CHAPTER 1.--Having called a council, the high priests and the scribes

Annas and Caiaphas and Semes and Dathaes, and Gamaliel, Judas, Levi and Nepthalim, Alexander and Jaïrus, and the rest of the Jews, came to Pilate accusing Jesus about many things, saying: We know this man to be the son of Joseph the carpenter, born of Mary; and he says that he is the Son of God, and a king; moreover, profanes the Sabbath, and wishes to do away with the law of our fathers. Pilate says: And what are the things which he does, to show that he wishes to do away with it? The Jews say: We have a law not to cure anyone on the Sabbath; but this man has, on the Sabbath, cured the lame and the crooked, the withered and the blind and the paralytic, the dumb and the demoniac, by evil practices. Pilate says to them: What evil practices? They say to him: He is a magician, and by Beelzebub, prince of the demons, he casts out the demons, and all are subject to him. Pilate says to them: This is not casting out the demons by an unclean spirit, but by the god Esculapius.

The Jews say to Pilate: We entreat your highness that he stand at the tribunal and be heard. And Pilate, having called them, says: Tell me how I, being a procurator, can try a king? They say to him: We do not say that he is a king, but he himself says that he is. And Pilate, having called the runner, says to him: Let Jesus be brought in with respect. And the runner, going out and recognizing him, adored him, and took his cloak into his hand and spread it on the ground, and says to him: My Lord, walk on this and come in, for the procurator calls thee. And the Jews, seeing what the runner had done, cried out against Pilate, saying: Why hast thou ordered him to come in by a runner, and not by a crier? for assuredly the runner, when he saw him, adored him, and spread his doublet on the ground and made him walk like a king.

And Pilate, having called the runner, says to him: Why hast thou done this, and spread out thy cloak upon the earth and made Jesus walk upon it? The runner says to him: My Lord procurator, when thou didst send me to Jerusalem to Alexander, I saw him sitting upon an ass, and the sons of the Hebrews held branches in their hands and shouted; and others spread their clothes under him saying: Save now, thou who art in the highest; blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord.

The Jews cry out and say to the runner: The sons of the Hebrews shouted in Hebrew; whence, then, hast thou the Greek? The runner says to them: I asked one of the Jews, and said: What is it they are shouting in Hebrew? And he interpreted it for me. Pilate says to them: And what did they shout in Hebrew? The Jews say to him: _Hosanna membrome baruchamma adonai._ Pilate says to them: And this hosanna, etc., how is it interpreted? The Jews say to him: Save now in the highest; blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord. Pilate says to them: If you bear witness to the words spoken by the children, in what has the runner done wrong? And they were silent. And the procurator says to the runner: Go out and bring him in what way thou wilt. And the runner, going out, did in the same manner as before, and says to Jesus: My Lord, come in; the procurator calleth thee.

And Jesus, going in, and the standard bearers holding their standards, the tops of the standards bent down, and adored Jesus. And the Jews, seeing the bearing of the standards how they were bent down and adored Jesus, cried out vehemently against the standard bearers. And Pilate says to the Jews: Do you not wonder how the tops of the standards were bent down and adored Jesus? The Jews say to Pilate: We saw how the standard bearers bent them down and adored him. And the procurator, having called the standard bearers, says to them: Why have you done this? They say to Pilate: We are Greeks and temple slaves, and how could we adore him? and assuredly, as we were holding them up, the tops bent down of their own accord and adored him.

Pilate says to the rulers of the synagogue and the elders of the people: Do you choose for yourselves men strong and powerful, and let them hold up the standards, and let us see whether they will bend down with them. And the elders of the Jews picked out twelve men powerful and strong, and made them hold up the standards six by six; and they were placed in front of the procurator's tribunal. And Pilate says to the runner: Take him outside of the Pretorium, and bring him in again in whatever way may please thee. And Jesus and the runner went out of the Pretorium. And Pilate, summoning those who had formerly held up the standards, says to them: I have sworn by the health of Cæsar, that if the standards do not bend down when Jesus comes in, I will cut off your heads. And the procurator ordered Jesus to come in the second time. And the runner did in the same manner as before, and made many entreaties to Jesus to walk on his cloak. And he walked on it and went in. And as he went in the standards were again bent down and adored Jesus.

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CHAP. 2.--And Pilate, seeing this, was afraid, and sought to go away from the tribunal, but when he was still thinking of going away, his wife sent to him saying: Have nothing to do with this just man, for many things have I suffered on his account this night. And Pilate, summoning the Jews, says to them: You know that my wife is a worshiper of God, and prefers to adhere to the Jewish religion along with you. They say to him: Yes, we know. Pilate says to them: Behold, my wife has sent to me, saying, Have nothing to do with this just man, for many things have I suffered on account of him this night. And the Jews answering, say unto Pilate: Did we not tell thee that he was a sorcerer? Behold, he has sent a dream to thy wife.

And Pilate, having summoned Jesus, says to him: What do these witness against thee? Sayest thou nothing? And Jesus said: Unless they had the power, they would say nothing; for every one has the power of his own mouth to speak both good and evil. They shall see to it.

And the elders of the Jews answered, and said to Jesus: What shall we see? First, that thou wast born of fornication; secondly, that thy birth in Bethlehem was the cause of the murder of the infants; thirdly, that thy father Joseph and thy mother Mary fled into Egypt because they had no confidence in the people.

Some of the bystanders, pious men of the Jews, say: We deny that he was born of fornication; for we know that Joseph espoused Mary, and he was not born of fornication. Pilate says to the Jews who said he was of fornication: This story of yours is not true, because they were betrothed, as also these fellow-countrymen of yours say. Annas and Caiaphas say to Pilate: All the multitude of us cry out that he was born of fornication, and are not believed; these are proselytes and his disciples. And Pilate, calling Annas and Caiaphas, says to them: What are proselytes? They say to him: They are by birth children of the Greeks, and have now become Jews. And those that said that he was not born of fornication, viz.: Lazarus, Asterius, Antonius, James, Amnes, Zeras, Samuel, Isaac, Phinees, Crispus, Agrippas and Judas, say: We are not proselytes, but are children of the Jews, and speak the truth; for we were present at the betrothal of Joseph and Mary.

