel Drayton_; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 104; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 42.

44. Ohio and Kentucky controversy.

1848. Controversy on account of extradition of fifteen persons, charged with aiding fugitives, demanded by Kentucky: _Liberator_, July 14, 1848.

45. Craft escape.

1848. Escape of William and Ellen Craft: _Liberator_, Nov. 1, 1850; Still, _Underground Railroad_, 368; Clarke, _Anti-Slavery Days_, 83; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 325; _New England Magazine_, January, 1890; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 59.

46. Case of Richard Dillingham.

1848, December. Prosecution for attempting to abduct slaves from Nashville, Tennessee: Benedict, _Memoir of Richard Dillingham_; Stowe, _Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin_, 58, 59; _Reminiscences of Levi Coffin_, 713-718; Howe, _Historical Collections of Ohio_, II, 590.

47. Clarksburgh (Indiana) case. (Case of Ray _vs._ Donnell and Hamilton.)

1849, May. Prosecution for aiding fugitive slave: 4 McLean's _Reports_, 504.

48. Case of Norris _vs._ Newton and others.

1849, September. Fugitives captured in Cass County, Michigan, discharged on trial at South Bend, Indiana, prosecution of those who interfered following: 5 McLean's _Reports_, 92.

49. First case under the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. (Hamlet "kidnapping" case.)

1850, September 26. Rendition of James Hamlet, a free negro, living in New York City: _Fugitive Slave Bill, its History and Unconstitutionality, with an Account of the Seizure of James Hamlet_, 3; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 304; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 43, 44.

50. Chaplin case.

1850. Prosecution of William L. Chaplin for attempting to abduct slaves of Robert Toombs and Alexander H. Stephens from Washington, D.C.: Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 80-82; _Case of William R. Chaplin_, etc. (Boston, 1851), p. 54.

51. Sims case.

1851. Rendition in Boston: _Liberator_, April 17 and 18; _Daily Morning Chronicle_, April 26, 1851; _Twentieth Annual Report of Mass. Anti-Slavery Society_, 1855, p. 19; _Trial of Sims, Arguments by R. Rantoul, Jr., and C. G. Loring_; C. F. Adams, _Life of Richard Henry Dana_, I, 185-301; 7 Cushing's _Reports_, 287; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 333; _New England Magazine_, June, 1890; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 44.

52. Shadrach case.

1851, February. Rescue in Boston: _Liberator_, Feb. 21, May 30, 1851; _Boston Traveller_, Feb. 15, 1851; _Boston Courier_, Feb. 17, 1851; _Washington National Era_, Feb. 27, 1851; _Cong. Globe_, 31 Cong., 2 Sess., Appendix, 238, 295, 510; May, _Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims_, 10; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 329; Von Holst, III, 21; _Statesman's Manual_, III, 1919; _New England Magazine_, May, 1890; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 47, 48; Rhodes, _History of the United States_, I, 209, 210, 290.

53. Christiana case.

1851, September. Riot in Christiana, Pennsylvania, caused by attempt to arrest and remove fugitives, followed by trial on the charge of treason of the persons alleged to have prevented the arrest: 2 Wallace Jr.'s _Reports_, 159; _9 Legal Intelligencer_, 22; _4 American Law Journal_, n. s., 458; _9 Western Law Journal_, 103; _26 Federal Cases_, 105; Still, _Underground Railroad_, 348-368; "Parker's account," "The Freedman's Story," T. W. Higginson, _Atlantic Monthly_, Feb. and March, 1866; _U. S. vs. Hanway, Treason_, 247; May, _Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims_, 14; _History of the Trial of Castner Hanway and others for Treason_; _N. Y. Tribune_, Sept. 12, 1851, and Nov. 26 to Dec. 12; _Boston Daily Traveller_, Sept. 12, 1851; _National Anti-Slavery Standard_, Sept. 18, 1851; _Lowell Journal_, Sept. 19, 1851; Smedley, _Underground Railroad_, 107-130; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 328, 329; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 50, 51; Rhodes, _History of the United States_, I, 222-224.

54. Jerry rescue.

1851, October. Rescue of Jerry McHenry in Syracuse, New York: _Liberator_, Oct. 10-17, 1851; S. J. May, _Recollections of the Anti-Slavery Conflict_, 349-364; _Life of Gerrit Smith_, 117; _Trial of H. W. Allen_, 3; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 305, 306; E. W. Seward, _Seward at Washington as Senator and Secretary of State_, I, 169, 170; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 44, 47-51.

55. Parker rescue.

1851, December 31. Rescue by Mr. Miller: Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 324; May, _Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims_, 15; _Liberator_, 1853, Feb. 4; _Lunsford Lane_, 113.

56. Brig Florence rescue.

1853. Rescue of a slave on board by Capt. Austin Bearse: Bearse, _Reminiscences of Fugitive Slave-Law Days in Boston_, 34.

57. Case of Oliver _vs._ Weakley and others.

1853. Prosecution before the United States Circuit Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania in October term for harboring fugitives: 2 Wallace Jr.'s _Reports_, 324.

58. Louis case.

1853, October. Escape of the fugitive, Louis, from the court-room while on trial in Cincinnati: _Liberator_, Oct. 28, 1853; _Reminiscences of Levi Coffin_, 548-554.

59. Bellefontaine (Ohio) rescue case.

1852, November. Discharge of the Piatt slaves from custody by the probate judge of Logan County, followed by their escape over the Underground Railroad: _Logan County Gazette_, November, 1852; Letter of the Hon. Robert T. Kennedy, Bellefontaine, Jan. 22, 1893; Conversation with Judge Wm. H. West, Bellefontaine, Aug. 11, 1894; Letter of R. H. Johnston, Belle Centre, Ohio, Sept. 22, 1894.

60. Case of Miller _vs._ McQuerry.

1853, August. Rendition of a fugitive, for several years a resident near Troy, Ohio, by the Circuit Court of the United States at Cincinnati, Ohio: 5 McLean's _Reports_, 481; 10 _Western Law Journal_, 528; 17 _Federal Cases_, 335; May, The _Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims_, 28; _History of Darke County, Ohio_, 324, 325.

61. Mitchell's case.

1853. Prosecution of Mitchell, an abolitionist of Indiana, Pennsylvania, for harboring slaves: 2 Wallace Jr.'s _Reports_, 313; _Pittsburgh Dispatch_, Feb. 13, 1898.

62. Glover rescue case. (Case of Ableman _vs._ Booth.)

1854, March 10. Rescue of Joshua Glover by a mob at Milwaukee; followed by the prosecution of Sherman M. Booth, one of the rescuers, and a conflict between the Supreme Court of Wisconsin and the Supreme Court of the United States: _Liberator_, April 7, 24, 1854; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 444; Mason, _The Fugitive Slave Law in Wisconsin with Reference to Nullification Sentiment_, 1895; C. C. Olin, _A Complete Record of the John Olin Family_, 1893; Byron Paine and A. D. Smith, _Unconstitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act_. _Argument of A. D. Smith_, Milwaukee, 1854. Wisconsin Supreme Court, _Unconstitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act, Decision in case of Booth and Rycraft_.

63. Burns case.

1854, May 24. Rendition of Anthony Burns in Boston: _Liberator_, May, June, 1854, Aug. 22, 1861; _Kidnapping of Burns_, Scrapbook collected by Theodore Parker; Personal Statement of Mr. Elbridge Sprague, N. Abington; Accounts in _Boston Journal_, May 27, 29, 1854; _Daily Advertiser_, May 26, 29, June 7, 8, July 17; _Traveller_, May 27, 29, June 2, 3, 6, 10, July 15, 18, Oct. 3, Nov. 29, Dec. 5, 7, 1854, April 3, 4, 10, 11, 1855; _Evening Gazette_, May 27, 1854; _Worcester Spy_, May 31; Argument of Mr. R. H. Dana; May, _Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims_, 256; Stevens, _History of Anthony Burns_; _New York Tribune_, May 26, 1854; Clarke, _Anti-Slavery Days_, 87; Greeley, _American Conflict_, I, 218; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 435; Von Holst, VI, 62; Garrisons' _Garrison_, II, 201, III, 409; C. F. Adams, _Dana_, I, 262-330; Rhodes, _History of the United States_, I, 500-506; T. W. Higginson, _Atlantic Monthly_, March, 1897, 349-354; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 45; Lillie B. C. Wyman, _New England Magazine_, July, 1890.

64. Sloane case.

1854. Prosecution of Rush R. Sloane before the District Court of the United States at Columbus, Ohio, for dismissing fugitives from the custody of their captors at Sandusky, Ohio: 5 McLean's _United States Reports_, 64; Rush R. Sloane and H. F. Paden, _Firelands Pioneer_, 47-49, 21-22.

65. Rosetta case.

1855, March. Release of the slave girl, Rosetta, by writ of habeas corpus from the possession of her master, who brought her voluntarily to Columbus, Ohio; followed some time later by the seizure and removal of the girl, and the pursuit of her captors to Cincinnati, where they were compelled by legal process to give her up: Warden, _Private Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 344, 345; A. E. Lee, _History of Columbus, Ohio_, I, 602, 603.

66. Erican case.

1855, May 28. Unsuccessful attempt at Columbus, Ohio, to persuade two slave girls to leave their master, P. Erican, a Frenchman from New Orleans, _en route_ with his family to Europe: Lee, _History of Columbus, Ohio_, 603.

67. Margaret Garner case.

1856, January. Rendition of Margaret Garner at Cincinnati, Ohio, after she had killed one of her children to prevent its return to bondage: _Liberator_, Feb. 8, 22, 29, 1856; May, _Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims_, 37; _Lunsford Lane_, 119; Greeley, _American Conflict_, I, 219; Lalor's _Cyclopaedia_, I, 207; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 446, 447; James Monroe, _Oberlin Thursday Lectures, Addresses and Essays_, 116; Schuckers, _Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 171-176; Warden, _Private Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 346-350.

68. Williamson case.

1856, January. Prosecution for aiding fugitives: _Narrative of the Facts in the Case of Passmore Williamson_, Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society; _Annual Report of the American Anti-Slavery Society_, New York, May 7, 1856, p. 24; May, _Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims_, 9, 34; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 448.

69. Johnson rescue case.

1856, July 16. Rescue of slave on ship from Mobile: _Liberator_, July 18, 1856.

70. Gatchell case.

1857, January. Rendition of Philip Young: Chambers, _Slavery and Color_; _Fugitive Slave Law_, Appendix, 197.

71. Addison White case.

1857, May 15. Prosecution of Udney Hyde and others for aiding the fugitive, Addison White, at Mechanicsburg, Champaign County, Ohio: Beer, _History of Clark County, Ohio_; Howe, _Historical Collections of Ohio_, I, 384-386; Schuckers, _Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 177-182; Warden, _Private Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 350, 351.

72. Oberlin-Wellington rescue case.

1858, September 13. Rescue of the boy, John, at Wellington, Ohio, followed by the prosecution of two rescuers, and the indictment of four of the slave-catchers: Shipherd, _History of the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue_; _Liberator_, Jan. 28, April 29, May 6, June 3, 10, 1859; Cleveland (Ohio) _Plain Dealer_, July 6, 1859; _Lunsford Lane_, 179; _Anglo-African Magazine_ (Oberlin-Wellington Rescue), 209; May, _Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims_, 108; _New Englander_, XVII, 686.

73. Nuckolls case.

1858, December. Prosecution of Nuckolls of Nebraska City, Nebraska, for injuring a person who remonstrated against his search for fugitives: Rev. John Todd, Tabor (Iowa) _Beacon_, 1890-91, Chapter XXI, of a series of articles entitled "The Early Settlement and Growth of Western Iowa."

74. John Brown's raid.

1858, December 20. Abduction of twelve slaves from Missouri, who were conducted directly through to Canada: Sanborn, _Life and Letters of John Brown_, 480-483; Redpath, _Public Life of Capt. John Brown_, 219-221; Hinton, _John Brown and His Men_, 30-32, 221, 222; Von Holst, _John Brown_, 104; I. B. Richman, _John Brown among the Quakers, and Other Sketches_, 46-48; _Life of Frederick Douglass_, 1881, 280, 281, 318, 319; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 51, 52.

75. Charles Nalle case. (Troy, New York, rescue case.)

1859, April 28. _Troy Whig_, April 28, 1859; Bradford, _Harriet, the Moses of Her People_, 143-149; _History of the County of Albany, N. Y., from 1609-1886_, p. 765; _Liberator_, May 4, 1860.

76. Jim Gray case.

1859, October 20. Dismissal of fugitive from arrest by decision of State Supreme Court at Ottawa, Illinois, followed by the rescue of the slave from the custody of the United States marshal, and the prosecution of several of the rescuers: _Ottawa_ (Ill.) _Republican_, Nov. 9, 1891; _Pontiac_ (Ill.) _Sentinel_, 1891-92; Speech of John Hossack, convicted of violation of the Fugitive Slave Law, before Judge Drummond of the United States District Court, Chicago, Ill. (New York, 1860.)

77. Sheldon and Woodford case.

1860, March. Prosecution of Edward Sheldon and Newton Woodford, of Tabor, Iowa, for aiding fugitives: Rev. John Todd, _Tabor_ (Iowa) _Beacon_, 1890-91, Chapter XXI, of series of articles on "The Early Settlement and Growth of Western Iowa."

78. Anderson case.

1860. Extradition case between United States and Canada: _Pamphlets on Anderson Case_, Boston Public Library; _Life of Gerrit Smith_, 15; _Liberator_, Dec. 3, 1860, Jan. 22, 1861; _British Documents_, Parliament of Great Britain, "Correspondence Respecting Case of Fugitive Slave, Anderson," London, 1861.

79. Cleveland (Ohio) rendition case.

1861. Rendition of the fugitive slave, Lucy, in Cleveland, Ohio, to her master, Wm. S. Goshorn, of Wheeling, West Virginia: _Cleveland Herald_, date unknown.

80. Iberia (Ohio) whipping case.

1861, November. Prosecution of the Rev. George Gordon, Principal of Iberia College, for "resisting process" in the hands of a United States deputy marshal, who was endeavoring to capture a fugitive slave on the night of Sept. 20, 1860. The deputy and his assistants were caught, disarmed, taken to the woods and whipped. Principal Gordon witnessed without protest the last ten or fifteen lashes, and for so doing was sentenced to six months' confinement in the county jail, to pay a fine of $300, and the costs of prosecution--$1000 or $1500 more: Rev. George Gordon in the _Principia_, Nov. 29, 1861.

81. John Dean case.

1862, June. Prosecution of John Dean, a prominent lawyer of Washington, D.C., for protecting his client, an alleged fugitive just released, from a second arrest: Noah Brooks, _Washington in Lincoln's Time_, 197, 198.

APPENDIX C

FIGURES FROM THE UNITED STATES CENSUS REPORTS RELATING TO FUGITIVE SLAVES

TABLE A

------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | CENSUS OF 1850 |CENSUS OF 1860 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | |Ratio | Per | | |Ratio | Per | Slaves | Fugi-|of Fugi-| Cent | Slaves |Fugi-|of Fugi-|Cent | | tives|tives to| of | |tives|tives to| of | | |Slaves | Loss | | |Slaves |Loss ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Alabama | 342,844| 29| 11,822 | .0084| 435,080| 36 |12,086 |.0082 Arkansas | 47,100| 21| 2,242 | .0445| 111,115| 28 | 3,968 |.0252 Delaware | 2,290| 26| 88 |1.1352| 1,798| 12 | 150 |.6674 Florida | 39,310| 18| 2,184 | .0457| 61,745| 11 | 5,613 |.0177 Georgia | 381,682| 89| 4,288 | .0233| 462,198| 23 | 20,096 |.0049 Kentucky | 210,981| 96| 2,198 | .0455| 225,483| 119 | 1,895 |.0527 Louisiana | 244,809| 90| 2,720 | .0366| 331,726| 46 | 7,211 |.0138 Maryland | 90,368| 279| 324 | .3088| 87,189| 115 | 758 |.1318 Mississippi | 309,878| 40| 7,558 | .0132| 436,631| 68 | 6,422 |.0155 Missouri | 87,422| 60| 1,457 | .0686| 114,931| 99 | 1,161 |.0860 North Carolina| 288,548| 64| 4,508 | .0222| 331,059| 61 | 5,262 |.0184 South Carolina| 384,984| 16| 24,061 | .0041| 402,406| 23 | 17,501 |.0057 Tennessee | 239,459| 70| 3,421 | .0292| 275,719| 29 | 9,509 |.0105 Texas | 58,161| 29| 2,005 | .0498| 182,566| 16 | 11,410 |.0087 Virginia | 472,528| 82| 5,693 | .0175| 490,865| 117 | 4,194 |.0238 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |3,200,364| 1,011| 3,165 | .0315|3,950,511| 803 | 4,919 |.0203 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TABLE B

SHOWING THAT THE PERCENTAGE OF DECLINE OF THE SLAVE POPULATION FROM 1850-1860 WAS GREATER IN THE NORTHERNMOST COUNTIES OF THE BORDER SLAVE STATES THAN IN THESE STATES AS A WHOLE

----------------------------------------------------------------------- | Counties | 1850 | 1860 | 1850 | 1860 | | | State | Bordering on | A | A | B | B | C | D | | the states | | | | | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Kentucky | Ill., O., Ind. | .20 | .11 | .27 | .24 | 45 | 11 | Virginia | Pa., O. | .018 | .0089| .53 | .47 | 55 | 11 | Missouri | Ia., Ill. | .11 | .081 | .15 | .108 | 25 | 28 | Maryland | Pa. | .058 | .032 | .201 | .16 | 33 | 20.4 | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Average | 39.5 | 17.6 | -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Table B legend:

A = Ratio between White and Slave Population in the Counties bordering on the Free States B = Ratio between White and Slave Population in Whole State C = Per Cent of Decline of Slave Population in Counties in 10 Years D = Per Cent of Decline of Slave Population in States in 10 Years

TABLE C

SHOWING THE PERCENTAGE OF DECLINE OF THE SLAVE POPULATION IN THE "PAN HANDLE" COUNTIES OF VIRGINIA FROM 1850-1860

------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | 1850 | 1850 | 1860 | 1860 | 1850 | 1860 | | | "Pan | | | | | | | | State | Handle" | White | Slave | White | Slave | | | | | Bordering | Popu- | Popu- | Popu- | Popu- | A | A | B | | Pa. and O.| lation | lation| lation | lation| | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Virginia| Hancock | 4,040 | 3 | 4,442 | 2 |.00074 |.00045 | 39 | " | Brooke | 4,923 | 100 | 5,425 | 18 |.0203 |.0033 | 83 | " | Ohio |17,612 | 164 | 22,196 | 100 |.0093 |.0045 | 51 | " | Marshall |10,050 | 49 | 12,911 | 29 |.0048 |.0022 | 54 | " | Wetzel | 3,319 | 32 | 6,691 | 10 |.0096 |.0015 | 84 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For all the Counties |39,944 | 348 | 51,665 | 159 |.0089 |.0030 | 56 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Table C legend:

A = Ratio between White and Slave Population B = Per Cent of Decline of Slave Population in 10 Years

APPENDIX D

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. UNPUBLISHED REMINISCENCES

The materials upon which in large measure this book is based are reminiscences gathered by correspondence and conversation with more than a thousand persons, many of whom were old-time abolitionists, while the remainder included the families and intimate friends of abolitionists, and a number of fugitive slaves. It was discovered by the author after only a short search for published sources that little was to be gleaned in the libraries and that information sufficient in amount for an extended study could be obtained only by what geologists and botanists call field-work. The collection of materials went on as time could be spared for this purpose until a great mass of letters and notes had been brought together, and then the work of sorting, arranging and classifying began. The reminiscences were grouped by states and counties, so as to bring out as far as possible the coincident and confirmatory character of evidence relating to the same neighborhood or district; and the value of the materials appeared in the tracings of underground lines the author was able to make, county by county and state by state, throughout the region of the free states from Iowa to Maine. For the purpose of showing the extent and importance of the underground movement these unpublished reminiscences have proved to be invaluable.

2. PRINTED COLLECTIONS OF UNDERGROUND RAILROAD INCIDENTS

There are a few volumes that supply us with numerous illustrations of the Underground Railroad in operation. These books are not general treatises on the underground system, but give us an insight into the clandestine work of several limited localities; they are important because they exhibit the methods and devices of operators, show the sacrifices made by them in behalf of the midnight seekers after liberty, and supplement with valuable matter the unpublished reminiscences. In addition to the well-known books of Still, Smedley and Coffin, the author has found the three smaller, and hitherto unquoted books by W. M. Mitchell, E. M. Pettit and H. U. Johnson, to be useful.

3. PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS

A few of those who were active in aiding slaves to escape to Canada have published volumes of personal recollections, in which, among other things, they tell more or less about their connection with the humane but illegitimate work of the abolitionists, and give vivid sketches of some of their associates, as well as of some of their dark-skinned protégés. Such books are the Rev. James Freeman Clarke's _Anti-Slavery Days_, the Rev. Samuel J. May's _Recollections of our Anti-Slavery Conflict_, J. B. Grinnell's _Men and Events of Forty Years_, Mrs. Laura S. Haviland's _A Woman's Life Work_ and Mrs. E. B. Chace's _Anti-Slavery Reminiscences_.

A small class of books, of which the _Personal Memoirs_ of Daniel Drayton, and the books by Dr. A. M. Ross and the Rev. Calvin Fairbank are representatives, are indispensable as sources of information relating to the abduction of slaves from the South. The little book entitled _Harriet, the Moses of her People_, in which that remarkable guide of fugitives, Harriet Tubman, relates her exploits through the pen of her friend, Mrs. S. H. Bradford, properly belongs to this group.

4. LETTERS, DIARIES AND SCRAP-BOOKS

The liability of Underground Railroad operators to severe penalties for harboring runaways explains the dearth of evidence in the form of letters, diaries and scrap-books they have left behind; such evidence would have been incriminating. It is known that a few abolitionists kept diaries and scrap-books and even wrote letters in regard to the business of the Road, but most of these records appear to have been destroyed before the beginning of the Civil War. The author has been able to secure only two or three letters and the single leaf of a diary in centres where much work was done. Three scrap-books in the Boston Public Library, containing memoranda, clippings, handbills, etc., that refer in particular to the experiences of Theodore Parker, shed much light on the work of the Vigilance Committee of Boston, and supply important information in regard to the famous case of Anthony Burns.

5. BIOGRAPHIES AND MEMOIRS

Biographies and memoirs of anti-slavery men not infrequently contain references to aid rendered to fugitives, explain the motives of the philanthropists, and give their versions of the fugitive slave cases that came within their immediate knowledge; such books are often indices of the public sentiment of the localities in which their subjects lived, and when read in conjunction with the biographies of pro-slavery advocates help us to realize the conflicting interests that expressed themselves in the slavery controversy. Lydia Maria Child's _Life of Isaac T. Hopper_ has preserved to us the record of one of the pioneers of the underground movement, while the biographies of _Gerrit Smith_ and _James and Lucretia Mott_, show these persons to have been worthy successors of the benign and shrewd Hopper. In the biographies of John Brown by Redpath, Hinton and Sanborn, and in the _Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe_, by her son, Charles E. Stowe, we have proofs of the deep and enduring impression made by underground experiences upon strong characters capable of assimilating and transforming these into forces of historical moment. Chase, Seward and Sumner were among our public men who acted as counsel for fugitive slaves; it is not surprising therefore that their biographers have given considerable space to the consideration of cases with which these men were connected. The prominence of the statesmen just named and others of their class as party leaders makes their biographies indispensable in tracing the political history of the ante-bellum period. Claiborne's _Life and Correspondence of John A. Quitman_ may properly be named as an excellent and valuable example of the class of biographies of prominent men of the South.

A few obituary pamphlets have been gathered, which have proved to be of some service: such are A. L. Benedict's _Memoir of Richard Dillingham_, and pamphlets relating to Mr. John Hossack, of Ottawa, Illinois, and Mr. James M. Westwater, of Columbus, Ohio.

6. SLAVE BIOGRAPHIES AND AUTOBIOGRAPHIES

A recital of the life and sufferings of many colored refugees in books written by themselves or by sympathetic friends, and published in various free states during the two or three decades preceding 1860, tended to increase the Northern feeling against slavery and doubtless also to carry to many minds convictions that found a partial expression in underground efforts. These books contain descriptions of slave life on the plantation and tell with the omission of particulars, which it would have been imprudent at the time to relate, the story of the escape to liberty. The omission of these particulars renders these sources of little use in tracing the secret routes to Canada followed by the refugees, or in confirming, in part or in whole, the routes of others. In the case of Frederick Douglass, the gaps and omissions appearing in the first autobiography are filled with much valuable information in the second, written after slavery was abolished. The books by Josiah Henson, the Rev. J. W. Loguen and Austin Steward are interesting as the narratives of negroes of superior ability who spent a part at least of their time after self-emancipation in Canada, and could therefore write intelligently on the condition of their people there.

7. MATERIALS RELATING TO SLAVERY AND FUGITIVE SLAVES IN CANADA

There is but little material in regard to slavery and fugitive slaves in Canada. The question of slavery in the provinces is clearly presented in a few pages of Vol. XXV of the _Magazine of American History_, while the life of the colored refugees in Canada during the period of immigration and settlement can only be seen in anything like a sufficient light in Benjamin Drew's _North-Side View of Slavery_, and Dr. S. G. Howe's _Refugees from Slavery in Canada West_.

8. STATE, COUNTY AND LOCAL HISTORIES

Many contributions on the Underground Railroad appear in the collections of historical, biographical and other materials that make up a large number of our state, county and local histories so-called. Accounts, which when taken by themselves are fragmentary and therefore of little importance, have been brought to light by searching through these histories; and not unnaturally, perhaps, the largest number have been found in the county histories of Ohio. Six or seven of these histories afford articles relating to the Underground Railroad; and characteristic items and incidents have been printed in both state and local histories besides. Illinois comes next in the number of contributions preserved in its local histories. The utmost diligence of the student in the library alcoves devoted to Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, will result in the finding of from one to three contributions only, as the case may be; while from the shelves given to Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire and New Jersey, he is not likely to secure anything to his purpose.

9. REPORTS OF SOCIETIES

The reports of anti-slavery societies, especially those of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, are rich in comments upon the prosecutions in the South of abductors of slaves, and do not fail to show the effect of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 upon the activity of Underground Railroad lines. They also tell something of the missionary work done among the refugees in Canada. In the last-named respect they are secondary to the _Reports of the Anti-Slavery Society of Canada_, _the Refugees' Home Society_, and the _Canada Mission_.

Within the past ten years various societies of the historical type have been instrumental, directly or indirectly, in the publication of addresses bearing upon the violation of the Fugitive Slave laws. A series of lectures before the Political Science Association of the University of Michigan, several of which involve this theme, were published in 1889 under the general title, _Constitutional History of the United States as seen in the Development of American Law_. A collection of letters and addresses commemorative of the anti-slavery movement and some of its leaders was printed in 1893 in a book, called _Old Anti-Slavery Days_, by the Danvers (Mass.) Historical Society. An address on "The Underground Railroad" by ex-President James H. Fairchild, of Oberlin College, forms _Tract No. 87_ in Vol. IV. of the publications of the Western Reserve Historical Society. The best account of the Glover rescue case will be found in a pamphlet by Mr. Vroman Mason on the _Fugitive Slave Law in Wisconsin, with Reference to Nullification Sentiment_, issued in 1895 by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

10. RECORDS OF TRIALS

The reader who acquaints himself even superficially with John Codman Hurd's two volumes, entitled the _Law of Freedom and Bondage in the United States_, can not fail to be impressed with the value of legal reports for the study of the great contention over slavery. Hurd's pages are full of descriptions and discussions of cases in their judicial bearing, and his foot-notes are largely made up of references to the published reports of trials.

In the series of these records of trials, one may trace the history of legal opposition to the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave laws, note the decision in the Prigg case, by which the efficiency of the law of 1793 was destroyed, and the Southern demand for a new law made imperative, mark the clash of state and federal jurisdictions, and see the growth of the spirit of nullification in the North. For these purposes, one should consult not only the records of the Supreme Court and the lower courts, such as _Federal Cases_, Howard's _Reports_, McLean's _Reports_, _Ohio State Reports_, _Wisconsin Reports_, etc., but also the various law periodicals, for example, the _American Law Register_, the _Legal Intelligencer_, and the _Western Law Journal_. Some important cases have been published in pamphlet form, while two at least are more minutely set forth in books; a volume is devoted to the Oberlin-Wellington rescue case, and several relate to the trial of Anthony Burns.

11. PERIODICALS AND NEWSPAPERS

In marked contrast with the legal reports and law periodicals, little can be gleaned from the popular magazines of fugitive slave days. The ethics of resistance to the laws for the recovery of runaways is discussed in the _North American Review_ for July, 1850, and in the _Democratic Review_, Vol. V, 1851, and incidents typical of the experience of the underground operator and his confederates are recited in _Once a Week_ for June, 1862. Careful and extended search has revealed nothing in the better known periodicals published during the War and the two decades following. Recently, however, abolitionists have become retrospective and reminiscent, and the tales of their midnight adventures in contravention of those laws of their country which they deemed subversive of the "higher law" begin to appear in periodicals and newspapers. For example, the first of a series of stories, which are founded upon facts, was printed in the _Lake Shore and Home Magazine_ for July, 1887, an article on the Underground Railroad appeared in the _Magazine of Western History_ for March, 1887, and a "symposium" of reminiscences was published in the _Firelands Pioneer_ for July, 1888. Articles of a miscellaneous nature, in which points of interest are brought out, have been appearing in some of the monthly magazines within more recent years, for instance, in the _Atlantic Monthly_, the _Century Magazine_, and the _New England Magazine_.

Only vague and rare references to the Underground Railroad and its workings are made in the newspapers of ante-bellum days, and these are of little value. The _Liberator_ was fierce in its opposition to the Fugitive Slave Laws, and contains many stories of fugitives, but in this, as in less radical newspapers, the editor observed a discreet silence concerning the secret efforts of his colaborers in emancipating the bondman. It is necessary, therefore, to rely upon the long delayed accounts contributed by operators now advanced in years to the columns of the press. In 1885, interesting articles were printed in the _Western Star_, of Indiana, and the _New Lexington_ (Ohio) _Tribune_, and since then, especially since 1890, many others have been published. These have been patiently gathered, and form a part of the author's collections.

12. HISTORIES OF RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES

Materials relative to the attitude of various religious denominations towards slavery are to be found in the histories of the different church organizations, such as William Hodgson's _The Society of Friends in the Nineteenth Century_, Dr. H. N. McTyeire's _History of Methodism_, and Dr. R. E. Thompson's _History of the Presbyterian Churches in the United States_.

Other works, for example A. C. Applegarth's _Quakers in Pennsylvania_ and S. B. Weeks' _Southern Quakers and Slavery_, which, while dealing with a single denomination, are not to be regarded as denominational histories in any strict sense, contain points of interest and value.

13. MATERIALS BEARING ON LEGISLATION

The study of our colonial legislation supplies ample proof that the harboring of the hunted slave early became a source of annoyance to slave-owners. Laws against this misdemeanor, with curious penalties attached, are included in the collections of statutes of various colonies, for example, in the _Laws and Ordinances of New Netherlands_, the _Maryland Archives_ (Assembly Proceedings), the _Acts of the Province of New York_, the _Province Laws of Pennsylvania_, the _Laws of Virginia_, etc. These statutes have been made accessible through their publication in series of volumes, a good collection of which may be found in the State Library in Boston. Among the most important editions are Leaming and Spicer's collection for New Jersey, Hening's series of Virginia Statutes at Large, Bacon's collection for Maryland, and Iredell's edition of South Carolina Statutes.

The history of our national legislation respecting fugitive slaves may be traced in outline in the _Journals of the Senate and House_. For the voicing of the need of this legislation, which one would naturally expect to find in the speeches of members from the Southern states, one must turn to the _Annals of Congress_, covering the period from 1789 to 1824, the _Congressional Debates_, for the period from 1824 to 1837, and the _Congressional Globe_ from 1833 to 1864. The provisions of the Fugitive Slave laws one may find, of course, in the _Statutes at Large_, and some of the effects of the law of 1850 may be studied in a pamphlet entitled _The Fugitive Slave Law and Its Victims_, compiled by Samuel May, Jr., and first published in 1856. An enlarged edition of this pamphlet was issued in 1861.

14. CONTEMPORANEOUS AND MODERN BOOKS ON SLAVERY

Under this heading are brought for convenience several different classes of books on slavery. The first of these classes comprises the three small volumes, published during the interval from 1816 to 1826, in which immediate emancipation was advocated by the Rev. George Bourne, the Rev. James Duncan, and the Rev. John Rankin. Our interest here in the teaching of these men arises primarily from the circumstance that two of them, at least, are known to have done what they could to advance the work of the Underground Railroad, while all of them lived, at the time of the appearance of their books, on or near the border line over which came the trembling fugitive in search of freedom.

Another class is made up of volumes descriptive of slavery. Such are Mrs. Frances A. Kemble's _Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1836-1839_, Frederick Law Olmsted's _Cotton Kingdom_, G. M. Weston's _Progress of Slavery in the United States_, and a book that has but recently come from the press, Edward Ingle's _Southern Sidelights_.

In a third class must be grouped such recent monographs as Mrs. Marion G. McDougall's _Fugitive Slaves_, and Miss Mary Tremaine's _Slavery in the District of Columbia_. The former has been found to be especially serviceable, not only because of its subject matter, but also because of its numerous and accurate references and its long list of notable fugitive slave cases.

15. SECONDARY WORKS

One will seek in vain in the secondary works for an adequate account of the Underground Railroad, or a proper estimate of its importance, whether one looks in the general histories of the United States, such as the works of Von Holst, Schouler, and Rhodes, the more condensed books of which we have an example in Prof. J. W. Burgess's _The Middle Period_, or the histories of slavery, like Wilson's _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America_, Greeley's _American Conflict_, Williams' _History of the Negro Race_, and Willey's _History of the Anti-Slavery Cause in State and Nation_. These works are important for their discussions from different points of view of the political forces and constitutional questions involved in the struggle for emancipation, and in general they present descriptions of the famous contested fugitive slave cases and cases of rescue, but they have failed, on account of the small amount of evidence hitherto available, to arrive at a proper view of the political significance of the underground system.

16. LIBRARIES

While the great mass of evidence that has made this volume possible was collected by field work, the author did not neglect to search libraries, both public and private, in the prosecution of his undertaking. He was able to make use of the public libraries of Cincinnati, besides the private library of Major E. C. Dawes of that city, the state library, and the library of Ohio State University at Columbus, the library of C. M. Burton, Esq., of Detroit, Michigan, and during two years' residence in Cambridge, Massachusetts, he was able to avail himself of the splendid collections of anti-slavery books and pamphlets to be found in the Boston Public Library and the library of Harvard University. The materials for the chapter on "Prosecutions of Underground Railroad Men" were gathered in the Harvard Law Library.

PRINTED COLLECTIONS OF UNDERGROUND RAILROAD INCIDENTS

LEVI COFFIN. Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, the Reputed President of the Underground Railroad; being a Brief History of the Labors of a Lifetime in Behalf of the Slave, with the Stories of Numerous Fugitives, who gained their Freedom through his Instrumentality; and Many Other Incidents. Second Edition. Cincinnati, 1880.

ASCOTT R. HOPE (a _nom de plume_ for Robert Hope Moncrieff). Heroes in Homespun, 1894.

H. U. JOHNSON. From Dixie to Canada. Romances and Realities of the Underground Railroad. (Reprinted from the Lake Shore and Home Magazine.) Vol. I. Orwell, Ohio, 1894.

REV. W. M. MITCHELL. The Underground Railroad. London, 1860.

EBER M. PETTIT. Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad; comprising Many Thrilling Incidents of the Escape of Fugitives from Slavery, and the Perils of those who aided them. Fredonia, N. Y., 1879.

R. C. SMEDLEY. History of the Underground Railroad in Chester and the Neighboring Counties of Pennsylvania. Lancaster, Pa., 1883.

