Part 18

Boys are invested with the sacred thread at the age of five, seven or nine years, and until that time they are considered to be Sudras and not members of the caste. From a hundred to three hundred rupees may be spent on the investiture. On the day before the ceremony a Brahman and his wife are invited to take food, and a yellow thread with a mango leaf is tied round the boy's wrist. The spirits of other boys who died before their thread ceremony was performed and of women of the family who died before their husbands are invited to attend. These are represented by young boys and married women of other families who come to the house and are bathed and anointed with turmeric and oil, and given presents of sugar and new clothes. Next day the initiate is seated on a platform in a shed erected for the purpose and puts on the sacred thread made of cotton and also a strip of the skin of the black-buck with a silk apron and cap. The boy's father takes him on his lap and whispers or, as the Hindus say, blows the Gayatri mantra or sacred text into his ear. A sacrifice is performed, and the friends and fellow-castemen of the family make presents to the boy of copper and silver coin. The amount thus given is not used by the parents, but is spent on the boy's education or on the purchase of an ornament for him. On the conclusion of the ceremony the boy mounts a wooden model of a horse and pretends to set out for Benares. His paternal uncle then says to him, 'Why are you going away?' And the boy replies, 'Because you have not married me.' His uncle then promises to find a bride for him and he gives up his project. The part played by the maternal uncle in this ceremony is probably a survival of the period of the matriarchate, when a man's property descended to his sister's son. He would thus naturally claim the boy as a husband for his own daughter, and such a marriage apparently became customary and in course of time acquired binding force. And although all recollection of the rule of inheritance through women has long been forgotten, the marriage of a brother's daughter to a sister's son is still considered peculiarly suitable, and the idea that it is the duty of the maternal uncle to find a bride for his nephew appears to be simply a development of this. The above account also gives reason for supposing that the investiture with the sacred thread was originally a ceremony of puberty.

6. Funeral customs.

The dead are burnt and the ashes thrown into water or carried to the Ganges. A small piece of gold, two or three small pearls, and some basil leaves are put into the mouth, and flowers, red powder and betel leaves are spread over the corpse. The son or male heir of the deceased walks in front carrying fire in an earthen pot. At a small distance from the burning-ground, when the bearers change places, he picks up a stone, known as the life-stone or jivkhada. This is afterwards buried at the burning-ghat until the priest comes to effect the purification of the mourners on the tenth day. It is then dug up, set up and worshipped, and thrown into a well. A man is burnt naked; a woman in a robe and bodice. The heads of widows are not shaved as a rule, but on the tenth day after her husband's death a widow is asked whether she would like her head shaved; if she refuses, the people conclude that she intends to marry again. But if the deceased left no male heir to carry behind his bier the burning wood with which the funeral pyre is to be kindled, then the widow must be shaved before the funeral starts and perform this duty. If there is no male relative and no widow, the pot containing fire is tied to the bier. When the corpse of a woman who has died in child-bed is being carried to the burning-ground various rites are observed to prevent her spirit from becoming a Churel and troubling the living. A lemon charmed by a magician is buried under the corpse and a man follows the body strewing the seeds of rala, while nails are driven into the threshold of the house. [137]

7. Social position.

The caste has now a fairly high social status and ranks above the Kunbis. They abstain from all flesh and from liquor and will take food only from the hands of a Maratha Brahman, while Kunbis and other cultivating and serving castes will accept food from their hands. They worship Siva principally on Mondays, this day being sacred to the deity, who carries the moon as an ornament on his head, crowning the matted locks from which the Ganges flows.

8. The Jain Guraos.

Of the Jain Guraos Mr. Enthoven quotes the following interesting description from the Bombay Gazetteer: "They are mainly servants in village temples which, though dedicated to Brahmanic gods, have still by their sides broken remains of Jain images. This, and the fact that most of the temple land-grants date from a time when Jainism was the State religion, support the theory that the Jain Guraos are probably Jain temple servants who have come under the influence partly of Lingayatism and partly of Brahmanism. A curious survival of their Jainism occurs at Dasahra, Shimga and other leading festivals, when the village deity is taken out of the temple and carried in procession. On these occasions, in front of the village god's palanquin, three, five or seven of the villagers, among whom the Gurao is always the leader, carry each a long, gaily-painted wooden pole resting against their right shoulder. At the top of the pole is fastened a silver mask or hand and round it is draped a rich silk robe. Of these poles, the chief one, carried by the Gurao, is called the Jain's pillar, Jainacha khamb."