And Pilate, calling these twelve men who said that he was not born of fornication, says to them: I adjure you, by the health of Cæsar, to tell me whether it be true that you say, that he was not born of fornication. They say to Pilate: We have a law against taking oaths, because it is a sin; but they will swear by the health of Cæsar that it is not as we have said, and we are liable to death. Pilate says to Annas and Caiaphas: Have you nothing to answer to this? Annas and Caiaphas say to Pilate: These twelve are believed when they say that he was not born of fornication; all the multitude of us cry out that he was born of fornication, and that he is a sorcerer; and he says that he is the Son of God and a king, and we are not believed.

And Pilate orders all the multitude to go out, except the twelve men who said that he was not born of fornication, and he ordered Jesus to be separated from them. And Pilate says to them: For what reason do they wish to put him to death? They say to him: They are angry because he cures on the Sabbath. Pilate says: For a good work do they wish to put him to death? They say to him: Yes.

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CHAP. 3.--And Pilate, filled with rage, went outside of the Pretorium and said to them: I take the sun to witness that I find no fault in this man. The Jews answered and said to the procurator: Unless this man were an evil-doer, we should not have delivered him to thee. And Pilate said: Do you take him and judge him according to your law. The Jews said to Pilate: It is not lawful for us to put anyone to death. Pilate said: Has God said that you are not to put to death, but that I am?

And Pilate went again into the Pretorium and spoke to Jesus privately, and said to him: Art thou the king of the Jews? Jesus answered Pilate: Dost thou say this of thyself, or have others said it to thee of me? Pilate answered Jesus: Am I also a Jew? Thy nation and the chief priests have given thee up to me. What hast thou done? Jesus answered: My kingdom is not of this world; for if my kingdom were of this world, my servants would fight in order that I should not be given up to the Jews: but now my kingdom is not from thence. Pilate said to him: Art thou, then, a king? Jesus answered him: Thou sayest that I am king. Because for this have I been born, and I have come, in order that everyone who is of the truth might hear my voice. Pilate says to him: What is truth? Jesus says to him: Truth is from heaven. Pilate says: Is truth not upon earth? Jesus says to Pilate: Thou seest how those who speak the truth are judged by those that have the power upon earth.

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CHAP. 4.--And leaving Jesus within the Pretorium, Pilate went out to the Jews and said to them: I find no fault in him. The Jews say to him: He said, I can destroy this temple, and in three days build it. Pilate says: What temple? The Jews say: The one that Solomon built in forty-six years, and this man speaks of pulling it down and building it up in three days. Pilate says to them: I am innocent of the blood of this just man. See you to it. The Jews say: His blood be upon us and upon our children.

And Pilate, having summoned the elders and priests and Levites, said to them privately: Do not act thus, because no charge that you bring against him is worthy of death; for your charge is about curing and Sabbath profanation. The elders and the priests and the Levites say: If anyone speak evil against Cæsar, is he worthy of death or not? Pilate says: He is worthy of death. The Jews say to Pilate: If anyone speak evil against Cæsar, he is worthy of death; but this man has spoken evil against God.

And the procurator ordered the Jews to go outside of the Pretorium; and, summoning Jesus, he says to him: What shall I do to thee? Jesus says to Pilate: As it has been given to thee. Pilate says: How given? Jesus says: Moses and the prophets have proclaimed beforehand of my death and resurrection. And the Jews, noticing this and hearing it, say to Pilate: What more wilt thou hear of this blasphemy? Pilate says to the Jews: If these words be blasphemous, do you take him for the blasphemy, and lead him away to your synagogue and judge him according to your law. The Jews say to Pilate: Our law bears that a man who wrongs his fellow-men is worthy to receive forty save one: but he that blasphemeth God is to be stoned with stones.

Pilate says to them: Do you take him and punish him in whatever way you please. The Jews say to Pilate: We wish that he be crucified. Pilate says: He is not deserving of crucifixion.

And the procurator, looking round upon the crowds of the Jews standing by, sees many of the Jews weeping, and says: All the multitude do not wish him to die. The elders of the Jews say: For this reason all the multitude of us have come, that he should die. Pilate says to the Jews: Why should he die? The Jews say: Because he called himself the Son of God and King.

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CHAP. 5.--And one Nicodemus, a Jew, stood before the procurator and said: I beseech your honor let me say a few words. Pilate says: Say on. Nicodemus says: I said to the elders and the priests and Levites, and to all the multitude of the Jews in the synagogue, What do you seek to do with this man? This man does many miracles and strange things, which no one has done or will do. Let him go and do not wish any evil against him. If the miracles which he does are of God, they will stand; but if of man, they will come to nothing. For assuredly Moses, being sent by God into Egypt, did many miracles, which the Lord commanded him to do before Pharaoh, king of Egypt. And there were Jannes and Jambres, servants of Pharaoh, and they also did not a few of the miracles which Moses did; and the Egyptians took them to be gods--this Jannes and Jambres. But, since the miracles which they did were not of God, both they and those who believed in them were destroyed. And now release this man, for he is not deserving of death.

The Jews say to Nicodemus: Thou hast become his disciple, and therefore thou defendest him. Nicodemus says to them: Perhaps, too, the procurator has become his disciple, because he defends him. Has the emperor not appointed him to this place of dignity? And the Jews were vehemently enraged, and gnashed their teeth against Nicodemus. Pilate says to them: Why do you gnash your teeth against him when you hear the truth? The Jews say to Nicodemus: Mayst thou receive his truth and his portion. Nicodemus says: Amen, amen; may I receive it, as you have said.

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CHAP. 6.--One of the Jews, stepping up, asked leave of the procurator to say a word. The procurator says: If thou wishest to say anything, say on. And the Jew said: Thirty-eight years I lay in my bed in great agony. And when Jesus came, many demoniacs and many lying ill of various diseases were cured by him. And when Jesus saw me he had compassion on me, and said to me: Take up thy couch and walk. And I took up my couch and walked. The Jews say to Pilate: Ask him on what day it was when he was cured. He that had been cured says: On a Sabbath. The Jews say: Is not this the very thing we said, that on a Sabbath he cures and casts out demons?

And another Jew stepped up and said: I was born blind; I heard sounds, but saw not a face. And as Jesus passed by I cried out with a loud voice, Pity me, O son of David. And he pitied me and put his hands upon my eyes, and I instantly received my sight. And another Jew stepped up and said: I was crooked and he straightened me with a word. And another said: I was a leper, and be cured me with a word.