WILLIAM STILL. Underground Railroad Records. Revised Edition. With a Life of the Author. Narrating the Hardships, Hairbreadth Escapes, and Death Struggles of the Slaves in their Efforts for Freedom. Together with Sketches of Some of the Eminent Friends of Freedom, and Most Liberal Aiders and Advisers of the Road. Hartford, Conn., 1886.

PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS

AUSTIN BEARSE. Remembrances of Fugitive Slave Days in Boston. Boston, 1880. (Pamphlet.)

HENRY THOMAS BUTTERWORTH. Reminiscences and Memories of Henry Thomas Butterworth and Nancy Irwin Wales, His Wife, with Some Account of their Golden Wedding. Nov. 3, 1880. Lebanon, Ohio, 1886. (Pamphlet.)

ELIZABETH BUFFUM CHACE. Anti-Slavery Reminiscences. Central Falls., R.I., 1891. (Pamphlet.)

JAMES FREEMAN CLARKE. Anti-Slavery Days. A Sketch of the Struggle which ended in the Abolition of Slavery in the United States. New York, 1883.

DANIEL DRAYTON. Personal Memoirs, etc., including a Narrative of the Voyage and Capture of the Schooner _Pearl_. Published by the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. Boston and New York, 1855.

THE REV. CALVIN FAIRBANK. During Slavery Times. How he "Fought the Good Fight" to Prepare "the Way." Edited from his Manuscript. Chicago, 1890.

JOSIAH BUSHNELL GRINNELL. Men and Events of Forty Years. Autobiographical Reminiscences of an Active Career from 1850 to 1890. Boston, 1891.

LAURA S. HAVILAND. A Woman's Life-work: Labors and Experiences of Laura S. Haviland. Fourth Edition. Chicago, 1889.

SAMUEL J. MAY. Some Recollections of our Anti-Slavery Conflict. Boston, 1869.

JOSEPH MORRIS. Reminiscences. Richland Township, Marion Co., Ohio. Date unknown.

A. G. RIDDLE. Recollections of War Times. New York, 1873.

GEORGE W. JULIAN. Political Recollections. 1840-1872. Chicago, 1884.

DR. ALEXANDER MILTON ROSS. Recollections and Experiences of an Abolitionist. Second Edition. Toronto, 1876.

BIOGRAPHIES AND MEMOIRS

CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS. Richard Henry Dana. A Biography. 2 Vols. Vol. I. Boston, 1890.

GEORGE E. BAKER, Editor. The Life of William H. Seward, with Selections from his Works. 3 Vols. New York, 1853, 1861, 1864.

A. L. BENEDICT. Memoir of Richard Dillingham. Philadelphia, 1852. (Pamphlet.)

WILLIAM BIRNEY. James G. Birney and his Times. The Genesis of the Republican Party, with Some Account of Abolition Movements in the South before 1828. New York, 1890.

JOHN HOWARD BRYANT. Life and Poems. 1894.

LYDIA MARIA CHILD. Isaac T. Hopper: A True Life. Twelfth Thousand. Boston, 1854.

J. F. H. CLAIBORNE. Life and Correspondence of John A. Quitman. 2 Vols. New York, 1860.

W. G. DESHLER and Others. Memorial on the Death of James M. Westwater. Published by the Board of Trade, Columbus, Ohio, 1894. (Pamphlet.)

O. B. FROTHINGHAM. Life of Gerrit Smith. New York, 1878.

WENDELL PHILLIPS GARRISON and FRANCIS JACKSON GARRISON. William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879: The Story of his Life, told by his Children. 4 Vols. 8vo. New York, 1885.

MRS. ANNA D. HALLOWELL. James and Lucretia Mott. Life and Letters. Boston, 1884.

REV. D. HEAGLE. The Great Anti-Slavery Agitator, Hon. Owen Lovejoy as a Gospel Minister, with a Collection of his Sayings in Congress. Princeton, Ill., 1886. (Pamphlet.)

RICHARD J. HINTON. John Brown and his Men, with Some Account of the Roads they traveled to reach Harper's Ferry. New York, 1894.

In Memoriam. John Hossack. Deceased Nov. 8, 1891. (Reprinted from the Republican Times,) Ottawa, Ill., 1892. (Pamphlet.)

OLIVER JOHNSON. William Lloyd Garrison and his Times. Boston, 1880.

GEORGE W. JULIAN. Life of Joshua R. Giddings. Chicago, 1892.

Memoir of Jervis Langdon, Elmira, N.Y. (Pamphlet.)

J. C. LEGGETT. Oration. Ceremonies attendant upon the Unveiling of a Bronze Bust and Granite Monument of Rev. John Rankin. (Ripley, Ohio), 1892. (Pamphlet.)

THOMAS J. MUMFORD, Editor. Memoir of S. J. May. Boston, 1873.

JOHN G. NICOLAY and JOHN HAY. Abraham Lincoln. A History. Vol. III. New York, 1890.

C. C. OLIN. A Complete Record of the John Olin Family. Indianapolis, 1893.

MRS. L. D. PARKER. Scrap-book containing Newspaper Clippings, etc., relating to Theodore Parker and Others. Boston Public Library.

THEODORE PARKER. Scrap-book collection, with Hand-bills and his own Manuscript relating to Anthony Burns. Boston Public Library.

E. L. PIERCE. Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner. 4 Vols. Vols. III and IV. Boston, 1877-1893.

FLORENCE and H. CORDELIA RAY. Sketch of the Life of Rev. Charles B. Ray. New York, 1887. (?)

JAMES REDPATH. The Public Life of Captain John Brown, with an Autobiography of his Childhood and Youth. Boston, 1860.

F. B. SANBORN. The Life and Letters of John Brown, Liberator of Kansas, and Martyr of Virginia. Boston, 1885.

---- ----. Dr. S. G. Howe, The Philanthropist. New York, 1891.

J. W. SCHUCKERS. The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase, United States Senator, and Governor of Ohio; Secretary of the Treasury, and Chief Justice of the United States. New York, 1874.

F. W. SEWARD. Seward at Washington, as Senator and Secretary of State. 2 Vols. New York, 1891.

C. E. STOWE. Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe: compiled from her Letters and Journals. Boston, 1889.

MISS C. C. THAYER. Two Scrap-books relating to Theodore Parker. Boston Public Library.

ROBERT B. WARDEN. An Account of the Private Life and Public Services of Samuel Portland Chase. Cincinnati, 1874.

JOHN WEISS. Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker. 2 Vols. New York, 1864.

SLAVE BIOGRAPHIES AND AUTOBIOGRAPHIES

W. I. BOWDITCH. The Rendition of Anthony Burns. Boston, 1850.

SARAH H. BRADFORD. Harriet, The Moses of Her People. New York, 1886.

Boston Slave Riot and Trial of Anthony Burns. Boston, 1854.

WILLIAM W. BROWN. Narrative of William W. Brown. A Fugitive Slave. Second Edition. Boston, 1848.

FREDERICK DOUGLASS. My Bondage and My Freedom. Part I.--Life as a Slave. Part II.--Life as a Freeman. With an Introduction by Dr. James M'Cune Smith. New York and Auburn, 1855.

---- ----. Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, Written by himself. His Early Life as a Slave, His Escape from Bondage, and His Complete History to the Present Time. With an Introduction by Mr. George L. Ruffin, of Boston. Hartford, Conn., 1881.

JOSIAH HENSON. Life of Josiah Henson, formerly a Slave, now an Inhabitant of Canada, as narrated by himself. Preface by T. Binney. Boston, 1849.

---- ----. Story of His Own Life with an Introduction by Mrs. H. B. Stowe. Boston, 1858.

REV. J. W. LOGUEN. As a Slave and as a Freeman. Syracuse, N.Y., 1859.

MRS. K. E. R. PICKARD. The Kidnapped and Ransomed. Personal Reflections of Peter Still and his Wife Vina after Forty Years of Slavery. Syracuse, N.Y., 1856.

CHARLES STEARNS. Narrative of Henry Box Brown, who escaped from Slavery enclosed in a Box 3 feet long and 2 wide, written from a Statement of Facts made by Himself. 1849.

CHARLES EMERY STEVENS. Anthony Burns. A History. Boston. 1856.

AUSTIN STEWARD. Twenty-two Years a Slave, and Forty Years a Freeman; Embracing a Correspondence of Several Years, While President of Wilberforce Colony, London, Canada West. Rochester, N.Y., 1857.

MATERIALS RELATING TO SLAVERY AND FUGITIVE SLAVES IN CANADA

GEORGE BRYCE. Short History of the Canadian People. London, 1887.

JOHN CHARLES DENT. The Last Forty Years, Canada Since the Union of 1841. Vol. I, 1881.

BENJAMIN DREW. A North-Side View of Slavery: The Refugee, or the Narratives of Fugitive Slaves in Canada related by Themselves, with an Account of the History and Conditions of the Colored Population of Upper Canada. Boston, 1856.

J. C. HAMILTON. Slavery in Canada. Magazine of American History, Vol. XXV.

SAMUEL G. HOWE. The Refugees from Slavery in Canada West. Report to Freedman's Inquiry Committee. Boston, 1864.

JOHN M. MCMULLEN. History of Canada. 2 Vols. Vol. II, 1892.

STATE, COUNTY, AND LOCAL HISTORIES

Illinois.

A. T. ANDREAS. History of Chicago from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. Chicago, 1884.

S. J. CLARKE. History of McDonough County, Ill. Springfield, Ill., 1878.

History of Knox County, Ill.; with Record of its Volunteers in the late War, Portraits, Biographical Sketches, History of Illinois, etc. Chicago, 1878.

EDWARD G. MASON. Early Chicago and Illinois. Chicago, 1890.

GEORGE H. WOODRUFF. Forty Years Ago. A Contribution to the Early History of Joliet, and Will County, Ill. 1874.

---- ----. History of Will County, Ill. 1878.

Indiana.

History of Henry County, Ind.

History of Wayne County, Ind., from its First Settlement to the Present Time; with numerous Biographical and Family Sketches. Cincinnati, 1872.

Iowa.

L. P. ALLEN and Others. The History of Clinton County, Iowa, containing a History of the County, its Cities, Towns, etc. Chicago, 1879.

Massachusetts.

LEONARD BOLLES ELLIS. History of New Bedford and its Vicinity, 1602-1892. Syracuse, N.Y., 1892.

MASON A. GREEN. Springfield, (Mass.) 1836-1886. History of Town and City, including an Account of the Quarter-Millennial Celebration. Issued by the Authority and Direction of the City. Springfield, 1888.

JOSEPH MARSH. Article on "The Underground Railway," in the History of Florence, Mass.

Michigan.

SILAS FARMER. Article on "Slavery and the Colored Race," in the History of Detroit and Michigan. Detroit, 1884.

E. G. RUST. Calhoun County (Mich.) Business Directory. For 1869-1870. Together with a History of the County. Battle Creek, Mich., 1869.

New York.

GEORGE ROGERS HOWELL and JONATHAN TENNY, Editors, assisted by Local Writers. Bi-Centennial History of Albany, N.Y., with Portraits and Biographies and Illustrations. New York, 1886.

BENSON JOHN LOSSING. The Empire State. A Compendious History of the Commonwealth of New York. Hartford, Conn., 1888.

ANDREW W. YOUNG. History of the Town of Warsaw, New York. Buffalo, 1869.

Ohio.

History of Ashtabula County, Ohio; with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of its Pioneers and Most Prominent Men. Philadelphia, Williams Bros., 1878. Article on the Underground Railroad contributed by S. D. Peet.

ALEXANDER BLACK. The Story of Ohio. Boston, 1888.

REV. HENRY BUSHNELL. The History of Granville, Licking Co., Ohio. Columbus, 1889.

JAMES H. FAIRCHILD. Oberlin--The Colony and the College. Oberlin, Ohio, 1883.

History of Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio.

History of Geauga and Lake Counties, Ohio, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of its Pioneers and Most Prominent Men. Philadelphia, Williams Bros., 1878.

HENRY HOWE. Historical Collections of Ohio. 3 Vols. Columbus, 1891.

RUFUS KING. Ohio, First Fruits of the Ordinance of 1787. Boston and New York, 1888.

ALFRED E. LEE. History of the City of Columbus. New York and Chicago, 1892. Chapter XXXI, by Leander J. Critchfield, on "Bench and Bar."

W. H. MCINTOSH and Others. The History of Darke County, Ohio: containing a History of the County; its Cities, Towns, etc. Chicago, 1880.

WILLIAM T. MARTIN. History of Franklin County. Columbus, Ohio, 1858.

History of Medina County, Ohio.

J. R. SHIPHERD. History of the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue, with an Introduction by Prof. Henry C. Peck and Hon. Ralph Plum. Boston, 1859.

JACOB H. STUDER. Columbus, Ohio; Its History, Resources, and Progress. Columbus, 1873.

History of Summit County, Ohio.

History of Washington County, Ohio, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches. H. Z. Williams and Bros., Publishers. Cleveland, Ohio, 1881.

Pennsylvania.

J. SMITH FUTHEY and GILBERT COPE. History of Chester County, Pa., with Genealogical and Biographical Sketches. Philadelphia, 1881.

Wisconsin.

C. W. BUTTERFIELD and Others. History of Waukesha County, Wis.; preceded by a History of Wisconsin. Chicago, 1880.

R. G. THWAITES. The Story of Wisconsin. Boston, 1891.

PERIODICALS

F. BOWEN. Extradition of Fugitive Slaves. North American Review, Vol. LXXI, July, 1850.

S. E. B. Fugitive Slaves in Ohio. Once a Week, Vol. VI, June 14, 1862.

RICHARD BURTON. The Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Century Magazine, 1896.

THOMAS E. CHAMPION. The Underground Railroad and One of its Operators. The Canadian Magazine of Politics, Science, Art and Literature, May, 1895.

GEORGE WILLIS COOKE. Article on Harriet Beecher Stowe. New England Magazine, September, 1896.

Fugitive Slave Law; Shall it be Enforced? The Democratic Review, Vol. V, 1851.

ARCHIBALD H. GRIMKE. Anti-Slavery Boston. New England Magazine, December, 1890.

THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON. Cheerful Yesterdays. Atlantic Monthly, March, 1897.

G. W. E. HILL. Underground Railroad Adventures. The Midland Monthly Magazine, Des Moines, Iowa, 1895.

JOHN HUTCHINS. The Underground Railroad. Magazine of Western History, Cleveland, Ohio, March, 1887.

H. U. JOHNSON. Romances and Realities of the Underground Railroad. Lake Shore and Home Magazine, July, 1885 to May, 1888.

LIDA ROSE MCCABE. The Oberlin-Wellington Rescue. Godey's Magazine, October, 1896.

H. F. PADEN. Underground Railroad Reminiscences. Firelands Pioneer, Norwalk, Ohio, July, 1888.

WILBUR H. SIEBERT. The Underground Railroad for the Liberation of Fugitive Slaves. Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1895.

---- ----. Light on the Underground Railroad, with Map. American Historical Review, April, 1896.

RUSH R. SLOANE. The Underground Railroad of the Firelands. Firelands Pioneer, July, 1888.

G. T. STEWART. The Ohio Fugitive Slave Law. Firelands Pioneer, July, 1888.

NINA MOORE TIFFANY. Stories of the Fugitive Slaves. New England Magazine, (William and Ellen Craft) January, 1890; (Shadrach) May, 1890; (Sims) June, 1890; (Anthony Burns) July, 1890.

CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER. The Story of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Atlantic Monthly, September, 1896.

LILLIE B. C. WYMAN. Black and White [Margaret Garner]. New England Magazine, N. S., Vol. V; Harriet Tubman. _Ibid._, March, 1896.

CAPTAIN C. WOODRUFF. Some Experiences in Abolition Times. Firelands Pioneer, July, 1888.

NEWSPAPERS

Andover Old and New. Boston _Evening Transcript_, May 16, 1896.

PHILIP ATKINSON. Anecdotes of Owen Lovejoy. New York _Weekly Witness_, Oct. 2, 1895.

AARON BENEDICT. The Underground Railroad. _Sentinel_, Mt. Gilead, Ohio, July 13, 20, 27, Aug. 3, 10, 1893.

ROBERT W. CARROLL. An Underground Railway. Cincinnati _Times-Star_, Aug. 19, 1890.

The Cleveland Fugitive Slave Case. Cleveland _Herald_, 1861.

NATHAN COGGESHALL. Reminiscences of the "Underground R. R." _Leader_, Marion, Ind., Feb. 15, 1896.

JUDGE JOSEPH COX. Early Cincinnati. Cincinnati _Times-Star_, Feb. 6, 1891.

MARY E. CROCKER. The Fugitive Slave Law and its Workings. Fitchburg (Mass.) _Daily Sentinel_, Oct. 31, 1893.

E. C. DAWES. Some Local History. Marietta (Ohio) _Tri-Weekly Register_, Aug. 30, 1890.

TERESA DEAN. White City Chips. _Daily Inter-Ocean_, Chicago, 1893.

J. M. DONNOHUE. The Underground Railroad. _Banner Times_, Greencastle (Ind.), Dec. 16, 1895.

Exploits of Calvin Fairbank. _Illustrated Buffalo Express_, Jan. 29, 1893.

Fight for Freedom. _Pittsburgh Dispatch_, Feb. 13, 1898.

MRS. J. M. FITCH. The Rescue of a Slave [Oberlin-Wellington Rescue Case]. New York _Sun_, April 7, 1895.

W. B. FYFFE. A History of Anti-Slavery Days and Afterwards. Pontiac (Ill.) _Sentinel_, 1890-1891.

WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON. _The Liberator_.

MARIANNA GIBBONS. In Slavery Days. Lewiston _Gazette_, reprinted in Bedford (Pa.) _Enquirer_. Date unknown.

Glorious Old Thief [Calvin Fairbank]. Chicago _Tribune_, Jan. 29, 1893.

THOMAS L. GRAY. Underground Railroad. New Lexington (Ohio) _Tribune_, October, 1885, February 1886.

JOSIAH HARTZELL. And Milly and Martha were Free; a True Story of the Underground Railway of Later Slavery Days. Cleveland _Leader_, Feb. 16, 1896.

Helped Many Slaves; William Cratty talks of Underground Railroad Days. Chicago _Evening Post_, July 18, 1893.

E. HUFTELEN. Local History; The Underground Railroad of Forty Years Ago. _Spirit of the Times_, Batavia, Genesee County, N.Y., Feb. 8, 1896.

---- ----. The Underground Railroad. Some of its Early History, by a Le Roy Man. (Same as the preceding article.) Le Roy _Gazette_, Genesee County, N.Y., Feb. 26, 1896.

M. E. H. A Reminiscence of Slave Times. Miami (Ohio) _Union_, April 10, 1895.

WILLIAM T. KELLEY. Underground R. R. Reminiscences. _Friends' Intelligencer and Journal_, Fourth Month 2, 9, Fifth Month 28, 1898.

JOHN KENNEDY. Local History. Batavia _Times_, Genesee County, N.Y., Feb. 15, 1896.

GEORGE S. MCDOWELL. Uncle Tom's Cabin; Originals of Some of the Characters in the Great Book. Cincinnati _Commercial Gazette_. Date unknown.

DR. EDWARD H. MAGILL. When Men Were Sold; the Underground Railroad in Bucks County. _The Bucks County_ (Pa.) _Intelligencer_, Feb. 3, 1898. The same in _Friends' Intelligencer and Journal_, Second Month 19, 26, Third Month 5, 12, 1898.

---- ----. Underground Railroad Additions. _Friends' Intelligencer and Journal_, Fourth Month 16, 1898.

CHARLES MERRICK. Reminiscences of the Jerry Rescue. _Northern Christian Advocate_, Nov. 15, 1893.

J. B. NAYLOR. A Spike From the Underground Railway. Ohio _Farmer_, Aug. 1, 8, 1895. Signed, S. Q. Lapius.

DAVID NEWPORT. Fugitive Slaves. _Friends' Intelligencer and Journal_, Sixth Month 11, 1898.

MRS. J. F. NICHOLSON. Memoirs of Long Ago. _Western Star_ (Ind.), Dec. 10, 1885.

An Old House with a Wonderful History. Marysville (Ohio), _Tribune_, May 17, 1893.

DOUGLAS P. PUTNAM. A Station on the Old Underground Railroad. Marietta (Ohio) _Register_, Oct. 25, 1894.

Recollections of the "Underground Railroad" of Antebellum Days. Felicity (Ohio) _Times_, July 6, 1893.

Reminiscences of Slavery. Marietta (Ohio) _Daily Register_, Jan. 12, 1895.

CARLTON RICE. Reminiscent. _Oneida_, Madison County, N.Y., May 16, 20, 23, 1896.

L. L. RICE. Lewis and Milton Clark. Geneva (Ohio) _Times_, Sept. 14, 1892.

A. M. ROSS. A Democratic Abolitionist. Somerset (Pa.) _Standard_, Jan. 31, 1896.

The Semi-Centennial of the First Church. Galesburg (Ill.) _Republican Register_, March 5, 1887.

JOHN SHEARER. Old Uncle Joe Mayo. Marysville (Ohio) _Tribune_, April 27, 1881.

Sketches of the Life of Carver Tomlinson; assisted in the Great "Underground Railroad." _Lostant Reporter_ (La Salle Co., Ill.), Aug. 10, 1896.

Slavery Days Recalled. Detroit _Free Press_, Jan. 24, 1893.

In Slavery Days. New Castle (Ind.) _Daily News_, March 5, 1897.

Slave Raid. Story of the _Pearl_ Expedition. Interesting Episode of Antebellum Days. The Failure of the Affair. Some Very Exciting Scenes. From the Washington Post, reprinted in the Cincinnati _Enquirer_, Sept. 14, 1895.

GILES B. STEBBINS. Thomas Garrett. Detroit _Post_, 1871.

Stories of Runaway Slaves. Detroit _Sunday News-Tribune_, Aug. 12, 1894.

Stories of Runaway Slaves. From Detroit _Sunday News-Tribune_, reprinted in Louisville (Ky.) _Sunday Morning Journal_, Aug. 12, 1894.

Story of Calvin Fairbank. Cincinnati _Commercial Gazette_, March 18, 1893.

JAMES STOUT. A Bit of History; the Rescue of the Slave, Jim Gray, in 1859. Pontiac _Sentinel_, Livingston Co., Ill, 1890.

REV. JOHN TODD. Reminiscences of the Early Settlement and Growth of Western Iowa. Tabor (Iowa) _Beacon_, 1890-1891.

E. HICKS TRUEBLOOD. Reminiscences of the Underground Railroad. _Republican Leader_, Salem, Ind., Nov. 17, Dec. 1, 1893, Jan. 26, Feb. 2, 23, March 2, 16, 23, April 6, 27, 1894.

JOHN W. TUTTLE and F. P. AMES. Reminiscences of Slavery. Marietta (Ohio) _Register_, 1893-1894. Four articles.

Two Good Men. Sketch of the Lives of John B. Tolman and S. Silsbee; Reminiscences of the Underground Railroad. Lynn (Mass.) _Daily Evening Item_, Dec. 19. Year unknown.

The Underground Railroad. Chicago _Inter-Ocean Curiosity Shop_, 1881, 1884.

The Underground Railroad. From a History of Hancock County, dated 1880. _La Harper_, Hancock Co., Ill., April 3, 1896.

The Underground Railroad. Ohio _State Journal_, Nov. 14, 1894.

James M. Westwater, Pioneer Merchant and Friend of the Oppressed. Columbus (Ohio) _Dispatch_, Feb. 21, 1894.

Where Harriet Beecher Stowe witnessed the Scenes depicted in her Uncle Tom's Cabin. Cincinnati _Enquirer_ (Supplement), Nov. 3, 1895.

RUFUS R. WILSON. Exploits of Calvin Fairbank. _Illustrated Buffalo Express_, Jan. 29, 1893.

Joel Wood. Noticed in the Martin's Ferry (Ohio) _Evening Times_, May 2, 1892.

MATERIALS BEARING ON LEGISLATION

Acts and Laws of His Majestie's Colony of Connecticut, 239 (1730?).

Maryland Archives, Assembly Proceedings, 147, May, 1666.

Charters and Laws of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay, 750, October, 1718.

New Jersey Laws, 82, May 30, 1668.

Laws and Ordinances of New Netherlands, 32, Aug. 7, 1640; 32, April 13, 1642; 104, Oct. 6, 1648.

Laws of New Netherlands, 344, April 9, 1658.

Acts of Province of New York from 1691 to 1718; 58, 1702.

Acts of Province of New York, 77, 1705; 218, 1715.

Laws of North Carolina, 89, 1741; 371, 1779.

Province Laws of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1725; Province Laws of Pennsylvania, 325 (1726?).

Plymouth Colony Records, IX, 5, Aug. 29, 1643. (Fugitive Slave Clause of the Articles of Confederation.)

Records of Colony of Rhode Island, 177, Oct. 27, 1714.

Hening, Laws of Virginia, I, 401, March, 1655-1656; II, 239, October, 1666; II, October, 1705; IV, 168, May, 1726.

Annals of Congress, 1789-1824.

THOMAS HART BENTON. Abridgment of the Debates of Congress from 1789 to 1856. 16 Vols. Washington, 1857-1861.

Congressional Debates, 1824-1837.

Congressional Globe, 1833-(1873).

Journals (House and Senate).

SAMUEL MAY, JR. The Fugitive Slave Law and Its Victims. New York, 1856. Enlarged Edition, N.Y., 1861.

J. H. MERRIAM. Legislative History of the Ordinance of 1787. Worcester, 1888.

Niles' Weekly Register, September, 1828, to March, 1829. Vol. XXXV.

JOEL PARKER. Personal Liberty Laws, and Slavery in the Territories (pamphlet). Boston, 1861.

Statutes at Large.

GEORGE M. STROUD. A Sketch of the Laws relating to Slavery in the Several States of America. Second Edition with Alterations and Considerable Additions. Philadelphia, 1856.

HENRY WILSON. History of the Antislavery Measures of the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth United States Congresses, 1861-1864. Boston, 1864.

CONTEMPORANEOUS AND MODERN BOOKS ON SLAVERY

REV. GEORGE BOURNE. The Book and Slavery Irreconcilable. Philadelphia, 1816.--A summary of this book by Wm. Orland Bourne, under the title "Anti-Slavery Leaders; the Pioneer Abolitionist." _Boston Commonwealth_, July 25, 1885.

WILLIAM CHAMBERS. American Slavery and Colour. London, 1857.

EZRA B. CHASE. Teachings of Patriots and Statesmen, or the "Founders of the Republic" on Slavery. Philadelphia, 1860.

JOHN NELSON DAVIDSON. Negro Slavery in Wisconsin. Address delivered before the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, December, 1892.

REV. JAMES DUNCAN. A Treatise on Slavery, in which is shown forth the Evil of Slaveholding, both from the Light of Nature and Divine Revelation. Vevay, Ind., 1824.

WILLIAM GOODELL. Slavery and Anti-Slavery; a History of the Great Struggle in Both Hemispheres; with a view of the Slavery Question in the United States. New York, 1852.

EDWARD INGLE. Southern Sidelights; a Picture of Social and Economic Life in the South a Generation before the War. New York, 1896.

FRANCIS ANNE KEMBLE. Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1836-1839. New York, 1863.

MARION GLEASON MCDOUGALL. Fugitive Slaves (1619-1865). Fay House Monographs, No. 3. Boston, 1891.

FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED. The Cotton Kingdom. 2 Vols. New York, 1861.

REV. JOHN RANKIN. Letters on American Slavery addressed to Mr. Thomas Rankin, Merchant at Middlebrook, Augusta County, Virginia. (First published in 1826.) Fifth edition. Boston, 1838.

J. B. ROBINSON. Pictures of Slavery and Anti-Slavery; Advantages of Negro Slavery and the Benefits of Negro Freedom. Philadelphia, 1863.

HARRIET BEECHER STOWE. A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, presenting the Original Facts and Documents upon which the Story is founded, together with Corroborative Statements verifying the Truth of the Work. Boston, 1853.

MARY TREMAIN. Slavery in the District of Columbia; the Policy of Congress and the Struggle for Abolition. New York, 1892.

G. M. WESTON. Progress of Slavery in the United States. Washington, D.C., 1858.

REPORTS OF SOCIETIES

Annual Reports presented to the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society by its Board of Managers. See Reports 13, 15, 18, 19.

Annual Reports of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society.

DANVERS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Old Anti-Slavery Days. Proceedings of the Commemorative Meeting held by the Danvers Historical Society at the Town Hall, Danvers, April 26, 1893; with Introduction, Letters, and Sketches. Danvers, Mass., 1893.

JAMES H. FAIRCHILD. The Underground Railroad. Tract No. 87 in Vol. IV. Western Reserve Historical Society. An Address delivered for the Society in Association Hall, Cleveland, Ohio, Jan. 24, 1895.

First Annual Report presented to the Anti-Slavery Society of Canada by its Executive Committee. Toronto, March 24, 1852.

VROMAN MASON. The Fugitive Slave Law in Wisconsin, with Reference to the Nullification Sentiment. State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1895.

REFUGEES' HOME SOCIETY. Report of Committee. Winsor, 1852.

HENRY WADE ROGERS, Editor. Constitutional History of the United States as seen in the Development of American Law. Lectures before the Political Science Association of the University of Michigan. New York, 1889.

Seventh Annual Report of the Canada Mission. Rochester, N.Y.

HISTORIES OF RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES

A. C. APPLEGARTH, Ph.D. Quakers in Pennsylvania. Baltimore, 1892.

WILLIAM HODGSON. The Society of Friends in the Nineteenth Century; a Historical View of the Successive Convulsions and Schisms during the Period. Vol. II. Philadelphia, 1875.

HOLLAND N. MCTYEIRE, D.D. History of Methodism; with some Account of the Doctrine and Polity of the Episcopal Methodism in the United States down to 1884. Nashville, Tenn., 1887.

WILLIAM B. SPRAGUE, D.D. Annals of the American Pulpit.

PROFESSOR A. C. THOMAS. The Society of Friends. In Vol. XII of the American Church History Series. 1894.

ROBERT E. THOMPSON, D.D. History of the Presbyterian Churches in the United States. American Church History Series, New York, 1895.

STEPHEN B. WEEKS, Ph.D. Southern Quakers and Slavery; a Study in Institutional History. Baltimore, 1896.

SECONDARY WORKS

JOHN W. BURGESS. The Middle Period, 1817-1858. New York, 1897.

JAMES FORD RHODES. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850. 3 Vols. New York, 1893.

JAMES SCHOULER. History of the United States under the Constitution. Vols. III, IV, V. Washington, 1880. New York, 1880-1891.

H. E. VON HOLST. Constitutional and Political History of the United States. Chicago, 1877-1892.

REV. AUSTIN WILLEY. The History of the Anti-Slavery Cause in State and Nation. Portland, Maine, 1886.

GEORGE W. WILLIAMS. History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880. 2 Vols. New York, 1883.

HENRY WILSON. History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America. 3 Vols. Boston, 1872-1877.

J. S. WALTON and M. G. BRUMBAUGH. Stories of Pennsylvania. New York, 1897.

WOODROW WILSON. Division and Reunion, 1829-1889. New York, 1893.

IMAGINATIVE WORKS

HARRIET BEECHER STOWE. Uncle Tom's Cabin.

J. M. C. SIMPSON. The Emancipation Car, being an Original Composition of Anti-Slavery Ballads, composed exclusively for the Underground Railroad. Janesville, Ohio, 1874.

CHARLES HUMPHREY ROBERTS. Down the Ohio (a work of fiction, containing scenes from the Underground Railroad). Chicago, 1891.

JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER. Poetical Works (anti-slavery poems printed in Vol. III of the Riverside edition). Boston, 1896.

APPENDIX E

DIRECTORY OF THE NAMES OF UNDERGROUND RAILROAD OPERATORS

ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY BY STATES AND COUNTIES[989]

[989] The names of colored operators are marked with a +.

CONNECTICUT

_Fairfield_

Daskam, Benjamin Jas.

_Litchfield_

Blakeslee, Dea. Joel. Bull, Wm. Dunbar, Dea. Ferrand.

_Middlesex_

Reed, Dea. George.

_Windham_

Alexander, Prosper. Brown, Benjamin. Brown, John. Conant, J. A. Fox, Joel. Griffin, Ebeneser. Lewis, J. A. Pearl, Phillips.

DELAWARE

_Queen Anne_

Hardcastle, Wm.

_Wilmington_

Flint, Isaac S. Garrett, Thomas. Hunn, John. Walker, Joseph G. Webb, Benjamin. Webb, Thomas. Webb, Wm.

ILLINOIS

_Adams_

Andrew, Lewis. Baldwin, Eben. Ballard, Dea. Barnet, Berryman. Bartholomew, Darwin. Battell, Wm. Benton, Erastus. Brown, Dea. Burns, Capt. John. Burr. Chapin, John. Chittenden, Henry. Clark, Nathan. Eells, Dr. Richard. Fowler. W. E. Griffin, Ed. Hammond, Julius. Hart, Martin. Hubbard, Jonathan. Hunter, Andrew. Hunter, George. Kirby, Rev. Wm. Mullen, Wm. Nelson, Dr. David. Platt, Dea. Josiah. Platt, Enoch. Platt, H. D. Platt, I. Reynard, John. Reynolds, L. E. Safford. Sartle, Rasselas. Stillman, Henry. Stillman, Levi. Stillman, S. O. Thompson, George. Turner, Edward. Van Dorn, John K. Van Dorn, Wm. Weed, Dea. L. A. Wickwire, James. Wilcox, L. H. Work, Alanson.

_Alexander_

Burroughs, George L.

_Bond_

Davis, Bloomfield. Harnard, Rev. Hunt, N. A. Leeper, John. McCord, David. McCord, Robert. McLain. Rosber, Ed. Rosebrough, James. Wafer. Wood, Charles.

_Bureau_

Bryant, Arthur. Bryant, Cyrus. Bryant, John Howard. Clark, Daniel. Clark, Seth C. Collins. Cook, Dea. Caleb. Foster. Frary, Roderick B. Hall, George. Hall, John. Hart, Dr. Langley. Holbrook, Dea. J. T. Lovejoy, Owen G. Mather, Benj. Phelps, Charles. Pilkerton, Wm. Reeve, Dea. Stannard. Weldon, John. Wells, Dea. Wilson.

_Cook_

Blanchard, President. Bliss. Carpenter, Philo. Collins, James H. Crandall. Dyer, Dr. C. V. Eastman, Hon. Z. Farnsworth, Col. Johnson, J. Kellogg, H. H. Paine, Seth. Phillips, W. I. Pinkerton, Allen. Stoddard, J. P. Webster, Prof. Weiblen, John G.

_Dupage_

Fowler, Dea.

_Fulton_

Birge, Luther. Dobbins. Field, H. H. Lyman, Dea. Marsh, Rev. M. Miles, Freeman. Thomas, A. B. Wickwire. Wilson, Eli.

_Hancock_

Adkins family. Austin, Strong. Burton, Dea. Cook, L. A. Cook, Marcus. Maynard, Louis Calvin. Wilcox, L. L.

_Henderson_

Thomson, John.

_Henry_

Allen, James M. Allen, Wm. S. Allen, Wm. T. Bernard. Buck, Dea. Jones, Elder. McFarlane. Pomeroy, Dr. Stewart, E. M. Stewart, Roderick R. Ward, Dea. Wilcox.

_Jersey_

Carter, Ebenezer. French, Josiah. Garesche. Henderson, Ben. Snedeker. White, Hiram. Wolcott, Elihu.

_Kane_

Fitch, Ira H. Johnson, Dea. Reuben. Mighels, Ezekiel. Pierce, Thomas. Root, Dr. Strong, Dea. Wagner, John.

_Kendall_

Whitney, Dea. Isaac.

_Knox_

Blanchard. Camp, C. F. Child, E. Cross, Rev. John. Davis, George. Hitchcock, Samuel. Kimball, Solon. Neeley. Powell, Hod. West, John. West, Nehemiah.

_La Salle_

Brown. Butler, Benj. Campbell. Carter, Wm. + Freeman. Fyfe, George. Gooding, Dr. Hard, Dr. Chester. Hart. Hossack, H. L. Hossack, John. Kelsy, Levi. King, Claudius B. Lewis, Samuel R. McLaughlin. Stout, James. Stout, Joseph. Strawn, Hon. Wm.

