Part 57

[470] Ethnology of Bengal, pp. 128, 129.

[471] Ibidem, pp. 209, 210.

[472] Tribes and Castes, art. Kharwar.

[473] Tribes and Castes of Bengal.

[474] From bhuj, an arm, and jangh, a thigh. These are Hindi words, and the whole story is obviously a Brahmanical legend. Balrai seems a corruption of Balaram, the brother of Krishna.

[475] Estate held on feudal tenure.

[476] Religion and Folklore of Northern India, vol. ii. p. 170.

[477] Crooke, Tribes and Castes.

[478] Saccharum spontaneum.

[479] Tribes and Castes, art. Birhor.

[480] The above instances are reproduced from Sir J. G. Frazer's Psyche's Task (London, 1909). These cases are all of homicide, but it seems likely that the action of the Khairwars may be based on the same motives, as the fear of ghosts is strong among these tribes.

[481] Risley, loc. cit.

[482] Ethnology of Bengal, pp. 128, 129.

[483] Crooke's Tribes and Castes, art. Khairwa. Quoting from Bombay Gazetteer, x. 48 and iii. 310.

[484] Loc. cit.

[485] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Khandait. In 1911, after the transfer of Sambalpur, only 18 Khandaits remained in the Central Provinces.

[486] The following particulars are from a paper by Mr. Kashinath Bohidar, Assistant Settlement Superintendent, Sonpur.

[487] Compiled principally from a paper by Kanhya Lal, clerk in the Gazetteer Office.

[488] Carthamus tinctorius.

[489] In the Ethnographic Appendices to the India Census Report of 1901 a slightly different version of the story is given by Captain Luard. The Dangis, it must be remembered, are a high caste ranking just below Rajputs.

[490] This article is mainly based on notes taken by Rai Bahadur Hira Lal at Raigarh, with extracts from Colonel Dalton's and Sir H. Risley's accounts of the tribe.

[491] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Kharia.

[492] Saccharum spontaneum. This grass infests cultivated fields and is very difficult to eradicate.

[493] Melia indica.

[494] Ethnology of Bengal.

[495] Jungle Life in India, p. 89.

[496] Linguistic Survey, vol. iv. Munda and Dravidian Languages, p. 22.

[497] Ibidem, p. 129.

[498] Mr. Crooke's Tribes and Castes, art. Khatik.

[499] Census Report (1881), para. 502.

[500] This statement does not apply to the Chamars of the Central Provinces.

[501] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Khatik.

[502] Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat, pp. 55, 56.

[503] Tribes and Castes, art. Khatri.

[504] Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat, p. 55.

[505] Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat, p. 189.

[506] Ibidem, pp. 58, 59.

[507] Hindus of Gujarat, pp. 58, 59.

[508] This article consists mainly of extracts from Mr. F. L. Faridi's full account of the Khojahs in the Bombay Gazetteer, Muhammadans of Gujarat.

[509] Kandh is the Uriya spelling, and Kond or Khond that of the Telugus.

[510] Linguistic Survey of India.

[511] Narsingha means a man-lion and is one of Vishnu's incarnations; this subsept would seem, therefore, to have been formed since the Khonds adopted Hinduism.

[512] In Orissa, however, relationship through females is a bar to marriage, as recorded in Sir H. Risley's article.

[513] Report on the Khonds, p. 56.

[514] Report, p. 59.

[515] Sir H. Risley notes that the elephant represented the earth-goddess herself, who was here conceived in elephant form. In the hill tracts of Gumsur she was represented in peacock form, and the post to which the victim was bound bore the effigy of a peacock. Macpherson also records that when the Khonds attacked the victim they shouted, 'No sin rests on us; we have bought you with a price.'

[516] Golden Bough, 2nd ed. vol. ii. p. 241 sq.

[517] Pages 517-519. Published 1906.

[518] Journal, A. S. of Bengal, 1898.

[519] Sir G. A. Grierson's Linguistic Survey, Munda and Dravidian Languages.

[520] This article is compiled principally from a paper by Pandit Sakharam, Revenue Inspector, Hoshangabad District.

[521] Tod's Rajasthan, vol. ii. p. 327.

[522] Elliott's Hoshangabad Settlement Report, p. 60.

[523] Compiled from papers by Mr. Mulchand, Deputy Inspector of Schools, Betul; Mr. Shams-ul-Husain, Tahsildar, Sohagpur; Mr. Kalyan Chand, Manager, Court of Wards, Betul; and Kanhya Lal, clerk in the Gazetteer Office.

[524] Hoshangabad Settlement Report (1867), p. 60.

[525] History of the Sikhs, p. 15, footnote.

[526] Ibbetson's Census Report (1881), p. 297.

[527] Nagpur Settlement Report, p. 24.

[528] Mr. Lawrence's Bhandara Settlement Report (1867), p. 46.

[529] Bombay Gazetteer, Satara, p. 106.

[530] See article on Kunbi.

[531] Bhandara District Gazetteer, para. 90.

[532] Bhandara Settlement Report.

[533] Ibidem.

[534] Subordinate revenue officer.

[535] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Bhumij.

[536] The Mundas and their Country, p. 400.

[537] Linguistic Survey, Munda and Dravidian Languages, vol. vi. p. 7.

[538] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Munda.

[539] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, p. 15.

[540] Introduction to The Mundas and their Country, p. 9.

[541] Introduction to The Mundas and their Country, p. 9.

[542] Garha is six miles from Jubbulpore.

[543] The Mundas and their Country, p. 124.

[544] Rasmala, i. p. 113.

[545] Two baskets slung from a stick across the shoulders.