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CHAP. 7.--And a woman cried out from a distance and said: I had an issue of blood, and I touched the hem of his garment, and the issue of blood, which I had had for twelve years, was stopped. The Jews say: We have a law that a woman's evidence is not received.

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CHAP. 8.--And others, a multitude both of men and women, cried out, saying: This man is a prophet, and the demons are subject to him. Pilate says to them who said that the demons were subject to him: Why, then, were not your teachers also subject to him? They say to Pilate: We do not know. And others said: He raised Lazarus from the tomb after he had been dead four days. And the procurator trembled, and said to all the multitude of the Jews: Why do you wish to pour out innocent blood?

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CHAP. 9.--And, having summoned Nicodemus and the twelve men that said he was not born of fornication, he says to them: What shall I do, because there is an insurrection among the people? They say to him: We know not; let them see to it. Again Pilate, having summoned all the multitude of the Jews, says: You know that it is customary, at the feast of unleavened bread, to release one prisoner to you. I have one condemned prisoner in the prison, a murderer named Bar Abbas, and this man standing in your presence, Jesus in whom I find no fault. Which of them do you wish me to release to you? And they cry out: Bar Abbas. Pilate says: What, then, shall we do to Jesus, who is called Christ? The Jews say: Let him be crucified. And others said: Thou art no friend of Cæsar's if thou release this man, because he called himself the Son of God and King. You wish this man, then, to be a king, and not Cæsar?

And Pilate, in a rage, says to the Jews: Always has your nation been rebellious, and you always speak against your benefactors. The Jews say: What benefactors? He says to them: Your God led you out of the land of Egypt from bitter slavery, and brought you safe through the sea as through dry land, and in the desert fed you with manna and gave you quails, and quenched your thirst with water from a rock, and gave you a law; and in all these things have you provoked your God to anger, and sought a molten calf. And you exasperated your God, and he sought to slay you. And Moses prayed for you, and you were not put to death. And now you charge me with hating the emperor.

And, rising up from the tribunal, he sought to go out. And the Jews cry out and say: We know that Cæsar is king, and not Jesus. For assuredly the magi brought gifts to him as to a king. And when Herod heard from the magi that a king had been born, he sought to slay him, and his father, Joseph, knowing this, took him and his mother, and they fled into Egypt. And Herod, hearing of it, destroyed the children of the Hebrews that had been born in Bethlehem.

And when Pilate heard these words he was afraid; and, ordering the crowd to keep silence, because they were crying out, he says to them: So this is he whom Herod sought? The Jews say: Yes, it is he. And, taking water, Pilate washed his hands in the face of the sun, saying: I am innocent of the blood of this just man: see you to it. Again the Jews cry out: His blood be upon us and upon our children.

Then Pilate ordered the curtain of the tribunal where he was sitting to be drawn, and says to Jesus: Thy nation has charged thee with being a king. On this account, I sentence thee first to be scourged, according to the enactment of venerable kings, and then to be fastened on the cross in the garden where thou was seized. And let Dysmas and Gestas, the two malefactors, be crucified with thee.

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CHAP. 10.--And Jesus went forth out of the Pretorium, and the malefactors with him. And when they came to the place they stripped him of his clothes and girded him with a towel, and put a crown of thorns on him round his head. And they crucified him; and at the same time, also, they hung up the two malefactors along with him. And Jesus said: Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do. And the soldiers parted his clothes among them; and the people stood looking at him. And the chief priests and the rulers with them mocked him, saying: He saved others, let him save himself. If he be the Son of God, let him come down from the cross. And the soldiers made sport of him, coming near and offering him vinegar mixed with gall, and said: Thou art the king of the Jews; save thyself.

And Pilate, after the sentence, ordered the charge against him to be inscribed as a superscription in Greek and Latin and Hebrew, according to what the Jews had said: He is king of the Jews.

And one of the malefactors hanging up spoke to him, saying: If thou be the Christ, save thyself and us. And Dysmas answering reproved him, saying: Dost thou not fear God, because thou art in the same condemnation? And we, indeed, justly, for we receive the fit punishment of our deeds; but this man has done no evil. And he said to Jesus: Remember me, Lord, in thy kingdom. And Jesus said to him: Amen, amen; I say to thee, To-day shalt thou be with me in Paradise.

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CHAP. 11.--And it was about the sixth hour, and there was darkness over the earth until the ninth hour, the sun being darkened; and the curtain of the temple was split in the middle. And, crying out with a loud voice, Jesus said: Father, _baddach ephkid ruel_, which is, interpreted, Into thy hands I commit my spirit. And, having said this, he gave up the ghost. And the centurion, seeing what had happened, glorified God and said: This was a just man. And all the crowds that were present at this spectacle, when they saw what had happened, beat their breasts and went away.

And the centurion reported what had happened to the procurator. And when the procurator and his wife heard it they were exceedingly grieved, and neither ate nor drank that day. And Pilate sent for the Jews and said to them: Have you seen what has happened? And they say: There has been an eclipse of the sun in the usual way.

And his acquaintances were standing at a distance, and the women who came with him from Galilee, seeing these things. And a man named Joseph, a councillor from the city of Arimathea, who also waited for the kingdom of God, went to Pilate and begged the body of Jesus. And he took it down and wrapped it in a clean linen, and placed it in a tomb hewn out of the rock, in which no one had ever lain.

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CHAP. 12.--And the Jews, hearing that Joseph had begged the body of Jesus, sought him, and the twelve who said that Jesus was not born of fornication, and Nicodemus and many others who had stepped up before Pilate and declared his good works. And of all these that were hid Nicodemus alone was seen by them, because he was a ruler of the Jews. And Nicodemus says to them: How have you come into the synagogue? The Jews say to him: How hast thou come into the synagogue? for thou art a confederate of his, and his portion is with thee in the world to come. Nicodemus says: Amen, amen. And likewise Joseph also stepped out and said to them: Why are you angry against me because I begged the body of Jesus? Behold, I have put him in my new tomb, wrapping him in clean linen; and I have rolled a stone to the door of the tomb. And you have acted not well against the just man, because you have not repented of crucifying him, but also have pierced him with a spear. And the Jews seized Joseph and ordered him to be secured until the first day of the week, and said to him: Know that the time does not allow us to do anything against thee, because the Sabbath is dawning: and know that thou shalt not be deemed worthy of burial, but we shall give thy flesh to the birds of the air. Joseph says to them: These are the words of the arrogant Goliath, who reproached the living God and holy David. For God has said by the prophet, Vengeance is mine, and I will repay, saith the Lord. And now that he is uncircumcised in flesh, but circumcised in heart, has taken water and washed his hands in the face of the sun, saying, I am innocent of the blood of this just man; see ye to it. And you answered and said to Pilate: His blood be upon us and upon our children. And now I am afraid, lest the wrath of God come upon you and upon your children, as you have said. And the Jews, hearing these words, were embittered in their souls, and seized Joseph and locked him into a room where there was no window; and guards were stationed at the door, and they sealed the door where Joseph was locked in.