_Lee_

Towne.

_Livingston_

Croswell, Dr. James. Fyfe, W. B. Hinman, Rev. H. H. Richardson, Otis.

_McDonough_

Blazer, John.

_McHenry_

Russel.

_McLean_

Moss, Dea.

_Marshall_

Bell, John. Ranney, Joel. Stone.

_Mercer_

Carnahan, David. Carnahan, John. Carnahan, Wm. M. Cowden, John. Graham, J. C. Higgins, Dr. Hill, James. Hoagland, Henry. Markham, S. A. Sample, John.

_Montgomery_

Bryce, Robert. Merritt, W. W.

_Morgan_

Chamberlain, Timothy. Jackson, Rev. Andrew W. Miller, Henry M.

_Ogle_

Bogue, Virgil A. Gammell, Rev. George. Perkins, Dea. Timothy. Shaver, Solomon. Waterbury, Dea. John.

_Peoria_

Brown, Edwin R. Huey, Virgil. Pratts, Jonathan. Webster, W. W. Wright, S. G.

_Putnam_

Childs. Lewis, Wm. Willes, Stephen.

_Randolph_

Breath, Samuel. Chambers, Mathew. Crawford, Bryce. Crawford, James. Davis, I. B. East, Henry. Gault, Hugh C. Harshaw, Rev. Hayes, Wm. Hill, Anthony. Hood. Lippincott, Charles. McLain, Thomas. McLurkins family. Milligan, Rev. Jas. Moore family. Morrison, Daniel. Ramsey, Robert. Sloane, Rev. Wm. Todd family. Wafer, Thomas. Wilson. Wylie, Adam.

_Rock Island_

Delany, Robert.

_Sangamon_

Stevenson, James. Webster. Wyckoff.

_Stark_

Buswell, James. Dunn, Agustus. Hall, Dr. Thomas. Hall, Wm. Hodgson, Jonathan. Rhodes, Hugh. Rhodes, Joseph. Stone, Liberty. Winslow, Calvin. Wright, Rev. S. W.

_Tazewell_

Dillon, Ellis. Holland. Holton. Mathews. Mickle. Phillips. Woodron, Samuel.

_Vermilion_

Harper.

_Washington_

Henry, John. McClurken, John.

_Wayne_

Ambler.

_Whiteside_

Hamilton, Dea. Millikin, Dea.

_Will_

Beach, Dea. Cushing, Dea. Denny, Allen. Goodhue. Haven, Samuel. Stewart, Col. Peter

_Woodford_

Bayne, James G. Drennan, Thomas. Kern, George. McCoy, John. Morse, Joseph T. Morse, Levi P. Morse, Dea. Mark. Morse, Parker, Jr. Morse, Captain Parker. Piper, James A. Ranney, James. Whitemire, Dr. James. Work, James. Work, Samuel.

_Miscellaneous_

Turner, Asa. Lukins.

INDIANA

_Bartholomew_

Hall, John. Newsom, Willis. Parker. Parks, Willis. Thomas, John. Wears.

_Bond_

Douglass, James. Hill, Anthony. McFarland, Robert. McLain, John A. Rosbrough, James. Wafer, James.

_Boone_

Johns, Samuel.

_Carroll_

Montgomery, Robert.

_Cass_

Crain, J. E. Faber, Dr. Ruel. + Hill, Jim. Keep, Barton R. Kreider, Wm. M. Manly, W. T. S. Patterson, Joseph. Powell, Jeptha. Powell, Josiah G. Powell, Lemuel. Powell, Lycurgus. Powell, Wm. Tomlinson, Thomas T. Turner. Vigus, Capt. White, Batley.

_Dearborn_

Collier, John. Collier, Ralph. Hansell, John. Smith, Thomas.

_Decatur_

Cady. Capen. Donnell, Luther. Knapp, A. W. Taylor.

_Delaware_

Swain.

_Elkhart_

Matchett, Dr.

_Gibson_

McCormack, Rev.

_Grant_

Baldwin, Charles. Coggeshall, Nathan. Hill, Aaron. Jay, David. Ratliff, John. Shugart, John.

_Hendricks_

Harvey, Harlan. Harvey, Dr. T. B. Harvey, Dr. Wm. F. Hobbs, Elisha.

_Henry_

Adamson, Isaac. Bales, John. Bond, Jonathan. Burley, Charles. Charuness, Wm., Jr. Edgerton, Roger. Hinshaw, Seth. Iddings, Dr. Jessup, Jesse. Jessup, Tidaman. Macy, Enoch. Macy, Jonathan. Macy, Lilburne. Macy, Phebe. Macy, Wm. Saint, Alpheus. Schooley, W. D. Small, Mrs. Jane. Wickersham, Caleb.

_Howard_

Jones, Daniel.

_Jackson_

Cox, Richard. + Parks, Willis.

_Jefferson_

Baxter, James. Carr, John. Eliott, Robert. Hickland, Louis. Stephens, Judge. Stephenson, Rev. Robert. Waggner, Isaac. Wagner, Jacob.

_Jay_

Baird. Brown family. Gray, Thomas. Haines family, Hopkins family. Ira, Jonah. Lewis, Enos. Mendenhall family. Puxon, Joshua. Williams family. Wright family.

_Jennings_

Bland. Deney, Aaron. Deney, Thomas. Hale, Jacob. Hicklen, Felix. Hicklen, James. Hicklen, Dr. John. Hicklen, Louis. Hicklen, Thomas. Marshall. Stanley, Eli. Stott, James. Stott, Samuel.

_Kosciusko_

Gordon. Harpers, Thomas. Hurlburts, Chauncey.

_La Porte_

Dakin, Dr. George M. Harper. Williams, Rev. W. B.

_Montgomery_

Clarke, Samuel. Doherty, Fisher. Elmers. Emmons. Speed, John.

_Morgan_

Williams.

_Noble_

Waterhouse. Whitford, Stutely.

_Parke_

Hadley, Alfred. Stanley, W. P.

_Putnam_

Browder, Parker S. Hillis, "Singing" Joe.

_Randolph_

Alexanders. Bond, Amos. Bond, John H. Clayton, John. Crane, Willis. Diggs, Bury, Jr. Jones, Daniel. Moorman, John A. Rinard, Solomon. Smith, Samuel. Wiggins, Lemuel. Worth, A. Wright, Solomon. Zimri.

_Ripley_

Bland, James. Cady, Dr. A. P. Dautherd. Holton, Francis. Hughes, Henry. Hulse, Walter. King, Henry. McDowell, Duncan. McDowell, Washington. Merrell, F. M. Neil, Willett. Passmore, George. Passmore, Joseph H. Queer, Ervin. Smith, Hiram. Van Cleave, John S. Van Cleave, Jared. Waddle, Henry. Waggoner, James.

_Rush_

Cogeshall, Tristan. Frazee, John H. Gray, Jonathan H. Henley, Henry. Hill, Milton. Jessop, Sidiman. Macy, Henry. Patterson, Robert. Small, Zachareal. Smawl, Abraham. White, Elisha B.

_Steuben_

Barnard, Lewis. Barry, Capt. Butler, Henry P. Butler, M. B. Butler, Seymour S. Clark, S. W. Fox, Allen. Fox, Denison. Fox, J. A. Gale, Judge. Hendry. Jackson, Samuel. Kimball, Augustus. McGowan, S. Newton, Nelson. Spear, Rev. E. R. Waterhouse.

_Tippecanoe_

Falley, Lewis. Hockett, Moses. Hollingsworth, Benjamin. Hollingsworth, John. Robinson, John.

_Union_

Beard, Wm. Casterline, Dr. Elliott, J. P. Gardner, Edwin. Hayworth, Joel. Huddleson, Wm. Maxwell, John. Smith, Gabriel.

_Vermilion_

Beard, Wm.

_Wabash_

Brace, Avery. Hayward, Wm. Place, Maurice.

_Washington_

Thompson, James L. Trueblood, Wm. Penn.

_Wayne_

Charles, John. Charnnese, Wm. Clark, Daniel. Coe, John. Coffin, Levi. Cogshalls. DeBaptiste, George. Edgerton, Thomas. Frazier, Thomas. Goems, Reuben. Haddleson, Jonathan. Harris. Hayworth, James. Hill, Daniel. Hough, Wm. Huff, Daniel. Huff, Zimri. Johnson, Dr. Lewis. Malsbys. Mareys. Maxwell family. Moore, Samuel. Nixon, Samuel. Overman. Puckett, Daniel. Roberst, Able. Stanton, Dr. Benj. Stanley, Ira. Thomas, Luke. Thornburg, Lewis. Unthank, Jonathan. Way, Dr. Henry H. Whippo, John. Wilcuts, David. Williams, John F. Wooton, Martha.

_White_

Lawrie, James.

_Miscellaneous_

Brandt, Hon. Isaac. Maxwell. Smith, Dr. A. J. Talberts.

IOWA

_Appanoose_

Adamson, H. Armstrong. Calverts. Fulcher, John. Gilbert, Josiah. Green, Jacob. Hedgecock, Wm. Hollbrook, Luther R. McDonald, D. Martin, Wesley. Robinson, Moses. Root, George. Stanton, Nathan. Stanton, Seth B. Tulcher, John.

_Cass_

Coe, J. N. Grindley, Amos. Hitchcock, Rev. George B. Mills, Hon. Oliver.

_Cedar_

Maxon, Wm.

_Clinton_

Bather, Andrew. Bather, J. R. Brindell, G. W. Burdette, Capt. Campbell, C. B. Gleason, Abel B. Graham, Judge. Jones, J. B. Leslie, H. Mix, Lawrence. Olin, Nelson. Palmer, B. R. Savage, T. Star, W. B. Stillman, Mrs. J. D. Weston, George W.

_Davis_

Corner, Albert. Corner, Arthur. Conner, W. E. Elliott, George. Elliott, John. Hardy, David. Hardy, James. Klingler, Wm. Paggett, Hiram. Stanton, Seth B. Truit, Adbell.

_Fremont_

Adams, S. H. Avery. E. Blanchard, Dr. Ira D. Bottsford, Rev. Brooks, Wm. M. Case, Cephas. Clark, Wm. L. Cummings, Origin. Dea, S. D. Gaston, A. C. Gaston, George B. Gaston, James K. Hallam, John. Horton, H. B. Hill, Rev. E. S. Hill, L.B. Hunter, George. Irish, Henry. Jones, Jonas. Lambert, Mrs. Lydia Blanchard. Lane, William. Lawrence, Charles F. Mason. Platt, Mrs. E. G. Platt, Lester. Platt, Rev. M. F. Sheldon, Hon. E.T. Shepardson, Mrs. S. R. Smith, James L. Todd, Rev. John. Williams, Reuben. Williams, Hon. Sturgis. Woods, D. West, Jesse.

_Henry_

Armstrong, J. H. B. Corey, Benj. Edwards, James. Holbrake, L. Howe, Prof. S. L. Pickering, John H.

_Johnson_

Clark, Wm. Penn.

_Keokuk_

Durfee family.

_Lee_

Adamson, Brown.

_Madison_

Roberts, Hon. B. F. Scott, Dr. John.

_Mahaska_

Hockett, Isaac. McCormick, Mathew. Montgomery, Wm.

_Mills_

Bradburgh. Bradshaw. Briggs, Daniel. Morse. Tolles, C. W. Wing. Woodford, Newton.

_Pottawattamie_

Bradway, Calvin.

_Poweshiek_

Bailey, John F. Bixby, Amos. Bliss, Harvey. Brande, Elder T. Cooper, Col. S. F. Grinnell, Hon. J. B. Hamlin, Homer. Harris family. Parker, Prof. L. F. Parks, Philo.

_Wapello_

English. Wilson.

_Washington_

Rankin, Samuel.

KANSAS

Bowles, Col. J. Brown, John, and his men. Gossard, Rev. S. J.

KENTUCKY

Fee, Rev. John Grigg. Fee, John S. Jones.

MAINE

_Androscoggin_

Cheney, Rev. O. B.

_Cumberland_

Appleton, Gen. Dennet, Oliver. Fessenden, Gen. Samuel Hall, Col. Levi. Hussey, Samuel F. Morrill, Peter. Packard, Prof. A. S. Parsons, A. F. Parsons, Dr. C. G. Pease, Dr. Smyth, Wm. Thomas, Mrs. Elias. Thurston, Brown. Winslow, Nathan. Woodman, Hon. J. C.

_Kennebec_

Chadwick, Abel.

_Oxford_

Blago. Morse, Capt. Seth. Moulton, Col. John.

MARYLAND

Hubbard, Daniel. Kelly, Jonah. Leaverton, Jacob and Hannah Tyson, Elisha.

MASSACHUSETTS

_Bristol_

Adams, Robert. Bailey, John. Torrey, Rev. Charles T.

_Essex_

Bibb, Henry. Bingham, D. L. + Brown, Henry Box. + Brown, Wm. Wells. Buffum, Jonathan. Coffin, Joshua. Crocker, Samuel. Dodge, Simeon. Goodwin, Hooper R. Goodwin, John. Goodwin, Samuel. Hathaway, Benjamin G. Innis, John A. Orne, A. C. + Redmond, Chas. Lennox. Silsbee, S. Tolman, John B. Ware, Erastus. Young, Dr. Samuel.

_Franklin_

Andrews, Erastus. Blake, Hosea. Craft. Fisk, Dr. C. L. Leavitt, Hart. Monson, Osee.

_Hampden_

Buell, Joseph C. Church, Dr. Jefferson. Coolidge, Jonas. Elmer, Rufus. Howland, John. Osgood, Dr. Samuel. Woods, John M.

_Hampshire_

Abel, George. Breck, Moses. Critchlow, A. P. Fairbank, Rev. Calvin. Hammond. Hill, Arthur G. Hill, Samuel L. Hingman. Lyman. Ross, Austin. Williston, J. Payson.

_Middlesex_

Bigelow, Mrs. Francis E. Brooks, Mrs. Mary M. Farnsworth, Dr. Amos. White, Wm. S.

_Norfolk_

Fisher, Hon. Milton M. Southwick, Miss Sarah.

_Suffolk_

Andrew, Hon. John A. Apthorp, Robert E. Atkinson, Edward (?). Bearse, Capt. Austin. Bowditch, Henry I. Bowditch, Wm. I. Browne, John W. Davis, Chas. G. Gilbert, Timothy. + Hayden, Lewis. Hilliard, Mrs. Geo. S. Jackson, Edmund. Jackson, Francis. Kemp, Henry. List, Charles. Loring, Ellis Gray. Marjoram, Wm. W. Morris, Robert. Parker, Theodore. Phillips, Wendell. Scott, James. Sewall, Samuel E. Smith, Joshua B. Southwick, Joseph. Spear, John M. Waugh, Rev. George. Whipple, Charles K. Whitmore, Joseph Benj. Wright, Elizur.

_Worcester_

Capron, Effingham L. Crocker, S. S. Drake, Jonathan. Earle, Edward. Everett, Joshua T. Hadwin, Charles. Higginson, Col. T. W. Smith, Joel. Snow, Benj. Ward, Alvin.

_Miscellaneous_

Jackson, Dr. James Caleb.

MICHIGAN

_Calhoun_

Fitch, Jabez. Hussey, Erastus. McMahon, Edward. Muzzy.

_Cass_

Bogue, Steven. Bonine, Isaac. Shugart, Zachariah.

_Genesee_

Northrop, Rev. H. H.

_Kalamazoo_

Thomas, Dr. N. M.

_Kalkaska_

Gillett, Amasa.

_Lenawee_

Carpenter. Chandler, Thomas. Coe, John M. Dolbear, F. Gilbert, Warren. Haviland, Laura S. Horkney, Richard. Mason, Joseph. Moore, Samuel. Owen, Dr. Woodland. Reed, Fitch. Wells, James B.

_Oakland_

Frost, A. P. Powers, Nathan.

_St. Joseph_

Clarke, Rev. Chas. G. Cleveland, Rev. John P. Gurney, Chester. Kanouse, Rev. John S. Mills, Rev. Louis. Northrop, H. H. Weed, Rev. Ira M.

_Washtenaw_

Bartlett, Moses. Beckley, Guy. Camp, Ira. Fowler, Joseph. Goodell, Jotham. Harwood. Lowy, John. Ray.

_Wayne_

+ De Baptiste, George. + Dolarson, George. Finney, Seymour. Foote, Rev. C. C. Howard, Jacob M. Sheeley, Alanson. Tyler, Capt. Elisha. Watson, Walter.

NEW JERSEY

_Burlington_

+ Coleman, John. Evans, Robert. Middleton, Enoch. + Stevens, Samuel.

_Cumberland_

Bond, Leven. Cooper, Ezekial. Murry, Nathaniel. Sheppard, J. R. Sheppard, Thomas R. Stanford, Alges. Stanford, Julia.

_Gloucester_

Douden, Wm. + Louis, Pompey. + Sharper, Jubilee.

_Hudson_

Everett, John. Mott, Dr. James. Phillips, Peter James.

_Mercer_

Conove, Elias. Earl, J. J. Plumly, B. Rush.

_Middlesex_

Freedlyn, Jonathan. Sickler, Adam.

_Salem_

Goodwin, Abigail. + Oliver, Rev. Thomas Clement.

_Union_

Garrison, Joseph.

_Miscellaneous_

Reeve, Wm.

NEW HAMPSHIRE

_Belknap_

Chamberlain, Wm.

_Carroll_

Dearborn.

_Coos_

Chase, Hon. Aurin M. Colby, Col. Joseph.

_Grafton_

Furber, James. Harris, James. Hughes.

_Hillsboro_

Cheney, Dea. Moses. Wilson, Hon. James. Wood, James. Wood, Moses.

_Merrimack_

Brooks, Mrs. Chamberlain, John A. Chamberlain, Moses. Rice, Miss.

_Rockingham_

Philbrick. Snow, Solomon P.

_Strafford_

Cartland, Jonathan. Cartland, Joseph. Thompson, S. Millett.

NEW YORK

_Albany_

Chaplin, Gen. Wm. L. Delavan, E. C. Goodwin. Jackson, Dr. J. C. Mott, Abigail. Mott, Lydia. + Myers, Stephen. Williams.

_Allegany_

Case, Dea.

_Cattaraugus_

Chapman, Capt. Cooper, Wm. Welles.

_Chautauqua_

Andrew. Cranston. Frink, Rev. Knowlton. Little, John. Pettit, Dr. J. Pettit, Eber M.

_Chemung_

+ Jones, John W. Langdon, Jervis.

_Chenango_

Berry, Col.

_Erie_

Aldrich. Barker, Gideon. Haywood, Hon. Wm. Johnson, Geo. W. Moore, Dea. Henry. Williams.

_Genesee_

Brewster, Judge. Comstock, Dea. Huftelen, E. McDonald, Daniel.

_Livingston_

Sleeper, Col. Reuben.

_Madison_

Jarvis, Dr. Smith, Hon. Gerrit.

_Monroe_

Anthony, Asa. Anthony, Daniel. Anthony, Mary. Avery, Geo. A. Bishop, W. G. Bloss, Wm. C. Bostwick, Nelson. Carpenter. Croffts, Mrs. Degarmo. Dolley, Dr. + Douglass, Frederick. Doy, Dr. John. Falls, Wm. S. Fish, Benj. Fish, Mrs. Sarah. Gibbs, Isaac. Gilbert, Grove S. Hallowell, Mary. Hallowell, Wm. Humphry, Geo. H. Husbands, J. D. James, Thomas. Kedzie, John. Marsh, Joseph. Moore, Lindley Murray. Morris, J. P. Porter, Samuel D. Post, Amy. Post, Isaac. Quinby, Henry. Sampson, A. S. Sherman, Dr. Thayer, George. Williams, Capt. Williams, E. C.

_New York_

Briggs. Downing, George T. Gibbs. Hopper, Isaac T. Johnson, Oliver. + Pennington. Bay, Rev. Chas. B. + Ruggles, David. + Smith, Dr. McCune.

_Niagara_

Binmore, Thomas. Childs, W. H. Richardson, M. C. Spauling, Lyman.

_Oneida_

Stewart, Alvan.

_Onondaga_

Barbour. Bates, Abner. Carson. Lee, Rev. Luther. + Loguen, Rev. J. W. May, Rev. Samuel J. Minor, Rev. Ovid. Wheaton, Charles.

_Oswego_

Bragdon, George L. Fox, Edward. French. Jackson, James C. Salmon, George. Salmon, Wm. Lyman. Stevens, Ard. H. Wing, Asa S.

_Rensselaer_

+ Hooper, John H. Shipherd, Rev. Fayette.

_Steuben_

Balcom, Judge. Thacher, Judge Otis.

_Ulster_

Chase. Colby, Col.

_Wyoming_

Andrews, Josiah. Breck, Allen Y. Chapin, Willard J. Frank, Dr. Augustus. Galusha, Rev. Ellin. Gates, Seth M. Lyman, R. W. McKay, F. C. D. Miller, Frank. Poenix, Samuel F. Shepard, Col. Chas. O. Waldo, H. N. Young, Andrew W.

NORTH CAROLINA

Coffin, Vestal.

OHIO

_Adams_

Baldridge, Samuel T. Blackstone, Benj. D. Burgess, Rev. Dyer. Cannon, Edward. Cannon, Urban. Caskey, James. Caywood, John. Cooley. Copples, Daniel. Hollingsworth, Abraham. Kirker. Kirkpatrick, Nathaniel. Lafferty, Absolem. McClanahan. McIntire, General. McKinley, Charles. McKinley, David. McKinley, John. McKinley, Wm. Nobles, Dr. Ourslers. Puntenney. Ralston, Robert. Ralston, Thomas. Rothrock, Joseph. Stroups, Wm. Taber, Oliver. Taylor, James. Torrence, James W. Vandermans. Waites. Wickersham. Wilson, John T.

_Ashland_

Garrett, Ezra. Gordon, James. Lawson, John. Rose. Stott, George. Talentire, John. Wilson, Robert. Woods, John.

_Ashtabula_

Austin, Aaron C. Austin, Eliphalet. Austin, Joab. Austin, L. B. Bartlett, Dea. Bigelow, Capt. Saxton. Bissell, L. Brown, Alex. Brown, James. Bushnell. Carpenter, Jehaziel. Coleman, Alby. Conklin, Rev. Cowles, Miss Betsey. Cowles, Miss Martha. Culbertson, Jacob. Denny, Judge Wm. S. Edwards, Lawrence. Edwards, Smith. Edwards, T. S. Farrington, Dr. S. H. Fisk, Amos. Garlic, A. K. Giddings, Hon. Joshua R. Hall, James. Hancock, Capt. Wm. Harris, Dr. Henry. Hawley. Hezlet, George. Hubbard, Henry. Hubbard, Wm. Hylop, George. Jones, Lynds. King, Alexander. King, Edward. McDonald, James. McDonald, Jesse. McDonald, Lyman. Nellis, J. I. D. Parsons, Wm. Henry. Peck, Lyman. Plumb, Ralph. Plumb, Samuel. Savage, Amasa. Shipman, Amos. Terrell, Rev. Sherman. Tinan, Joseph. Trescott, Samuel. Wick, C. C. Wilson, Wm. Wing, J. K.

_Athens_

Alderman, Hosea. Barker, Judge Isaac. Beaton, T. A. Blake, Edward. Brown, Eli F. Brown, John. Brown, Leonard. Day, Artemus. Glazier, Abel. Glazier, Walter. Harold, Joseph. Hibbard, Elansome. Hibbard, Elisha. Hibbard, J. S. Hibbard, John M. Jewett, Dr. Leonard. Kessinger, Joseph C. Lewis, John. McCoy, Rev. J. C. Moore, David. Moore, Eliakim H. Morse, Peter. Newton, Solomon. Potter, Orville. Smith, Hon. Lot L. Vorhes, Albert. Vorhes, John. Winn, John T.

_Belmont_

Bailey, Dr. Jesse. Branson, Isaiah. Campbell. Cope, Joshua. Cottrell, Robert. Dickens, John. Dillon, Wm. George, Travis. Halper, Sandy. Hargrave, Joseph. Holloway, Isaac. Howard, Horton. Kirk, Robert. Nichols, Elf. Palmer, Wm. Reynolds, John. Rivers, James L. Schoolies, Dr. Smith, John W. Wood, Joel. Wright, Charles. Wright, John. Wright, Nehemiah. Wright, Wm.

_Brown_

Baird, Wm. Beasley, Dr. Alfred. Beck, Dr. Isaac M. Borroughs, Dr. Bowers, Robert. Brown, Isaac H. Bull, Kirby. Campbell, Dr. Alex. Collins, Eli C. Collins, James. Collins, Theodore. Collins, Thomas. Concade. Crane, A. B. Crosby, Robert. Dunlap, Wm. Frazier, Wm. Gilliland, S. W. Graham. Heinman. Hopkins, Godin. Hopkins, Thomas. Hudson, John D. Huggins, Amzi. Huggins, J. E. Huggins, J. N. Huggins, M. H. Huggins, R. I. Huggins, Robert. Huggins, W. D. Huggins, Wm. Johnson, Alex. Kincaid. Kirker, Thomas. Mace, Richard. Macklem, Wm. McCague, Thomas. McCoy, James. McCoy, Kenneth. McCoy, Wm. McFerson, James. McGee, Isaiah. McKegg, George. McMaken, Mark Campbell. McVey. Mahan, Rev. John. Mathews, George. Menaugh, Wm. Miller, R. S. Miller, Scott. Minnaw, Wm. Moore. Norton, Dr. Greenleaf. Pangburn. Patton, Joseph. Pettijohn. Pogue, Mary. Porter, John. Rankin, Rev. John, and sons. Rice, Benj. Robinson, John R. Saulsbury, Thomas. Scott, James. Shepard, John. Simpson, John. Snedigher, John. Turney, Alston. Turney, David. Wilson, Alexander.

_Butler_

Elliott, Wm. Falconer, Dr. Lewis, Jane. Marshall, Samuel. Rigden, Dr. Scobey, Dr. Wm. H. Woods, John.

_Carroll_

Campbell, Wm. Farmer, Dr. Wm. George, J. D. George, Robert. Holmes. McLaughlin, John. McLaughlin, Wm. Palmer, John. Rutan, Daniel. Thompson, Hance.

_Champaign_

Adams, Lewis. Atkinson, Cephas. Baldwin, Thomas. Baldwin, Wm. H. + Bird, Owen. Boucher, Joshua. Brand, Maj. Joseph C. Butcher, Dr. J. M. + Byrd, Peter. Corwin, Moses B. Cowgill, Henry. Cowgill, Dr. Thomas. Davenport, Dr. Hitt, John W. Howard, Anson. Hyde, Udney. Jamison, Wm. Lewis, Griffith. McCoy, George. Pierce, Jonathan. Rathburn, Levi. Reno, Frank. Reno, Joseph. Reno, Lewis. Stanton, Benjamin. Ware, J. R. Winder, Abner. Winder, Edward. Winder, Henry. Winder, James. Winder, Joshua. Winder, Levi. Winder, Moses. Winder, Thomas. Winslow, S. A.

_Clarke_

Anderson, Abijah. Borton, Thomas, + Delaney, Henry. Dudale, Joseph. Dugglas, Joseph A. Face, Chauncey. Farr, James. + Fields, George, + Fields, Jacob. + Gazway, John W. + Guy, Henry. Heiskell, D. O. Howell, Samuel C. + Martin, Henry. Newcomb, Isaac. Nichols, John D. + Nutter, Abraham. + Nutter, Henry. Pierce, Jacob. Pierce, Jonathan. Pierce, Wm. + Piles, Robert. Smith, Seth. Stanton, Benjamin, + Stanup, Levi. Stout, Charles. Stout, James. Thomas, Pressly. Thorne, Thomas. Thorne, Wm. Van Meter, Joel. Wildman, John. Wilson, Daniel. Wright, Richard.

_Clermont_

Barber, W. S. Brown, Isaac H. Buntin, James. Burrows, Salathiel F. + Davis, Sandy. Ebersole, Jacob. Edwards, Fred. Fee, Enos. Fee, Lee. Fee, M. T. Fee, Oliver Perry Spencer. Fee, Robert E. Gibson, Dr. M. Hayden, James. Hayden, Joseph. Hoover. House, David. Huber, Boerstler. Huber, Charles B. Larkin, Moses. Mace, Richard. Melvin, "Jack." Miller, Lewis. Morris, Thomas. Parrish, Joseph, Sr. Pease, Dr. L. T. Pettijohn, Rev. John. Poage, Rev. Smith. Powell, Andrew L. Reese, Wm. J. Reilley, Jeret. Rice, Benjamin. South, James W. Sowards, James. Utter, Hon. Dowty. Waite, Deloss S.

_Clinton_

Allen, Abram. Allen, David. Bales, Isaac. Betts, Aaron. Brooke, Dr. Abram. Brooke, Edward. Brooke, James B. Brooke, Samuel. Brooke, Wm. Dakin, Dr. George M. Dakin, Perry. Davis, Isaac. Davis, Joel P. Furguson, Samuel Hadley, John. Haines, Mark. Haines, Samuel. Haynes, Wright. Hiatt, Christopher. Hibben, Thomas. Johnson. King, D. S. Linton, Seth. Nicholson, Artemas. Oren, Elihu. Osburn, Wm. Sewell, David. Strickle, Andrew. Thompson, H. B. Waln, W. M. Woodmansee, Thomas.

_Columbiana_

Bonsall, Daniel. Bowen, Benj. F. Bronson, Daniel. Brooks, Samuel. Carey, Dr. Cattell. Coppoc. Davis, Benj. B. Evans, Philip. Farmer, Dr. James. French, Thomas. French, Esther. Galbraith, David. Galbraith, James. Galbraith, Nathan. Galbraith, Thomas. Garretson. George, "Squire." Heaton, Jacob. Hise, Howell. Irish, Wm. B. Irwin, Malon. Irwin, Samuel. + Lucas, George W. S. McMillan, Joel. Myers, Samuel. Negus, West. Robinson, Marius Racine. Smith, David J. Stanley, Jonathan. Street, John. Street, Zadock. Trescott, Isaac. West.

_Coshocton_

Boyd, James. Boyd, Luther. Boyd, Wm. Miller. Campbell, Alexander. Elliott, Wm. Foster, Prior. Lawrence, Solon. Nichols, Eli. Powell, Thomas. Seward, Ebenezer. Shannon, John P. Shannon, Isaac. Wier, Samuel. White, Benj.

_Crawford_

Quaintance, Fisher. Roe, Joseph.

_Cuyahoga_

Adams, Ezekiel. Atkins, Quintus F. Bell, John. Cady, Asa. Cay, Capt. Ford, Cyrus. Ford, Frank. Ford, Horace. Mackelwrath, Michael. Paine, Robert. Wade, Edward.

_Darke_

Clemens. Gilpatrick, Dr. Rufus. Hanway, James. Spencer, Anderson.

_Delaware_

Benedict, Aaron. Benedict, Aaron L. Benedict, Cyrus. Benedict, Daniel. Benedict, G. G. Benedict, M. J. Cratty, John. Cratty, Robert. Cratty, Wm. Dillingham, Micajah. Dodds, Wm. Flannigan, Dea. Levering, Griffith. Lewis, John. Mosher, Joseph. Osborn, Aaron L. Osborn, Daniel. Osborn, Wm. Ream, Samuel. Wood, Daniel.

_Erie_

Alsdorf, Col. V. B. Anderson, Elijah. + Anderson, Peter. Barber, Rev. Eldad. Barney, George. Beatty, John. + Boston, Rev. Thomas. Brainard. + Brown, Bazel. + Brown, Isaac. + Butler, Thomas. + Butler, Wm. + Carr, Samuel. Clark, Wm. H., Jr. Clark, Wm. H., Sr. Darling, Isaac. Davidson, J. N. Drake, Thomas. + Floyd, Samuel. Goodwin, Homer. Hadley, Clifton. + Hamilton, Andrew. + Hamilton, John. + Hampton, John. Hathaway, Peter. Hitchcock, S. E. + Holmes, Robert. Irvine, John. Irvine, Samuel. + "Black Jack." + Jackson, John. Jennings, R. J. + Johnson, Benjamin. + Jones. Keech, C. C. Lewis, L. H. Lockwood, George. Lockwood, Henry. + Loot, John B. McGee, Thomas C. McLouth, O. C. Merry, H. F. Nugent, Capt. James. Parish, F. D. Peck, Otis L. Pool, John G. Reynolds, Geo. J. + Ritchie, Grant. + Robertson, George. + Robinson, Andy. Root, J. M. Ruess, Herman. Scott, Lyman. Sloane, Hon. Rush R. Starr, Perez. Thorpe, Rev. John. Tillinghast, O. C. Walker, Samuel. Williams, H. C. + Wilson, Wm. + Winfield, Alfred. + Winfield, John.

_Fayette_

Atkins, Isaac. Browder, Fletcher. Connor, James. Dickey, Rev. Wm. Eastman, David. Edwards, Wm. Elliott, Wilson. Eustick, Robert. Eustick, Wm. Gillespie, Dr. Gillespie, George. Hopkins, Jerry. Larmour, James. Larmour, Thomas. McNara, James. Orcutt, Barrack. Pinkerton, Wm. Puggsly, Jacob. Rodgers, Thomas. Roeback, Hugh. Steele, Adam. Steele, Robert. Steward, Dr. Hugh. Steward, Col. James. Stewart, George. Wilson, Samuel.

_Franklin_

Alexander, Shepherd. Black, George W. Bookel, John. Bull, Jason. Clarke. Coulter, Dr. Dickerman, Benonah. Ferguson, Wm. Freeland, Jeremiah. Gardner, Ozem. Gardner, Wilson. Graham, David. Hambleton, Isaac H. Hambleton, Thomas. Hoffman, John. Jenkins, David. Kline, Jacob. Kilbourne, Col. James. Kline, Thomas. Mattoon, Ansel. Patterson, David. Park, James. Pettibone. + Poindexter, Rev. James. Rees, John. Rollison, L. Sebring, Edward L. Sharp, Garrett. Smith, Dr. Samuel. Thompson, Daniel. Thompson, John W. + Ward, John. + Washington, Lewis, Sr. + Washington, Thomas. + Washington, Wm. Westwater, James M. Wilson, James.

_Gallia_

Allen, Richard. Audrey, James P. Bingham, Dr. Julius A. Blodgett, Reuben. + Chavis, John. Clark, Daniel. Clark, Wm. + Cousins, Joseph. + Crossland, Chas. Davis, Hiram. Eaton, Dr. Henry. Eblen, James. + Ellison, Wm. Glenn, Andrew. Glenn, Curry. Glenn, James. Glenn, M. K. Hanger, Frederick. Hanger, George. + Harvey, Henry. Heacock, J. D. + Hocks, Wm. Holcomb, A. J. Holcomb, E. J. Holcomb, E. T. Holcomb, J. E. Holcomb, Hon. Samuel R. + James, Caliph. + James, Howell. Jarrett, Gabriel. Kent, Abel. Payne, George J. Porter, John D. Porter, Marshall. Porter, Sumner. Ross, N. D. Sisson, N. B. + Stewart, Isaac. + Stewart, Jacob. + Stewart, James W. + Stewart, John J. + Stewart, John S. + Stewart, T. N. Symmes, Wm. Tate, David.

_Green_

Arnett, James H. Atkinson, Thomas. Barrett, James. + Bell, John H. Beven, Abel. Clemons, James. Coates, Lindley. Coat, Joseph. Compton, John. + Conway. + Davis, James. Fletcher, Robinson. Fletcher, Wm. + Gillingham, Wm. + Johnson, Hezekiah. Johnson, Simeon. Little, Cyrus. Little, Robert. + Lucas, Wm. + McAllister, John. + Martin, Harry. Martin, Dr. Monroe, David. Orcutt, Barach. + Overton, Lewis. + Shelton, Walter. + Sloan, Frederick. + Washington, Henry. Watson, Dr. Whitney, Wm. Wynins, Judge.

_Guernsey_

Boyd, James. Broom, Daniel. Brown, Thomas. Craig, John. Craig, Samuel. Crooks, John. Green, John. Hall, Edward. Leeper, John. McCracken, Alex. McCracken, Wm. Miller, Adam. Miller, Joseph. Oldham, M. Patterson, Samuel. Reed, Judge. Richey, Andrew. Swayne, Samuel. Thompson, Ebenezer. Thompson, Eleazer. Thompson, Rev. Evan. White, P. H.