HALBA

List of Paragraphs

1. Traditions of the caste. 2. Halba landowners in Bastar and Bhandara. 3. Internal structure. Subcastes. 4. Exogamous sections. 5. Theory of the origin of the caste. 6. Marriage. 7. Importance of the sister's son. 8. The wedding ceremony. 9. Going-away ceremony. 10. Widow-marriage and divorce. 11. Religion. 12. Disposal of the dead. 13. Propitiating the spirits of those who have died a violent death. 14. Impurity of women. 15. Childbirth. 16. Names. 17. Social status. 18. Caste panchayat. 19. Dress. 20. Tattooing. 21. Occupation.

1. Traditions of the caste.

Halba, Halbi. [138]--A caste of cultivators and farmservants whose home is the south of the Raipur District and the Kanker and Bastar States; from here small numbers of them have spread to Bhandara and parts of Berar. In 1911 they numbered 100,000 persons in the combined Provinces. The Halbas have several stories relating to their own origin. One of these, reported by Mr. Gokul Prasad, is as follows: One of the Uriya Rajas had erected four scarecrows in his field to keep off the birds. One night Mahadeo and Parvati were walking on the earth and happened to pass that way, and Parvati saw them and asked what they were. When it was explained to her she thought that as they had excited her interest something should be done for them, and at her request Mahadeo gave them life and they became two men and two women. Next morning they presented themselves before the Raja and told him what had happened. The Raja said, "Since you have come on earth, you must have a caste. Run after Mahadeo and find out what caste you should belong to." So they ran after the god and inquired of him, and he said that as they had excited his and Parvati's attention by waving in the wind they should be called Halba, from halna, to wave. This story is clearly based on one of those fanciful punning derivations so dear to the Brahmanical mind, but the legend about being created from scarecrows is found among other agricultural castes of non-Aryan origin, as the Lodhis. The story continues that the reason why the Halbas came to settle in Bastar and Kanker was that they had accompanied one of the Rajas of Jagannath in Orissa, who was afflicted with leprosy, to the Sihawa jungles, where he proposed to pass the rest of his life in retirement. On a certain day the Raja went out hunting with his dogs, one of which was quite white. This dog jumped into a spring of water and came out with his white skin changed to copper red. The Raja, observing this miracle, bathed in the spring himself and was cured of his leprosy. He then wished to return to Orissa, but the Halbas induced him to remain in his adopted country, and he became the ancestor of the Rajas of Kanker. The Halbas are still the household servants of the Kanker family, and when a fresh chief succeeds, one of them, who has the title of Kapardar, takes him to the temple and invests him with the Durbar ki poshak or royal robes, affixing also the tika or badge of office on his forehead with turmeric, rice and sandalwood, and rubbing his body over with ottar of roses. Until lately the Kapardar's family had a considerable grant of rent-free land, but this has now been taken away. A Halba is or was also the priest of the temple at Sihawa, which is said to have been built by the first Raja over the spring where he was healed of his leprosy. The Halbas are also connected with the Rajas of Bastar, and a suggestion has been made [139] that they originally belonged to the Telugu country and came with the Rajas of Bastar from Warangal in the Deccan. Mr. Gilder derives the name from an old Canarese word Halbar or Halbaru, meaning 'old ones or ancients' or 'primitive inhabitants.' The Halba dialect, however, contains no traces of Canarese, and on the question of their entering Bastar with the Rajas, Rai Bahadur Panda Baijnath, Diwan of Bastar, writes as follows: In the following saying relating to the coming of the Bastar Rajas, which is often repeated, the Halba's name does not occur:

Chalkibans Raja Dibdibi baja. Kosaria Rawat Pita Bhatra. Peng Parja Raja Muria. Tendukhuti Pania lava.

Which may be rendered: "The Raja was of the Chalki race. [140] The drum was called Dibdibi. Kosaria Rawat, Pita Bhatra, Peng Parja and Raja Muria, [141] these four castes came with the Raja. The tribute paid (to the Raja) was a comb of tendu wood and a lava quail." This doggerel rhyme is believed to recall the circumstances of the immigration of the Bastar Rajas. So the Halbas did not perhaps come with the Raja, but they were his guards for a long time. In the Dasahra ceremony a Halba carried the royal Chhatra or Umbrella, and the Raja walked under the protection of another Halba's naked sword. A Halba's widows were not sold and his intestate property was not taken over by the Raja.

