Chapter 60

[555] Ibidem, pp. 378, 379.

[556] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 91.

[557] Ibidem.

[558] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Parihar.

[559] _Early History of India_, 3rd edition, p. 389.

[560] _Ibidem_, p. 413.

[561] _Imperial Gazetteer_, art. Bali.

[562] _Rajasthan_, ii. pp. 16, 17.

[563] _Ibidem_, i. p. 81.

[564] _Ibidem_, ii. p. 37.

[565] _Ibidem_, ii. p. 35.

[566] _J.A.S.B._ (1909), vol. v. p. 167.

[567] _Imperial Gazetteer, loc. cit_.

[568] Bhandarkar, _loc. cit._ p. 180.

[569] The following extracts from the history of the clan are mainly taken from the article on Udaipur State in the _Imperial Gazetteer_.

[570] _Rajasthan_, pp. 222, 223.

[571] Forbes, _Rasmala_ i. p. 400.

[572] _Rajasthan_ i. pp, 398, 399. The death of the young princess was mainly the work of Amir Khan Pindari who brought pressure on the Rana to consent to it in order to save his state.

[573] If the Chalukyas were in the Deccan in the fourth century they could not have originated from the Hun and Gujar invaders of the fifth and sixth centuries, but must have belonged to an earlier horde.

[574] _Some Problems of Ancient Indian History_, by Dr. Rudolf Hoernle, _J.R.A.S._ (1905) pp. 1-14.

[575] _Tribes and Castes, s.v._

[576] _Ibidem_, art. Soiri.

[577] Mr Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Tomara.

[578] _Early History of India_, 3rd edition, p. 386.

[579] Elliot, _Supplemental Glossary, s.v._

[580] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes, and Castes,_ art. Tomara.

[581] See also article Jadum for a separate account of the local caste in the Central Provinces.

[582] _Early History of India_, 3rd edition, p. 434.

[583] Based on the accounts of Sir H. Risley and Colonel Dalton and a paper by Pandit G.L. Pathak, Superintendent, Korea State.

[584] _B. G. Poona_, Part I., p. 409.

[585] _An Account of the Origin and Present Condition of the Tribe of Ramosis_ (Bombay, 1833; India Office Tracts. Also published in the _Madras Journal of Literature and Science_.)

[586] This paragraph is mainly compiled from the _Nasik_ and _Poona_ volumes of the _Bombay Gazetteer_.

[587] _Ficus glomerata_.

[588] _Eugenia jambolana_.

[589] _Calotropis gigantea_.

[590] _Bauhinia racemosa_.

[591] _Poona Gazetteer_, part i. p. 425.

[592] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Rangrez.

[593] _Peasant Life in Bihar_, p. 101, footnote.

[594] Temple and Fallon's _Hindustani Proverbs_.

[595] Based on Sir H. Risley's account of the tribe in the _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, and on notes taken by Mr. Hira Lal at Raigarh.

[596] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, vol. ii. App. I.

[597] _Saccharum spontaneum_.

[598] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Rautia.

[599] This article is based principally on an account of the Sanaurhias written by Mr. C.M. Seagrim, Inspector-General of Police, Indore, and included in Mr. Kennedy's _Criminal Classes of Bombay_ (1908).

[600] Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Sanaurhia.

[601] _Criminal Classes of Bombay Presidency_, pp. 296, 297.

[602] Sleeman's _Reports on the Badhaks_, p. 327.

[603] Mr. Gayer's _Lectures on some Criminal Tribes_.

[604] _Report on the Badhak or Bagri Dacoits_ (1849), p. 328.

[605] J. Hutton, _A Popular Account of the Thugs and Dacoits and Gang-robbers of India_ (London, 1857).

[606] This article is based almost entirely on a description of the Sansias contained in Colonel Sleeman's _Report on the Badhak or Bagri Dacoits_ (1849). Most of the material belongs to a report drawn up at Nagpur by Mr. C. Ramsay, Assistant Resident, in 1845.

[607] Sleeman's _Report on the Badhaks_, p. 253.

[608] _Ibidem_, p. 254.

[609] Sir D. Ibbetson, _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 577.