_Hamilton_

Aten, Adrian. Bailey, Dr. Gamaliel. Bales, Asa. Birney, Wm. Ball, Flamen. Brisbane, Dr. Benj. Lawton. Brisbane, Rev. Wm. Henry. Burgoyne, Judge. Burnett, Cornelius. Burnett, Thomas. Bushnell, Horace. Butterworth, Wm. Cable, Rev. Jonathan. Carey, Wm. Chase, Salmon P. Cheney, Charles. Coffin, Addison. Coffin, Levi. Colby, Dr. Coleman, Mrs. Elizabeth. Coleman, John H. Donaldson, A. Donum, Thomas. Fairfield, John. Franklin, Thomas. Glenn, Edward R. Harwood, Dr. Edward. + Hatfield, John. Hayes, Rutherford B. Hogans, Judge. Jolliffe, John. Lewis, Henry. Lewis, Rev. Samuel. Lindley, Aaron. Mussey, Dr. W. H. Pennington, Levi. Pfaff, Dr. J. L. Pugh, A. M. Pyle, Mrs. M. J. Reynolds, Samuel. Roberts, Hansel. Roberts, Wade. Robinson, Mrs. Emily. Rusk, Rev. Schooley, Nathaniel. Stowe, Professor Calvin E. Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Townshend, Dr. Norton S. Van Zandt, John. White, Micajah. Williams, Hatfield. Wilson, Rev. D. M. Wilson, J. G. Wilson, Samuel.

_Hancock_

Adams, David. Ardinger, P. D. Beach, Dr. Belizur. Bigelow, Henry. Brown, Ezra. Bushon, A. Chadwick, C. Cory, David J. Cox, Hiram. Cox, John. Engleman, John. Haglar, E. Henderson, Fred. Huber, Benjamin. Hurd, R. B. King, John, Sr. Markle, Joel. Morall, Joseph. McCaughey, W. Newell, Hugh. Parker, Jonathan. Porch, Henry. Strothers, Robert. Wheeler, Jesse.

_Hardin_

+ Bray, Tapler. Edgars, David H. Elder, Culbertson. + Harris, Henry. + Hunster, Wm. McConnell, Isaiah. Newcomb, Cromwell. + Newlan, Henry. + Newlan, John A. Watson, John. Williams, Obadiah H.

_Harrison_

Carnehan, John. Clarke, George P. Cope, Jacob. Cope, John. Cope, Joseph. Goff, J. H. Hammond, Richard. Hanna, Wilson. Hazlett, John. Huggins, Henry M. Hunt, John. Johnson, Micajah T. + Johnson, West. Lee, Rev. J. B. Lee, Judge Thomas. Lucas, Henry. Lucas, Edward. McFaddin, Wm. McFarland. McNealy, Cyrus. Mead, Joseph. Paul, Samuel. Rogers, Wm. Steele, Dr. Swain, Thomas. Walker, Rev. John. + Willis, Lot. Wilson, Dr. Martin. Wilson, Wm. Work, Alexander. Work, David.

_Highland_

Bales, W. Beatty, Alexander. Brooks, Wm. Campbell, Richard. Cowgill, Benjamin. Cowgill, John. Doster, Henry. Douglas, Wm. Dunlap, Dr. Milton. Evans, Noah. Fullerton, George. Ghormley, David. Ghormley, Wm. Gillispie. Hibben, Samuel. Hunter, John V. Keys, Wm. Lucas, Richard. McClure, "Squire." McElroy, Ebenezer. McElroy, Thomas. Nelson, John. Nelson, Wm. Parker, Samuel. Patterson, Alexander. Rodgers, Col. Thomas. Sewell, David. Smith, Wm. Somers, Absalom. Strain, John R. Strickel, Stephen. Sumner, Robert. Templeton, Robert. Templeton, Wm. Thuma, Peter. Tomlinson, Jacob. Tomlinson, Moses. Ustick, W. A. Van Pelt, Jonathan. Williams, Nat. Wilson, Adam R. Wilson, Thomas. Wilson, Wm. Young.

_Holmes_

Bell, Alexander. Bigham, Ebenezer. Bigham, J. C. Crocko, John. Crocko, Kieffer. Finney, John. Fleming, James. Johnson, Andrew. Johnson, James. McClellan, Andrew. McClellan, Samuel. McClure, John. Whitten, Rev.

_Huron_

Adams, Henry. Bly, Rouse. Buckingham, Henry. Healy, Jacob. Healy, Joseph. Palmer, Rundell. Palmer, Samuel. Palmer, Seeley. Parker, "Elder" Benj. Parker, Nelson. Parker, Rev. Seth C. Sherman, Lemuel. Smith, Willis R. Strong, Abner. Townsend, Hiram. + Wilson, Wm. Wright, Judge Jabez.

_Jackson_

Bingham, Julius A. Crookham, George L. Ford, Rev. I. N. Isham, Asa W. + Janes. Montgomery, Samuel G. + Nooks, Noah. + Steward family. + Woodson family.

_Jefferson_

Clarke, Samaria. Clark, Wm. Cope, Joseph H. Crab, Henry. Crab, John. + Davis, John. George, A. W. George, David. George, James. George, Robert. George, Judge Thomas. Griffith, John. Hammond, Alexander. Hammond, Hon. John. Hammond, Joseph. Herford family. Holloway, Jacob. Jenkins, George K. Ladd, Benj. Ladd, James D. Ladd, James L. Ladd, Wm. H. Lindsay, Dr. Lukens. McGrew, Finley B. McGrew, J. C. Mendenhall, Cyrus. Orr, George. Orr, John. + Pointer, Thomas. Powell, John. + Ray, Wm. Roberts, Ezekiel. Robinson, Wm. Stanton, Dr. Benj. Tetirick, Elias. Tomlinson, Carver. Updegraff, David. Underwood, Johnson. Watson, John M. Watson, Mathew. Wolcott, C. C.

_Knox_

Delanow. Frederick. Townsend, Thomas.

_Lake_

Butler, Samuel. Howe, Mrs. Sophia Hull. Marshall, Seth. Pepoon, A. C. Pepoon, Benjamin. Perkins. Root, Phineas.

_Lawrence_

Beaman, Rev. Campbell, Hiram. Campbell, John. Chester, Rev. Joseph. + Coker, Tolliver. Cratoff. Creighton, Rev. Joseph H. + Dicher, James. Hall, Dr. Cornelius. + Holly, Benjamin. + Johnson, Gabe N. Leete, Ralph. + Lynch, Philip. McGugin, Wm. + Mathews, John. Reckard, Judge Wm. Wilgus, Chas. Wilson, Stephen.

_Licking_

Bancroft, Dr. W. W. Cane, Norton. Dunlop, Wm. Green. Hillyer, Justin. Howe, Curtis. Knowlton, L. W. Linnel, Joshua. Rees, John. Rose, Lamuel. Whiting, Christopher L. Wright, E. C. Wright, Wm. S.

_Logan_

Aiken, James. Aiken, Joseph. Barnet, James. + Bird, Erasmus. + Bird, Redmond. Boyd, David. Boyd, Robert. + Day, John. + Day, Solomon. Dickinson, Robert. Elliot. Forsyth, J. M. Fulton, James. Fulton, Thomas. George, Henry. + Hicks, John. Hunt, David. + Hunt, Howell. Jameson, Cornelius. Jeffers, Dr. Johnston, J. B. Johnston, Renwick. Johnston, Samuel P. McAyral, Dr. R. A. McRaille, George. McWelly, Paul. Milligan, J. C. K. Milligan, J. S. T. Mitchell, Mathew. + Mocksley, Wm. + Overly, Barney. Patterson, Abraham. Patterson, David. Patterson, Isaac. Pickerell, Henry. Pickerell, Mahlon. Pickerell, Wm. Rankin, James. Richie, Jonathan. + Scott, Henry A. Scott, Thomas. Sloane, J. R. W. + Spragne, Esau. Stanton, Benjamin. + Tabor, Allen. Townsend, Levi. Trumbull, James. Trumbull, John. Walker, Judge James. + White, Henry. Williams, Asa. Williams, Silas. Young, John.

_Lorain_

Boise, Eli. Brooks, Samuel. Bushnell, Simeon. + Cox, Sabraham. DeWolf, Mathew. Fitch, J. M. Gillet, Mathew. Hewes, Lewis. Langston, Chas. H. Loveland, Abner. Manderville, John. Niles, Henry. Siples, Wm. Soules, Walter. Wadsworth, Loring. Warren, Luther.

_Lucas_

Anderson, David. Ashley, James M. Brigham, Mavor. Conlisk, James. Mott, Richard. Scott, Dr. H.

_Madison_

Allen, Wm. V. Baskerville, James. Baskerville, Marshall Pinkerton. Baskerville, Richard A. Baskerville, Samuel. Baskerville, Wm. B. Byers, Moses. Byers, Newton. Creamer. Orcutt, Daniel. Rapp, Jonah. Slagle, Christian K.

_Mahoning_

Adair, James. Andrews, Chauncey. Bailey, David. Barnes, Jacob. Bonsell, Daniel. Burnet, Henry. Eaton, Daniel. Garlic, Dr. Theodatus. Hart, Ambrose. Henry, Francis. Hoge, Wesley. Holcombe, John R. Holland, Richard. Kidwalader, Edward. Kidwalader, Eli. Kirk, John. Kirtland, Dr. Jared Potter. Laughridge, John. Moore, Sampson. Morse, Elkinch. Sharp, Thomas. Squires, John. Thorn, Wilson. Truman, Daniel. Van Fleet, John. Wells, John.

_Marion_

Ashbaugh, Arminens. Ashbaugh, Frederick. Botsford, Wm. Hiram. Clark, Enoch. Clements, Anson. David. Dudley, Moses. Fisher, Wm. Morris, Joseph. Petus, Nathan. Spelman, E. G.

_Medina_

Burr, Timothy. Hulburt, Halsey. Matteson, Cyrus.

_Meigs_

Barrets family. Holt, Horace. Jiles, Cyrus. Milles family. Rathbon family. Simpson family.

_Miami_

Abbott, Dr. N. Brandriff, Rev. Richard. Clyde, George C. Coate, Elijah. Coates, Jonathan. Coates, Joshua. Davis, Henry. Dooling, Dr. Wm. Fairfield, Mikey P. Green, Wm. Hutchins, Josiah. Jay, Denny. + Lawrence, Henry. McCampbell, John Milton. McMurd, Robert T. Miles, Ephraim. Miles, John. Miles, Samuel. + Nelson, John. Pearson, Isaac. Pemberton, Jesse. Pickering, Burrell. Scudder, James. Smith, Lester. Stevens, Andrew. Stevens, Samuel. Tullis, John T.

_Morgan_

Adams, James. Arkins, E. W. Bagley, Samuel. Beckwith, David. Beckwith, Solomon. Bundy, Wm. Byers, Thomas. Cheadle, Rial. Coldasure, Mrs. Cope, Charles. Cope, Nathan P. Cope, Wm. Corner, Arthur. Corner, Edward. Corner, Wm. Coulson, Jehu. Deaver, David H. Deaver, Jonas. Deaver, Mrs. Affadilla. Dennis, Adam. Devore, John. Doudna, Joseph. Dunlap, Adam. Everett, John. Eves, James. Folk, Wm. Gift, Mrs. Jane. Glendenon, David. Glendenon, Isaac Glines, Wm. Graham, Benjamin. Gray, Thomas L. Guthrie, Erastus. Hambleton, James. Hambleton, John. Harrison, Wm. Hart, James W. Harvey, John. Hughes, Edward. Jones, J. K. Lavery, Joseph. Lee, Dr. John. Little, Dr. H. H. Mariam, Cyrus. Martin, George. Matson, Enoch. Millhouse, Wm. Millions, Daniel. Millions, Robert. Millions, Wm. Multon, James. Nowlton, George. Penrose, Thomas. Porter, Ralph. Reese, Mrs. Rhoda. Sheppard, Isaiah. Smith, Humphrey. Smith, Thomas K. Stanbery, Elias. Stanbery, Jacob. Stanbery, Perly. Stokely, Mrs. Lydia. Stone, John B. Weller, Henry. Williams, Enoc. Williams, Isaac. Williams, Jno. Thos. Wood, John. Wood, Joshua. Woodward, Joseph. Woodward, William.

_Morrow_

Andrews, Samuel. Auld, James. Benedict, Wm. Brownlee, Archy. Dillingham, Richard. Eaton, Joseph. Ford, Gen. Henry. Gordon, Rev. Hammond, John. Hammond, Richard. Hindman, Rev. Samuel Hughes, Benjamin. Hull, George. Keese, John. Luke, Thomas. McClaren, Robert. McGinnis. McKibben, James. McNeal, Allen. McNeal, J. F. Mosher, Asa. Mosher, John. Oshel, James. Patent, Mark. Preshaw, Wm. Roberts, Dr. Reuben L. Steele, Wm. Tabor, Wm. Taylor, James. Walker, Andrew. Walker, John. Willets, Joel. Wood, David. Wood, Israel. Wood, Jonathan.

_Montgomery_

Aughey, John. Bruen, Luther. Coates, David. Coates, Henry. Herrman, Henry. Jay, Denny. Jay, Samuel. Jewett, Dr. Adams. Jewett, Dr. Hibbard. Shedd, James A.

_Muskingum_

Bells. Brown family. Buckingham. Elliot family. Emerson family. Gillespie, Mathew. Gutherie, Austin Albert. Hodly family. Harmon family. McAtier family. Marlow. Nye, Maj. Horace. Pennock, Elwood. Speer, Robert. Stitt, James, Sr. Terrell, Adam. Terrell, Marlow. Wallace, David. Ward, Hudson Champlin. Whipple, Levi.

_Noble_

Calland, Robert. Cleveland, Timothy. Garner, Peter M. Horton, Richard. Horton, Thomas. Leeper, Rev. Wm. Lingo, Achilles. Phillips, Rev. Steele, Wm. Tuttles, Church B.

_Perry_

Burrell, Almond Hervey.

_Pickaway_

Doddridge, Wm. Drisback, Jonathan. Hanby, Rev. Wm.

_Pike_

+ Barretts family. + Munces family.

_Portage_

Case, Truman. Folgier, Wm. Frazer. Hutton, Mrs. Massey. Keen, Greenbury. Quier, A. C. Sloane, John. Steadman, General.

_Preble_

Brown, Rev. Jas. R. Brown, Nathan, Jr. Elliott, Hugh. Geeding, Adam H. Gifford. Graves. Kinnelly, Daniel. Maddock, John. Mitchel. Silvers, Samuel. Stubbs, Jesse. Stubbs, John W. Stubbs, Newton. Talberts.

_Richland_

Blymyers. Craig, Dr. I. U. Finney, James. Finney, John P. Gass, Benjamin. McClure, Benjamin. McClure, James. McClure, John. McClure, Samuel. McClure, Wm. Martin, Isaac. Martin, James. Mitchell, George. Reed, John. Robbins. Roe, Joseph. Sandersall, Thomas. Wood, James.

_Ross_

Anderson, James. Chancelor, Richard. Chancelor, Robert. Claypool, Isaac. Fidler, Jesse. Fidler, John. Fullerton, Rev. Hugh S. Galbraith, Robert. + Green. Harmon, John. Jackson, James. Langstren, Chas. H. Lunbeck, Joseph. + Mitchell, Rev. W. M. Prizer, David. Redmond, Andrew. Sample, John. Scott, Sutterfield. + Skillgess, Joseph. Steward, Col. Robert. Tulley, Erasmus.

_Sandusky_

Bidwell, Iberias. La Fever, John. Paden, Hon. H. F.

_Scioto_

Ashton, Joseph. Kennedy, Milton. + Love, Joseph. + Lucas, Dan. McClain, Capt.

_Seneca_

Grimes family. Whetsels family.

_Shelby_

Bennet, John S. Ogden, Pharaoh A. Roberts, James M.

_Stark_

Austin, James. Blakesley, Jonathan. Bowman, Isaac. Brooks, Dr. Abram. Brooks, Edward. Brooks, James. Brooks, Samuel. Coates, Isaac. Coffin, Chas. Cole, Dr. Joseph. Cope, Hiram. Cope, Mary Ann. Edgerton, Gov. Sidney. Erwin, Mahlon. Folger, Capt. Robert H. Fox, Jehial. Gaskin. Gilbert, Barclay. Grant, Chas. Hall, John. Johnson, Ellis. Lukens, Joseph. Macy, Mathew. Macy, Samuel. Marshall, Benj. Mead, Abner. Peirce, I. Newton. Purdy, Fitch. Purdy, Gerden. Quier, Arome. Quier, Mary. Rockhill, Samuel. Rotch, Thomas. Sperry, I. P. Stout, Zebbes. Williams, Irvine. Williams, Richard. Wright, Alpha. Wright, Dr. Amos. Wright, Clement.

_Summit_

Brown, Jason. Brown, John. Clarke, Ezra. Hudson, David.

_Trumbull_

Braden, John. Brown, Col. Brown, Ephraim. Bushnell, Gen. Andrew. Coon. Douglass, Thomas. Fenn, Benjamin. Fuller, Samuel. Green, Cyrel. Haines, Acyel. Harris, Milo. Hart, Ambrose. Hayes, Col. Hayes, Seth. Hoffman, B. F. Hutchins, John. Jenkins. King, Judge Leicester. Stewart, Charles. Sutliff, Judge Levi. Tracy, Azel. Weed, John.

_Tuscarawas_

Craig, Wm. H. Fox, J. W. Lindsey, Samuel. McClain, Edward. McClain, Wm. Meek, Robert. Powell, F. W. Powell, Thomas.

_Union_

Carroll, Asa. Cherry, Samuel A. Ferris, Herman. Kinney, Dr. S. M. + Mayo, Joe. Rathbon, Dr. Charles. Skinner, Aaron. Skinner, W. H. Wood, Judge Wm. W.

_Vinton_

Brown, Henry. Castor, James. Fogg, Thomas P. Hawk, Benjamin. Hudson, S. Morris, Abram. Ogle, Henry.

_Warren_

Allen, Abram. Allen, David. Bateman, Jacob. Bateman, John. Bateman, Warner M. Bedford, Wm. Brooks, Dr. Butterworth, Henry T. Butterworth, Samuel. Butterworth, Wm. B. Carr, Job. Corwin, R. G. Evans, Joseph. Farr, Angelina. Farr, Franklin. Hopkins, Thomas. Miller. Mullin, Isaac. Mullin, Job. Nicholson, Valentine. Potts, Edward. Potts, John. Potts, Samuel. Pugh, Achilles. Thomas, Jonah D. + Wilson, Fred. Wilson, Jesse. Wright, Jonathan.

_Washington_

Bailey, Uriah. Cottle, Hamilton. Curtis, Liberty. Curtis, Eli. Dufer, Abe. Eastman, Adoniram. Fairchild, Hiram. Fairchild, Joseph. Fulcher, Andrew. Garner, Peter M. Gould, Ephraim. Hale, Smith. Hale, Levi. Harris, Asa. + Harrison, Geo. Wm. Heald, Wm. S. Hibbard, T. B. Hovey, Harvey. Hughes, Benjamin. Jones, Jerry. Lawton, James. Lee, Jonathan. Loraine, Craton. Lund, Isaac. McCoy, Rev. J. C. Mallett, Albert. Morris, Andrew. + Norman, Frank. Norton, Rev. Richard. Porter, Thomas. Powells, Washington. Preston, Col. Price, Abraham. Putnam, David. Rice, James. Ridgeway, Thomas. Shepard, Courtland. Shotwell, Isaac. Shotwell, Titus. Smith, Harvey. Smith, Wm. Joseph. Steel, Wm. Stephenson, Dr. Stanton, Burdin. Stanton, Nathan. Stone, Frank. Stone, Col. John. Tuttle, C. B. Vickers, Dr. Wilson, Thomas.

_Wayne_

Battles, Thomas S. Bell, Charity. Burr, Timothy. Clark, David. Cheney, Hibben. Daniels, Isaac. Degarmon, Dr. Joseph. Ladd, Benjamin W. McClelland, H. R. May, Daniel. Oldroyd, Charles. Perdu. Rose, James. Seibert, Samuel. Smith, Thomas L. Taggart, Robert.

_Western Reserve_

Brown, Owen. King, Leicester. Perkins, Gen. Wright, Elizur.

_Wood_

Merriton, Wm. Moore, Lee.

_Miscellaneous_

Cross, Joseph. Fulcher, John. Heberling, A. Palmer, Rundell.

PENNSYLVANIA

_Adams_

Everett, Hamilton. Stevens, Thaddeus. Walker, Benjamin. Wright, Wm.

_Allegheny_

Taylor, Charles.

_Beaver_

Brown, Rev. Abel. Gilbert, Joshua. Rakestraw.

_Bedford_

+ Crawley, Joseph. + Fidler, Rev. John. Perry, Wyett. + Rouse, Rev. Elias.

_Berks_

Lewis, Thomas. Scarlett, Joseph P.

_Blair_

Nesbet, Wm.

_Bucks_

Atkinson family. Beause family. Blackfan family. Brown family. Buckman family. Burgess, William. Corson, George. Fell, Joseph. Heston, Jacob. Ivins, Barclay. Jackson, Wm. Janney, Richard. Johnson, Wm. H. Kenderdine, John E. Linton, Mahlon B. and wife. Lloyd, William. Longshore, Jolly. Magill, Jonathan P. Moore, Richard. Palmer, Jonathan. Paxson family. Pierce family. Price, Kirk J. Schofield, Benjamin. Simpson family. Smith, Chas. and Martha. Swain family. Trego family. Twining family. Warner, Isaac. Williams, Edward.

_Butler_

Brown. McGee, John. McGee, George.

_Chester_

Agnew, Allen. Agnew, Maria. Barnard, Eusebius. Barnard, Sarah D. Barnard, Sarah Marsh. Barnard, Simon. Barnard, Wm. Bonsall, Abram. Bonsall, Thomas. Carson, Charles. Cain, Dr. Augustus W. Coates, Levi. Corson. Cox, John. Cox, Hannah. Darlington, Chandler. Darlington, Hannah M. Darlington sisters. Evans, Nathan. Fulton, James, Jr. Fulton, Joseph. Fussell, Dr. Bartholomew. Fussell, Dr. Edwin. Fussell, Wm. Groff, John A. Haines, Joseph. Hambleton, Charles. Hambleton, Eli. Hambleton, Thomas. Hamer, Jesse. Hayes, Esther. Hayes, Mordecai. Haynes, Jacob. Hopkins, Thomas. Jackson, Wm. Kent, Benj. Kent, Hannah. Kimber, Emmor. Kirk, Isaiah. Lewis, Elizabeth. Lewis, Esther. Lewis, Grace Anna. Lewis, Marianne. Lindley, Jacob. Maris, Morris. Marsh, Gravner. Mendenhall, Dinah. Mendenhall, Isaac. Meredith, Isaac. Meredith, Thamazine. Moore, Charles. Moore, Joseph. Painter, Samuel M. Peart, Lewis. Pennypacker, Elijah F. Pierce, Benjamin. Pierce, Gideon. Price, George D. Preston, Amos. Preston, Mahlon. Richards, Henry. + Shadd, Abraham D. Speakman, Micajah. Speakman, Wm. A. Sugar, John. Sugar, Wm. Taylor, Wm. W. Thomas, Zebulon. Thorne, J. Williams. Trimble, Wm. Vickers, John. Vickers, Paxson. Vickers, Thomas. Walton. Walker, Enoch. Whitson, Moses. Williams, James. Williamson, Seymour C. Wood, James.

_Clearfield_

Atcheson, George. Atcheson, Wm. Cochran, Isaac. Gallaker, James. Kirk, Jason, and sons. Westover, Wm.

_Crawford_

Benn, Jonathan. Brown, M. M. Churchill.

_Dauphin_

Lewis, Dr.

_Delaware_

Dannaker, James T. Garrett, Isaac. Garrett, Philip. Garrett, Samuel. Jackson, John. Lewis, James. Price, Benjamin. Price, Philip. Truman, George S.

_Erie_

Henry, Frank. Judson, Dr. Towner, Jehiel. Reeder, James. Reeder, Job.

_Fayette_

Benson, Joe. + Black, Joe. Chalfant, Mathew. Jackson, John. Jackson, Joseph. McClure, Potan. Miller, Jacob B. Waller, Thomas. Wares, Joe. Webster, Cato.

_Hampden_

Osgood, Dr.

_Indiana_

Baker, James. Baker, John. Campbell, Joseph. Dixon. Gamble, George. Hamilton, James. Henry. Huston, John. Huston, Robert. Mitchell, Dr. Mitchell, Robert. Morehead, James. Park, James L. Powell, Wilson. Rank, C. R. Rank, George. Rank, Samuel. Rank, S. K. Rank, Zenas. Spaulding, George. Swispelm, Jane G. Thomas, Jesse. White, S. P. White, Wm., and three sons. Work, the brothers.

_Lancaster_

Bessick, Thomas. Bond, Samuel. Brinton, Joseph. Brinton, Joshua. Brown, Ellwood. Bushong, Henry. Carter, Henry. Coates, Lindley. Eshelman, Dr. J. K. Furniss, Oliver. Gibben, Daniel. Gibbons, Joseph. Haines, Joseph. Hood, Caleb C. Hood, Joseph. Jackson, Thomas. Mifflin, Jonathan. Mifflin, Samuel W. Moore, James. Moore, Jeremiah. Peart, Thomas. Russell, John Neal. Smith, Allen. Smith, Joseph. Smith, Stephen. Thorne, I. Wm. Webster, George. Whipper, Wm. Whitson, Micah. Whitson, Thomas. Wright, Wm.

_Lawrence_

Anderson, Alex. Bradford, A. B. Bushnell, Rev. Wells. Cadwalader. Enwer, Daniel. Enwer, John N. Hart, Dr. A. G. McKeever, Judge. McKeever, Mathew. McMillen, White. Minich, James. Mitchell, S. W. Semple, Amzi C. Semple, Eli. Sharpless, Benjamin. Stevenson, E. M. Walker, W. W. White, Joseph S. Wright, Alexander. Young, David. Young, John. Young, William.

_Luzerne_

Gildersleeve.

_Mercer_

Bishop. Gilbert, John. Gordon, Rev. George. Grierson, Robert. Hogue, John I. Hogue, Wesley. Jansan, Mathew. Minich, James. Squires, John. Thorn, Wilson. Travis, Richard. Ward. Wilson, George. Young, John.

_Mifflin_

Johnston, Wm. B. Maclay, Dr. Samuel. Nourse, Rev. Joseph. Thompson, James. Thompson, Samuel.

_Monroe_

Singmaster, Jacob. Vail family.

_Montgomery_

Aaron, Rev. Samuel. Corson, E. Hick. Corson, George. Corson, Lawrence E. Corson, Dr. Wm. Garrigues, Benjamin. Newport, David. Paxson, Dr. Jacob I. Pierce, Eli D. Read, Thomas. Roberts, Isaac. Roberts, John. Ross, Daniel. Warner.

_Philadelphia_

Aaron, Rev. Samuel. Bias, James Gould. Brown, David Paul. Burr, John P. + Burris, Sam'l D. Coates, Edwin H. Davis, Edward M. + Depee, N. W. Earle, Hon. Thomas. Elder, Dr. Fortune, James. Furness, Rev. Wm. H. + Garnet, Henry Highland. Harrison, Benj. Harrison, Thomas. Hastings, Samuel D. Johnson, Wm. H. Lambson, Capt. McKim, J. Miller. Moore, Esther. Mott, James. Mott, Lucretia. Purvis, Robert. Rhoads, Samuel. + Ruggles, David. + Still, Wm. Smith, Stephen, + Tubman, Harriet. Twining, Henry M. Ware, Isaiah. Whildon, Capt. + White, Jacob C. Williamson, Hon. Passmore. Wise, Charles.

_Somerset_

+ Smith. Willey, Wm.

_Susquehanna_

Bard, Sam'l. Brewster, Horace. Carmalt, Caleb. Foster, Wm. Lyons, B. R. Post, Albert. Post, Isaac. Warner, Sam'l.

_Venango_

Conley. Clapp, B. Ralph. Howe, John W. Hughes, John. Kingsley, James. + Lawson, James. + Lawson, Job. McDowell, Alex. Raymond, Wm. Rodgers, James. Small, S. H. Travis, Rich.

_Washington_

Lemoin, Dr. McKeever, Mathew.

_Wyoming_

Drake, Jonathan. Overfield, Nicholas.

_York_

Fisher, Joel. Goodrich, Wm. C. Jourdon, Cato. Loney, Robert. Mifflin, Jonathan. Mifflin, Susan. Mifflin, Sam'l. Wallace. Wierman, Joel. Willis, Samuel. Wright, Wm.

RHODE ISLAND

_Newport_

Mitchell, Jethro. Mitchell, Anne.

_Providence_

Adams, Robert. Buffum, Arnold. Buffum, Wm. Chace, Mrs. Elizabeth Buffum. Chace, Samuel B. Mitchell, Daniel. Walker, Capt. Jonathan.

VIRGINIA

_Brock_

Bryant, Joseph.

_Wheeling_

+ Naler, Dick. Steele, Joshua.

_Miscellaneous_

Smith, Samuel A.

VERMONT

_Addison_

Barber, E. D. Barker, Samuel. Fuller, R. L. Gordon, Joseph. Robinson, Rowland T. Rogers, Joseph. Wicker, Cyrus W.

_Bennington_

Robert, Daniel, Jr. Wilcox, Dr. S.

_Caledonia_

Bailey, Rev. Kiah.

_Chittenden_

Bigelow, L. G. Briggs, Wm. P. Byington, Anson. Dean, Professor. French, Wm. H. Hoag, Nathan C. Lovely, Noble. McNeil. Stansbury, E. A. Young, Rev. Joshua, D.D.

_Franklin_

Brainerd, Hon. Lawrence. Comings, Andrew. Felton, Charles. Green, Rev. Kendall, Col. Samuel. Martin, Jefferson. Sanborn, E. S. Sabin, Hon. Alvah.

_Lamoille_

Caldwell, A. W. Dodge, Jonathan. Gleed, Rev. John. Hotchkiss, J. M. Safford, Madison. West, Hon. John.

_Orange_

Griswold, Howard. Kimball, F. W. Moore, Dr. L. C. Putnam, Rev. George. Rowell, Hon. A. J.

_Rutland_

Marsh, R. V. Nicholson, D. E. Rauney, E. S. Rogers, Aaron. Rogers, Dinah. Thrall, R. R.

_Washington_

Arms, Dr. Butler, Dea. Miller, Col. J. P. Parker, Dea. Stows, Stephen F.

_Windham_

Frost, Willard. Shafter, Oscar L. Shafter, Wm. R.

_Windsor_

Fletcher, Ryland. Hutchinson, Ozamel. Hutchinson, Hon. Titus. Morris, Dea. Sylvester. Woodward, Daniel.

WISCONSIN

_Racine_

Bartlett, J. O. Bunce, Charles. Dutton, A. P. Fitch, "Elder." Peffer. Pick, S. B. Reed, Gen. Secor, Dr. Steel, Capt. Utley, W. L. Waterman, W. H. Wright, George S.

_Waukesha_

Brown, Samuel. Chandler, Daniel. Clinton, Dea. Allen. Dougherty. Goodnow, Lyman. Mendall, Dea.

_Walworth_

Thompson, Charles.

WASHINGTON, D.C.

Bigelow, Jacob. Drayton, Capt. Daniel.

MEMBERS OF THE VIGILANCE COMMITTEE OF BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS[990]

[990] This list of names is taken from Bearse's _Reminiscences of Fugitive-Slave Law Days in Boston_, pp. 3, 4, 5, 6.

(Organized October 14, 1850)

Adams, Charles B. Adams, George. Alcott, A. Bronson. Allen, Ephraim. Allyne, Joseph W. Andrew, John A. Andrews, Erastus. Apthorp, Robert E. Atkinson, Edward. Atkinson, William P. Augustus, John. Ayres, John. Barker, Rensalaer. Baxter, Thompson. Bearse, Austin. Bigelow, Dennis. Bishop, Joel P. Blakemore, William. Blanchard, Joshua P. Bolles, John A. Botume, John, Jr. Bouve, Thomas T. Bowditch, Henry I. Bowditch, William I. Bramhall, Cornelius. Bridge, Jonathan D. Brimblecom, F. Brimblecom, F. A. Browne, John W. Bryant, David. Bruce, Jeptha C. Burlingame, Anson. Burrage, Alvah A. Cabot, Fred. S. Capen, Lemuel. Carew, Thomas. Carnes, George W. Caswell, Lewis E. Channing, William F. Channing, William H. Chase, L. G. Cheever, George F. Child, Alfred A. Child, Daniel F. Colver, Nathaniel. Cornell, William M. Cowing, Cornelius. Crosby, Robert R. Curtis, John, Jr. Cushing, Henry D. Cutter, Abraham E. Dana, Richard H., Jr. Danforth, John C. Davie, Johnson. Davis, Charles G. Denio, Sylvanus A. Dodge, George. Dodge, Joshua G. Downer, Samuel, Jr. Edmunds, Edward. Eldridge, John S. Ellis, Charles. Ellis, Charles M. Emmons, John L. Fay, Emery B. Fillebrown, Edward. Fisher, George J. Fitch, Jonas. Fuller, Richard F. Gage, Benjamin W. Garrison, William Lloyd. Gibbs, John B. Gilbert, Timothy. Gore, John C. Gove, John. Gooch, Daniel W. Greene, Benjamin H. Hamlet, William. Hanscom, Simon P. Hanson, Moses P. + Hayden, Lewis. Hayes, Joseph K. Hersey, Nathan W. Hildreth, Richard. Hilton, John T. Holman, Joshua B. Holmes, Richard. Holmes, William H. Hood, Richard. Houghton, George W. Howe, Samuel G. Howland, David. Hovey, Charles F. Hoxie, Timothy W. Hunt, Ebenezer. Hunter, Thomas. Jackson, Edmund. Jackson, E. W. Jackson, Francis. Jameson, William H. Jenkins, William H. Jewett, John P. Kemp, Henry. Kendall, Stephen B. Kimball, John S. Kimball, Peter. King, John G. King, T. Starr. Knapp, Frederick N. Lawton, John T. Layton, Joseph J. Lewis, Enoch. Lewis, Joel W. Lincoln, Henry W. List, Charles. Lloyd, Samuel H. Locke, Amos W. Loring, Ellis Gray. Lowell, James Russell. Mackay, T. B. Manley, John R. Marjoram, William W. Marsh, Bela. Marston, Russell. May, Frederick W. G. May, Samuel, Jr. McCrea, J. B. McPhail, Andrew M., Jr. Merriam, E. S. Merrill, George. Minot, George. Mitchell, George H. Moody, Loring. Morris, Robert. Mussey, Benjamin B. Nichols, Henry P. Nash, Nathaniel C. Nell, William C. Orne, Otis. Osgood, Isaac. Parker, Henry T. Parker, Theodore. Parkman, John. Parks, Luther, Jr. Perkins, Thomas C. Phelps, Sylvester. Phillips, Wendell. Pratt, J. Prentiss, Henry J. Putnam, Joseph H. Quimby, J. P. Quincy, Edmund. Raymond, William T. Richards, James B. Ritchie, Uriah. Rogers, George M. Rogers, John S. Rogers, Robert B. Russell, George R. Russell, Thomas, Jr. Sargent, John T. Sawyer, William N. Sewall, Samuel E. Shaw, Francis G. Slack, Charles W. Smilie, J. H. Smith, Chauncey. Smith, Joshua B. Smith, J. W. Smith, Stephen. Snowden, Isaac H. Southwick, Joseph. Sporrell, William. Spear, John M. Spooner, Lysander. Spooner, William B. Steele, William M. Stone, James W. Stone, Milton J. Storrs, Amariah. Sullivan, John W. Swift, John L. Taft, A. C. Talbot, S. D. Tappan, Charles. Thayer, David. Thompson, John. Tolman, James. Towne, William B. Treanor, Barnard S. Trafton, Mark. Trask, Henry P. Wakefield, Enoch H. Wallcutt, Robert F. Walker, Dana D. Warren, Washington. Waters, Edwin F. Waterston, Robert C. Webb, Seth, Jr. Whipple, Charles K. White, William A. Whitman, William H. Wilson, Alexander. Withington, Oliver W. Wright, Elizur. Yerrington, J. M. W. York, Jasper H.