2. Halba landowners in Bastar and Bhandara.

Thus the Halbas occupy a comparatively honourable position in Bastar. They are the highest local caste with the exception of the Brahmans, the Dhakars or illegitimate descendants of Brahmans, and a few Rajput families. The reason for this is no doubt that they have become landholders in the State, a position which it would not be difficult for them to acquire when their only rivals were the Gonds. They are moderately good cultivators, and in Dhamtari can hold their own with Hindus, so that they could well surpass the Gond. Traditions also remain in Bastar of a Halba revolt. It is said that during Raja Daryao Deo's reign, about 125 years back, the Halbas rebelled and many were thrown down a waterfall ninety feet high, one only of these escaping with his life. The eyes of some were also put out as a punishment for the oppression they had exercised, and a stone inscription at Donger records the oath of fealty taken by the Halbas before the image of Danteshwari, the tutelary deity of Bastar, after their insurrection was put down in Samvat 1836 or A.D. 1779. The Halbas were thus a caste of considerable influence, since they could attempt to subvert the ruling dynasty. In Bhandara again the caste have quite a different story, and say that they came from the United Provinces or, according to another version, the Makrai State, where they were of the status of Rajputs and wore the sacred thread. There a girl of their family, of great beauty, was asked in marriage by a Muhammadan king. The father could not refuse the king, but would not give his daughter in marriage to one not of his own caste. So he fled south and took asylum with the Gond Raja of Chanda, from whom the Halba zamindars subsequently received their estates. It seems unnecessary to attach any importance to this story; the tale of the beautiful daughter is most hackneyed, and the whole has probably been devised by the Brahmans to give the Halba zamindars of Bhandara a more respectable ancestry than they could claim if they admitted having come from Bastar, certainly no home of Rajputs. But if this supposition is correct it is interesting to note how a legend may show a caste as originating in some place with which it never had any connection whatever; and it seems a necessary conclusion that no importance can be attached to such traditions without corroborating evidence.

3. Internal structure: subcastes.

The caste have local divisions known as Bastarha, Chhattisgarhia and Marethia, according as they live in Bastar, Chhattisgarh, or Bhandara and the other Maratha Districts. The last two groups, however, intermarry, so only the Bastar Halbas really form a separate subcaste. But the caste is also everywhere divided into two groups of pure and mixed Halbas. These are known in Bastar and Chhattisgarh as Purait or Nekha, and Surait or Nayak, respectively, and in Bhandara as Barpangat and Khalpangat or those of good and bad stock. The Suraits or Khalpangats are said to be of mixed origin, born from Halba fathers and women of other castes. But in past times unions of Halba mothers and men of other castes were perhaps not less frequent. These two sets of groups do not intermarry. A Surait Halba will take food from a Purait, but the Puraits do not return the compliment; though in some localities they will accept food which does not contain salt. The two divisions will take water from each other and exchange leaf-pipes. In Bhandara the Barpangat or pure Halbas have now further split into two groups, the zamindari families having constituted themselves into a separate subdivision; they practise hypergamy with the others, taking daughters from them in marriage but not giving their daughters to them. This is simply of a piece with their claim to be Rajputs, hypergamy being a custom of northern India.

4. Exogamous sections.

The exogamous sections of the caste afford further evidence of their mixed origin. Many of the names recorded are those of other castes, as Baretha (a washerman), Bhoyar (Bhoi or bearer), Rawat (herdsman), Barhai (carpenter), Malia (Mali or gardener), Dhakar (Vidur or illegitimate Brahman), Bhandari (barber), Pardhan (Gond), Mankar (title of various tribes), Sahara (Saonr), Kanderi (turner), Agri (Agarwala Bania), Baghel (a sept of Rajputs), Elmia (from Velama, Telugu cultivators), and Chalki and Ponwar (Chalukya and Panwar Rajputs). It may be concluded that these groups are descended from ancestors of the caste after which they are named. There are also a number of territorial and titular names of the usual type, and many totemistic names, as Ghorapatia (a horse), Kawaliha (lotus), Aurila (tamarind), Lendia (a tree), Gohi (a lizard), Manjur (a peacock), Bhringraj (a blackbird) and so on. In Bastar they revere the animal or plant after which their sept is named and will not kill or injure it. If a man accidentally kills his devak or sacred animal he will tear off a small piece of his cloth and throw it away to make a shroud for the corpse. A few of them will break their earthen pots as if a relative had died in their house, but this is not general. In Bastar the totemistic groups are named barags, and many men also belong to a thok, having some titular name which they use as a surname. Nowadays marriage is avoided by persons having the same thok or surname as well as between those of the same barag.