[610] P. 259.

[611] The description of a dacoity is combined from two accounts given at pp. 257, 273 of Colonel Sleeman's _Report_.

[612] _Sorghum vulgare_.

[613] Made of the bark of the date-palm tied with strips of cloth round some inflammable wood.

[614] Sleeman, p. 263.

[615] But it is unlucky for a snake to cross one's path in front.

[616] Sleeman, pp. 261, 262.

[617] Committee of five persons.

[618] _Ficus religiosa_.

[619] The seer = 2 lbs.

[620] _Criminal Classes in the Bombay Presidency_; Sansias and Berias.

[621] Mr. Gayer, _Central Provinces Police Lectures_; p. 68.

[622] This article is mainly based on a paper by Mr. Rama Prasad Bohidar, Assistant Master, Sambalpur High School.

[623] See article Beldar for a notice of the different groups of earth-workers.

[624] Said to be derived from their name Waddar.

[625] Story of Jasma Odni in Sati Charita Sangrah.

[626] This article is principally based on papers by Munshi Gopinath, Naib-Tahsildar, Sonpur, Mr. Kaluram Pachore, Assistant Settlement Officer, Sambalpur, and Mr. Hira Lal, Assistant Gazetteer Superintendent.

[627] _Archaeological Reports_, vol. xvii. pp. 120, 122.

[628] _India Census Report_ (1901), p. 283.

[629] _Archaeological Reports_, vol. xvii. p. 113.

[630] Crooke's _Tribes and Castes of N.W.P._, art Savara.

[631] _Tribes and Castes of N.W.P._, art. Savara.

[632] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Savar.

[633] _F. glomerata_.

[634] _Balaghat Gazetteer_, C.E. Low, p. 207.

[635] _Bhandara Settlement Report_ (A.J. Lawrence), p. 49.

[636] Major Lucie Smith's _Chanda Settlement Report_ (1869), p. 105.

[637] The following account of the process of gold-washing is taken from Mr. Low's _Balaghat Gazetteer_, p. 201.

[638] This article is compiled from a paper by Mr. Bhagirath Patnaik, Diwan of Rairakhol, and from notes taken by Mr. Hira Lal at Rairakhol.

[639] This article is partly based on an article by Mr. Raghunath Prasad, E.A.C., formerly Deputy Superintendent of Census, with extracts from the late Mr. Nunn's Monograph on the Gold and Silver Industries, and on information furnished by Krishna Rao, Revenue Inspector, Mandla.

[640] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Sunar.

[641] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xvii. p. 134.

[642] See articles on Kunbi and Kurmi.

[643] Monograph on the Gold and Silverware of the Central Provinces (Mr. H. Nunn, I.C.S.), 1904. The tola is a rupee's weight, or two-fifths of an ounce.

[644] _Journal of Indian Art_, July 1909, p. 172.

[645] From a monograph on rural customs in Saugor, by Major W.D. Sutherland, I.M.S.

[646] Lang, _Myth, Ritual and Religion_, i. p. 98.

[647] _2 King Henry IV._ Act IV. Sc. 4.

[648] _Religion of the Semites_, note B., p. 453.

[649] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Poona_, App. D., Ornaments.

[650] _Religion of the Semites_, Lecture III.

[651] 2 lbs.

[652] From a paper on Caste Panchayats, by the Rev. Failbus, C.M.S. Mission, Mandla.

[653] Rajendra Lal Mitra, _Indo-Aryans_ vol. i. p. 231.

[654] _Introduction to the History of Religion_, 3rd ed. p. 172.

[655] Monograph, _loc. cit._

[656] This account is taken from Buchanan's _Eastern India_, vol. ii. p. 100.

[657] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xii. p. 71.

[658] Temple and Fallon's _Hindustani Proverbs._

[659] _Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat,_ pp. 199, 200.

[660] Pandian's _Indian Village Folk_, p. 41.

[661] This article is compiled from a paper by Mr. D. Mitra, pleader, Sambalpur.

[662] _Madras Census Report_, 1891, p. 301.