MEMBERS OF THE "LEAGUE OF GILEADITES" OF SPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS[991]

[991] Sanborn, in his _Life and Letters of John Brown_, pp. 125 and 126, prints this roll of members.

(Organized among the negroes by John Brown, January 15, 1851)

Addams, Joseph. Burns, William. Chandler, Samuel. Dowling, B. C. Fowler, Jane. Gazam, C. A. Gordon, William. Green, Eliza. Green, William. Hector, Henry. Holmes, G. W. Howard, J. N. Johnson, Ann. Johnson, Henry. Johnson, Reverdy. Jones, H. J. Montague, William H. Odell, Charles. Robinson, Henry. Rollins, Charles. Smith, John. Strong, John. Thomas, Cyrus. Wallace, L. Webb, Scipio. Wicks, Jane.

And seventeen others, whose names are unknown.

MEMBERS OF THE VIGILANCE COMMITTEE OF SYRACUSE, NEW YORK[992]

[992] This list will be found in the _Autobiography of the Rev. J. W. Loguen_, p. 396.

(Organized October 4, 1850)

Agan, P. H. Barnes, George. Bates, Abner. Clary, Lyman. Levenworth, C. W. + Loguen, J. W. Putnam, H. Raymond, R. R. Sedgwick, C. B. Smith, V. W. Thomas, John. Wheaton, C. A. Wilkinson, John.

MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL VIGILANCE COMMITTEE OF PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA[993]

[993] These names are given in Still's _Underground Railroad Records_, pp. 610, 611, 612.

(Organized December 2, 1852)

Asher, J. Burr, J. P. Bustill, Charles H. Depee, Nathaniel. Goines, B. N. Gordon, Henry. Hall, Morris. M'Kim, J. M. Nickless, Samuel. Oliver, John D. Purvis, Robert. Reason, Prof. C. L. Riley, W. H. Still, William. Wears, Josiah C. White, Jacob C. Whitson, Cyrus. Wise, Charles.

INDEX

Abbot, Major J. B., host of John Brown, 164.

Abbot, Rev. J. S. C., on effect of Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, on family of fugitives, 247, 248.

Abduction, Harriet Tubman, a practitioner in, 6; of slaves from Missouri by John Brown, 8, 9, 338; Rufus King on, 29 _n._; of abolitionists, rewards for, 52, 53; of slaves from Covington, Ky., by Fairbank, 61; of slaves by John Fairfield, the Virginian, 66, 67; methods of, employed by Dr. A. M. Ross, 104; Still on abductions through agency of the U. G. R. R., 118 _n._; sentiment of abolitionists against, 150; by negroes, 151; by refugees of Canada, 152, 153; by Southern whites, 153, 154; by Northern whites, 154, 155; by Burr, Work and Thompson, 155, 156; by Joseph Sider, 157; by Calvin Fairbank, 157-160; by Seth Concklin, 160-162; by John Brown, 162-165; in Brown's plan of liberation, 166, 167; by Charles T. Torrey, 168-170; by Capt. Jonathan Walker, 170, 171; by Laura S. Haviland, 171, 172; by Capt. Daniel Drayton, 172, 173; by Richard Dillingham, 174, 175; by Wm. L. Chaplin, 175, 176; by Josiah Henson, 176-178; by Rial Cheadle, 178, 179; by Dr. A. M. Ross, 179-182; by Elijah Anderson, 183; by John Mason, 183, 184; by Harriet Tubman, 185-189; of friends from the South planned by Canadian exiles, 231, 232; of a free negro from New York in 1850, 269; of negroes from southeastern Pennsylvania, 280; of free negroes from Northern state under law of 1793, 295; failure of Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 to recompense South for losses through, 341; disappearance of slavery from District of Columbia attributed to the U. G. R. R. and, 341, 342.

Abolition, gradual, 17; boats, 148; in Canada, 190, 191; sentiment of, in Northern states prevents reclamation of fugitives, 241-243; immediate, before Garrison, advocated by Bourne in 1816, 303, 304; immediate, advocated by Duncan in 1824, 304-306; immediate, advocated by Rankin in 1824, 306-308; immediate, germination of idea of, 307; immediate, formulation of the principle of, in U. G. R. R. neighborhoods, 357.

Abolitionists, hidden methods of, 2; recollections of, main source of history of Underground Railroad, 11; characterization of, 12; convictions of, 17; Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 detested by, 24; in Iowa, 43; testimony of, regarding activity of the U. G. R. R. (1830-1840), 44, 308; social disdain borne by, 48-50; espionage endured by, 50-54; rewards for abduction of, 52, 53; known as "conductors," 60; destitution of fugitives relieved by expenditures of, 76-78; waterway extensions of U. G. R. R. established by, 82; temper of, shown in rescue of fugitives under arrest, 86; political affiliations of, 99-101; United States Constitution burned at meeting of, 101; treated with justice in history, 101; penalties paid by, 102, 103; settlements of, in Maryland, 119; Brown Thurston of Portland, Me., a veteran, 133; on number of U. G. R. R. lines in Ohio, 135; devices of, to secure safety of fugitives, 141; sentiment of, against abduction, 150; dine with Fairfield the abductor, 154 _n._; risks taken by an, in abducting a slave, 155; abductions by, along the borders of slave territory, 155; appeals of fugitives to, for aid for friends in bondage, 168; arrest of Charles T. Torrey for being an, 169; number of fugitives early aided by, in southern Ohio, 192; testimony of, on the effects of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 193; underground work in Iowa and Illinois by, 194, 195; Canadian refugees visited by, 199-201; refuge found by runaway slaves among, in Northern states, 212, 213, 275; visitation of communities of, by slave hunters, 239, 240; prevent reclamation of fugitives, 241, 242; irritated by mode of arrests under Slave Law of 1793, 259; efforts to use Northwest Ordinance in defeat of law of 1793, 262, 263; law of 1850 objectionable to, 267-273; possibility of abduction of free negroes from the North under law of 1850, declared by, 268, 269; on commissioners' fees under law of 1850, 271, 272; secrecy observed by, 272; characteristics of pre-Garrisonian, 307; grateful employment of, in helping slaves, 310; societies of, criticised by Webster, 314; information about, among slaves, 316; exultation of, over rescue of Jerry McHenry, 320; residence of Harriet Beecher Stowe among, in Cincinnati, O., 321; various activities of, 326; increasing number of fugitives aided by, 327; restiveness of, under jurisdiction of United States Courts in fugitive slave cases, 335; of Lawrence, Kan., abused by Missourians, 347; aid rendered fugitives by, at Lawrence, Kan., 348; efficiency of underground work of, compared with work of American Colonization Society, 350, 351; support of U. G. R. R. by, alleged, 351; multiplication of, due to the U. G. R. R., 357.

Adams, Robert, 130.

Agents of the U. G. R. R., significance of the name, 67; in Baltimore, 68; employment of regular, 69, 70; number of, 87; hospitality of, 87-89; admitted principles of, 89, 90; nationality of, 90-92; church connections of, 93-98; churches of Massachusetts appealed to by, 99; political affiliations of, 99-101; character of, 101; penalties suffered by, 102, 103; Defensive League of Freedom for payment of fines of, proposed in Boston, 103, 104; notable persons among, 104-112; limited area of operation of, 113; in Pennsylvania, 121; in New York, 122-127; in New Jersey, 123, 124; in Massachusetts, 129, 130; in Vermont, 130, 131; devices of, 137; work of abduction by Seth Concklin as one of the, 160; fearless work of, at Sandusky, O., 276, 277; Harriet B. Stowe and John Brown as, 290; Rev. John Rankin, active in ranks of, 307; J. R. Giddings one of the most enthusiastic of, 315; appealed to by Canadian refugees for abduction of friends, 231, 232; among fugitive settlers in the North, 251-253.

Alabama, purchase of slaves by, 26; underground line from northern, 119; Canadian refugees from, 195; attempted abduction of Peter Still's family from, 160; operations in, planned by Brown, 167.

Alcott, A. B., friend of Harriet Tubman, 186; part of, in the Burns case, 331.

Alleghanies, the use to be made of, in Brown's plan of liberation, 166.

Allen, Abram, special conveyance of, for fugitives, 59, 60; visit of, to Canada, 199.

Alum Creek Quaker Settlement, leaf from diary of station-keeper in, 10; activity of station in, 76, 77; facsimile of record kept by Daniel Osborn of, 344, 345.

American Baptist Free Mission Society, ministrations to refugees in Toronto, Canada, 3, 183.

American Colonization Society, objects and work of, compared with those of U. G. R. R., 350, 351.

_American Historical Review_, on Underground Railroad, 5.

Amherstburg, Canada West as a receiving depot for fugitives, 194; visit of Levi Coffin to, 200; supplies for Canadian refugees in, 214; congregation of fugitives in, 225; negro mechanics in, 226; Dr. Howe on condition of colored people in, 226 n; Drew on condition of refugees in, 227; separate schools for negroes in, 229; first "True Band" organized in, 230; comparison of amounts of property owned by whites and blacks in, and in other places, 232.

Anderson, Elijah, abductor, 183.

Anderson, William, extradition of the fugitive, from Canada refused, 352, 353.

Andrew, Bishop James O., church proceedings against, 95.

Andrew, John A., 103; appreciation of Harriet Tubman, 189.

Andrews, Ex-Pres. E. Benjamin, on route in Massachusetts, 129.

"Anti-Slavery Days, History of," in Illinois, 6.

_Anti-Slavery in the State and Nation_, on refugees forwarded to Brunswick, 219.

Anti-slavery men, Theodore Parker on the first duty of, 109; meetings of, in New England, 171. _See_ Abolitionists.

Anti-slavery movement, Chas. T. Torrey engages in, 168, 169; humane motives of, 286; U. G. R. R., a causal factor in development of, 290, 302; character of pre-Garrisonian, 307; continuity of development of, 307, 308; failure of _Uncle Tom's Cabin_ to produce election gains for, 323.

Anti-slavery sentiment, among people from the Southern states, 31, 32, 41; revenge on Mission Institute for, 156; in Congress, 173; settlement of fugitives in communities characterized by, 212, 242; proof of early, in free states, 300; influence of U. G. R. R. in spreading, 302; in the North, 309, 310.

Anti-Slavery Society, of Philadelphia, of New York, Harriet Tubman a well-known visitor of the, 189; of Massachusetts, 193; of Canada, 204; benefactions of, for fugitive slaves, 222, 223; persons of respectability in societies, 308; encouragement given by, to bondmen to flee, 310; reports of Pennsylvania and Massachusetts societies on increasing number of fugitives after 1850, 327; of New England, meeting of, at time of rendition of Burns, 332.

Appalachian route of escape for slaves, 118.

Appleby, Capt., master of lake boat carrying fugitives, 82.

Arkansas, abducting trip of Fairbank into, 65.

Armstrong, abductor, 153.

Armstrong, J. H. B., operator, 42, 43.

Arnold, Hon. Isaac N., counsel in fugitive slave case, 284.

Arrest, of abductor Calvin Fairbank, 158, 159; of abductor Charles T. Torrey, 169; of abductor Capt. Walker, 170; of abductors Drayton and Sayres, 173; of abductor Dillingham, 174; of abductor Chaplin, 176; of fugitive slaves in the North between 1850-1856, 240, 241; mode of, under law of 1793, 257-259; right of private, under law of 1850, 267; of fugitive slave, penalties for hindering, 279; of operators, 283; of negroes in the South during the War, 287; of free negro in Philadelphia, 317; of Jerry McHenry in Syracuse, 318; of rescuers in Christiana case, 319; of Burns in Boston, 331.

Articles of Confederation (1643), clause for rendition of fugitives quoted, 19; absence of provision for return of fugitives in, 293.

Ashburton Treaty, extradition of the fugitive Anderson from Canada sought under, 352, 353.

Ashley, Congressman James M., operator, 92, 106.

Association for the Education and Elevation of the Colored People of Canada, 233.

Atchison, of Kentucky, on loss sustained by slave-owners of border states, 341.

Baine, Patrick, owner of Harriet Hayden, 158.

Bains, Eliza, operator in Portsmouth, Va., 118.

Baird, Thomas D., 96.

Baltimore, fugitive shipped in a box from, 60; agents in, 68, 91, 117, 151; anti-slavery sentiment in Friends' Yearly Meeting of, 93; abductions of Harriet Tubman from, 186; petition of Quakers of, against kidnapping, 296.

Baptist Church, appeal to societies of, in Massachusetts, 99.

Barbour, American Minister, on negotiations with England concerning fugitive slaves, 300.

Baxter and Grant, owners of Lewis Hayden, 158.

Bayliss, James, on canal route, 142.

_Beacon_, the, reminiscences of "Early Settlement and Growth of Western Iowa," in, 7.

Beard, William, visit of, to Canadian refugees, 199.

Bearse, Capt. Austin, doorkeeper of Boston Vigilance Committee, 73; rescues from vessels by, 81; on stowaways from the South, 144.

Beck, Dr. Isaac M., brief mention of, 32 _n._; reward for abduction of, 53.

Beecher, Henry Ward, counterpart of, in _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, 322.

Benedict, Aaron, reminiscences of U. G. R. R., 6.

Benedict, Aaron L., runaways entertained by, 76, 77.

Benezet, Anthony, precepts of, 49.

Benton, Thomas H., 159; on passage of Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 311 _n._

Berrien, Col., conductor, 144.

Bibb, Henry, projector of Refugees' Home, 209; stock of supplies maintained by, 214; passenger on U. G. R. R., 340.

Bibb, Mrs. Mary E., school-teacher among Canadian refugees, 215.

Bigelow, Jacob, operator, 117.

Bigelow, L. H., 130.

Bingey, Anthony, on escape of his family to Canada, 76; on increase of fugitives arriving in Canada, 194; desire for freedom of, 196; on refugee population of Ontario, 221; on effects of Slave Law of 1850, 249.

Bingham, Dr. J. A., 89.

Blake, Capt., fugitives carried by boat of, 83.

Blake, of Ohio, bill of, for repeal of Fugitive Slave laws, 286.

Boat service for transportation of absconding slaves, 81-83, 118, 145-148, 219, 252.

Bolding, John, seizure of, under Slave Law of 1850, 241.

Booth, Sherman M., power of commissioners questioned in case of, 270; penalty imposed in case of, 279; case of, before the courts in Wisconsin, 329; limits of state authority defined in case of, 330; protest against Douglas legislation in case of,

Borden, Nathaniel P., 130.

Boston, conveyance of fugitives by William I. Bowditch of, 61; Vigilance Committee of, 71-73; escapes by vessel to, 81; early rescue in, 83, 84; rescue of Shadrach in, 86; appeal of Vigilance Committee of, for aid, 98, 99; attempted rescue of Burns in, 103, 330-332; aid rendered fugitives by Theodore Parker in, 109, 110; slaves sent to New Bedford and, from Virginia, 118; James Freeman Clarke on protection of fugitives in, 132; refugees sent from New York to, 145; to England from, 145; estimate of fugitives in, 235; law of 1850 denounced by meeting in, 244; consternation among fugitives in, 246-248; continued residence of refugees in, after 1850, 250, 251; Lewis Hayden in, 251, 252; early pursuit of fugitives in, 302; Shadrach, Sims, and Craft cases in, 317.

Boston and Worcester Railroad, 80.

Boston Public Library, scrap-book of Theodore Parker in, 8.

Bourne, Rev. George, early advocate of immediate abolition, 303, 304, 306; political action against slavery proposed by, 305 n.

Bowditch, William I., 61, 132.

Bowles, Col. J., letter of, on U. G. R. R. depot at Lawrence, Kan., 347-350.

Brace, Avery, 16.

Bragdon, George C., on stations on the St. Lawrence, 127 _n._

Brainerd, Hon. Lawrence, 107; fugitives shipped by rail by, 145.

Bramlette, Gov. Thomas E., opposed to pardon of Fairbank, 159, 160.

Brant, Chief, fugitives received by people of, 92, 203.

Brennan, Mr., escape of slave from, 65.

Brisbane, W. H., hiding-places provided by, 64.

British and American Manual Labor Institute, colored children, 200; origin of Dawn Settlement, 205; work of, for Canadian refugees, 214; visited by Levi Coffin, 220; lumber industry established at, 223; colored settlers attracted by, 229, 230.

Brooks, Prof. W. M., on stations in southwestern Iowa, 33, 98.

Brooks family, of Concord, Mass., friends of Harriet Tubman, 186.

Brown, David Paul, counsel for fugitive slaves, 284, 285.

Brown, Eli F., hiding-place provided by, 64.

Brown, Henry Box, shipment of, in a box, 60.

Brown, John, notes of, relating to his raid, 8; father of, a friend of fugitives, 37; League of Gileadites organized by, 73, 74; transportation of party of, through Iowa, 79; entertained by J. B. Grinnell, 108; strategy of, 118; North Elba home of, a terminus of the U. G. R. R., 127; route followed by, with his abducted slaves, 136, 164, 165; Missouri raid of, 162, 163; effect of his raid, 165; plan of liberation of, 166-168, 357; Dr. A. M. Ross, a friend of, 183 _n._; on Harriet Tubman, 185; concern of, for fugitive settlers in Canada, 199; influence of U. G. R. R. upon, 290, 301, 338, 339; Col. J. Bowles on, 349, 350.

Brown, Mary, owner of James Hamlet, 269.

Brown, Owen, father of John Brown, early operations of, 37, 301.

Brown, Wells, befriends the fugitive William Wells Brown, 77.

Brown, William Wells, befriended, 77; conveyance of fugitives to Canada by, 83, 252; qualities of leadership in, 340.

Buchanan, James, amendments to Constitution in regard to fugitive slaves recommended by, 286; Booth pardoned by, 331; appealed to in Addison White case, 334; on enforcement of Fugitive Slave law during his administration, 353.

Bucknel and Taylor, slave-owners, 196.

Buffalo, boat service to, 83; release of alleged fugitives in, 317.

Burns, Anthony, Theodore Parker's memoranda on rendition of, 8; Vigilance Committee fails to rescue, 73; attempt to rescue, 103; case of, 251, 271, 283; rendition of, 331-333.

Burr, James E., one of abducting party of, Work and Thompson, 155, 156.

Burroughes, George L., agent of Underground Road, 70.

Bushnell, Simeon, case of, 270; penalty paid by, 279.

Buswell, N. C., on abduction by Canadian refugee, 152.

Butler, of South Carolina, on loss sustained by slave-owners, 341.

Buxton Settlement in Canada. _See_ Elgin Association.

Buxton, Thomas Fowell, 207.

Cabot, Samuel, Jr., 103.

Calhoun, on Drayton's expedition with the Pearl, 173, 174; on an enactment making it unlawful to aid fugitives, 309; on the need of a new fugitive slave law, 313; championship of the Slave Law of 1850, 314.

California, sanction of, to Slave Law of 1850, 246.

Calvinists. _See_ Presbyterian Church.

Campbell, C. B., 58.

Campbell, Dr. Alexander, reward for abduction of, 53.

Canada, escapes from the American colonies to, 20, 292; Clay's negotiations for extradition of fugitive slaves from, 22, 299, 300; knowledge of, among slaves, 27-30, 180, 182, 197, 198; underground routes through New York to, 35; early arrival of fugitives in, 43, 44; entered from Detroit, 66; number of fugitives forwarded to, by one abolitionist neighborhood before 1817, 87; number sent to, by Chas. T. Torrey before 1844, 88; fugitives received by people of Chief Brant in, 92; terminals in, 127, 133, 134; route to, via Portland, Me., 133; Ontario, the goal of the great majority of runaways, 140, 148; extent of the region in, settled by refugees, 148, 149; hospitality of, 149; abductions by refugees of, 152; excursions of the abductor Fairfield to, 153, 154; reception given Fairfield and his protégés on their arrival in, 154; enthusiasm in, over John Brown's Missouri raid, 165; part to be taken by refugees of, in Brown's plan of liberation, 167; Dawn Institute in, 168; delight of fugitives on reaching, 178, 196, 197; ministrations of American Baptist Free Mission Society among refugees at Toronto, 183; number assisted to, by abductor John Mason, 184; trips of abductor Harriet Tubman to, 187, 189; position of Canada on slavery question, 190, 191; early arrival of fugitive slaves in, 192; increased influx of fugitives, 193, 194; refugees in, a representative body of the slave class, 195, 196; severity of conditions in, 198; treatment of refugee settlers in, 199, 200; attitude of government of, toward refugees, 201-203; conditions favorable to settlement of fugitives in, 203-205; fugitive aid societies in, 204, 205; Dawn Settlement, 205-207; Elgin Settlement, 207-209; Refugees' Home Settlement, 209, 210; objects of the colonies, 210, 211; Dr. Howe's criticism of the colonies, 211, 212; defence of the colonies, 212, 213; services of the colonization societies, 213-215; conclusions concerning the colonies, 216, 217; fugitive settlers in towns of, 217, 218; movement of fugitives to the interior of, 218, 219; refugees in the eastern provinces of, 219; refugee population in, 220-224, 313; occupations of refugees in, 223; congregation of refugees in towns of, 225, 226; prosperity of refugees in, 226, 227; their domestic life in, 227, 228; their school opportunities in, 228, 229; their societies for self-improvement in, 230, 231; their efforts for the rescue of friends from slavery, 231, 232; their taxable property in, 232; their political privileges in, 232; their value as citizens, 233, 234; return of many from, 235; increased influx of fugitives into, after passage of law of 1850, 246-250, 316; escape of Shadrach and Jerry McHenry to, 317, 318; Glover forwarded to, 328; escape of Addison White to, 334; extradition of Anderson refused by, 352, 353.

Canadian Anti-Slavery Society, on employment for Canadian refugees, 204; on refugee population in Canada West, 221; on congregation of Canadian refugees in towns, 225.

_Canadian Magazine of Politics, Science, Art, and Literature_, on Underground Railroad, 5.

Canal routes, 142.

Cape Breton Island, sea routes to, 219.

Capron, Effingham L., operator, 131, 132.

Capture, of fugitive slaves thwarted, 83-86; under Slave Law of 1850, 240-242; of fugitive settlers in the North, 316; of Sims in Boston, 317; of boy John near Oberlin, 335, 336.

Carpenter, Philo, operator, 88, 147.

Carpenter, slave-hunter, 53, 54.

Cass, Gen., Secretary of State, appealed to in the Addison White case, 334.

Caton, Judge, 283.

Cavins, E. C. H., on route through Indiana, 142.

_Censor_, the, containing "Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad," 4.

Census reports of Canada, on refugee population, 220.

Census reports of United States, on fugitive slaves, 26, 44, 342, 343.

Chace, Mrs. Elizabeth Buffum, 49; on New Bedford route, 130.

Chamberlain, Hon. Mellen, 36.

Channing, Dr. Walter, 170.

Channing, Prof. Edward, on prosecutions of anti-slavery men, 317 _n._

Chaplin, William L., abductor, 168, 175, 176.

Chapman, Capt., on delight of slaves reaching Canada, 196, 197.

Charles, John, 53.

Chase, Salmon P., on the Ordinance of 1787, 262; on the fugitive slave clause in the Constitution, 263, 264; in the Van Zandt case, 282; counsel for fugitive slaves, 308, 309; in the Addison White case, 334, 335.

Cheadle, Rial, abductor, 178, 179.

Cheney, Rev. O. B., 37, 134.

Chicago, a place of deportation, 83, 88, 147; terminus for line through Livingston and La Salle counties, Ill., 139; multiple routes of, 141; hostility of, to law of 1850, 333.

Chicago and Rock Island Railroad, 79, 144, 165.

Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad, 79, 144.

Child, E., receiver of goods for Canadian refugees at Toronto, 202.

Chittenden, subscription of, for release of W. L. Chaplin, 176.

Christiana case, 280, 281, 317; Thaddeus Stevens in, 282; effort of the government to enforce the law of 1850 in, 319.

Church connection of U. G. R. R. helpers or agents, 93-99; of Canadian refugees, 216.

Church of fugitives, in Boston, 246; in Buffalo, Rochester, Detroit, and Boston, 250.

Cincinnati _Enquirer_, the, on contention over Addison White case, 335 _n._

Cincinnati, supplies for fugitives provided by Woman's Anti-Slavery Sewing Society of, 77; Dr. N. S. Townshend conductor in, 104; home of Harriet Beecher Stowe a station in, 105; work of Levi Coffin in, 110-112; multiple routes in, 135, 141; appeal of colored people in, to Mr. Dillingham, 174; seizure of McQuerry in, 241; counsel for fugitive slave cases in, 282; effect of the Margaret Garner case in, 302, 303; observations used in _Uncle Tom's Cabin_ made in, 321.

Civil War. _See_ War of Rebellion.

Claiborne, on loss sustained by slave-owners from 1810-1850, 341.

Clark, George W., coöperation of, with Capt. Walker in anti-slavery work, 171; on the abductor Wm. L. Chaplin, 176.

Clark, Lewis, 171.

Clark, Milton, 171.

Clark, Wm. Penn, friend of John Brown, 164.

Clark, Woodson, informed against slaves, 278.

Clarke, Rev. James Freeman, on northern opposition to rendition, 25, 103; on extent of U. G. R. R. system, 113, 114; on protection of fugitives in Boston, 132 _n._

Clay, Henry, negotiations of, with England for extradition of fugitives, 22, 44, 299; flight of slave of, 27; on the execution of the law of 1850 in Indiana, 48; on the escape of slaves to Canada, 192; on the Canadian refugees, 201; on the difficulty of recapturing fugitives, 242; championship of new Fugitive Slave Law by, 312, 314; compromise of, 315; proposition of, that the President be invested with power to enforce the law of 1850, 319.

Cleveland, boat service for fugitives from, 83, 252; deportation station, 146; eminent attorneys of, in Oberlin-Wellington case, 282; trial of Oberlin-Wellington rescuers at, 336; celebration in, over victory of abolitionists in Oberlin-Wellington case, 337.

Cleveland and Canton Railroad, 79.

Cleveland and Western Railroad, 79, 143.

Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad, 79, 183.

_Cleveland Plain Dealer_, on results in Oberlin-Wellington case, 337.

Clingman, of North Carolina, on value of fugitive settlers in Northern states, 341.

Coffin, Addison, early operator in North Carolina, 40, 117.

Coffin, Levi, author of _The Reminiscences of_, 2, 4; early service in North Carolina and Indiana, 40, 117; methods of, 61, 64; reputed president of the U. G. R. R., 69; largest company of fugitives entertained by, 76; devotee of underground work, 78, 110-112; on John Fairfield the abductor, 153; visit of, to Canadian refugees, 199-201, 218-220; on acquisition of land by Canadian refugees, 201, 202; on the number of Canadian refugees, 221; association of, with R. B. Hayes, 282.

Coffin, Vestal, organizer of U. G. R. R. near Guilford College, N.C., 1819, 117.

Coleman, family of refugees near Detroit, 236.

Collins, James H., counsel in defence of Owen Lovejoy, 283.

Colonies, fugitive slave clause in treaties between Indian tribes and, 91, 92; of fugitive slaves in Canada, 205; Dawn Settlement, 205-207; Elgin Settlement, 207-209; Refugees' Home Settlement, 209, 210; Dr. S. G. Howe on refugee, 211, 212; his criticism of, answered, 213, 214, 217; services of, 215, 216; conclusions concerning, 217; question of extradition between American, 290.

Commissioners, duties of, under the second Fugitive Slave Law, 265; creation of, due to decision in Prigg's case, 266; surrender of James Hamlet by one of, 269; power of, questioned, 269-271; observations of, regarding their own authority, 271; remuneration of, 271.

Committees of Vigilance. _See_ Vigilance Committees.

Communication, methods of, 56; facsimile and other illustrations of messages, 10, 57, 58, 59, 79 _n._; use of signals across Delaware River, 125; ease of, contributes to swell number of fugitives, 316.

Compromise of 1850, relation of second Fugitive Slave Law to, 265, 311; repetition of, with modifications, proposed in 1860, 285, 286; not a finality, 320; how regarded by Northern people, 324; failure of, 357.

Concklin, Seth, abductor, 157, 160-162.

Conductors, methods of, 60, 61, 64; significance of the title, 67; regularly employed, 69, 70; number of, 87; their hospitality, 88, 89; their principles, 89, 90; their nationality, 90, 91; their church connections, 93-98; political affiliations of, 99-101; character of, 101; penalties suffered by, 102; proposed Defensive League of Freedom in behalf of, 103, 104; notable persons among, 105-112.

Confederation, New England (1643), provision in, for delivery of fugitives, 19; Articles of, quoted, 19.

Congregational Church, operators among members of, 96-98, 168; abductor Charles T. Torrey, clergyman of, 168.

Congress, speech of J. R. Giddings in lower House on fugitive slaves, 105; speech of Owen Lovejoy in lower House on fugitive slaves, 107; the expedition of the _Pearl_ subject of debate in, 173, 174; resolution of 1838 in, providing for punishment of persons aiding fugitives, 193; petitions presented by Kentuckians in upper House declaring danger of slave-hunting in Ohio, 242; Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 in, 254; power of, to legislate on subject of fugitive slaves, 255, 263, 264, 268; cases growing out of differences between slave laws of the state and of, 260, 261; counsel for fugitives elected to, 282; excitement in, caused by last case under law of 1850, 285; agitation in, for new slave law in 1860, memorials to, praying for repeal of law of 1850, attacks on slavery in, 286; repeal of fugitive slave legislation by, 288, 289, 358; Continental, incorporation of fugitive slave clause in Northwest Ordinance by, 293; attempts at amendment of law of 1793 in lower House, 295; in both Houses, 296; agitation for new slave law (1817), 296, 297, 301, 309-311; Kentucky resolutions against admission of fugitives to Canada, presented to, 299; Slave Law of 1850 adopted by, 311, 312, 314, 315; message of President Fillmore to, December, 1850, 318; Senate supports the President in enforcing Fugitive Slave Law, 319; Gerrit Smith, member of, 320; Sumner in Senate, on execution of, 325; Racine mass-meeting declares null and void the law of, 327, 328; charged with improper assumption of powers by convention in Cleveland, 336; complaints of Southern members of, on account of loss of slaves, 340-342; Southern members of, on existence of Underground Railroads, 351, 352; argument in, to prevent secession of border states, 355; caution of, in dealing with fugitive slave question in crisis of the War, 355; inexpediency of return of fugitives by the army, recognized by, 356; acts of, leading up to repeal of Fugitive Slave Law, 356; agitation in and out of, for rigorous Fugitive Slave Law, 357.

Congressmen, operators among, 92, 105-108; anti-slavery champions among, 173; pro-slavery champions among, 173.

Conlisk, James, 92.

Connecticut, colony of, 19; underground work of Samuel J. May in, 36, 109; anti-slavery men from, organize Scioto Company, 38; reward offered Indians by, for apprehending fugitives, 92; personal liberty law of, 245, 246, 309; law of colony of, against aiding fugitives, 292; emancipation by, 293.

Conservative party, affiliation of negro voters in Canada with, 233.

Constitution of United States, fugitive slave clause in, quoted, 20; effect of incorporation of fugitive slave clause in, 30; burned at meeting of abolitionists, 101; Giddings on relation of the law of 1850 to, 105; quoted in support of immediatism, 206; ineffectiveness of the fugitive slave clause in, 255; trial by jury provided for in amendments of, 257; amendment of, quoted against Fugitive Slave Law, 258; slaves not parties to, 259; slave-owner's rights under, 259, 261; paramount to Ordinance of 1787, 263; legislative warrant of Congress under, 264; effect on execution of, due to Prigg decision, 265; Prigg decision on language of, 267; amendments to, proposed by Buchanan in 1860, 286, 353, 354; adoption of Thirteenth Amendment to, 289, 356; fugitive slave clause embodied in, 293; disavowal of fugitive recovery clause of, by Liberty party, 310; Webster on disregard of the slave clause in, 314; limitations of state courts under, 330; Ohio urges repeal of laws injuring efficiency of, 354.

Contemporaneous documents, rarity of, 7; Still's collection of, 7, 8; Parker's memoranda, 8; notes left by John Brown, 8, 9, 165; records of Jirch Platt, 9; leaf from diary of Daniel Osborn, 9, 10; extant letters, 10; letter of William Steel, 51, 52; memorandum of David Putnam, Jr., 55; facsimile of message of John Stone, other messages, 57, 58; letter of Thomas Lee, 58, 59; letters of E. F. Pennypacker, 79 _n._, 143 _n._; letter of Francis Jackson, 99; item from Theodore Parker's Journal, 109; letter of Parker, 110; letter of Rev. N. R. Johnston, 161; letter of McKiernon, 161, 162; letters relating to Harriet Tubman, 185, 186, 188, 189; certificate of clerk of court in Sloane's case, 277 _n._; advertisement of runaway slave, 287; facsimile of Osborn's record, 344, 345; letter of Col. J. Bowles, 347-350.

Continental Congress, incorporation of slave clause in Northwest Ordinance by, 293.

Contributing members, significance of name, 67.

Conveyance of fugitive slaves, schedule of "trains," 55; variety of methods of, 59; by vehicle, 60, 61; as freight, 60, 155; by rail, 78-80, 142-145; by water, 81-84, 144, 145; methods employed by abductor Fairbank, 158, 160; in Brown's raid, 164, 165; in Drayton's expeditions, 172, 173.

Conway, Judge, 347.

Cook, Hon. B. C., counsel in fugitive slave cases, 283, 284.

Cornell, Cornelius, 124.

Corwin, R. C., 39.

Cotton-gin, effect of invention of, 26.

Counsel for fugitive slaves, 281-285, 308, 309, 353.

Court, decisions terminate slavery in Canada, 191-193; provision in state Fugitive Slave laws for action by, 237, 238; Wright _vs._ Deacon in, 256, 257; Peter _alias_ Lewis Martin in, 257; Commonwealth _vs._ Griffith in, 258; Prigg _vs._ Pennsylvania in, 259-261, 264; State _vs._ Hoppess in, 262; Vaughan _vs._ Williams in, 262; Jones _vs._ Van Zandt in, 262; various courts on irreconcilability between law of 1793 and Ordinance of 1787, 262, 264; authority of United States commissioners, 265, 271; case of Sims in, 269, 270; Scott's case in, 269, 270; Miller _vs._ McQuerry, 269, 270; Booth's case in, 270, 279, 329, 330; case of _ex parte_ Robinson in, 270; case of _ex parte_ Simeon Bushnell in, 270; speech of Justice Nelson to grand jury in, 272; action for penalty under law of 1798 in, 273; prosecution in, 274; prosecution of John Van Zandt in, 274; Norris _vs._ Newton in, 276; Oliver _vs._ Weakley in, 276; case of Sloane in, 276, 277; case of F. D. Parish in, 277; Oberlin-Wellington rescue case in, 279, 336; arguments of Chase and Seward in, 282; hearing of fugitive Jim Gray in, 283, 284; provision for appeal to United States Circuit in proposed Fugitive Slave Law of 1860, 286; provision in House fugitive slave bill of 1817 in regard to proof of title before, 296, 297; constitutionality of law of 1850 contested in, 327; constitutional limitation of state, 330; clash between federal and state, 334, 335; effect of jurisdiction of United States, on abolitionists, 335; trial of the fugitive Anderson before the Canadian, 353.

Covenanters, friends of fugitives, 13-15, 32, 90, 115, 235. _See_ Presbyterian Church.

Cowgill, Dr. Thomas, 38.

Craft, Ellen and William, 82, 252; rescue of, 317.

Crittenden, Gov. John J., pardons abductor Fairbank, 159.

Crocker, Mrs. Mary E., operator, 132.

Cross, Rev. John, prosecution of, 50, 51.

Crosswhite family, seizure of, 102.

Crothers, Rev. Samuel, 32.

Cruse, David, victim of Brown's raid, 163.

Cummings, Jacob, 154.

Curtis, George T., on the power of a commissioner, 271.