And on the Sabbath the rulers of the synagogue and the priests and the Levites made a decree that all should be found in the synagogue on the first day of the week. And, rising up early, all the multitude in the synagogue consulted by what death they should slay him. And when the Sanhedrin was sitting, they ordered him to be brought with much indignity. And, having opened the door, they found him not. And all the people were surprised and struck with dismay, because they found the seals unbroken, and because Caiaphas had the key. And they no longer dared to lay hands upon those who had spoken before Pilate in Jesus' behalf.

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CHAP. 13.--And while they were still sitting in the synagogue and wondering about Joseph, there came some of the guard whom the Jews had begged of Pilate to guard the tomb of Jesus, that his disciples might not come and steal him. And they reported to the rulers of the synagogue, and the priests and Levites, what had happened: how there had been an earthquake; and we saw an angel coming down from heaven, and he rolled away the stone from the mouth of the tomb and sat upon it; and he shone like snow and like lightning. And we were very much afraid, and lay like dead men; and we heard the voice of the angel, saying to the women who remained beside the tomb, Be not afraid, for I know that you seek Jesus, who was crucified. He is not here. He has risen, as he said. Come, see the place where the Lord lay; and go quickly and tell his disciples that he is risen from the dead, and is in Galilee.

The Jews say: To what women did he speak? The men of the guard say: We know not who they were. The Jews say: At what time was this? The men of the guard say: At midnight. The Jews say: And wherefore did you not lay hold of them? The men of the guard say: We were like dead men from fear, not expecting to see the light of day, and how could we lay hold of them? The Jews say: As the Lord liveth, we do not believe you. The men of the guard say to the Jews: You have seen so great miracles in the case of this man, and have not believed; and how can you believe us? And assuredly you have done well to swear that the Lord liveth, for indeed he does live. Again the men of the guard say: We have heard that you have locked up the man that begged the body of Jesus, and put a seal on the door; and that you have opened it and not found him. Do you, then, give us the man whom you were guarding, and we shall give you Jesus. The Jews say: Joseph has gone away to his own city. The men of the guard say to the Jews: And Jesus has risen, as we heard from the angel, and is in Galilee.

And when the Jews heard these words they were very much afraid, and said: We must take care lest this story be heard, and all incline to Jesus. And the Jews called a council, and paid down a considerable money and gave it to the soldiers, saying: Say, while he slept, his disciples came by night and stole him; and if this come to the ears of the procurator we shall persuade him and keep you out of trouble. And they took it, and said as they had been instructed.

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CHAP. 14.--And Phinees, a priest, and Adas, a teacher, and Haggai, a Levite, came down from Galilee to Jerusalem, and said to the rulers of the synagogue, and the priests and the Levites: We saw Jesus and his disciples sitting on the mountain called Mamilch; and he said to his disciples, Go into all the world, and preach to every creature: he that believeth and is baptized shall be saved, and he that believeth not shall be condemned. And these signs shall attend those who have believed: in my name they shall cast out demons, speak new tongues, take up serpents; and if they drink any deadly thing it shall by no means hurt them, they shall lay hands on the sick, and they shall be well. And while Jesus was speaking to his disciples we saw him taken up into heaven.

The elders and priests and Levites say: Give glory to the God of Israel, and confess to him whether you have heard and seen those things, of which you have given us an account. And those who had given the account said: As the Lord liveth, the God of our fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, we heard these things, and saw him taken up into heaven. The elders and the priests and the Levites say to them: Have you come to give us this announcement, or to offer prayer to God? And they say: To offer prayer to God. The elders and the chief priests and the Levites say to them: If you have come to offer prayer to God, why, then, have you told these idle tales in the presence of all the people? Says Phinees, the priest, and Adas, the teacher, and Haggai, the Levite, to the rulers of the synagogues, and the priests and the Levites: If what we have said and seen be sinful, behold, we are before you; do to us as seems good in your eyes. And they took the law and made them swear upon it not to give any more an account of these matters to anyone. And they gave them to eat and drink and sent them out of the city, having given them also money, and three men with them; and they sent them away to Galilee.

And these men, having gone into Galilee, the chief priests and the rulers of the synagogue, and the elders came together in the synagogue and locked the door, and lamented with great lamentation, saying: Is this a miracle that has happened in Israel? And Annas and Caiaphas said: Why are you so much moved? Why do you weep? Do you not know that his disciples have given a sum of gold to the guards of the tomb, and have instructed them to say that an angel came down and rolled away the stone from the door of the tomb? And the priests and elders said: Be it that his disciples have stolen his body; how is it that the life has come into his body, and that he is going about in Galilee? And they, being unable to give an answer to these things, said, after great hesitation: It is not lawful for us to believe the uncircumcised.

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CHAP. 15.--And Nicodemus stood up, and stood before the Sanhedrin, saying: You say well; you are not ignorant, you people of the Lord, of these men that come down from Galilee, that they fear God, and are men of substance, haters of covetousness, men of peace; and they have declared with an oath, we saw Jesus upon the mountain Mamilch with his disciples, and he taught what we heard from him, and we saw him taken up into heaven. And no one asked them in what form he went up. For assuredly, as the book of the Holy Scriptures taught us, Helias also was taken up into heaven, and Elissæus cried out with a loud voice, and Helias threw his sheepskin upon Elissæus, and Elissæus threw his sheepskin upon the Jordan, and crossed and came into Jericho. And the children of the prophets met him and said, O Elissæus, where is thy master Helias? And he said, He has been taken up into heaven. And they said to Elissæus, Has not a spirit seized him, and thrown him upon one of the mountains? But let us take our servants with us and seek him. And they persuaded Elissæus, and he went away with them. And they sought him three days, and did not find him; and they knew that he had been taken up. And now listen to me, and let us send into every district of Israel and see, lest, perchance, Christ has been taken up by a spirit and thrown upon one of the mountains. And this proposal pleased all. And they sent into every district of Israel and sought Jesus, and did not find him; but they found Joseph in Arimathea, and no one dared to lay hands on him.