[663] This article is based on information: contributed by Nand Kishore, Nazir of the Deputy Commissioner's Office, Damoh; Mr. Tarachand Dube, Municipal Member, Bilaspur; and Mr. Aduram Chaudhri of the Gazetteer Office.

[664] This article is based on papers by Mr. Prem Narayan, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Chanda; Mr. Mir Pacha, Tahsildar, Seoni; Mr. Chintaman Rao, Tahsildar, Chanda; and Mr. K.G. Vaidya, Chanda.

[665] _C.P. Census Report_ (1911), p. 147, referring to Professor Karl Pearson's _Chances of Death_.

[666] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Teli.

[667] _Bassia latifolia._

[668] _Hindus of Gujarat_, p. 72.

[669] Weighing. 2 oz. each.

[670] _Phaseolus radiatas._

[671] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Teli.

[672] _Acacia arabica_.

[673] _Melia indica_.

[674] _Indian Folk Tales_, p. 10.

[675] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Teli.

[676] _Rajasthan_, vol. ii. pp. 678, 679.

[677] Thevenot's _Travels_, Part III. p. 41, quoted in Dr. Sherwood's account, _Ramaseeana_, p. 359.

[678] Sleeman, p. 11.

[679] P. 144.

[680] P. 162.

[681] P. 147.

[682] P. 205.

[683] Hutton's _Thugs and Dacoits_.

[684] Sleeman, p. 170.

[685] Sleeman, p. 168.

[686] He was called Feringia because he was born while his mother was fleeing from an attack on her village by troops under European officers (Feringis).

[687] Sleeman, p. 205.

[688] Hutton, p. 70.

[689] _Ibidem_, p. 71.

[690] Pp. 34, 35.

[691] See _Cults, Customs and Superstitions of India_, p. 249.

[692] Pp. 32, 33.

[693] Kandeli adjoins the headquarters station of Narsinghpur, the two towns being divided only by a stream.

[694] P. 23.

[695] Near Bilehri in Jubbulpore.

[696] Captain Lowis in Sleeman's _Report on the Thug Gangs_ (1840).

[697] Pp. 15, 16.

[698] P. 7.

[699] P. 150.

[700] Sleeman's _Report on the Thug Gangs_, Introduction, p. vi.

[701] P. 142.

[702] P. 216.

[703] 'Oh Kali, Eater of Men, Oh great Kali of Calcutta.' The name Calcutta signifies Kali-ghat or Kali-kota, that is Kali's ferry or house. The story is that Job Charnock was exploring on the banks of the Hoogly, when he found a widow about to be burnt as a sacrifice to Kali. He rescued her, married her, and founded a settlement on the site, which grew into the town of Calcutta.

[704] P. 133.

[705] P. 173.

[706] _Orphéus_, p. 170.

[707] Dhamoni is an old ruined fort and town in the north of Saugor District, still a favourite haunt of tigers; and the Thugs may often have lain there in concealment and heard the tigers quarrelling in the jungle.

[708] Sleeman, p. 196.

[709] P. 91.

[710] P. 67.

[711] P. 100.

[712] _Orphéus_ (M. Salomon Reinach), p. 316.

[713] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Turi.

[714] _North Arcot Manual_, i. p. 216.

[715] _Indian Antiquary_ (1879), p. 216.

[716] This article is compiled from papers by Mr. W.A. Tucker, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Bhandara, and Mr. B.M. Deshmukh, Pleader, Chanda.

[717] Buchanan, _Eastern India_, i. p. 186.

[718] Rand = widow or prostitute.

[719] The term Kunwar is a title applied to the eldest son of a chief.

[720] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xviii. p. 185.

[721] _Nagpur Settlement Report_, p. 27.

[722] This article is partly based on a paper by Pandit Pyare Lal Misra, ethnographic clerk.

[723] Vol. xx. pp. 189-190.

[724] _Bombay Gazetteer_; vol. xxii. p. 212.

[725] _Madras Census Report_ (1891).

[726] _Madras Census Report_ (1901).

[727] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xxi. pp. 170, 171.

[728] _Tribes and Castes of Southern India_, art. Korava.

[729] _North Arcot Manual_, p. 247.

[730] _Ind. Ant._ vol. iii., 1874, p. 157.

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