Cushing, Deacon, arrest of, 283.

Dalby, Mr., fugitive slave of, 33.

Dana, Richard H., visit of, to Brown's farm at North Elba, 127; counsel for runaways, 283; counsel for Burns, 331.

Dane, Nathan, on rendition of slaves in Northwest Territory, 293.

Daniels, Jim, appeal of, to John Brown, 162.

Danvers Historical Society, report of, on route of U. G. R. R., 133.

Davis, Charles G., counsel for fugitives, 283.

Davis, Jefferson, on escape of slaves from Mississippi, 82, 312, 313; on prospects of non-execution of law of 1850, 315.

Davis, Joel P., map by, 140.

Dawes, Gen. R. R., on communication in underground service, 56 _n._

Day, Dr., capture and incarceration of, 349.

Deacon, case of Wright _vs._, 256, 257.

Dean, John, counsel for fugitive slave, 285.

De Baptiste, George, agent, 70.

Declaration of Independence, quoted by abolitionists, 24; principles of, 30; as an "abolition tract," 31; preamble of, 89; quoted in support of immediatism, 306.

Defensive League of Freedom, proposed, 103, 104.

Delaware, reminiscences relating to, 11; anti-slavery Quakers in, 31; Joseph G. Walker of Wilmington, 67; Thomas Garrett, of Wilmington, 110, 111, 117, 322; route in, 117, 118; refugee from, 195; loss of slaves by, 312.

Democratic party, legislative action against Oberlin College proposed by, 97; character of, 100; congressional vote of, on Slave Law of 1850, 315; Compromise of 1850 regarded as a finality by, 320; governors belonging to, on personal liberty laws, 354.

Dennett, Mrs. Oliver, operator, 133.

Deportation, places of, for fugitive slaves, 36, 66, 82, 83, 145-148.

Destitution, among fugitives, 76-78, 109, 222, 223.

Detroit, crossing-place for runaways, 66, 147; agents in, 70; J. M. Howard, operator at, 106; secret paths leading to, 135, 138; arrival of John Brown and his abducted slaves in, 165; supplies for Canadian refugees shipped to, 203; fugitive settlers near, 236; loss of colored members from church of, 250.

Detroit River, escape of thousands across, 147.

Devices for secrecy, 14; need of, 47; midnight service one of the, 54-56; guarded communications one of the, 56-59; hidden methods of conveyance one of the, 59-61; zigzag routes one of the, 61, 62, 302; concealment of fugitives one of the, 62-64; use of disguises one of the, 64-67; multiple routes and switch connections one of the, 70, 137, 141; employed by abductor Rial Cheadle, 179; employed by Dr. A. M. Ross, 181, 182, 187; employed by Harriet Tubman, 187, 188; often neglected during period 1840-1860, 337.

Dewey, Rev. Dr., loyalty to Slave Law of, 238.

Dickey, Rev. William, 32.

Dickey family, 87.

Dillingham, Richard, charged with belonging to organized band of abductors, 30; attempted abduction by, 174, 175.

Disguises, used in helping fugitives, 64-67; employed by Fairbank, 160; kept by Joseph Sider for use in abductions, 157.

Dismal Swamp, place of refuge, 25.

District of Columbia, abduction from, 155; disappearance of slavery from, attributed to U. G. R. R., 341, 342.

Dixon, Richard, 38.

Dobbins, Rev. Robert B., 32.

Dodge, Hon. Simeon, on U. G. R. R. from 1840 to 1860, 36, 37; on route in New Hampshire, 132; an operator, 133.

Dodge, of Indiana, vote on Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 314.

Doherty, Fisher, 65, 66.

Dolarson, George, agent, 70.

Donnell and Hamilton, Ray _vs._, case of, 278.

Dorsey, Basil, rescue of, 84, 85.

Douglas Bill, U. G. R. R. work before and after, 194.

Douglass, Frederick, aided in New York City, 35; collections made for fugitives by, 78; refugees shipped over New York Central by, 80; as agent in the South before his escape, 91, 118; on excitement involved in his secret work, 104; on Albany route, 125, 126; on Brown's plan of liberation, 166; on Harriet Tubman, 185; many runaways assisted by, 251, 253; a noted passenger of the U. G. R. R., 340.

Doyle, Dr., host of John Brown, 164.

Drayton, Capt. Daniel, abduction of slave family by, 172; expedition of, with steamer _Pearl_, 172-174.

Drayton, Hon. William, fugitive slave of, 33.

Dred Scott decision, denounced in eastern Ohio, 336.

Drew, Benjamin, on employments of Canadian refugees, 204; on Dresden and Dawn Colonies in Canada, 207; on effect of Slave Bill of 1850 on fugitive settlers in Northern states, 213; on morality in Dawn Settlement, 216; on early arrival of refugees in Canada, 218; list of refugee communities mentioned by, 219; on thrift of colored settlers in Canada, 227; on schools for refugees, 229.

Duncan, Rev. James, on immediate abolition, 304-306; political action against slavery early advocated by, 305 _n._

Durkee, Chauncey, 278.

Dutch, agreement of New Haven with the, for surrender of fugitive slaves, 19.

Dutton, A. P., runaways sent by boat to Canada by, 82, 83.

Dyer, Dr. C. V., conductor, 144.

"Early Settlement and Growth of Western Iowa," chapters of, valuable for history of U. G. R. R., 7.

Eastern states, hidden routes leading to, 120.

Edgerton, Hon. Sidney, operator, 106.

Edwards, William, cause of flight of, 27.

Eells, Dr. Richard, case of, 278, 282.

Elgin Association, formation and purpose of, 202, 207; growth of, 208; improvement of, 209; Dr. Howe on, 212; regulations of, 215-217; new settlers, of, 218; special schools for negroes of, 229.

Elgin, Lord, participation of, in securing lands for Canadian refugees, 202, 207; on extradition of fugitive Anderson, 353.

Eliza, escape of, in _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, 322.

Emancipation, celebration of West Indian, by Canadian refugees, 226, 227; gradual, criticised by Rev. James Duncan, 305.

Emancipation Proclamation, Philadelphia Vigilance Committee terminated by, 75; restricted operation of, 287, 356.

Emerson, R. W., friend of Harriet Tubman, 186.

England, Rev. W. M. Mitchell in, his book entitled _Underground Railroad_ published in, 3; fugitive slaves shipped to, 82, 133, 145; Cowper's stanza on hospitality of, to slaves, quoted, 149; act abolishing slavery in colonies of, 190; refuses extradition, 192; Clay on England's admission of fugitives to Canada, 201; money collected in, for benefit of refugees, 206; escape of fugitives to, after passage of law of 1850, 249; negotiations with, regarding extradition, 299, 300, 302; escape of William and Ellen Craft to, 317.

English Colonial Church and School Society, schools for refugees maintained by, 215.

English settlers, underground work of, 92.

Episcopal Church, appeal to societies of, 99.

Estimate of fugitives escaping into Ohio, same for Philadelphia, 346.

Eustace, Hon. J. V., counsel in fugitive slave case, 284.

Evans, John, 197.

Evans, Philip, 70.

Everett, John, conductor, 124.

_Experiment_, the, on number of lines of escape in Ohio, 135.

Fairbank, Calvin, abductor, 28, 61, 150, 157-159, 251; devices of, 65, 160; on refugee settlers near Detroit, 236.

Fairchild, James H., pamphlet on _The Underground Railroad_ by, 5; on Oberlin as an anti-slavery centre, 89, 97.

Fairfield, John, the abductor, devices of, 65-67, 153, 178.

Falley, Lewis, map of underground routes in Indiana by, 137-139.

Federal Convention, a concession of, to slavery, 20; fugitive slave clause embodied in United States Constitution by, 293; work of, ratified by state conventions, 294.

Fessenden, Gen. Samuel, operator, 106, 133; address of, at funeral of Charles T. Torrey, 170.

Fifteenth Amendment, adoption of, celebrated in Cincinnati, 111.

Fillmore, Millard, pardon of Capt. Drayton by, 173; signed Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 314; on the Fugitive Slave Law, 318; attempt of, to enforce the law, 319; connection of, with the Shadrach rescue and Christiana tragedy, 319.

_Firelands Pioneer_, on Underground Railroad, 5.

Fisher, Hon. M. M., on New Bedford route, 130.

Florida, a refuge for runaways, 25; escape of slave from Jacksonville, 81, 145; Capt. Walker's attempted abduction of slaves from, 170.

Foote, Mr., 173.

Forsyth, J. M., reminiscence of, 13.

Fort Malden, C.W. _See_ Amherstburg.

Foster, Stephen and Abby Kelley, operators, 132.

Fountain, Capt., abduction by, from Virginia, 81.

Fountain City, Ind., work of Levi Coffin in, 111; multiple routes of, 141.

Fox, George, anti-slavery principles of, 93.

Frances, Dr., 109, 110.

Frazee, John H., operator, 88.

Frazier, Wm. A., reward for abduction of, 53.

Free Presbyterian Church, formation of, 96.

Freedman's Bureau, establishment of, 111.

Freedom, slaves' love of, 14, 25, 178, 195-197.

Free Soil party, 100, 306; principles of, 321; abolitionists' share in organization of, 326; state convention of, at time of attempted rescue of Burns, 332.

_From Dixie to Canada_, by H. U. Johnson, 4.

Fry, Gen. Speed S., 159, 160.

Fugitive slaves, memoranda of, in transit, 9, 10; hiding-places of, 13, 63, 64; routes of, in southern Illinois, 14, 15, 135, 139, 141; in eastern Indiana, 16, 137, 138, 141, 142; rendition of, in the colonies, 19, 20; refuges of, in the Southern states and adjoining regions, 25; United States census reports on, 26, 342, 343; by whom encouraged along the way, 32; rescue of, 38, 39, 83-86, 240, 273, 275, 276, 284, 336; earliest arrivals of, in Canada, 43; pursuit of, 51, 52; methods of conveying, 59-62; transportation of, over steam railroads, 59, 78-81, 122-124, 128, 130, 132, 133, 142-145, 164, 165; disguises furnished, 64-67; destitution among, 76-78, 109; transportation of, by boat, 82, 83, 146-148; escapes of, to England, 82, 133, 145, 249, 317; friends of, in Iowa, 95, 98, 194, 195; Oberlin, a well-known refuge for, 97; prosecutions for aiding, 102, 103, 254, 273-281, 283-285, 317; notable friends of, 104-112; main routes of, 118, 119, 134; routes of, through Pennsylvania, 120-123, through New Jersey and New York, 123-128, through Massachusetts, 128-133, through Vermont, 130, 131; James Freeman Clarke on protection given, in Boston, 132 _n._; routes of, through New Hampshire and Maine, 133, 134, Ohio, 134-137, 140, Western states, 134-141; Ontario the goal of the great majority of, 140, 147; escapes of, by sea, 144, 145; journey of John Brown and party of, through Iowa, 164; use of, in Brown's plan of liberation, 167; delight of, on reaching Canada, 178, 196, 197; escape of, from Canada to United States, 190; rumors of Canada among, 192; numbers of, early forwarded to Canada, 192; resolution in Congress regarding friends of, 193; number of, arriving daily in Canada, 194; character of Canadian refugees, states whence they came, 195; general condition of, in Canada, 198; treatment of, in Canada, 199-201; attitude of Canadian government toward, 201-203; befriended by Indians in Canada, 203; colonies of, in Canada, 205; Dawn Settlement of, 205-207; Elgin Settlement of, 207, 209; occupation of, in the colonies, 207, 223, 224, 226; progress of, in Canada, 208, 209, 224-228; Refugees' Home Settlement of, 209, 210; purpose of the colonies, 210, 211; Howe's criticism of the colonies, 211, 212; defence of the colonies, 212-217; fugitive settlers in the towns of Canada, 217, 218, 225, 226; spread of, in Ontario, 218, 219; in the Eastern provinces, 219; number of abiding places for, in Canada, 219, 220; population of, in Canada, 220-222; destitute condition of, on arrival, 222, 223; domestic relations of, 227, 228; schools for, in Canada, 228-230; associations for self-improvement among, 230, 231; taxable property of, 232; political rights of, in Canada, 233; their value as citizens, 233, 234; numbers of, and risks of, settling in Northern states, 236-238; pursuit of, 240, 241, 317; seizure of, under law of 1850, 241, 242; increased difficulty of reclamation of, in Northern states, 242, 243; mass-meetings in favor of, 244; enactment of personal liberty laws in defence of, 245, 246; consternation among, in the North, due to law of 1850, 246-248, 316; Boston a favorite resort for, 246; exodus of, from the States, 249, 250; continued residence of, in the States after passage of law of 1850, 250, 251; underground men among, 251-253; question of state's power to legislate concerning, 260, 261; first congressional enactment concerning, questioned, 263, 264; effect of Prigg decision in Northern states, 265; penalties under law of 1850 for aiding, 271; fervor in aiding, after 1850, 273, 357; penalties for aiding, 273-281; counsel for, 281-285, 308, 309; arrest of friends of, 283-285; army officers forbidden to restore, 287; colonial laws against, 290-293; question of extradition of, in 1787, 293; Kentucky's protest against admission of, to Canada, 299; significance of diplomatic negotiations regarding, 300; effect of appeal of, 301; from the border and cotton states, 312; non-delivery of, as a Southern grievance, 314; as missionaries in the cause of freedom, 323, 348, 357; Garrison on, as public speakers, 325 _n._; Sumner on the import of the appeal of, to Northern communities, 325; increasing number after 1850, 338; computation of number aided in Ohio and Philadelphia, 346; letter regarding aid given to, at Lawrence, Kan., 347-350; significance of controversy in regard to, 356.

Fugitive slave cases, 102, 103, 254, 273-281, 283-285, 317; during period 1840-1860, 337.

Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, substance of, 21, 22; inefficiency of, 22, 31, 47; support of state laws given to, 22, 237, 238; origin of demand for, 254; analysis and characterization of, 254, 255; appeal to Ordinance of 1787 for overthrow of, 262; court decisions on irreconcilability between Ordinance of 1787 and, 263; constitutionality of, 264, 265; prosecutions and penalties under, 272-281; Josiah Quincy counsel in one of the earliest cases under, 283; early resistance to, 294, 295; attempts at amendment of, 295-298; effect of Prigg decision on effectiveness of, 309.

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, reason for enactment of, 2; destruction of records of fugitives aided, due to, 7, 10, 11; Parker's memoranda of resistance to, in Boston, 8; causes which led to enactment of, 22, 44, 173, 174, 265, 290, 309-311, 357; substance of, 23; effect of, 24, 25, 40, 44, 48, 71-76, 187, 193, 194, 213, 214, 240, 241, 249, 250, 316, 317, 321, 323, 337, 338; insistence of lower Southern states on enactment of, 30; penalties provided by, 48, 102; vigilance committees a product of, 71-76; denunciation of, by Theodore Parker, 90; appeal to churches evoked by, 98, 99; Defensive League of Freedom for persons violating, 103, 104; Congressman J. R. Giddings defies, 105; members of Congress violating, 106-108; other notable persons among violators of, 109-112; abductions following the passage of, 153-155, 159-166, 175, 181-183, 187-189; the U. G. R. R. and the, 193, 290; Dr. Howe on effect of, 194 _n._; effect of, on the arrival of slaves in Canada, 194, 213, 214; Benj. Drew on effect of, 213; Josiah Henson on effect of, 214; homage paid to, 238, 239; resistance to, condemned by newspapers, 239; slave-hunting after enactment of, 240, 241; active resistance to, in the North, 243-246; object of, 243; consternation among fugitives in the North over, 246-248; exodus of fugitives from, and continued residence in Northern states after passage of, 249-251; grounds of attack upon legality of, 255; Prof. Eugene Wambaugh on the dilemma involved in, 256 _n._; question of trial by jury under, 256, 257; Prigg decision leads to, 265; supplementary to law of 1793, 265; objectionable features of, 266-273; old and new arguments brought against, 268; remuneration of commissioners under, 271; prosecutions and penalties under, 272-281; public denunciation of, 272, 318, 327-329, 333, 336; failure of penalties under, to deter resistance to, 272, 273; arguments against, by Chase and Seward, 282; last case under, 285; amendment proposed in 1860 recognizing validity of, 286; after 1861, 287; repeal of, 288; efforts which led up to, 297, 298, 301; Webster's, Clay's, and Calhoun's support of, 314; enactment of, 314; by whom passed, 315; enforcement of, 316-318; open resistance to, 318-320; the law of 1850 and _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, 321; Sumner's efforts in Senate to secure repeal of, 324-326; open defiance of, during decade 1850-1860, 326 _et seq._; penetrating criticism of, by able counsel, 327; pronounced unconstitutional by Wisconsin convention, 329; hostility to, in Illinois, 333; open violation of, in Oberlin-Wellington rescue case, 335; repeal of, demanded by Republican party, 337; Claiborne on the failure of, to make compensation to the South for abducted slaves, 341; violation of, charged against the North by Southern congressmen during sessions of 1860-1861, 351, 352; Buchanan on enforcement of, during his administration, 353; purpose of Lincoln to execute, 355; question of obligation to restore fugitives, 356.

Fuller, James C., 206.

Fullerton, Rev. Hugh S., 32.

Furber, James, operator, 133.

Fyffe, W. B., reminiscences of, entitled "_History of Anti-Slavery Days_," 6; map of route in Illinois, by, 139.

Galesburg, Ill., old First Church of, as U. G. R. R. station, 64; anti-slavery Presbyterians in, 96; importance of, as a centre, 97.

Gallatin, on negotiations with England regarding extradition of fugitives, 299, 300.

Gannett, Dr. E. S., loyalty of, to Slave Law, 238.

Gardner, Ozem, 89.

Garland, B. W., claimant of Joshua Glover, 327.

Garner, Margaret, case of, 302; effect upon public opinion of case of, 302, 303.

Garretson, Joseph, 57.

Garrett, Thomas, reward for abduction of, 53; disguises provided by, 64; ships fugitives by boat, 82; a devotee of U. G. R. R., 110, 111; on Harriet Tubman, 188; aid given to Harriet Tubman by, 189; Mrs. H. B. Stowe on, 322.

Garrison, William Lloyd, abstinence from voting of, 100, 101; predecessors of, in advocacy of immediate abolition, 303-308; acquaintance of, with Rankin's _Letters on Slavery_, 308; address to Southern bondmen by, 310; on fugitives as public speakers, 325 _n._; preparation of the way for, 357.

Garrisonian abolitionists, principles of, 100, 101.

Gay, Sydney Howard, an efficient agent, 108.

Geneva College, influence of, 115.

Geography of U. G. R. R., feasibility of representing the, 113; extent of, 113, 114; number and distribution of stations, 114, 115; Southern routes, 116-118; main channels of flight of slaves, 118, 119; lines of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York, 119, 120; routes of eastern Pennsylvania, 120-122; routes of western Pennsylvania, 122, 123; outlets through New Jersey, 123-125; routes of New York, 125-128; routes of New England states, 128, 129; lines of Massachusetts, 129, 130, 132; routes of Vermont, 130, 131; branches of Rhode Island and Connecticut, 131; routes of New Hampshire, 132, 133; routes of Maine, 133, 134; secret paths in the Western states, 134; lines in Ohio, 135; routes of Illinois, Michigan, and Iowa, 135, 136; examination of map of Morgan County, O., 136, 137; study of Falley's map of Indiana and Michigan routes, 137-139; map of simple route in Illinois, noteworthy features of general map, 139; trend of lines, 139-141; multiple and intricate trails, 141; broken lines and isolated place names, 141, 142; river routes, 142; routes by rail, 142-144; routes by sea, 144, 145; terminal stations, 145-147; lines of lake travel, 147, 148; Canadian ports, 148, 149.

Georgia, route from northern, 119; in Brown's plan of liberation, 167; Canadian refugees from, 195; William and Ellen Craft from, 317; convention on execution of Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 318, 319; charges of bad faith preferred against the North by Jones of, 351.

Germans, attitude of, toward fugitive slaves, 92, 93, 355, 356.

Gibbons, Daniel, number of fugitives aided by, 10, 87, 88.

Gibbs, Mr., agent, 126.

Gibbs, Jacob, assistant of Rev. Charles T. Torrey, 169.

Giddings, Joshua R., friend of bondmen, 7; source of abolition ideas of, 31; hiding-place in house of, 63; on attitude of North toward enforcement of law of 1850, 105, 106, 315, 316; champion of anti-slavery party in Congress, 173.

Gilliland, Rev. James, 32, 41, 95.

Giltner vs. Gorham, case of, 275.

Glover, Joshua, arrest of, as fugitive, 327; rescue of, 328, 329.

Glover, J. O., counsel for runaways, 284.

Goens, Reuben, visit to Canada by, 199.

Goodnow, Lyman, 92.

Gorham, Giltner _vs._, case of, 275.

Gorsuch, in Christiana case, 280, 319.

Grand Trunk Railroad, 80, 81, 133.

Grant, of firm of Baxter and, owners of Lewis Hayden, 158.

"Grape-vine telegraph," used by abolitionists, 56.

Gray, Jim, fugitive from Missouri, 283.

Gray, Jonathan H., 88.

Gray, O. C., counsel for runaways, 284.

Gray, Thomas L., reminiscences of, 6; number of slaves aided by, 89; on abductor Rial Cheadle, 178, 179.

Grier, Justice, charge of, to jury in the Mitchell case, 279; charge of, to jury in the Christiana case, 281.

Griffith, Commonwealth _vs._, case of, 258.

Grimes, Rev. Leonard B., organizer of Church of the Fugitive Slaves, 246, 250, 251.

Grinnell, Hon. J. B., receiver of fugitives, 58; "liberty room" in house of, 108; host of John Brown, 164.

Guilford College, N.C., organization of U. G. R. R. near, 40, 117.

Gunn, Erastus F., on route in Massachusetts.

Hale, John P., a champion of anti-slavery party in Congress, 173.

Halliday, Simeon, counterpart of, in real life known by Mrs. Stowe, 322.

Hamilton, Ray _vs._ Donnell and, case of, 278.

Hamlet, James, case of, first under Slave Law of 1850, 269.

Hanway, Castner, part of, in Christiana case, 280, 281.

Harper, Jean, one of party abducted by John Brown, 163.

Harper's Ferry, prelude to, 162; plan of attack upon, reported by Hinton, 167; effect of attack upon, on value of slave property, 339.

Harrod, Leonard, on slave's desire for freedom, 195.

Harvard University, scholarship in, founded by escaped slave, Harriet Hayden, 158; action of overseers of, against Loring, 333.

Harwood, Edward, 64.

Haviland, Mrs. Laura S., on labors of abductor Fairfield, 153, 154; attempted abduction by, 171, 172; work of, in Refugees' Home, 210; Sunday-school of, for fugitives, 230; intercession of, for the runaway Anderson, 353.

Hayden, Harriet, bequest of, to Harvard University, 158.

Hayden, Lewis, abduction of, 158; operator, 251, 252.

Hayes family, 15.

Hayes, Rutherford B., counsel in fugitive slave cases, 282; on effect of Margaret Garner case, 303.

Haywood, William, on underground route in Indiana, 16.

Henson, Josiah, knowledge of Canada carried among slaves by, 28; as abductor, 176-178; on condition of Canadian refugees, 198; founder of school in Canada, 205; on work of British and American Institute, 214; on morality of Dawn Settlement, 216; on refugee population, 220, 221; lumber industry established by, 223; lectures on farming by, 224; list of towns where refugees settled according to, 225; on number of fugitive settlers in Northern states, 237; on effects of Slave Law of 1850, 249; a notable passenger of U. G. R. R., 340.

Hiding-places, for fugitive slaves, 12, 13, 14, 25, 40, 62-65, 131, 248, 251, 252, 276, 280, 302.

Higginson, Col. T. W., indictment of, 103; connection with U. G. R. R., 105, 132; on continued residence of fugitives in Massachusetts after passage of law of 1850, 250; part of, in attempted rescue of Burns, 331, 332.

Hill _vs._ Low, case of, 273.

Hill, Leverett B., 88.

Hill, Milton, 88.

Hinton, Richard J., on escapes through Kansas, 114; on John Brown's plan of liberation, 166, 167; on Dr. A. M. Ross, 183 _n._; on refugee population in Canada West, 221, 222.

_History of Anti-Slavery Days_, reminiscences by W. B. Fyffe entitled, 6.

_History of Springfield, Mass._, account of Connecticut River route in, 127.

Hodge, D. B., on abduction by Canadian refugee, 152.

Holmes, of Massachusetts, objections of, to bill of 1817 as basis of new Slave Law, 297.

Holt, Horace, special conveyance of, for fugitives, 60.

Hood family, 15.

Hood, John, 14.

Hooper, John H., agent, 253.

Hope, A. R., author of _Heroes in Homespun_, 2, 5.

Hopkins family, 87.

Hopkins, Capt. Amos, stowaway on brig of, 81.

Hopper, Isaac T., methods of secret emancipation early practised by, 34, 35, 346, 347; fugitives sent by sea by, 145.

Hoppess, State _vs._, case of, 256, 257, 259, 262, 263.

Hossack, John, indicted for helping fugitives, 284.

Howard, Col. D. W. H., 37.

Howard, Edward, early operator, 37.

Howard, Senator Jacob M., 106.

Howe, Senator, of Wisconsin, bill for repeal of Fugitive Slave Law introduced by, 286.

Howe, Dr. S. G., on escape of slaves, 43, 44; on abductions by Canadian refugees, 152; on origin of U. G. R. R., 192; on effect of Slave Law of 1850, 194; on reception of fugitives in Canada, 201; on Elgin Settlement, 208, 209; criticism of refugee colonies by, 212-214; on organizations for relief of fugitives, 217; on number of colonies in Canada, 219; on refugee population of Canada, 220-222; on condition of farmers among Canadian refugees, 224, 225; on their thrift, 226 _n._, 227; on their morality, 228; on their ability to read and write, 230; on their taxable property, 232; on their value as citizens, 234.

Hubbard, of Connecticut, on enlistment of colored soldiers, 288.

Hubbard and Company, fugitives shipped from warehouse of, 148.

Hudson, David, early operator, 37.

Hughes, Thomas, 49.

Hunn, Ezekiel, operator in Delaware, 117.

Hunn, John, operator in Delaware, 117.

Hunt, N. A., on abducting methods of Mission Institute, 155, 156.

Hurlburt, Chauncey, 16.

Hyde, Udney, agent of U. G. R. R., 69; defender of fugitive Addison White, 334.

Illinois, U. G. R. R. in southern, 14, 15; prospect of organization of, as a slaveholding state, 18; anti-slavery sentiment in, 31; anti-slavery Southerners in, 32, 41, 91; rise of U. G. R. R. in, 41, 42; secret operations at Dwight, 61; reputed president of U. G. R. R. in, 69; underground helpers in, 70, 88, 92; transportation for fugitives by rail in, 79; emancipated slaves in, 93; Owen Lovejoy of, declares in Congress his right to aid slaves, 107; Rev. Asa Turner on hidden thoroughfares in, 114; population of various parts of, 115; favorable situation of, 134; distribution of lines in, 135; chart of route in, 139; trend of lines in, broken lines and isolated place-names in, 141; deportation of fugitives from Chicago, 147; abductors at southern extremity of, 151; abducting enterprises at Quincy, 155; vigorous work by abolitionists of, 194, 195; failure of, to pass full personal liberty law, 246; arrest of Owen Lovejoy and others, for aiding fugitives, 283; spirit of nullification in, 333.

Illinois Central Railroad, 79, 144.

Illinois River, a thoroughfare for fugitives, 82.

Immediate abolition, early advocates of, 303-306; Garrisonian movement, 307; early formulation of principle of, in underground neighborhoods, 357.

_Independent_, the, on escape of slaves from Missouri after 1850, 194; on "Ohio Underground Line," 195.

Indiana, Levi Coffin in, 4, 40, 41; newspaper contributions on routes of southern, 7; Grant County route in, 15, 16; prospect of organization of, as a slaveholding state, 18; anti-slavery Quakers in, 31; beginnings of the U. G. R. R. in, 40, 41, 117; Clay on enforcement of law of 1850 in, 48; slave-hunters in, 53, 54, 65; aid rendered by Female Anti-Slavery Association in, 77; transportation by rail in, 79, 144; emancipated slaves in, important underground centres in, 93; secret work of Quakers in eastern, 94; favorable situation of, 134; distribution of routes in, 135; Falley's map of lines in, 137-139; direction of routes in, 140; Fountain City route in, broken lines and isolated place-names in, 141; abductors along southern boundary of, 151; capture of abductor Concklin in, 161, 162; personal liberty law of, 245, 246; rescue in, 275, 276; principles of Rev. James Duncan, of southeastern, 304-306; vote of United States senators from, on law of 1850, 314.

Indians, effect of removal from Gulf states, 26, 308; aid given fugitives by, 37, 38, 91, 92; hospitality of, in Canada, 203; Dawn Institute attended by, 207.

Indian Territory, fugitives from, 284.

Insurrection of slaves, Brown's plan to arouse, 166-168; danger of, lessened by the U. G. R. R., 340.

_Intelligencer_, the, on "evil" of running off slaves, 194.

Iowa, reminiscences of the "Early Settlement and Growth of Western," 7; John Brown's journey through, 8, 9, 164; organized as free state, 18; anti-slavery Quakers in, 31, 33; rise of U. G. R. R. in, 42, 43; escape of Nuckolls' slaves through, 52; transportation by rail in, 79; Methodist operators in, 95; underground lines in, 98, 114, 135, 136; direction of routes in, broken lines and isolated place-names in, 141; abductors along frontier of, 151; underground activity of abolitionists of, 194, 195; failure of, to pass full personal liberty law, 246; capture of operators in, 284.

Irdell, on fugitive slave clause in Constitution, 294.

Irish settlers, underground work among, 92.

Jack _vs._ Martin, case of, 256, 257, 260.

Jackson, Andrew, supported by Illinois on nullification question, 333.

Jackson, Francis, letter of, regarding church contributions for fugitives, 99.

Jackson, William, 132; on settlement of Queen's Bush, Canada, 204, 205.

Jacksonville, escape from, 81, 145.

Jacob, Gov. Richard T., pardons abductor Fairbank, 159, 160.

Jefferson, Thomas, "abolition tract" by, 31.

Jerry rescue. _See_ Rescue of Jerry McHenry.

Johnson, attorney-general of Pennsylvania, on unconstitutionality of Fugitive Slave Law, 264.

Johnson family, fugitive settlers near Detroit, 236.

Johnson, Gabe N., operator, 64.

Johnson, H. U., author of _From Dixie to Canada_, 2; characterization of his book, 4.

Johnson _vs._ Tompkins, case of, 273, 274.

Johnson, William, incident given by, showing misinformation about Canada among slaves, 197.

Johnston, Rev. N. R., letter of, on capture of abductor Concklin, 161.

Johnston, William, cause of flight of, 27.

Johnston, William A., on beginnings of U. G. R. R. in Ohio, 39.

Jolliffe, Amos A., on routes in western Pennsylvania, 123.

Jolliffe, John, counsel for fugitives, 282.

Jones, John W., colored agent, 128, 143, 252, 253.

Jones, of Georgia, brings charges against the North on account of U. G. R. R., 351.

Jones, of Indiana, vote of, on the Fugitive Slave Law, 314.

Jones, Thomas, on dissatisfaction in Refugees' Home Settlement, 216.

Jones _vs._ Van Zandt, case of, 262, 274, 275.

Jones, William Box P., transportation of, as freight, 60.

Jury trial, denial of, to fugitives, 256, 257.

Kagi and Stephens, responsible for shooting of David Cruse on Brown's raid, 163; arranges for eastern trip of Brown, 164, 165; Brown's plan of liberation related by, 166,167.

Kanawha River, a thoroughfare for fugitives, 82.

Kansas, Brown's journey through, 8, 9, 136, 162-164; R. J. Hinton on escape of slaves through, 114, 119; personal liberty law of, 246; Bowles' letter on work of underground station of Lawrence, 347-350.

Kansas-Nebraska Act, appeal to the churches evoked by, 99; mass-meetings in opposition to, 328; relation of Glover and Burns cases to, 331.

Kauffman, Daniel, prosecution of, 102.

Kelly, Abby, disowned by Uxbridge monthly meeting, 49.

Kelsey, Capt., master of an "abolitionist" boat, 82.

Kenderdine, John, 274.

Kentucky, news of Canada early brought into, 27; abducting trip of Dr. A. M. Ross into, 28; knowledge of Canada among slaves in, 28, 29, 37; negotiations of, with adjoining free states for extradition of fugitives, 47; slave-hunters from, 53, 54; abduction of slaves from Covington, 61; fugitives from, 85, 109; Rev. John Rankin in, 109, 306; underground routes from, 119; incident of rescue from plantation of, 153; abduction of the Hayden family from Lexington, 158; visit of Mrs. Haviland to, for purpose of abducting slaves, 171, 172; Henson's abduction of slaves from, 177, 178; Elijah Anderson, abductor, imprisoned in, 183; abductions from, by John Mason, 184; Canadian refugees from, 195; effect of slave-breeding in, 228; John Van Zandt, anti-slavery man from, 274, 275; rescue of fugitives escaped from, 275, 276; Mallory of, on repeal of law of 1850, 288; resolution of, against admission of slaves to Canada, desirous of extradition of fugitives from, 299; Margaret Garner, a fugitive from, 302; petitions Congress for protection for slaveholder, 311; complaint of, against the free states, 312; residence of Harriet Beecher Stowe on borders of, 321; Senator Atchison of, on loss sustained by slave-owners of border states, 341; fugitives from, recorded by Osborn, 344, 345; Senator Polk on losses of, through underground channels, 352; reasons of, for remaining in the Union, 354, 356; insistence of, on retention of Fugitive Slave Law by the government, 356.

Kidnapping, of free persons in the North between 1850 and 1856, 240; along southern border of free states, 295; petition of Baltimore Quakers for protection of free negroes against, 296, 318; case of, 318.

Kightlinger, Jacob, informer, 50, 51.

Kilbourne, Col. James, aids in rescue of a fugitive, 38, 84.

King, on the proposition to prohibit slavery in the Northwest Territory, 293.

King, Rev. William, 207-209, 212; projector of Elgin Settlement, 202, 207; testimony of, concerning the settlement, 208, 209; on morality of Elgin Settlement, 216; on the civil offices held by Canadian refugee settlers, 233.

Kinjeino, Chief, friend of fugitives, 37, 38, 92.

Kirkpatrick family, operators, 87.

Kirtland, Dr. Jared P., station-keeper, 104.

Knox College. _See_ Galesburg, Ill.

Knox, Hon. Joseph, counsel in fugitive slave case, 284.

Knoxville, Ill., multiple routes of, 141.

_Lake Shore Home Magazine_, chapters of "Romances and Realities of the Underground Railroad" in, 4.

Lane Seminary, secession of students from, 97.

Langdon, Jervis, agent, 128, 252; forwards fugitives by rail, 143.

Langston, fined for aiding fugitives, 279.

Larnard, Hon. E. C., counsel in fugitive slave case, 284.

Latimer case, 337.

Lawrence, James, 162.

Lee, Judge Thomas, letter of, concerning family of fugitives, 58, 59.

Leeper, H. B., on beginnings of U. G. R. R. in Illinois, 41, 42; on number of negroes aided, 88.

Leeper, John, early operator, 41.

Leland, Judge E. S., counsel in fugitive slave cases, 283, 284.

Leonard, Mr., slave aided by, 154.

Letters of underground men, 10, 11. _See_ Correspondence.

_Letters on Slavery_, by Rev. John Rankin, 308.

Lewis, Elijah, part in Christiana case, 280, 281.

_Liberator_, the, hiding-place over office of, 63; on flight of slaves after enactment of law of 1850, 249, 250.

Liberty party, in national politics, 100; Gen. Samuel Fessenden, nominee of, for governorship of Maine and for Congress, 106; part of Gerrit Smith in organization of, in New York, 107; motives of abolitionists for joining, 306; disavowal of fugitive recovery clause in Constitution by, 310; convention of, in Syracuse during Jerry rescue, 318, 320; abolitionists' share in organization of, 326.

Lightfoot, James, befriended by Josiah Henson, 177, 178.