And they reported to the elders and the priests and the Levites: We have gone round to every district of Israel, and have not found Jesus; but Joseph we have found in Arimathea. And hearing about Joseph they were glad and gave glory to the God of Israel. And the rulers of the synagogue, and the priests and the Levites, having held a council as to the manner in which they should meet with Joseph, took a piece of paper and wrote to Joseph as follows:

Peace to thee! We know that we have sinned against God, and against thee; and we have prayed to the God of Israel that thou shouldst deign to come to thy fathers and to thy children, because we all have been grieved. For, having opened the door, we did not find thee. And we know that we have counseled evil counsel against thee; but the Lord has defended thee, and the Lord himself has scattered to the winds our counsel against thee, O honorable father Joseph.

And they chose from all Israel seven men, friends of Joseph, whom, also, Joseph himself was acquainted with; and the rulers of the synagogue, and the priests and the Levites say to them: Take notice; if, after receiving our letter he read it, know that he will come with you to us. But if he do not read it, know that he is ill-disposed towards us. And, having saluted him in peace, return to us. And having blest the men, they dismissed them. And the men came to Joseph and did reverence to him, and said to him: Peace to thee! And he said: Peace to you and to all the people of Israel! And they gave him the roll of the letter. And Joseph, having received it, read the letter and rolled it up, and blessed God and said: Blessed be the Lord God, who has delivered Israel, that they should not shed innocent blood, and blessed be the Lord, who sent out his angel and covered me under his wings. And he set a table for them: and they ate and drank and slept there.

And they rose up early and prayed. And Joseph saddled his ass and set out with the men: and they came to the holy city Jerusalem. And all the people met Joseph and cried out: Peace to thee in thy coming in! And be said to all the people: Peace to you! and he kissed them. And the people prayed with Joseph, and they were astonished at the sight of him. And Nicodemus received him into his house and made a great feast, and called Annas and Caiaphas and the elders and the priests and the Levites to his house. And they rejoiced, eating and drinking with Joseph; and, after singing hymns, each proceeded to his own house. But Joseph remained in the house of Nicodemus.

And on the following day, which was the preparation, the rulers of the synagogue and the priests and the Levites went early to the house of Nicodemus; and Nicodemus met them and said: Peace to you! And they said: Peace to thee and to Joseph, and to all thy house and to all the house of Joseph! And he brought them into his house. And all the Sanhedrin sat down, and Joseph sat down between Annas and Caiaphas; and no one dared to say a word to him. And Joseph said: Why have you called me? And they signaled to Nicodemus to speak to Joseph. And Nicodemus, opening his mouth, said to Joseph: Father, thou knowest that the honorable teachers and the priests and the Levites seek to learn a word from thee. And Joseph said: Ask. And Annas and Caiaphas, having taken the law, made Joseph swear, saying: Give glory to the God of Israel, and give him confession; for Achar, being made to swear by the prophet Jesus, did not forswear himself, but declared unto him all, and did not hide a word from him. Do thou also, accordingly, not hide from us to the extent of a word. And Joseph said: I shall not hide from you one word. And they said to him: With grief were we grieved because thou didst beg the body of Jesus and wrap it in clean linen and lay it in a tomb. And on account of this we secured thee in a room where there was no window; and we put locks and seals upon the doors, and guards kept watching where thou wast locked in. And on the first day of the week we opened and found thee not, and were grieved exceedingly; and astonishment fell upon all the people of the Lord until yesterday. And now relate to us what happened to thee.

And Joseph said: On the preparation, about the tenth hour, you locked me up, and I remained all the Sabbath. And at midnight, as I was standing and praying, the room where you locked me in was hung up by the four corners, and I saw a light like lightning into my eyes. And I was afraid and fell to the ground. And some one took me by the hand and removed me from the place where I had fallen; and moisture of water was poured from my head even to my feet, and a smell of perfumes came about my nostrils. And he wiped my face and kissed me, and said to me, Fear not, Joseph: open thine eyes and see who it is that speaks to thee. And, looking up, I saw Jesus. And I trembled and thought it was a phantom; and I said the commandments, and he said them with me. Even so you are not ignorant that a phantom, if it meet anybody and hear the commandments, takes to flight. And seeing that he said them with me, I said to him, Rabbi Helias. And he said to me, I am not Helias. And I said to him, Who art thou, my lord? And he said to me, I am Jesus, whose body thou didst beg from Pilate; and thou didst clothe me with clean linen, and didst put a napkin on my face, and didst lay me in thy new tomb, and didst roll a great stone to the door of the tomb. And I said to him that was speaking to me, Show me the place where I laid thee. And he carried me away and showed me the place where I laid him; and the linen cloth was lying in it, and the napkin for his face. And I knew that it was Jesus. And he took me by the hand and placed me, though the doors were locked, in the middle of my house, and led me away to my bed and said to me, Peace to thee! And he kissed me and said to me, For forty days go not forth out of thy house; for, behold, I go to my brethren in Galilee.

* * * * *

CHAP. 16.--And the rulers of the synagogue, and the priests and the Levites when they heard these words from Joseph, became as dead, and fell to the ground, and fasted until the ninth hour. And Nicodemus, along with Joseph, exhorted Annas and Caiaphas, the priests and the Levites, saying: Rise up and stand upon your feet, and taste bread and strengthen your souls, because to-morrow is the Sabbath of the Lord. And they rose up and prayed to God, and ate and drank, and departed every man to his own house.

And on the Sabbath our teachers and the priests and Levites sat questioning each other and saying: What is this wrath that has come upon us? for we know his father and mother. Levi, a teacher, says: I know that his parents fear God, and do not withdraw themselves from the prayers, and give the tithes thrice a year. And when Jesus was born his parents brought him to this place and gave sacrifices and burnt offerings to God. And when the great teacher, Symeon, took him into his arms, he said, Now thou sendest away thy servant, Lord, according to thy word, in peace; for mine eyes have seen thy salvation, which thou hast prepared before the face of all the peoples; a light for the revelation of the Gentiles, and the glory of thy people Israel. And Symeon blessed them, and said to Mary his mother, I give thee good news about this child. And Mary said, It is well, my lord. And Symeon said to her, It is well; behold, he lies for the fall and the rising again of many in Israel, and for a sign spoken against; and of thee thyself a sword shall go through the soul, in order that the reasoning of many hearts may be revealed.