5. Theory of the origin of the caste.

In view of the information available the most probable theory of the origin of the Halbas is that they were a mixed caste, born of irregular alliances between the Uriya Rajas and their retainers with the women of their household servants and between the different servants themselves. Mr. Gokul Prasad points out that many of the names of Halba sections are those of the haguas or household menials of the Uriya chiefs. The Halbas, according to their own story, came here in attendance on one of the chiefs, and are still employed as household servants in Kanker and Bastar. They are clearly a caste of mixed origin as they still admit women of other castes married by Halba men into the community, and one of their two subcastes in each locality consists of families of impure descent. The Dhakars of Bastar are the illegitimate offspring of Brahmans with women of the country who have grown into a caste, and Mr. Panda Baijnath quotes a proverb, saying that 'The Halbas and Dhakars form two portions of a bedsheet.' Instances of other castes similarly formed are the Audhelias of Bilaspur, who are said to be the offspring of Daharia Rajputs by their kept women, and the Bargahs, descended from the nurses of Rajput families. The name Halba might be derived from hal, a plough, and be a variant for harwaha, the common term for a farmservant in the northern Districts. This derivation they give themselves in one of their stories, saying that their first ancestor was created from a sod of earth on the plough of Balaram or Haladhara, the brother of Krishna; and it has also the support of Sir G. Grierson. The caste includes no doubt a number of Gonds, Rawats (herdsmen) and others, and it may be partly occupational, consisting of persons employed as farmservants by the Hindu settlers. The farmservant in Chhattisgarh has a very definite position, his engagement being permanent and his wages consisting always in a fourth share of the produce, which is divided among them when several are employed. The caste have a peculiar dialect of their own, which Dr. Grierson describes as follows: [142] "Linguistic evidence also points to the fact that the Halbas are an aboriginal tribe, who have adopted Hinduism and an Aryan language. Their dialect is a curious mixture of Uriya, Chhattisgarhi and Marathi, the proportions varying according to the locality. In Bhandara it is nearly all Marathi, but in Bastar it is much more mixed and has some forms which look like Telugu." If the home of the Halbas was in the debateable land between Chhattisgarh and the Uriya country to the east and south of the Mahanadi, their dialect might, as Mr. Hira Lal points out, have originated here. They themselves give the ruined but once important city of Sihawa on the banks of the Mahanadi in this tract as that of their first settlement; and Uriya is spoken to the east of Sihawa and Marathi to the west, while Chhattisgarhi is the language of the locality itself and of the country extending north and south. Subsequently the Halbas served as soldiers in the armies of the Ratanpur kings and their position no doubt considerably improved, so that in Bastar they became an important landholding caste. Some of these soldiers may have migrated west and taken service under the Gond kings of Chanda, and their descendants may now be represented by the Bhandara zamindars, who, however, if this theory be correct, have entirely forgotten their origin. Others took up weaving and have become amalgamated with the Koshti caste in Bhandara and Berar.

6. Marriage.

Girls are not usually married until they are above ten years old, or nearly adult as age goes in India; but there is no rule on the subject. Many girls reach twenty without entering wedlock. If the parents are too poor to pay for their daughter's marriage the neighbours will subscribe. In Bastar, however, the Uriya custom prevails, and an unmarried girl in whom the signs of puberty appear is put out of caste. In such a case her father marries her to a mahua tree. The strictness of the rule on this subject among the Uriyas is probably due to the strength of Brahmanical influence, the priestly caste possessing more power and property in Sambalpur and Orissa than in almost any part of India. If a death occurs in the family of the bridegroom just before the date fixed for the wedding, and the ceremonies of purification cannot be completed prior to it, the bride is formally wedded to an achar [143] or mahua tree; [144] the marriage crown is tied on to the tree, and the bride walks round it seven times. After the bridegroom's purification the couple are taken to the same tree, and here the forehead of the bridegroom is marked with turmeric paste and rice. The couple sit one on each side of the tree, and the Tikawan ceremony or presentation of gifts by the relatives and friends is performed, and the marriage is considered to be complete. If an unmarried girl goes wrong with an outsider of low caste she is expelled from the community; but if with a member of a caste from whom a Halba can take water she may be readmitted to caste, provided she has not eaten food cooked in an earthen pot from the hands of her seducer; but not if she has done so. If there be a child of the seducer she must wait until it be weaned and either taken by the putative father or given away to a Chamar or Gond. The girl can then be given in marriage to any Halba as a widow. Women of other castes married by Halbas are admitted into the community. This happens most frequently in the case of women of the Rawat (herdsman) caste.

7. Importance of the sister's son.

A match which is commonly arranged where practicable is that of a brother's daughter to a sister's son. And a man always shows a special regard and respect for his sister's son, touching his feet as to a superior, while, whenever he desires to make a gift as an offering of thanks or atonement or as a meritorious action, the sister's son is the recipient. At his death he usually leaves a substantial legacy, such as one or two buffaloes, to his sister's son, the remainder of the property going to his own family. This recognition of a special relationship is probably a survival of the matriarchate, when property descended through women, and a sister's son would be his uncle's heir. Thus a man would naturally desire to marry his daughter to his nephew in order that she might participate in his property, and hence arose the custom of making this match, which is still the most favoured among the Halbas and Gonds, though the reasons which led to it have been forgotten for several centuries.

8. The wedding ceremony.