Lincoln, Abraham, intervention of, in behalf of the abductor C. Fairbank, 159, 160; Proclamation of Emancipation by, 287; signs bill repealing Fugitive Slave Law, 288; mentioned, 330; election of, signal for secession, 352; efforts of, to preserve the Union, 355.

Linton, Seth, on an abduction by Canadian refugee, 152.

Livingston and La Salle counties, Ill., chart of simple line through, 139.

Lockhart, Rev. Jesse, 32.

Loguen, Rev. J. W., agent, 126, 251; first experience in Canada, 198; passenger on U. G. R. R., 340.

Loring, Edward G., on the power of a commissioner, 271; Burns remanded to slavery by, 332; removed from the office of judge of probate, 333.

Loring, Ellis Gray, 133; counsel for fugitive slaves, 283.

Louis, escape of, from court-room in Cincinnati, 85.

Louisiana, effect of purchase of, 26; abducting trip of A. M. Ross into, 28; fugitives from, 109; escape of abductor John Mason from New Orleans, 185; Canadian refugees from, 195; Elgin Settlement projected by Wm. King, former slaveholder of, 202, 207.

Louisville, Ky., agent in, 151.

Louisville, New Albany and Chicago Railroad, 79, 144.

Lovejoy, Elijah P., 107, 171.

Lovejoy, Hon. Owen, defies Fugitive Slave Law in Congress, 107; arrested for aiding fugitives, 283.

Low, case of Hill _vs._, 273.

Lowell, poem of, read at the funeral of Charles T. Torrey, 170.

Lower Canada, underground route via Portland, Me., to, 133.

Lucas, Geo. W. S., colored agent of U. G. R. R., 70.

Lundy, Benjamin, 308.

McClurkin, Jas. B. and Thomas, 14, 15.

McCoy, William, reward for abduction of, 53.

McCrory, Robert, 38.

McHenry, Jerry, rescue of, 72, 86, 239, 318, 320, 326; place of embarkation of, for Canada, 127.

McIntire, Gen., a Virginian operator, 88.

McKiernon, on fate of abductor Miller, 161, 162.

McKim, J. Miller, on organization of Philadelphia Vigilance Committee, 75.

McLean, Judge, on the power of a commissioner, 270-272.

McQuerry, case of Miller _vs._, 269, 271.

McQuerry, George Washington, seizure of, 241.

Madison, on the fugitive slave clause in the Constitution, 294.

Mad River Railroad, 78, 143.

_Magazine of Western History_, on U. G. R. R., 5.

Magill, Dr. Edward H., on lines of travel in eastern Pennsylvania, 122.

Mahan, Rev. John B., reward for abduction of, 53; on abduction of slaves from the South, 150.

Maine, rise of U. G. R. R, in, 37; steam railroad transportation for fugitives in, 80, 81; stowaways on vessels from Southern ports arrive in, 81; Gen. Samuel Fessenden, an operator in, 106; routes of, 133, 134; personal liberty law of, 246.

Mallory, of Kentucky, on repeal of Fugitive Slave Law, 288.

Mann, Mrs. Horace, friend of Harriet Tubman, 186.

Maps of U. G. R. R., method of preparation of, 113; general map, facing 113; map of lines of Chester and neighboring counties of Pennsylvania, facing 113; lines in Morgan County, O., 136; map of lines of Indiana and Michigan in 1848, 138; map of simple route through Livingston and La Salle counties, Ill., 139; map of network of routes through Greene, Warren and Clinton counties, O., 140.

Marsh, Gravner and Hannah, subjected to espionage, 50; conveyance of fugitives in market wagon by the latter, 60, 61.

Martin, case of Jack _vs._, 256, 257, 260.

Martin, Lewis, case of, 256, 257, 259, 260, 263.

Maryland, abducting trip of A. M. Ross into, 28; knowledge of Canada among slaves in, 28, 29; fugitive shipped in a box from Baltimore, 60; number of slaves abducted from, by Charles T. Torrey, 88; reward offered to Indians for apprehending fugitives by, 91, 92; underground routes in, 117; steady loss from counties of, 119; movement of fugitives to Wilmington, 121; agents of U. G. R. R. in Baltimore, 151; escape of, and abductions by Harriet Tubman from, 186-189; Canadian refugees from, 195; fugitives from, in western Pennsylvania, 276; law against hospitality to fugitive slaves in, 291; resolution of legislature of, against harboring fugitives, 298; Rev. Geo. Bourne, a resident of, 303; Pratt of, on loss sustained by slave-owners of his state, 341.

Mason, John, abductor, 178, 183-185.

Mason, Lewis, counsel in fugitive slave case, 284.

Mason, of Massachusetts, on trial by jury for fugitives, 297.

Mason, of Virginia, on difficulty of recapturing fugitives, 243; on the Fugitive Slave Law, 311, 312; on loss sustained by slave-owners of his state, 341.

Massachusetts, extinction of slavery in, 17; anti-slavery Quakers in, 31; rise of U. G. R. R. in, 36, 37; steam railroad transportation for fugitives in, 80; refusal of German companies from, to aid in restoration of runaways, 92; underground centres in, 94; Constitution burned at Framingham, 101; Defensive League of Freedom proposed in, 103, 104; Theodore Parker, spiritual counsellor for fugitives in, 110; routes through, 128-130, 132; escape of slaves from Virginia to, 144; estimates of fugitive settlers in Boston and New Bedford, 235; indignation meetings in, against Slave Law of 1850, 244; personal liberty law of, 245, 246, 309; consternation among fugitive settlers in Boston caused by law of 1850, 246-248; continued residence of fugitives in, after enactment of law of 1850, 250; removal of fugitives from Pennsylvania to, after passage of law of 1850, 250; underground men among fugitives in, 251, 252; case of Commonwealth _vs._ Griffith tried in, 258, 259; emancipation by, 293; Holmes of, on House Fugitive Slave Bill of 1817, 297; Mason of, on House bill, 297; early pursuit in Boston and New Bedford, 302; anti-slavery societies of, 327; spirit of resistance to law of 1850 in, 327; public opinion in, after rendition of Burns, 333; amendment of personal liberty law of, 354.

Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, report of, on evasion of slaves, 193.

Massachusetts Bay, law of, against aiding fugitives, 292.

Matchett, Dr., 16.

May, Rev. S. J., connection with U. G. R. R., 105, 109, 131, 132; on Southern helpers of U. G. R. R., 116; friend of Harriet Tubman, 186; visits of, to Canadian refugees, 199; on number of fugitive settlers in Northern states, 237; on instances of regard paid to Fugitive Slave Law, 238; on Rev. J. W. Loguen, 251; one of leaders in the Jerry rescue case, 326.

Mechanicsburg, O., importance of stations at, 69, 70; attempted seizure of Addison White in, 241.

Merritt, Wm. H., colored operator, 92.

Messages, underground, 56-58.

Methodist Church, schism in, 40, 49; action against slavery taken by, 94; secession of the Church South, 95.

Methodists, Wesleyan, friends of fugitives, 32, 235; separation of, from M. E. Church, 50.

Methods, employed by some abductors, 151, 171, 179, 181, 182, 187.

Mexico, a refuge for fugitive slaves, 25; fugitive clause in treaty with United States of, 299.

Michigan, station in, 16; organized as free state, 18; anti-slavery Quakers in, 31; steam railroad transportation in, 79; number of fugitives forwarded through Schoolcraft, 88; Senator J. M. Howard an operator at Detroit, 106; stations in, 116; number of routes in, 135; Falley's map of lines in Indiana and, 137, 138, 139; direction of routes in, 141; steam railway branches of U. G. R. R. in, 144; supplies for fugitives sent to Detroit, 203; settlement of fugitives at Detroit, 236; personal liberty law of, 246; flight of slaves from Detroit, after enactment of law of 1850, 250.

Michigan Central Railroad, 79, 144.

_Midland Monthly_, the, on U. G. R. R., 5.

Miller, 318.

Miller, a depot agent for "fugitive goods," near Detroit, 203.

Miller, alias Seth Concklin, 161.

Miller, Col. Jonathan P., operator, 107.

Miller, Mrs. Elizabeth Smith, on use of a station on the St. Lawrence, 127 _n._

Milligan, Rev. J. S. T., letter of, 13, 14.

Milligans, the, in southern Illinois, 15.

Miller _vs._ McQuerry, case of, 269.

Minnesota, failure to pass full liberty law in, 246.

Minnis, Wm., 65.

Mission for refugees in Canada, 194.

Mission Institute at Quincy, Ill., 155; anti-slavery spirit of, 155, 156.

Mississippi, abducting trip of A. M. Ross into, 29, 30; escape of slaves by boat from, 82; involved in Brown's scheme of liberation, 167; Jefferson Davis of, on escape of fugitives from cotton states, 312, 313; fugitive from Vicksburg, recorded by Osborn, 344.

Mississippi River, a thoroughfare for fugitives, 82, 312, 313; routes traced from, 134; terminals along, 136.

Missouri, Brown's raid into, 8, 108, 162-166; knowledge of Canada among slaves in, 29; Galesburg, Ill., a refuge for runaways from, 97; Grinnell, Ia., a refuge for runaways from, 98; egress of slaves from, 136; Chicago, the deportation point for fugitives from, 147; abductions from, 152; abduction from, by Burr, Work and Thompson, 156; effects of John Brown's raid in, 165; number of slaves escaping from, 194; escape of Wm. Wells Brown from, 252; grievance of, on account of loss of slaves, 312; Lawrence, Kan., as known in, 347; Senator Polk of, on the U. G. R. R., 351, 352.

Missouri Compromise (1820), 100; fugitive slave clause in, 298; set aside by Kansas-Nebraska Act, 331; together with law of 1850 produces crop of personal liberty bills, 245, 246, 338.

Mitchell, fined for aiding fugitives, 279.

Mitchell, Daniel, operator, 131.

Mitchell, Gethro and Anne, operators, 131.

Mitchell, Hon. Thomas, message sent by, 58.

Mitchell, Rev. W. M., author of _The Underground Railroad_, 2, 3; account of naming of the U. G. R. R. given by, 45, 46; on abductor John Mason, 183, 184; on number of Canadian refugees, 222; opinion of Canadian government on fugitives as settlers reported by, 233; on slave-hunting in Northern states, 239.

Monroe, Prof. James, on effect on public sentiment of Margaret Garner case, 303.

Montreal, objective point of fugitives, 140.

Moore, Dr. J. Wilson, on progress made by refugee settlers in Canada, 226, 227; on civil offices held by refugees, 233.

Moore, Eliakim H., on early assistance of fugitives, 38.

Moore, of Virginia, on loss sustained by slave-owners of his district, 341.

Moores, the, station-keepers, 15.

Morgan County, lines through portion of, 136, 137.

"Moses," name given to Harriet Tubman, 186.

Mott, Richard, M.C., operator, 92, 106.

Mullin, Job, on early operations, 38.

Multiple and intricate trails, 61, 62, 70, 121, 130, 141-146.

Myers, Stephen, colored agent of U. G. R. R., 70, 126.

Nalle, Charles, forcible rescue of, 85.

_Nashville Daily Gazette_, on trial of Richard Dillingham, 174, 175.

Nationality of underground helpers, 91, 92.

Neall, Daniel, 68.

Nebraska, escape of Nuckolls' slaves from, 52; egress of slaves from, 136.

Negroes, proposition to enslave free, 26; settlements of, resorted to by fugitives, 32; settlements of, in southern Ohio, 115; in New Jersey, 125; relative progress of colored people of Canada and free, of United States, 227; affiliations of voters among Canadian, 233; rights of, violated by Fugitive Slave Law, 261; participation of, in rescue of fugitives, 276, 332; petition against kidnapping of, 296; increase in number of fleeing, after passage of law of 1850, 316; arrest of free, 317, 318.

Nelson, Dr. David, 96; abducting enterprises of, 155.

Nelson, Judge, in decision in case of Jack _vs._ Martin, 257; on the Fugitive Slave Law, 272.

New Bedford, Mass., estimate of fugitive settlers in, 235, 236; Frederick Douglass in, 251.

Newberne, N.C., agent in, 68, 81, 117; escape of slaves from, 144.

New Brunswick, Canada, routes to, 133, 219.

New England, information secured concerning underground lines in, 11; slavery extinguished in, 17; anti-slavery settlement in, 31, 93, 171; rise of U. G. R. R. in, 36, 37; fugitives from the South landed on coast of, 81, 144; extent of underground system in, 113; settlers in Ohio from, 115; fugitives sent to, 121, 125; routes of, 128-134, 219; direction of routes in, 140, 195, 219; terminal stations in, 145; career of Lewis Hayden in, 158; stipulation for return of fugitives in agreement of Confederation of 1643, 292; memorial asking repeal of Fugitive Slave Law, from Quakers in, 324; sentiment in, adverse to the South's treatment of the compromises, 331.

New England Anti-Slavery Society, annual meeting of, at time of attempted rescue of Burns, 382.

_New England Magazine_, on Underground Railroad, 5, 6.

New Garden, Ind. See Fountain City, Ind.

New Hampshire, rise of Underground Railroad in, 36, 37; routes of, 132, 133; failure to pass full personal liberty law in, 246; early opposition to Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, 295.

New Haven, agreement of colony of, with New Netherlands for surrender of fugitives, 19.

New Jersey, slavery extinguished in, 17; anti-slavery Quakers in, 31; rise of Underground Railroad in, 34; routes of, 120, 121, 123-125; abductors along southern boundaries of, 151; settlement of fugitive slaves among Quakers at Greenwich, 236; sanction to Fugitive Slave Law, 246; slave-owner from, prosecuted, 274; penalties in, for transporting fugitives, 291, 292.

New Netherlands, agreement of colony of, with New Haven for surrender of fugitives, 19; aid prohibited to fugitives in, 290, 291.

New Orleans, escape of abductor John Mason from, to Canada, 185.

Newspapers, accounts of Underground Railroad in, 6, 7; anti-slavery, 168.

Newton, case of Norris _vs._, 275, 276.

New York, E. M. Pettit, conductor in southwestern, 4; slavery extinguished in, 31; rise of U. G. R. R. in, 34, 35; special agent in Albany, 70; effect of rescue of Jerry McHenry in central, 72; supplies for fugitives provided by Women's Anti-Slavery Society of Ellington, 77; steam railroad transportation in, 80; anti-slavery sentiment among Friends in, 93; favorable conditions for U. G. R. R. in western, 115; character of population in, 115; routes of, 120-128; direction of lines in, 140; broken lines and isolated place-names in, 141; terminal stations in, 145, 146; in the Patriot War, 193; settlement of fugitives in, 236; condemnation of Jerry rescue by many newspapers, 239; seizure of alleged fugitive in Poughkeepsie, 241; indignation meetings at Syracuse against law of 1850, 244, 320; personal liberty law of, 245, 246; flight of slaves from, 250; agents in, 251-253; abduction of free negroes from, 269; colonial law of, to prevent escape of fugitives to Canada, 292; address to slaves by liberty party convention in, 310; address of Seward of, in behalf of fugitives, 313; Jerry rescue in Syracuse, 318; convention at Syracuse, sends congratulatory message to Wisconsin, 328, 329.

New York City, U. G. R. R. in, 35; Vigilance Committee of, 71; indignation meeting at Syracuse against Fugitive Slave Law, 244.

New York Central Railroad, 80.

_New York Tribune_, letter from John Brown to, 8, 9, 165, 166.

Niagara River, important crossing-places to Canada along, 146.

Nicholson, Valentine, method of disguise of fugitive employed by, 64, 65.

Nomenclature of stations in New Jersey, 124.

Norfolk, Va., escape by boat from, 81, 144, 145; natural route for escape of slave from, 118.

Norris _vs._ Newton, case of, 275, 276.

_North American Review_, on reclamation of fugitives in the North, 243.

North Carolina, Levi Coffin in, 4, 111; reminiscences relating to, 11; organization of U. G. R. R. in, (1819,) by Vestal and Levi Coffin, 40; escape of slaves from, 81, 144, 145; anti-slavery sentiment among Quakers in, 93; involved in Brown's plan of liberation, 167; Canadian refugees from, 195; law against aiding fugitives in colonial times, 292; Iredell on slave clause in Constitution before state convention of, 294; Clingman of, on value of fugitive settlers in Northern states, 341.

Northern Central Railroad, 80, 122, 128, 143, 252, 253.

Northern states, lack of formal organization in underground centres of, 69; steam railroad transportation for fugitive slaves in, 78-81; denunciation of law of 1850 in, 90, 243, 244, 318; list of, through which the underground system extended, 113, 114; most used underground routes in, 119; congested district in, 120, 121; favorable situation of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois for underground work, 134; sea routes to, 144; reception of abductor Capt. Walker in, 170, 171; effect of recital of Capt. Walker's experience upon, 171; appeal of fugitives to anti-slavery people in, 191; formation of lines of Underground Road in, during decade 1828-1838, 193; Canadian refugees visited by abolitionists from, 199-201; effect of apprenticeship of colored refugees in, 204, 212, 213; settlement of fugitives in, 235; number of and risks of fugitive settlers in, 237-240; slave-hunting in, 240, 241; effect of Fugitive Slave Law on fugitive slaves in, 241, 242, 246-248; increased difficulty of reclamation in, 242, 243; personal liberty laws enacted by, 245, 246; exodus of fugitives from, 249, 250; continued residence of fugitive slaves in, after law of 1850, 250, 251; underground men among fugitives in, 251-253; first Fugitive Slave Law stirs popular sense of justice in, 255; antagonism between state and federal Fugitive Slave laws, 259-260; non-interference of law of 1793 with laws of, 263; laws of, dealing with subject of fugitive slaves, 264; disinclination of, to restore fugitives after Prigg decision, 265; possibility of abduction of free negroes from, under law of 1850, 268, 269; counsel for fugitives in, 281-285; attitude of people toward proposed Fugitive Slave Bill of 1860, 286; object lessons in horrors of slavery in, 290; abduction of free negroes from, under law of 1793, 295; vote of members of Congress of, on proposed amendment to slave law of 1793, 296; proof of early anti-slavery sentiment in, 300; effect of fugitive slaves' appeal in, 300-303; effect of Garrisonian movement on resistance to Fugitive Slave Law in, 308, 309; attitude of population toward fugitives, 313; significance of vote on law of 1850, 314; era of slave-hunting in, 316; Webster's advocacy of obedience to law of 1850 throughout, 320; brought face to face with slavery bylaw of 1850, 321; effect of _Uncle Tom's Cabin_ on people of, 323, 324; Mrs. H. B. Stowe, champion of victims of slavery in, 323; acceptance of Compromise of 1850 as a substantial political settlement in, 324; Sumner on import of the appeal of fugitive slaves to communities in, 325; open defiance to Fugitive Slave Law in, (1850-1860,) 326 _et seq._; confederacy among cities of, proposed to defend fugitives from rendition, 328, 329; effect of Kansas-Nebraska Act on public feeling in, 331; double effect of law of 1850 in, 337, 338; charge of bad faith on part of, unsustained by statistics on fugitive slaves, 342, 343; underground operations the basis of important charges against, in crisis of 1850, 351, 352; efforts of Congress to appease spirit of secession, 354; protest against employment of troops from, as slave catchers, 355; effect of Underground Road in creating anti-slavery sentiment in, 357.

Northwest Ordinance, slavery excluded by, 17, 18; organization of states under, 18; fugitive slave clause in, quoted, 20, 293; alleged repugnancy of law of 1793 to, 255, 262, 263; alleged hostility between law of 1850 and, 268; protection afforded slave-owners by, 298.

Northwest Territory, slavery excluded from, 17; study of map of underground lines in, 120; multitude of lines within, 134, 135; appeal to Ordinance of, in effort to overthrow law of 1793, 262, 263; obligations of a state carved from, 263.

Norton, Mr., 258.

Notable persons among underground helpers, 104-112, 163-189.

Nova Scotia, disappearance of slavery from, 191; sea routes to, 219; fugitives sent from Boston to Halifax in, 248.

Nuckolls, escape of slaves of, 52.

Nullification, spirit of, in the North, 326-338.

Number, of underground helpers discovered, 87; of fugitives befriended by various operators, 87-89, 111; of fugitives using the valley of the Alleghanies, 118 _n._; of fugitives sent over lines of southeastern Pennsylvania, 121; of fugitives aided by E. F. Pennypacker in two months, 143 _n._; of terminal stations along northeastern boundary of Northern states, 145; impossibility of estimating, of fugitives emigrating from any one port, 146; of fugitives crossing Detroit River, 147; of fugitives helped by one man to Canada-bound vessels, 147; of deportation places along southwestern shore of Lake Michigan, 147; of resorts for refugees in Canada, 148, 149; of refugee abductors visiting the South annually, 152; abducted by Fairfield on one trip, 154; of slaves abducted by Fairbank, 160; of slaves abducted by Charles T. Torrey, 169; abducted by Drayton on the _Pearl_ expedition, 172; of a party rescued by Josiah Henson, 177; total, abducted by Josiah Henson, 178; freed by Elijah Anderson, 183; freed by John Mason, 184; freed by Harriet Tubman, 186; forwarded by abolitionists in southern Ohio before the year 1817, 192; of slaves arriving daily at Amherstburg, Ontario, both before and after enactment of Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 194; flocking into Canada, 200; of negro communities in Canada, 219, 220; of refugee population in Canada, 220-222, 313; estimated, of refugee settlers in Boston and New Bedford, 235, 236; of fugitive settlers in Northern states, 235-237; of arrests of fugitives between 1850 and 1856 recorded, 240, 241; of fugitives taking flight from Northern states after law of 1850, 249, 250; in companies transported by boat across Lake Erie by W. W. Brown, 252; increase in, of fugitives after passage of the law of 1850, 316; of slaves lost by the South through flight and abduction estimated, 341, 342; of fugitives given in census reports for 1850 and 1860, 342; aided by Osborn, as seen in record kept during five months, 344-346; of fugitives aided in Lawrence, Kan., during 1855-1859, 348; of negroes transported by American Colonization Society, 350; of underground operators in Ohio and other states, 351.

Oberlin, a station, 89, 97, 98, 150; multiple routes of, 141; sentiment against abductions in, 150.

Oberlin College, 5; anti-slavery influence of, 33, 115; denomination and work of, 97, 98; C. Fairbank, abductor, student of, 157; interest of, in Oberlin-Wellington rescue, 336, 337; celebration at, over victory of abolitionists in Oberlin-Wellington case, 337.

Oberlin-Wellington rescue case, before United States District Court, 279; penalties levied in, 279; eminent attorneys in, 282; account of, 335-337.

Officers of the U. G. R. R., 67; title of "President" borne by Peter Stewart, 69; title of "President" bestowed upon Levi Coffin, 111, 112; Jacob Bigelow called "general manager" of a route, 117; a "general superintendent" mentioned, 125; Elijah Anderson designated "general superintendent" of U. G. R. R. in northwestern Ohio, 183.

Ohio, computation of number of slaves escaping into, 10, 346; special agents or conductors in, 13, 69, 70, 88, 89; organized as free state, 18; Fugitive Slave Law of, 22, 47, 48, 237, 238; underground stations on Western Reserve in, 1815, 28; anti-slavery sentiment in, 31, 32, 95, 96; rise of the U. G. R. R. in, 37-40; Clay declares law of 1850 is enforced in, 48; night service at stations in, 55, 56; steam railroad transportation in, 78, 79; underground operations in southern, 87, 184, 301; underground helpers of Scotch and Scotch-Irish descent in, 92; underground centres in, 93; denominational relations of operators in, 93, 95-98; Van Zandt case in, 102; prosecution of Rush R. Sloane of Sandusky, 102; notable operators in, 104-112; U. G. R. R. routes through, 113, 119; distribution of stations in, 114, 115; favorable situation of, 134; number of underground paths in, 135; lines through Morgan County, 136, 137; direction of routes in, 140, 141; terminal stations in, 146, 252; Detroit a receiving station for western routes of, 147; abductors along the southern boundaries of, 151; _Independent_, the, on increase in number of passengers of, 195; seizure of McQuerry in, 241; danger of slave-hunting in, 242; Slave Law denounced by meeting of Ashtabula County, 244; personal liberty law of, 246; dismissal of fugitives from custody at Sandusky, 276; Blake of, introduces bill praying for repeal of law of 1850, 286; Seward's address in, advising hospitality to fugitives, 313; Giddings on impossibility of enforcement of law of 1850 in, 315; contests between state and federal authorities in, 334; illustrated in Ad. White rescue case, 334, 335, and in Oberlin-Wellington case, 335-337; Oberlin-Wellington rescue commended by mass-meetings in eastern, 336; number of underground operators in, 351; states urged to repeal personal liberty laws by, 354.

Ohio River, a thoroughfare for fugitives, 82; routes traced northward from, 134; crossing-place on, 137; initial stations along the, 139; escape of Eliza across, at Ripley, 322.

Oliver, Rev. Thos. Clement, on routes of New Jersey, 123-125; on fugitive settlers in New Jersey, 236.

Oliver _vs._ Weakley, case of, 276.

Ontario, surviving fugitives in, 11; testimony of fugitives in, 27, 29, 76; fugitives conveyed by boat to Collingwood, 83; fugitives received by people of Chief Brant in, 92; goal of the great majority of runaways, 140; Clay on the admission of the refugee class by, 201; unsettled condition of, at time of beginning of immigration of fugitives into, 203; separate schools for negroes in, 229; action of Parliament of, in encouragement of fugitives, 233.

Ordinance of 1787. _See_ Northwest Ordinance.

Organization, of the U. G. R. R., 67-70; U. G. R. R. work by an alleged regular, 279; league for self-protection among negroes in southeastern Pennsylvania, 280; formal organization of U. G. R. R. in Philadelphia, 309.

Orton, Prof. Edward, 35.

Osborn, Daniel, record kept by, as operator at Alum Creek Settlement, O., 345, 346.

Ottawa, Ill., multiple routes of, 141.

Paine, Byron, political reward of, for defence of Booth, 330.

Parish, F. D., fined for assisting runaways, 277, 278.

Parker, Asbury, fugitive, 76.

Parker, Chief Justice, on searching a citizen's house without warrant for a slave, 258.

Parker, Prof. L. F., on underground work in Iowa, 33, 42, 43, 98.

Parker, Theodore, scrap-book of, relating to renditions of Burns and Sims, 8; explanation of origin of vigilance committees given by, 71; public denunciation of Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 by, 90; indictment of, for attempted rescue of Burns, 103; journal and letter of, quoted, 109, 110; supporter of Dr. A. M. Ross, 180; on number of fugitives in Boston, 235; aid given by, to William and Ellen Craft, 317; part in the Burns rendition case, Boston, 331, 332.

Parker, William, leader in Christiana rescue case, 10; leader in league among fugitives for self-protection, 280.

Parliament, action by Ontario, in encouragement of fugitives, 233.

_Patriot_, the, Charles T. Torrey, editor of, 169.

Patriot War, part taken by fugitive slaves in, 193.

Patterson, Isaac, operator, 13.

Payne, George J., operator, 89.

_Pearl_, the schooner, capture of, 172,173.

Peirce, I. Newton, message sent by, 57; connection with the U. G. R. R., 105, 143.

Penalties, levied for breaking the Fugitive Slave laws, 102, 103, 110; suffered by Burr, Work and Thompson, 156; paid by Calvin Fairbank and Miss Delia Webster for abducting Hayden family, 158, 159; suffered by Charles T. Torrey for abducting slaves, 169; suffered by Capt. Jonathan Walker for abduction of slaves, 170; fine and imprisonment of Capt. Drayton, 173; suffered by Richard Dillingham, 174, 175; imposed upon W. L. Chaplin for abduction of slaves, 176; suffered by Elijah Anderson, 183; created by Slave Law of 1850, 265, 266; failure of, under law of 1850 to deter resistance to the law, 272, 273; double penalty under law of 1793, 274, 275; for hindering arrest of fugitive slaves, 279; imposed on Booth for aiding in the Glover rescue, 329, 330.

Pennsylvania, slavery extinguished in, 17; anti-slavery sentiment in, 31, 33; rise of U. G. R. R. in, 37; steam railroad transportation in, 79, 80; operations in Lancaster County, 87; in Chester County, 88; protest of German Friends in, against slave-dealing, 93; numerous underground centres among Quakers of southeastern, 94; Presbytery of Mahoning, helps form a new church, 96; Presbyterian operators in western, 97; Unitarian centre at Meadville, 98; prosecution of Daniel Kauffman of Cumberland County, 102; Thomas Garrett, native of, 110; extent of U. G. R. R. system through, 113; favorable condition for U. G. R. R. in western, 115; study of map of U. G. R. R. lines in New Jersey, New York and, 120; routes of eastern, 121, 122; routes of western, 123; direction of lines in, 140; multiple and intricate routes in southeastern, 141; broken lines and isolated place-names in, 141; terminal stations in, 144, 145; abductors along southern boundaries of, 151; fugitive settlers in northwestern, 236; Fugitive Slave Law of, 237, 238, 260; seizure of family of negroes at Uniontown in, 241; liberty law of, 246, 309; exodus of fugitives from, after enactment of law of 1850, 250; Prigg case in, 260, 261; law of, against aiding fugitives in colonial times, 292; emancipation by, 293; petition of Abolition Society of, for milder slave law, 296; Sergeant of, on House Fugitive Slave Bill of 1817, 297; complaints against people of, for harboring fugitives, 298; early pursuit in eastern, 302; Christiana case in, 317-319; kidnapping of free negro in, 318.

Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, Wm. Still, clerk of, 3, 75; Harriet Tubman, a visitor at office of, 187.

Pennsylvania Railroad, 30.

Pennypacker, Elijah F., letter of, relating to fugitives, 79 _n._, 143 _n._; station-keeper, 121.

Personal liberty laws, object of, 245, 357; Buchanan's recommendations regarding, 286, 353, 354; of Massachusetts and other states, 309; enacted by Wisconsin, 330; slave-catchers indicted under, 336; characteristic of period 1840-1860, 337; induced by Missouri Compromise and law of 1850, 338; referred to as a grievance by Jones of Georgia, 351.

Peterboro, N.Y., station of Gerrit Smith in, 127, 128; visited by abductor A. M. Ross, 180; address to slaves issued from, 310.

Petersburg, Va., agent in, 118.

Pettijohn, Amos, reward for abduction of, 53.

Pettit, Eber M., author of _Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad_, 2; characterization of his book, 4; on number of main routes in New York, 125.

Philadelphia, Vigilance Committee of, 3, 71, 75, 76, 80-82, 121, 145, 232; fugitives aided in, 10; continuous record of, as an underground centre, 34; anti-slavery sentiment among Friends in, 93; outlet from, 122; receives absconding chattels from Newberne, 144, from Baltimore, 151; trial of Christiana case in, 281, 319; counsel for fugitives in, 317; computation of fugitives aided in, 346, 347.

Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, 79, 143.

Phillips, Wendell, indictment of, 103; address in Faneuil Hall on the occasion of the Burns case, 332.

Piatt, slaves lost by family of, 283.

Pickard, S. T., on U. G. R. R. work in Portland, Me., 133.

Pickrell, Mahlon, on period of operations in Ohio, 39.

Pierce, Franklin, meaning of election of, 321.

Pierce, William S., counsel for fugitive slaves, 284.

Pinckney, on fugitive slave clause in the Constitution, 21, 294.

Pindall, of Virginia, on a bill for increased security of slave property, 296.

Pinkerton, Allen, friend of John Brown, 165.

Place, Maurice, 15, 16.

Platt, Jirch, diary of, 9; hiding-place on farm of, 63.

Poindexter, James, 253.

Poindexter, a colored abductor of Jackson, O., 151.

Poland, Hon. Joseph, operator, 107, 130.

Politics, of underground workers, 99-101; Canadian refugees in, 232, 233.

Polk, of Missouri, accusations against the North on account of U. G. R. R., 351, 352.

Porter, Rev. J., hiding-place in church of, 63.

Portsmouth, Va., escape of slaves from, 81, 144; agent in, 118.

Pratt, of Maryland, on Seward's speech advising hospitality to fugitives, 313; on loss sustained by slave-owners of his state, 341.

Prentiss, Henry J., 103.

Presbyterian Church, anti-slavery sentiment in, 31, 32, 95-97; J. J. Rice, missionary among Canadian refugees, minister of, 200; Rev. William King, minister of, 207; support of Elgin Settlement in Canada by, 208; Rev. John Rankin, pastor of a, 306.

Prigg _vs._ Pennsylvania, case of, 259, 260, 264-267, 289, 297, 309; new class of personal liberty laws following, 245, 246; effect of decision of, 309.

Prosecutions, for aiding fugitives, 102, 103, 254; cases of, under laws of 1793 and 1850, 273-281; for aiding fugitive slaves, 283-285; effect of prosecutions, 317; Prof. Edward Channing on importance of, 317 _n._; of Booth for aiding in Glover rescue, 329, 330.

Pro-slavery sentiment in Congress, 173.

Providence and Worcester Railroad, 80, 130, 143.

Pursuit of fugitive slaves, 51, 52, 59, 65, 164, 302; increase in frequency of, 308; effect of Prigg decision on, 309; after passage of law of 1850, 316; instances of, 317.

Purvis, Robert, record of number of fugitives helped by, 10, 346; president of organized society of the U. G. R. R., 68, 309; account of the organization by, 68; chairman of the General Vigilance Committee of Philadelphia, 75; in rescue of Basil Dorsey, 85; New Jersey route described by, 125; on abduction by son of a planter, 153.

Putnam, David, underground letters of, 10; record of night service at station of, 55, 56; secret signal used by, 56; facsimile of message received by, 57.

Putnam, George W., on route in New Hampshire, 133.

Quakers, Levi Coffin one of the, 4; underground centres in communities of, 6, 90, 115-120, 125; Alum Creek Settlement of, 10; agents and operators among the, 31, 38, 39, 53, 92, 94, 98, 124, 131; pro-slavery sentiment among, 49; costume of, used as a disguise, 67; Washington's comment on a society of Philadelphia, 68; as conservators of abolition ideas, 93; result of appeal to societies of, in Massachusetts, 99; political affiliations of, 100; devotees of U. G. R. R. work among, 110-112; John Brown's party entertained by, in Iowa, 164; words of the Quaker poet, Whittier, quoted, 171; Quaker abductor Richard Dillingham, 174; at Richmond, Ind., befriend Josiah Henson, 177; at Fountain City, Ind., 199; visits of several, to Canadian refugees, 199; safety sought by fugitive settlers among, 235, 236; protection afforded fugitives by Quakers of New Bedford, Mass., 258; defendants in case of rescue, 274; in Christiana case, 280, 281; petition of Baltimore, against kidnapping, 296; memorial of, for repeal of Fugitive Slave Law, 324; record of fugitives in Alum Creek Settlement of, 344-346.

Quebec, early emigration of fugitive slaves to, 218.

Queen's Bush, early settlement of, by refugees, 204, 218.

Quincy, Ill., multiple routes of, 141.

Quincy, Josiah, his account of first known rescue of fugitive under arrest quoted, 83, 84; opponent of fugitive slave legislation, 283.

Quitman, Gen. John A., 341.

Quixot, Stephen, fugitive from Virginia, 51.

Racine, Wis., Glover rescue in, 327.

Railroads, steam, use of, for transportation of fugitives, 35, 59, 78-81, 122-124, 128, 130, 132, 133, 142-145, 164, 165, 183; terminology of U. G. R. R. borrowed from vocabulary of, 67.

Railroad, Underground. _See_ Underground Railroad.

Ramsey, Rev. R. G., on route in southern Illinois, 14.

Randolph, the slave, in case of Commonwealth _vs._ Griffith, 258.

Rankin, Rev. John, reward for abduction of, 53; secret cellar in barn of, 63; anti-slavery preaching and practice of, 96; station of, at Ripley, O., 109; on immediate abolition, 306, 307; _Letters on Slavery_ by, 308.

Rantoul, Robert, Jr., counsel for fugitive slaves, 283.

Rathbun, Levi, station-keeper, 69, 70.

Ratliff, Hon. John, 15, 16.

Ray, Rev. Chas. B., on New York routes, 126.

Ray _vs._ Donnell and Hamilton, case of, 278.

Reading Railroad, 122.

Rebellion, Lincoln's proclamation regarding states continuing in, 287.