They say to the teacher Levi: How knowest thou these things? Levi says to them: Do you not know that from him I learned the law? The Sanhedrin say to him: We wish to see thy father. And they sent for his father. And they asked him, and he said to them: Why have you not believed my son? The blessed and just Symeon himself taught him the law. The Sanhedrin says to Rabbi Levi: Is the word that you have said true? And he said: It is true. And the rulers of the synagogue, and the priests and the Levites said to themselves: Come, let us send into Galilee to the three men that came and told about his teaching and his taking up, and let them tell us how they saw him taken up. And this saying pleased all. And they sent away the three men who had already gone away into Galilee with them; and they say to them: Say to Rabbi Adas and Rabbi Phinees and Rabbi Haggai, Peace to you and all who are with you! A great inquiry having taken place in the Sanhedrin, we have been sent to you to call you to this holy place, Jerusalem.

And the men set out into Galilee and found them sitting and considering the law: and they saluted them in peace. And the men who were in Galilee said to those who had come to them: Peace unto all Israel! And they said: Peace to you! And they again said to them: Why have you come? And those who had been sent said: The Sanhedrin call you to the holy city Jerusalem. And when the men heard that they were sought by the Sanhedrin they prayed to God, and reclined with the men and ate and drank, and rose up and set out in peace to Jerusalem.

And on the following day the Sanhedrin sat in the synagogue, and asked them, saying: Did you really see Jesus sitting on the mountain Mamilch teaching his eleven disciples, and did you see him taken up? And the men answered them and said: As we saw him taken up, so also we said.

Annas says: Take them away from one another and let us see whether their account agrees. And they took them away from one another. And first they call Adas and say to him: How didst thou see Jesus taken up? Adas says: While he was yet sitting on the mountain Mamilch and teaching his disciples, we saw a cloud overshadowing both him and his disciples. And the cloud took him up into heaven, and his disciples lay upon their faces upon the earth. And they call Phinees, the priest, and ask him also, saying: How didst thou see Jesus taken up? And he spoke in like manner. And they again asked Haggai, and he spoke in like manner. And the Sanhedrin said: The law of Moses holds: At the mouth of two or three every word shall be established. Buthem, a teacher, says: It is written in the law, And Enoch walked with God, and is not, because God took him. Jaïrus, a teacher, said: And the death of holy Moses we have heard of, and have not seen it; for it is written in the law of the Lord, and Moses died from the mouth of the Lord, and no man knoweth of his sepulchre unto this day. And Rabbi Levi said: Why did Rabbi Symeon say, when he saw Jesus, "Behold, he lies for the fall and rising again of many in Israel, and for a sign spoken against"? And Rabbi Isaac said: It is written in the law, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, who shall go before thee to keep thee in every good way, because my name has been called upon him.

Then Annas and Caiaphas said: Rightly have you said what is written in the law of Moses, that no one saw the death of Enoch, and no one has named the death of Moses; but Jesus was tried before Pilate, and we saw him receiving blows and spittings on his face, and the soldiers put about him a crown of thorns, and he was scourged and received sentence from Pilate, and was crucified upon the Cranium, and two robbers with him; and they gave him to drink vinegar with gall, and Longinus, the soldier, pierced his side with a spear; and Joseph, our honorable father, begged his body, and he says he is risen; and as the three teachers say, We saw him taken up into heaven; and Rabbi Levi has given evidence of what was said by Rabbi Symeon, and that he said, Behold, he lies for the fall and rising again of many in Israel, and for a sign spoken against. And all the teachers said to all the people of the Lord: If this was from the Lord, and is wonderful in your eyes, knowing you shall know, O house of Jacob, that it is written, Cursed is every one that hangeth upon a tree. And another scripture teaches: The gods which have not made the heaven and the earth shall be destroyed. And the priests and the Levites said to each other: If this memorial be until the year that is called Jobel, know that it shall endure forever, and he hath raised for himself a new people. Then the rulers of the synagogue, and the priests and the Levites, announced to all Israel, saying: Cursed is that man who shall worship the work of man's hand, and cursed is the man who shall worship the creatures more than the Creator. And all the people said, Amen, amen.

And all the people praised the Lord, and said: Blessed is the Lord, who hath given rest to his people Israel, according to all that he hath spoken; there hath not fallen one word of every good word of his that he spoke to Moses, his servant. May the Lord our God be with us, as he was with our fathers; let him not destroy us. And let him not destroy us, that we may incline our hearts to him, that we may walk in all his ways, that we may keep his commandments and his judgments which he commanded to our fathers. And the Lord shall be for a king over all the earth in that day; and there shall be one Lord, and his name one. The Lord is our king; he shall save us. There is none like thee, O Lord. Great art thou, O Lord, and great is thy name. By thy power heal us, O Lord, and we shall be healed; save us, O Lord, and we shall be saved, because we are thy lot and heritage. And the Lord will not leave his people, for his great name's sake; for the Lord has begun to make us into his people.

And all, having sung praises, went away each man to his own house glorifying God; for his is the glory forever and ever. Amen.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Mommsen, "Römisches Staatsrecht," III. I. p. 748.

[2] "The Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ," 2d Div., I. p. 185.

[3] "The Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ," 2d Div., I. p. 187.

[4] Josephus, "Wars of the Jews," II. 8, 1.

[5] Josephus, "Ant.," XX. 9, 1.

[6] John xix. 10.

[7] John xviii. 31.

[8] Acts xxv., xxvi.

[9] "The Trial of Jesus," p. 77.

[10] "The Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ," 1st Div., II. p. 74.

[11] "The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time," p. 118.

[12] "The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time," p. 118.

[13] "The Trial of Jesus," p. 293.

[14] "The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time," p. 413.

[15] "Geschichte des römischen Criminalprocesses."

[16] "The Trial of Jesus," pp. 291-93.

[17] Dionysius II. 14.

[18] Liv. II. iv. 5.

[19] Heuzey, "Miss. archeol. de Maced.," p. 38.

[20] Accusatores multos esse in civitate utile est, ut metu contineatur audacia (pro Roscio Amer. 20).

[21] Persa V. 63 _seq._

[22] Fiske, "Manual of Classical Literature," III. Sec. 264.