[546] Dalton, Ethnology of Bengal, p. 166.

[547] Dalton, p. 152.

[548] November, January and February.

[549] Tribes and Castes, art. Munda.

[550] Thuiya, Bhuiya is a mere jingle.

[551] J.A.S.B., No. 1 of 1903, p. 31.

[552] Dalton, ibidem.

[553] Mr. B. C. Mazumdar's Monograph.

[554] Roy, ibidem, p. 428.

[555] The Mundas and their Country, p. 121.

[556] Linguistic Survey, vol. iv., Munda and Dravidian Languages, p. 27.

[557] This article includes some extracts from notes made by Colonel Mackenzie when Commissioner of Berar, and subsequently published in the Pioneer newspaper; and information collected for the District Gazetteers in Yeotmal and Wardha.

[558] Papers relating to the Aboriginal Tribes of the Central Provinces, p. 10.

[559] Ibidem, Editor's Note.

[560] Linguistic Survey, vol. iv., Munda and Dravidian Languages, p. 561.

[561] India Census Report (1901), p. 287.

[562] Hunter's Imperial Gazetteer, art. Kolamallai hills.

[563] Based partly on papers by Mr. Bihari Lal, Naib-Tahsildar, Bilaspur, and Mr. Aduram Chaudhri of the Gazetteer Office.

[564] For further information the articles on Sansia and Beria may be consulted.

[565] Andropagon Schoenanthus.

[566] Gunthorpe, loc. cit.

[567] Ibidem, p. 49.

[568] Kitts, loc. cit.

[569] Ind. Ant. iii. p. 185, Satara Gazetteer, p. 119.

[570] Lyall's Berar Gazetteer, pp. 103-5.

[571] Kathiawar Gazetteer, p. 140.

[572] Crooke's edition of Hobson-Jobson, art. Koli.

[573] Bombay City Census Report (1901) (Edwards).

[574] Gujarat Gazetteer, p. 238.

[575] Golden Book of India, s.v.

[576] Semecarpus anacardium, the marking-nut tree.

[577] Kitts, Berar Census Report (1881), p. 131.

[578] Akola Gazetteer (Mr. C. Brown), p. 116.

[579] P. 197.

[580] Hindus of Gujarat, l.c.

[581] Indian Antiquary, vol. iii. p. 236.

[582] Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat, p. 250.

[583] Indian Antiquary, vol. iii. p. 236.

[584] This article is largely compiled from an interesting paper submitted by Mr. Parmanand Tiwari, Extra Assistant Commissioner and Assistant Settlement Officer, Sambalpur.

[585] Phaseolus mungo.

[586] Madras Census Report (1901), p. 162.

[587] Mysore Ethnographic Survey, Komati caste (H. V. Nanjundayya).

[588] H. V. Nanjundayya, loc. cit.

[589] H. V. Nanjundayya, loc. cit.

[590] Tribes and Castes of the North-West Provinces, iii. 316.

[591] This article is largely based on a monograph contributed by Mr. H. R. Crosthwaite, Assistant Commissioner, Hoshangabad, and contains also extracts from a monograph by Mr. Ganga Prasad Khatri, Forest Divisional Officer, Betul, and from the description of the Korkus given by Mr. (Sir Charles) Elliott in the Hoshangabad Settlement Report (1867), and by Major Forsyth in the Nimar Settlement Report (1868-69).

[592] Risley's Tribes and Castes of Bengal, Appendix V.: Korwa.

[593] See also art. Kol.

[594] The local term for the god Siva.

[595] Bauhinia Vahlii.

[596] Bassia latifolia, Buchanania latifolia, Gmelina arborea and Sterculia urens.

[597] Nearly 3 1/2 tons.

[598] Paspalum scrobiculatum, Panicum psilopodium, Coix Lachryma, Eleusine coracana, Saccharum officianarum, Setaria italica, Oryza sativa.

[599] Eugenia jambolana.

[600] Makyatotha, Jondhratotha, Dharsiima, Changri, Lobo, Khambi, Dagde, Kullya, Bursuma and Killibhasam.

[601] Zizyphus jujuba.

[602] The tiger-god.

[603] The above passage is taken from Mr. (Sir Charles) Elliott's Hoshangabad Settlement Report written in 1867. Since that time the belief in the magical powers of the Bhumka has somewhat declined.

[604] A small measure for grain.

[605] Most of the information in this paragraph is taken from Mr. Ganga Prasad Khatri's Report.

[606] Boswellia serrata.

[607] This article is based on Colonel Dalton's account of the tribe and on notes by Mr. N. T. Kunte, Jailor, Sarguja, and Mr. Narbad Dhanu Sao, Assistant Manager, Uprora.

[608] Ethnology of Bengal, p. 221.

[609] Shorea robusta.

[610] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 229.

[611] Ethnology of Bengal, p. 228.

[612] Ethnology of Bengal, pp. 228, 229.

[613] Bauhinia Vahlii.

[614] Believed to be some kind of vulture.

[615] This article is based on a good paper by Mr. Raghunath Waman Vaidya, schoolmaster, Hinganghat, and others by Mr. M. E. Hardas, Tahsildar, Umrer, and Messrs. Aduram Chaudhri and Pyare Lal Misra of the Gazetteer Office.

[616] V. Nanjundayya, Monograph on the Sale Caste (Mysore Ethnographical Survey).

[617] With this may be compared the tradition of the sweeper caste that winnowing fans and sieves were first made out of bones and sinews.

[618] Kitts, Berar Census Report (1881), p. 127.

[619] Bauhinia Rusa.

[620] Sir H. Risley's Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Tanti.