_Recollections of an Abolitionist_, by Dr. A. M. Ross, 179-183.

Redpath, James, on effects of John Brown's raid, 165.

Reed, Fitch, on arrival of abductor Fairfield and company of slaves in Canada, 154 _n._

Reed, Gen., fugitives carried by boats of, 82.

Reed, John, on misinformation about Canada among slaves, 198.

Reform party, political affiliations of negro voters in Canada with, 233.

Refugees' Home Settlement, of Canadian refugees, 205, 209, 210; regulations of, 215-217; dissatisfaction in, 216, 217.

Reminiscences, collection of, 11; value of, 12-16.

Rendition of escaped slaves, early Northern sentiment on, Southern sentiment regarding, 21; question of, in crisis of 1851, 285; of Sims in Boston, 317; of Burns, 331-333.

_Republican Leader_, the, articles on the U. G. R. R. in, 6.

Republican party, effect of _Uncle Tom's Cabin_ on young voters in, 324; forerunner of, in Wisconsin, 329; chief reliance of freedom declared to be in, repeal of Fugitive Slave Law demanded by, 337; organized U. G. R. R. said to be maintained by, 351; four governors belonging to, advise repeal of personal liberty bills, 354.

Rescue, of fugitives, 38, 39, 83-86, 240, 275, 276, 284, 336; attempts at, after 1850, 240, 273; provisions of law of 1850 to prevent, 266; of slaves, an expensive undertaking, 277; increase in frequency of, 308; during era of slave-hunting in the North, 316; of Shadrach, 317, 319; of Jerry McHenry, 318, 320; of Glover, 327-330; of Burns, attempted, 331-333.

Reynolds, Hon. John, on spirit of nullification in Illinois, 333, 334.

Rhode Island, anti-slavery Quakers in, 31; rise of U. G. R. R. in, 36; steam railroad transportation for fugitives in, 80; underground centres in, 94; routes of, 131; station at Valley Falls, 144; reception to Capt. Walker at Providence, 171; personal liberty law of, 245, 246, 309; colonial law against aiding fugitives in, 292; emancipation by, 293; repeal of personal liberty law by, 354.

Rhodes, James Ford, on the U. G. R. R., 1; on remote political effect of _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, 324; on spirit of the personal liberty laws, 338 _n._

Rice, Rev. Isaac J., mission in Canada kept by, 194, 200; supplies kept for refugees by, 214.

Richardson, Lewis, cause of flight of, 27.

Richmond, Va., fugitive shipped from, in a box, 60; fugitives escape by boat from, 145.

Riddle, Albert G., counsel in Oberlin-Wellington case, 282.

Ripley, O., John Rankin in, 109, 306; abductor at, 153; escape of Eliza across Ohio River at, 322.

River routes of U. G. R. R., 81, 82, 118, 123, 129, 134, 138, 142; crossings on Detroit River, 147; Jefferson Davis on escape of slaves by Mississippi River, 312, 313.

Robin case, slavery terminated in Lower Canada by decision in, 191.

Robinson, case of _ex parte_, 270, 282.

Robinson, Rowland E., on routes in Vermont, 130.

Ross, Dr. A. M., abductor, 28-30, 178-182; as a naturalist, 183.

Ruggles, David, agent in New York City, 35, 126; Frederick Douglass befriended by, 71 _n._

Russell, Hon. A. J., operator, 107.

Rycraft, colleague of Booth in the Glover rescue case, 329.

Sabin, Hon. Alvah, operator, 107.

Salsburg family, 87.

Sanborn, F. B., on Harriet Tubman, 186; on number of fugitive settlers in Northern states, 237; letter to, on the U. G. R. R. depot at Lawrence, Kan., 347-350.

San Domingo, servile insurrection in, 340.

Sandusky, Dayton and Cincinnati Railroad, 78.

Sandusky, Mansfield and Newark Railroad, 78.

Sandusky, O., first fugitive at, (1820,) 39; arrival of company of fugitives at, 76; boat service from, 83; prosecution of Rush R. Sloane of, 210, 276; as a terminal, 183, 185; trial of F. D. Parish of, 277.

Saxton, Gen. Rufus, on work of Harriet Tubman, 189.

Sayres, indictment of, for attempted abduction, 173.

Schooley, W. D., operator, 88.

Schools, for refugees in Canada, 199, 200, 205-208, 210, 214, 215, 228, 229; Sunday-schools, 330.

Scioto Company, organized by anti-slavery men, 38.

Scotch-Irish, the, in underground service, 92.

Scotch, the, in underground service, 92.

Scott, Gen. Winfield, presidential candidate of Whigs, 321.

Scott, James, tried for aiding in rescue of Shadrach, 269, 270.

Scripture, quoted by the abolitionists, 150, 306, 307.

Sea routes of the U. G. R. R., 81, 82, 118, 129, 133, 144, 145, 148, 219.

Seceders, friends of runaways, 13.

Secession, begun, 352, 353; efforts of the legislatures of the Northern states to appease the spirit of, 354; North's refusal to surrender fugitives one of the chief reasons for, 357.

_Sentinel_, the, articles in, on the Underground Railroad, 6.

_Sentinel_, the, chapters of "A History of Anti-Slavery Days" in, 6.

Sergeant, of Pennsylvania, on new Fugitive Slave Bill, 297.

Seward, F. W., on places of deportation of fugitive slaves, 145 _n._

Seward, Wm. H., gives bail for Gen. Chaplin, 176; on Harriet Tubman, 185; aid given to Harriet Tubman by, 189; in the Van Zandt case, 282; speech advising hospitality to fugitive slaves, 313; signs the bond of rescuers of Jerry McHenry, 320.

Sewell, Samuel E., counsel for fugitive slaves, 283.

Shadrach, route taken by, after his rescue in Boston, 132; counsel in case of, 283; seizure of, 247; rescue of, 317, 319.

Shaw, Chief Justice, on Slave Law of 1793, 270.

Sheldon, Edward, indicted for helping fugitives, 284.

Shotwell, A. L., claimant of slave Tamar, 159.

Sider, Joseph, abductor, 60, 157.

Sidney, Allen, on misinformation about Canada among slaves, 197.

Signals, employed in the U. G. R. R service, 125, 156.

Sims, Theodore Parker's memoranda on rendition of, 8; case of, in court, 269-271, 283; returned to slavery, 317.

_Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad_, by E. M. Pettit, 2, 4.

Skillgess, Joseph, on fugitives passing through Ross County, O., 39.

Slave-hunters, authors of Levi Coffin's title "President of the U. G. R. R.," 111; at Detroit, 147; difficulties met by, 242, 243; imprisonment of, 273, 274; number of, increased after passage of the Fugitive Slave Law, 316; in the Oberlin-Wellington case, 335, 336; protest against the employment of Northern troops as, 355.

Slave-hunting, engagement of shiftless class in, 239; by Southern planters and their aids, 240; uncertainty of, in anti-slavery communities, 242, 243; Mr. Mason, of Virginia, on, 243; agents of slave-owners employed in, 316.

Slavery, character of, at beginning of nineteenth century, 25; changed character of later, 26; John Brown's plan of abolition of, 168; in Canada, 190, 191; attacks on, in Congress, 286; abolished in District of Columbia, 287; King's proposition to prohibit, in Northwest Territory, 293; conviction of sin of, in Northern states, 300, 301; pursuit of fugitives creates opposition to, in the North, 302; early advocacy of political action against, by Bourne and Duncan, Rev. John Rankin's hatred of, 306; address of Liberty party convention touching on, 310; effect of prosecution of U. G. R. R. workers on question of, 317; nationalized by law of 1850, 321; effects of, studied by Harriet Beecher Stowe, 321; renewal of consideration of question of, caused by _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, 324; U. G. R. R., the safety-valve of, 340; disappearance of, in District of Columbia attributed to the U. G. R. R. by Claiborne, 341, 342; extinction of, in the United States, 356, 358.

Slaves, desire for freedom among, 25, 195-197; purchase of, by Alabama, 26; incentives to flight of, 26, 27, 296; knowledge of Canada among, 28-30, 197; arrive as stowaways on the Maine coast, 133; steady increase in the number of, fleeing into Ohio, 135; from Virginia, 144; movement of, to inter-lake portion of Ontario, 147; abduction of, opposed by majority of abolitionists, 150; abduction of, by negroes, 151; abductions of, by Canadian refugees, 152; abductions of, by Southern whites, 153; abduction of, by Northern whites, 154, 155; abduction of, in District of Columbia, 155; abduction of, by Burr, Work and Thompson, 155, 156; abduction of, by Joseph Sider and Calvin Fairbank, 157-160; abduction of, by Seth Concklin, 160-162; abduction of, by John Brown, 162-165; effect of John Brown's raid upon Missouri, 165; Brown's plan for liberation of, 166-168; abductions of, in answer to appeal, 168, by Charles T. Torrey, 168-170, by Capt. Jonathan Walker, 170, 171, by Mrs. Laura S. Haviland, 171, 172; capture and incarceration of the, escaping on the steamer _Pearl_, 172, 173; abductions of, by Capt. Daniel Drayton, 172-174, by Richard Dillingham, 174, 175, by Wm. L. Chaplin, 175, 176, by Josiah Henson, 176-178, by Rial Cheadle, 178, 179, by Dr. A. M. Ross, 179-183, by the fugitive Elijah Anderson, 183, by the fugitive John Mason, 183-185, by the fugitive Harriet Tubman, 185-189; importation of, into Canada, 190, 191; Elgin Settlement in Canada started by a band of manumitted, 202, 207; Wilberforce Colony originally settled by group of emancipated, 218; domestic relations of, in Southern states, 227, 228; agents of U. G. R. R. appealed to for abduction of, 231, 232; Northern states an unsafe refuge for, 238, 239; purchase of, from their claimants, 241, 242; causes of flight of, 308; conditions favorable to escape of, 1840-1850, 309; effect of flight of, on Northern sentiment, 310; addresses to Southern, 310; address of Cazenovia convention to, 313; information about abolitionists among, 316; danger of uprising of, lessened by the U. G. R. R., 340; prospect of stampede of, from the border slave states, in case of secession, 355; chances for escape of, multiplied during War, 355.

Slave trade, effect of prohibition of, (1807,) 301.

Sloane, Hon. Rush R., on the U. G. R. R. in northwestern Ohio, 39; account given by, of the naming of the Road, 45; prosecution of, 102; incident of embarkation of company of refugees given by, 148 _n._; on Elijah Anderson, abductor, 183; fined for assisting runaways, 276, 277.

Sloane, John, early operator, 37.

Sloane, J. R. W., 13.

Sloane, Prof. Wm. M., 13 n.

Sloane, Rev. William, 14, 15.

Smedley, R. C., author of _The Underground Railroad in Chester and Neighboring Counties of Pennsylvania_, 2, 4; account of naming of the U. G. R. R. by, 44, 45; on loss of bondmen by Maryland counties, 119; on numbers of fugitives sent to New England, 128, 129; on transportation of fugitives by rail, 143.

Smith, Gerrit, operator, 22, 27, 107; generosity of, 176; on Harriet Tubman, 185; defiant speech of, after Jerry rescue, 320; one of the leaders in the Jerry rescue, 326; counsel for the fugitive Wm. Anderson in Canada, 353.

Smith, James, 154.

Smith, William R., work of, in behalf of Gen. Chaplin, 176.

Snediger family, operators, 87.

Society of Friends. _See_ Quakers.

Sorrick, Rev. R. S. W., on the condition of refugees in Oro, Ontario, 218; on the teachableness of the Canadian refugees, 224.

South Carolina, abducting trip of A. M. Ross into, 29; agent of U. G. R. R. in Newberne, 68; involved in Brown's plan of liberation, 167; Canadian refugees from, 195; Pinckney on slave clause in United States Constitution before state convention of, 294; doctrine of state sovereignty of, resisted by Wisconsin, 330; servile insurrections in, 340; Butler of, on loss sustained by slave-owners of Southern section, 341; withdrawal from the Union, 352.

Southern branches of the U. G. R. R., 116-119.

Southern states, satisfaction with the fugitive slave clause in the Constitution in the, 21; complaints of, on account of losses of slave property, 22; refuges of runaways in the, 25; spread of the U. G. R. R. in, 28; knowledge about Canada among slaves in, 28, 29, 180-182, 192; self-interest of, manifest in the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 33; escapes by vessel from, 81, 133, 144; anti-slavery sentiment among white emigrants from, 90, 91; emigration of Quakers from, on account of slavery, 93; anti-slavery advocates among Presbyterian clergy in, 95; settlement of anti-slavery people from, in Ohio, 115; friends of fugitives in, 116; main channels of escape from, 119; abductions by whites from, 153, 154; Northern men in, encourage flight of slaves, 154, 155; expected effect of news of Brown's Missouri raid in, 165; Brown's plan for organizing insurrection in, 167, 168; Calhoun on expedition of the _Pearl_ speaks for, 173, 174; expeditions for abduction of slaves to, 177, 178; operations of the abductor A. M. Ross in, 180-183; early emigration of negroes from, to Quebec, 219; domestic relations of slaves in, 227, 228; abductions of friends from, planned by the Canadian exiles, 231, 232; abducting trips of Canadian refugees to, 232; rights of recovery in the North claimed by people of, 237; slave-hunting by people from, before and after law of 1850, 240, 241; effect of law of 1850 upon, 243; Lincoln's proclamation of warning to, 287; the Underground Railroad as a grievance of, 290; sentiment in, concerning slave clause in Constitution, 294; complaints of members of Congress from, on score of treatment accorded runaways in the North, 295, 296; negotiations for return of fugitives to, 302; people of, aroused by addresses to slaves, 310; Calhoun on discontent in, 313; Webster on complaint of, in regard to non-rendition of fugitives, 314; Pres. Fillmore gives assurances to, regarding Fugitive Slave Law, 318; doctrine of state sovereignty of, resisted by Wisconsin, 330; work of the U. G. R. R. a real relief to, 340; estimates of loss sustained by slave-owners in various, 341, 342; decline of slave population in border states, shown in United States census reports, 343; comparison of numbers of negroes transported from, by U. G. R. R. and American Colonization Society, 350, 351; members of Congress from, on work of U. G. R. R., 351, 352; attempted conciliation of, 354; chances for escape of slaves multiplied throughout, 355; agitation by people of, for vigorous Fugitive Slave Law, 357.

Sowles, Hon. William, operator, 107.

Spalding, Rufus P., counsel in the Oberlin-Wellington case, 282.

Speed, John, 65.

Speed, Sidney, incident of unsuccessful pursuit narrated by, 65, 66.

Spradley, Wash, a colored abductor of Louisville, Ky., 151.

Sprague, Judge, on legal force of a commissioner's certificate, 270.

Springfield, Mass., "League of Gileadites" in, 71-75.

Stanton, Henry B., 169, 170.

State sovereignty, doctrine of, in the Northern states, 326-330.

Stations, in New Hampshire, 132; in Maine, 134; initial, in Ohio, 135; initial, in Iowa, 136; number and distribution of, in portion of Morgan County, O., 137; stations in Michigan, 138; corresponding stations in Falley's and the author's maps, 138, 139; initial, along the Ohio River, 139, 346; limited activity of, in eastern and western extremities of the free region, 141; isolated, in New York, Pennsylvania, Indiana and Illinois, 142; terminal, 145-148; cause of formation of initial, 295; Harriet B. Stowe's house one of the, 321.

Station-keepers of the U. G. R. R., significance of the name, 67; character of work of, 69; explanation of division of labor between special agents and, 70, 71; expense to, 76-78. _See_ also Agents and Conductors.

Steele, Capt., master of a lake boat carrying fugitives, 82.

Steele, William, letter of, on escape of slave family, 51, 52.

Stephens, Alexander H., abduction of slave of, 176.

Stephens, Charles, in Brown's raid, 163-165; arranges for trip east of Brown and party, 164, 165.

Stevens, Thaddeus, operator, 106; in the Christiana case, 282.

Stevenson, Henry, on slaves' desire for freedom, 196.

Stewart, family of, fugitive settlers near Detroit, 236.

Stewart, John H., colored operator, 89.

Stewart, Peter, reputed President of the U. G. R. R., 69.

Still, Peter, a fugitive from Alabama, 160.

Still, William, author of _Underground Railroad Records_, 2, 3, 5, 8, 75; chairman of Vigilance Committee of Philadelphia, 8, 232; on instances of fugitives shipped as freight, 60; on stowaways from the South, 145; on value of Canadian refugees as citizens, 234 _n._; coöperation of, with station at Elmira, 253.

Stone, Col. John, secret signal used by, 56; facsimile of message sent by, 57.

Story, Justice, on the Fugitive Slave Law, 245; on power of Congress to legislate on subject of fugitive slaves, 261.

Stout, Dr. Joseph, indicted for helping fugitive, 284.

Stow, L. S., on transportation of fugitives across Lake Erie, 146.

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, correctness of her representation in _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, 25, 322; material for _Uncle Tom's Cabin_ gathered by, while living at Cincinnati, O., 105, 321; connection of, with the U. G. R. R., 105; influence of the slave controversy upon, 290; champion of fugitive slaves, 323.

Stowe, Prof. Calvin, model for a character in _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, 322.

Stowell, Martin, one of leaders in attempted rescue of Burns, 332.

Sturgeon, of Pennsylvania, supports the Fugitive Slave Law, 314.

Subterranean Pass Way of John Brown, 339, 357.

Sumner, Charles, efforts of, in behalf of Capt. Drayton, 173; on number of fugitives fleeing from Northern states after enactment of law of 1850, 249; efforts of, in Senate to secure repeal of Fugitive Slave Law, 324; champion in Senate of the fugitive slave and his friends, 325; reads a letter in the Senate on employment of Northern troops as slave-catchers, 355.

Supplies, for U. G. R. R. passengers, 76-78; furnished by Fred. Douglass, 78 _n._; for Canadian refugees, 202, 214; gathered for fugitives in Lawrence, Kan., 348, 349.

Syracuse, Vigilance Committee of, 71, 72; rescue of Jerry McHenry in, 72, 86, 318, 326; passes distributed to runaways in, 80; underground work of Rev. S. J. May in, 109; fugitives sent by train to, 124; indignation meeting at, held after passage of law of 1850, 244; public action against Fugitive Slave Law in, 320; congratulatory message on Glover rescue from convention in, 328, 329.

Tabor College, U. G. R. R. work of, 98.

Tamar, slave recovered by Fairbank, 159.

Taney, Judge, prosecution of Thomas Garrett before, 110.

Tappan, Lewis, supporter of Dr. A. M. Ross, 180.

Tennessee, abducting trip of Dr. A. M. Ross into, 28; John Rankin, a native of, 109; fugitives from, 109; underground route through eastern, 119; involved in Brown's plan of liberation, 167; Dillingham's attempted abduction of slaves from, 174, 175; Canadian refugees from, 195; fables about Canada circulated in, 198.

Terminal stations of U. G. R. R., 70, 76, 82, 83, 123, 126-128, 131, 133, 136, 138, 139, 145-149; in Canada, 148, 149.

Terminology of U. G. R. R., 67, 124.

Territories, slavery prohibited in the, 287.

Texas, question of annexation before Congress, 310; escape of slaves from western, 348.

Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, 356.

Thomas, Dr. Nathan M., operator, 88.

Thompson, George, a party in the case of Burr, Work and, 155,156.

Thurston, Brown, operator, 37, 133.

Ticknor, George, on political effect of _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, 323.

Todd, Rev. John, author of reminiscences of "The Early Settlement and Growth of Western Iowa," 7; quoted, 43.

Todds, the, station-keepers, 15.

Toledo, O., boat service for runaways from, 83; U. G. R. R. helpers in, 92.

Tompkins, case of Johnson _vs._, 259, 273, 274.

Toombs, Robert, 173; abduction of slaves of, 176.

Toronto, Canada, mission work of Rev. W. M. Mitchell in, 3; goods received for Canadian refugees at, 202, 203; number of refugee settlers in, 220, 221; condition of fugitive settlers in, 226; Drew on condition of colored people in, 227; equal school privileges for whites and blacks in, 229; evening school for adult negroes in, 230.

Torrence, James W., method of, in conveying fugitives, 61.

Torrey, Rev. Charles T., abductor, 28, 168, 169; number of slaves abducted from Maryland by, 88; succeeded by Mr. Chaplin as editor of the Albany _Patriot_, 175.

Townsend, Martin I., on routes in New York, 126.

Townshend, Prof. Norton S., operator in Cincinnati, 104.

Treason, charged in Christiana case, 319; charged by Webster against transgressors of the law of 1850, 320.

_Treatise on Slavery, in which is shown forth the evil of Slaveholding, both from the Light of Nature and Divine Revelation_, immediate abolition advocated in, (1824,) 304-306.

_Tribune_, of New Lexington, O., on U. G. R. R., 6.

Troy, N.Y., rescue of fugitive Chas. Nalle in, 85.

"True Bands," societies for self-improvement among Canadian refugees, 230, 231.

Trueblood, E. Hicks, author of articles on U. G. R. R. in _Republican Leader_, 6.

Tubman, Harriet, mentioned, 6, 28, 178, 183; line of travel of, in Delaware, 118; character of, 185; work as an abductor, 186, 187; faith of, 188; most venturesome journey of, 188, 189; service of, as scout in the Civil War, 189; passenger on U. G. R. R., 340.

Turner, Rev. Asa, on U. G. R. R. lines in Iowa and Illinois, 114.

_Uncle Tom's Cabin_, correctness of representations in, 25, 322; sources of the knowledge of underground methods displayed in, 105, 321; political significance of, 321-324; Sumner on reception given to, 325; object of, 357.

Underground Railroad, as a subject for research, 1, 2; works on, 2, 3; articles on, 5-7; lack of contemporaneous documents relating to, 7; conditions of development of, 17, 18; numerous lines of, in Northern states, 22; early stations of, on Western Reserve, extended into Southern states, 28; effect of local conditions on growth of, 30; church connections of operators of, 32, 93-99; origin of, 33, 34, 191, 192; development of, 35-43, in New Jersey, 34, in New York, 34, 35, in New England, 36, in Ohio, 37-40, in North Carolina, 40, in Indiana, 40, 41, in Illinois, 41, 42, in Iowa, 42, 98, in Kansas, 43; activity of (1830-1840), 44, 308; activity of (1850-1860), 44, 71, 316, 317, 357; naming of, 44-46; midnight service on, 54-56; communications in work of, 56-59; methods of conveyance on, 59-61; nature of routes of, 61, 62, 70, 130, 141-146; variety of stations on, 62-64; use of disguises in work of, 64-67; lack of formal organization in, terminology of, 67; spontaneous character of, 69; places of deportation, 70, 145-147; terminal stations of, 70, 145-148; routes by rail, 78-81, 142-145; connection of Fred. Douglass with, 80, 91, 118, 251, 340; river routes, 81, 82, 142; traffic by water, 81-83, 142, 144-148, 219; routes by sea, 81, 129, 144, 145, 219; church connections of operators of, 94-97; notable operators of, 104-112, 155-189, 251-253; rise of, in Connecticut, 109; study of general map of, 113 _et seq._; extent of system, 114; broken lines and isolated place-names, 115, 116, 123, 141, 142; lines of New York and New England states, of Wisconsin and Michigan, 116; organized in North Carolina, 117; Southern branches, 117-119; signals used on Delaware River, 125; relative number of routes in Western states, 134; local map of Morgan Co., O., 136, 137; map of Indiana and Michigan routes of, 137-139; map of line of, in Livingston and La Salle counties, Ill., 139; trend of routes of, 139-141; lines of lake travel, 147, 148; Canadian termini of, 148, 149, 200, 219, 220, 225; operations of, through Clinton, O., in year 1842, 153; route followed by Brown from Missouri to Canada, 163-166; Brown's proposed use of, 166; route through Morgan Co., O., 178, 179; through Pennsylvania to Erie, 181; made use of by abductor A. M. Ross, 181; "general superintendent" of, in northwestern Ohio, 183; Canada, the refuge of passengers of, 190; Dr. S. G. Howe, on the origin of, 192; development of, during decade 1828-1838, 193; increased efficiency of, due to law of 1850, 193, 338; ease of escape over, in later years of, 213; lines through New England to Quebec, 219; capacity of, for transportation of fugitives, 222; agents of, appealed to, for abduction of friends, 231; agents of, among fugitive settlers in Northern states, 251-253; explanation of secrecy of, 255; escapes from Indian Territory over, 284; political aspect of, 290; explanation of development of initial stations of, 295; early branches in Pennsylvania, 298; influence in spreading anti-slavery sentiment, 302; organization of, in Philadelphia, 309; grievance of border states due to, 312, 341, 342; most flourishing period of, 316; Harriet Beecher Stowe's house a station on, 321; rapid expansion of, during period 1840-1860, 337; the work of, a real relief to masters, 340; Osborn's record of fugitives aided during five months, 344, 345; computation of fugitives aided in Ohio and Philadelphia during 1830-1860, 346, 347; work of Lawrence station, in Kansas, described, 347-350; work of, compared with that of Colonization Society, 350, 351; organized societies of, said to be maintained by the Republican party, 351; relation of, to the Civil War, 357, 358.

_Underground Railroad_, the Rev. W. M. Mitchell, author of, 2, 3.

_Underground Railroad in Chester and the Neighboring Counties of Pennsylvania_, the, R. C. Smedley, author of, 2, 4.

_Underground Railroad Records_, by Wm. Still, 2, 3, 4; work of the Philadelphia Vigilance Committee revealed in, 75, 76; story of the abducting trip of Seth Concklin as given by, 160-162.

Unitarian Church, Rev. Theodore Parker a minister of, 8; underground work of Meadville Seminary of, 98; Rev. Samuel J. May, a clergyman of, 109.

United States, census reports of, on fugitive slaves, 26, 342; escape of fugitives from Canada to, 190; school-teachers for Canadian refugees supported by religious societies of, 215; relative progress of Canadian negroes and free negroes in, 227; ministers of Canadian refugees canvass for money in, 231; fugitive slave cases before courts of, 257, 259-264, 269, 270, 272-282, 286; necessity of a uniform system of regulation regarding fugitive slaves throughout, 261; treason against, charged in Christiana case, 280; participation by President of, in Christiana case, 280, 281; fugitive slave clause embodied in Constitution of, 293; negotiations of, with England for extradition of fugitives, 299, 300; Senator Yulee on danger to the perpetuity of, 314; effect of Gerrit Smith's speech in the Anderson case in, 353; extinction of slavery in, 356.

United States Freedman's Inquiry Commission, Dr. S. G. Howe's report for, on Canadian refugees, 211.

Universalist Church, result of appeal to societies of, in Massachusetts, 99.

Van Dorn, Mr., operator, 88.

Van Zandt, case of Jones vs., 262, 278, 282; S. P. Chase and W. H. Seward in case of, 282; original of Van Tromp in _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, 322.

Vaughan _vs._ Williams, case of, 262.

Vermont, emancipation in, 17; rise of U. G. R. R. in, 36; steam railroad transportation for fugitives through, 81; public men, operators in, 106, 107; routes of, 126, 130; terminal stations in, 145; personal liberty law of, 245, 246, 309; emancipation by, 293; amendment of personal liberty law by, 354.

Vermont Central Railroad, 80, 130, 143, 145.

Vigilance Committee, of Philadelphia, 3, 4, 8; of Boston, 8; explanation of the origin of such bodies given by Theodore Parker, 71; organization and work of Syracuse, 71, 72; account of Boston, 72, 73; account of the formation and rules of the Springfield (Mass.) "League of Gileadites," 73-75; of Philadelphia, 75, 76; Female Anti-Slavery Association organizes a, 77; fugitives forwarded to New York City, by Philadelphia, 80; agents of, in Baltimore, 91, 117; appeal to churches of Massachusetts, by Boston, 98, 99; Theodore Parker appointed counsellor of fugitives in Massachusetts by, 110; fugitives sent by sea to Philadelphia, 145; of Cincinnati, consulted by Mrs. Haviland, 171; entreaties for aid to chairman of Philadelphia, 232; Philadelphia committee in Christiana case, 280; rescue of Jerry McHenry by Syracuse, 320; work of, in Milwaukee in Glover case, 328; work of Boston, in Burns case, 331; Purvis' record of fugitives aided by Philadelphia, 346, 347.

Vincent, James, counsel in fugitive slave case, 284.

Virginia, proposition to enslave free negroes in, 26; knowledge of Canada among slaves in, 26, 28, 29, 37; abducting trip of Dr. A. M. Ross into, 28; fugitives shipped in a box from, 61; fugitives escaping by vessel from, 81; runaways from, 85, 109, 252, 253, 258; reward offered to Indians in, for apprehending fugitives, 92; anti-slavery sentiment in Quaker meetings of, 93; agent in Petersburg, 118; natural route from Norfolk, 118; slaves escaping from, 144, 145; visitation of, by abductor, 151; abductor John Fairfield, of, 153; involved in Brown's plan of liberation, 167; Torrey's abduction of slaves from, 169; abductions by Rial Cheadle from, 179; knowledge of Canada spread by slaves from, 182; Rev. George Bourne, a resident of, 203; effect of slave-breeding in, 228; Mason of, on difficulty of recapturing fugitives, 243; prohibition of aid to fugitives in colonial, 291; Madison, on slave clause in the Constitution before state convention of, 294; desirous for extradition of fugitives from Canada, 299; Mason of, author of Slave Law of 1850, 311; Burns carried back to, 333; Richmond _Enquirer_ on rendition of Burns, 333; Brown's method to weaken slavery in, 339; servile insurrection in, 340; Moore on loss borne by slave-owners of his district in, 341; Mason on loss sustained by slave-owners of, 341; decline in slave population of panhandle counties of, 343; fugitives from, recorded by Osborn, 345; reasons for loyalty of western, 354, 355.

Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, quoted by Wisconsin convention, 328, 329; quoted by mass convention at Cleveland, O., 336.

Von Hoist, on the U. G. R. R., 1.

Wabash and Erie Canal, thoroughfare for fugitives, 142.

Walker, Capt. Jonathan, work of, as an abductor, 168, 170, 171.

Walker, Edward, on the slave's desire for freedom, 196.

Walker, James, rescue of Piatt slaves by, 282, 283.

Walker, Joseph G., disguise provided for fugitive by, 67.

Wambaugh, Prof. Eugene, on the dilemma involved in the Fugitive Slave laws, 256 _n._

War of 1812, knowledge of Canada spread by, 27, 28, 301.

War of Rebellion, Still's U. G. R. R. records concealed during, 8; underground work terminated by, 11; services of Harriet Tubman during, 186, 189; assaults on slavery justified by exigencies of, 286, 287; underground operations as a cause of, 290, 351, 352, 358; chances for escape of slaves multiplied during, 355; resort of slaves to Union forces at the outbreak of, 357.

Ware, J. R., station-keeper, 69, 70.

Washington, D.C., route from, 117, 125; abduction of slaves from, by Capt. Drayton, 172, 173; abduction of slaves from, by Wm. L. Chaplin, 175, 176; occurrence of last fugitive slave case under law of 1850 in, 285.

Washington, George, letters of, (1786,) relating to fugitives, 33, 68; Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 signed by, 254; escaped slave of, 295, 324, 325.

Washington, Horace, 27.

Washington, Judge, in the case of Hill _vs._ Low, 273.

Washington, Lewis, agent, 253.

Weakley, case of Oliver vs., 276.

Webster, Daniel, supports Fugitive Slave Bill, 314, 315; on the necessity of the enforcement of Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 320.

Webster, Miss Delia A., assistant of Fairbank in abduction of Hayden and family, 158, 159.

Weed, Thurlow, underground work of, 108.

Weeks, Dr. Stephen B., on underground work of the Coffins in North Carolina, 117.

Weiblen, John G., conveys fugitives by boat to Canada, 83.

Weimer, L. F., suit of, against Sloane, 276, 277.

Weldon, John, method of, in transporting fugitives, 61.

Wesley, John and Charles, views of, on slavery question, 94.

Wesleyan Methodists, friends of fugitives, 32; secession of, from M. E. Church, 94; operators among, 95, 168.

West, David, on the slave's desire for freedom, 196.

West, Hon. John, operator, 107.

West, Wm. H., counsel for Piatt slaves, 282, 283.

Western Reserve, early escapes across, 28, 301; anti-slavery sentiment in, 31, fugitive passengers from, 35; routes across, 123.

Western Reserve College, anti-slavery influence of, 115.

Western Reserve Historical Society publishes pamphlet on "U. G. R. R.," by Prof. J. H. Fairchild, 5.

Western states, routes of, 134-144.

West Indian Emancipation, celebration of, by Canadian refugees, 226, 227.

Weston, G. W., message of, 58.

Westwater, James M., hiding-place provided by, 63.

Wheaton, Chas. A., a leader in the Jerry rescue, 326.

Whig party, character of, 100; vote of, on the Fugitive Slave Law, 315; considers Compromise of 1850 a finality, 320; disinclination to vote for Gen. Winfield Scott, 321.

Whipper, Alfred, school-teacher among the refugees, 215.

Whipple. _See_ Chas. Stephens.

White, Addison, attempted seizure of, 241; escape of, to Canada, 234.

White, Hon. Andrew D., letter of, on underground work of his father, 80.

White, Horace, railroad passes supplied to fugitives by, 80.

White, Isaac, 29.

White, John, slave befriended by Mrs. Haviland, 171, 172.

White, Joseph, operator, 97.

Whitfield, views on the slavery question, 94.

Whitman, of Massachusetts, on the bill securing to claimant of runaway right to prove title in courts of his own state, etc., 297.

Whitneys, of Concord, Mass., friends of Harriet Tubman, 186.

Whittier, John G., supporter of Liberty party, 100; on work of Rev. Charles T. Torrey, 170; stanza of "The Branded Hand," by, quoted, 171.

Wilberforce Colony in Canada, visited by Levi Coffin, 200, 220; origin of, 218; Dr. J. W. Moore on progress of fugitives in, 226, 227.

Willes, Rev. Dr., on refugee population in Canada, 222.

Willey, Rev. Austin, on escape of fugitives to New Brunswick, 219.

Williams, George W., the negro historian on U. G. R. R., 340.

Williams, case of Vaughan _vs._, 262.

Williams, John F., agent, 41.

Williams, Thomas, map of lines in Morgan County, O., by, 136.

Williams, W. B., on route from Washington, D.C., 117.

Wilmington, Del., underground work of Thomas Garrett in, 110, 111; station for Harriet Tubman, 118; movement of fugitives to, 121.

Wilmington, N.C., escape of slaves from, 81, 144, 145.

Wilson, Henry, on U. G. R. R., 1, 37, 114; on abductions by Rev. Charles T. Torrey, 169; on number of fugitive settlers in Northern states, 237.

Wilson, John W., counsel in fugitive slave cases, 283.

Wilson, Rev. Hiram, receiving agent in Canada, 126; mission kept by, 194; schools supervised by, 199, 200; arranges with Canadian government for admission of supplies, 202; founder of school for refugees, 205; service of, in British and American Institute for refugees, 206, 207, 220; on number of Canadian refugees, 221.

Windsor, Ontario, visited by Fairfield, the abductor, 153, 154; arrival of Brown and his abducted slaves in, 165; private schools for negroes in, 229.

Winslow, Nathan, operator, 133.

Wisconsin, organized as free state, 17, 18; places of deportation in, 82, 116, 147; personal liberty law of, 246; Howe of, on law of 1850, 286; Glover rescue in, 327-330; determination of people of, shown in Booth case, 330.

Women's Anti-Slavery societies, supplies for passengers provided by, 77.

Woodford, Newton, indicted for helping fugitives, 284.

Woolman, John, precepts of, 49.

Work, Alanson, a party in the case of Burr, Work and Thompson, 155, 156.

Worthington, O., early rescue of a fugitive in, 38, 84.

Wright _vs._ Deacon, case of, 256, 257.

Wright, Judge Jabez, early operator, 39.

Wright, Peter, on the work of Canadian refugees, 205.

Wright, William and Phœbe, station-keepers, 118 _n._

Yokum, William, watchwords used by, 57.

Young, Rev. Joshua, operator. 130.

Yulee, of Florida, informs Senate of convention of runaway slaves in New York, 313.

Zigzag routes, 62, 131, 141.