[23] Gibbon, "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," Chap. XLIV.

[24] Const. crim. Theres., Art. 5, par. 2.

[25] Keim, "Jesus of Nazara," vol. vi. p. 250.

[26] Keim, "Jesus of Nazara," vol. vi. p. 250.

[27] John xix. 38-41.

[28] "History of Madagascar," vol. i. p. 371, 372.

[29] "Records of Travel in Turkey and Greece," vol. i. p. 447.

[30] "The Celtic Druids," p. 126; "Anacalypsis," vol. i. p. 317.

[31] "Anacalypsis," vol. i. p. 217.

[32] Colenso's "Pentateuch Examined," vol. vi. p. 115.

[33] Baring-Gould, "Curious Myths," p. 291.

[34] "Octavius," Chap. XXIX.

[35] "Ancient Art and Mythology," p. 30.

[36] Brinton, "The Myths of the New World," p. 95.

[37] Baring-Gould, "Curious Myths," p. 299.

[38] Vol. iii. Art., "Cross."

[39] Kingsborough, "Mexican Antiquities," vol. vi. 166. p.

[40] "Curious Myths," p. 311.

[41] "Digest," XLVIII. 4.

[42] "De Inventione," II. 17.

[43] Tacitus, "Annals," p. 215.

[44] Dio, Lib. LVIII.

[45] "Annals," B. VI. Chap. II.

[46] Döllinger, "The Gentile and the Jew," vol. ii. p. 33.

[47] Döllinger, "The Gentile and the Jew," vol. ii. p. 172.

[48] "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity," pp. 89, 90.

[49] De Legibus.

[50] Correspondence between Pliny and Trajan, Letters XCVII, XCVIII.

[51] Suet., "Cæsar Augustus," Chap. LXIV.

[52] Philo, "De Legatione ad Cajum," Sec. 38, ed. Mangey, II. 589 _sq._

[53] Josephus, "Ant.," XVIII. 3, 1.

[54] Apol. c. 21 ("jam pro sua conscientia Cristianum").

[55] "Historical Lectures," 6th ed. p. 350.

[56] Josephus, "Ant.," XVIII. 3, 2.

[57] Scott, "Anne of Geierstein," Chap. I.

[58] Gessner, "Descript. Mont. Pilat," Zürich, 1555.

[59] Golbery, "Univers Pittoresque de la Suisse," p. 327.

[60] Matt. xxvii. 1, 2.

[61] Mark xv. 1.

[62] Keim, "Jesus of Nazara," vol. vi. p. 84.

[63] Josephus, "Wars of the Jews," II. 14, 8; II. 15, 1.

[64] Keim, "Jesus of Nazara," vol. vi. p. 87.

[65] Geikie, "The Life and Words of Christ," vol. ii. p. 533.

[66] Acts xxiv. 1.

[67] Acts xxv. 16.

[68] John xviii. 30.

[69] John xviii. 31.

[70] Act IV. Scene i.

[71] Luke xxiii. 2.

[72] Acts xviii. 14, 15.

[73] Matt. xxii. 21.

[74] Matt. xvii. 24, 25.

[75] Matt. xxvi. 18, 19.

[76] Josephus, "Ant.," XVII. 10, 5.

[77] Josephus, "Ant.," XVII. 10, 6.

[78] Josephus, "Ant.," XVII. 10, 7.

[79] John xviii. 33.

[80] Matt. xx. 25.

[81] Matt. xi. 8.

[82] John xviii. 34.

[83] John xviii. 36.

[84] John xviii. 37.

[85] John xviii. 38.

[86] Luke xxiii. 5.

[87] Luke xiii. 32.

[88] Luke xxiii. 8.

[89] Josephus, "Ant.," XVIII. 7, 1, 2.

[90] Luke xxiii. 9.

[91] Luke xxxii. 10.

[92] Luke xxiii. 11.

[93] Tacitus, "Hist.," II. 89.

[94] Luke xxiii. 12.

[95] Luke xxiii. 13-16.

[96] Luke xxiii. 17.

[97] Livy v. 13: "Vinctis quoque demptu vincula."

[98] Matt. xxvii. 16-18.

[99] Matt. xxvii. 20-22.

[100] Vie, par. 131.

[101] Luke xxvii. 19.

[102] John xix. 7.

[103] John xix. 9.

[104] John xix. 15.

[105] John xix. 15.

[106] John xix. 12.

[107] Matt. xxvii. 24.

[108] Matt. xxvii. 26-31.

[109] Keim, "Jesus of Nazara," vol. vi. p. 87.

[110] Geikie, "The Life and Words of Christ," vol. ii. p. 533.

[111] Geikie, "The Life and Words of Christ," vol. ii. p. 532.

[112] Acts xxiv.; xxv. II; xxvi. 32.

[113] Matt. xxvii. 11.

[114] Mark xv. 2.

[115] Luke xxiii. 3.

[116] John xviii. 37.

[117] Luke xxiii. 4-16.

[118] Luke xxiii. 23, 24.

[119] "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity," p. 87.

[120] "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity," pp. 93-95.

[121] L. 12, Cod. De poenis, ix. 47: "Vanæ voces populi non sunt audiendæ, nec enim vocibus eorum credi oportet quando aut noxium crimine absolvi aut innocentem condemnari desiderant."

[122] John xix. 10.

[123] Dr. Smith's "History of Greece," Chap. XXXV. p. 418.

[124] 1 Tim. iii. 16.

[125] See Dict. Philos. Art. "Religion."

[126] "Emile."

[127] "Sartor Resartus," 137, 140.

[128] "Herzog's Encyc." vol. v. 751. Art. "Herder."

[129] "Vergängl. u. Bleibendes im Christenthum," 132.

[130] "Études d'Hist. Rel.," pp. 213, 214.

[131] "Jesus of Nazara," vol. vi. pp. 430, 431.

[132] Montholon, "Récit de la Captivité de l'Emp. Napoleon."

[133] Bertrand's "Memoirs," Paris, 1844.

[134] "Je meurs dans la religion catholique, apostolique et romaine, dans le sein de laquelle je suis né, il y a plus de cinquante ans."

[135] Döllinger, "The Gentile and the Jew," vol ii. p. 29.

[136] "Preparation of the World for Christ," pp. 380, 381.

[137] Suetonius, "Cæsar Augustus," Chap. XCV.

[138] Matt. i. 20.

[139] Matt. ii. 13.

[140] Suetonius, "Cæsar Augustus," Chap. XCIV.

[141] Suetonius, "Cæsar Augustus," Chap. XCII.

[142] Döllinger, "The Gentile and the Jew," vol. ii. p. 185.

[143] Liv. xl. 59.

[144] Ap. Aug. C.D. VI. 2.

[145] Döllinger, vol. ii. p. 183.

[146] Suetonius, "Caligula," Chap. V.

[147] Mabillon, "Iter. Ital." p. 77.

[148] Pausanias, ix. 17. 1.

[149] De Superst. 6.

[150] M. Dic, quæso, num te illa terrent? Triceps apud inferos Cerberus? Cocyti fremitus? travectio Acherontis?

"Mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Tantalus, tum illud quod, Sisiphus versat Saxum sudans nitendo neque proficit hilum,"

fortasse etiam inexorabiles judices Minor et Rhadamanthus? apud quos nec te L. Crassus defendet, nec M. Antonius; nec, quoniam apud Græcos judices res agetur, poteris adhibere Demosthenen; tibi ipsi pro te erit maxima corona causa dicenda. Hæc fortasse metuis, et idcirco mortem censes esse sempiternum malum. A. Adeone me delirare censes, ut ista esse credam? M. An tu hæc non credis? A. Minime vero. M. Male hercule narras. A. Cur, quæso. M. Quia disertus esse possem, si contra ista dicerem.

[151] Sallust, "Bellum Catilinarium, 50."

[152] Renan, "Les Apôtres."

[153] "Hamlet," Act III, Scene i.

[154] Döllinger, vol. ii. pp. 175-79.

[155] Dion. ii. 25.

[156] Döllinger, vol. ii. pp. 267-69.

[157] Suetonius, "Julius Cæsar," l-li.

[158] Xen. de Rep. Lac. i. 8.

[159] "Polyb. Fragm." in Scr. Vet. Nov. Coll. ed. Mav. ii. 384.

[160] Döllinger, vol. ii. p. 249.

[161] "Xen. Mem. Socr." iii. 13.

[162] Plutarch, "Life of Lucullus."

[163] Fisher, "The Beginnings of Christianity," p. 205.

[164] "Encyc. Brit." vol. iii. p. 436.

[165] Plutarch, "Life of Cato."

[166] Cicero, "Pro Cluent." 66.

[167] Tacitus, "Annals," 42-44.

[168] De Pressensé, "The Religions Before Christ," p. 158.

[169] Milman's "Gibbon's Rome," vol. i. p. 51.

[170] Suetonius, "Caligula," Chap. V.

[171] Fisher, "The Beginnings of Christianity," p. 213.

[172] Pliny, Ep. X. 38.

[173] Suetonius, "Julius Cæsar," Chap. XLIX.

[174] Döllinger, vol. ii. pp. 253, 254.

[175] Döllinger, vol. ii. pp. 205, 206.

[176] Döllinger, vol. ii. p. 207.

[177] Döllinger, vol. ii. p. 208.

[178] Livy, b. xxxix. Chaps. VII.-XX.

[179] "----non possum ferre, Quirites, Græcam urbem." (Sat. III.)

[180] Romans i. 29-31.

[181] Döllinger, vol ii. pp. 155, 156.

[182] Matthew Arnold's Poems--"Obermann Once More."

[183] Cicero, "De Fin." v. pp. 24, 69.

[184] Eclogue IV.

[185] Matt. ii. 4; xxi. 15; xxvi. 3, 47, 59; Mark xi. 18; xv. 11; Luke xix. 47; xx. 1; John xi. 47; xii. 20.

[186] Dérembourg, "Essai sur l'histoire et la géographie de la Palestine," p. 231, note 1.

[187] Josephus, "Ant.," Book XX. Chap. X. 1; XV. III. 1.

[188] Josephus, "Ant." Book XV. Chap. III. 1.

[189] Josephus, "Ant.," Book XVIII. Chap. II. 3; Book XX. Chap. IX, 1, 4.

[190] See "Talmud," "Yoma," or "the Day of Atonement," fol. 35, recto; also Dérembourg, work above quoted, p. 230, note 2.

[191] "Essai sur l'histoire et la géographie de la Palestine," p. 232.

[192] Jos., "Ant.," XX. VIII. 8.

[193] "Talmud," "Pesachim," or "of the Passover," fol. 57, verso.

[194] The high priests designated under the name of the descendants of Eli are those who, as sons of the high priest Eli, polluted the Temple by their immorality. (See 1 Kings iii. 22-25.)

[195] This Issachar was a priest of such a dainty nature that in order to touch the sacrifices he covered his hands with silk. ("Talmud," "Pesachim," or "of the Passover," fol. 57, verso.)

[196] Rabbi Nathan, son of Rabbi Yechiel, was the disciple of the celebrated Moses, the preacher and first rabbi of the synagogue at Rome in the ninth century. His work forms a large folio volume, and contains some minute explanations of the most difficult passages in the "Talmud."

[197] I. e., lord.

[198] "Talmud," Jerus., "Horayoth," or "Regulations of Justice," fol. 84. recto.

[199] "Talmud," Jerus., "Shevuoth," or "of Oaths," fol. 19, verso.

[200] "Tanchumah," or "Book of Consolation," fol. 68, recto.

[201] "Tanchumah," or "Book of Consolation," fol. 68, recto.

[202] "Tanchumah," or "Book of Consolation," fol. 68, recto, and "Sanhedrin," fol. 110, verso.

[203] "Talmud," "Shabbath," or "of the Sabbath," fol. 119, recto.

[204] Luke xx. 46; Matt. xxiii. 5-7; Mark xii. 38, 39.

[205] Some remarkable pages respecting the pride of the Jewish scribes and doctors may be found in Bossuet's "Meditations on the Gospel."

[206] Jos., "Ant.," XVIII. I. 4.

[207] Jos., "Ant.," XVIII. I. 4.

[208] Munk, "Palestine," p. 515.

[209] Psalms.

[210] Acts xxiii. 6.

[211] Matt. vi. 2, 5, 16; ix. 11, 14; xii. 2; xxiii. 5, 15, 23; Luke v. 30; vi. 2, 7; xi. 39, etc.; xviii. 12; John ix. 16; "Perkeh Avoth," or "Sentences of the Fathers," I. 16; Jos., "Ant.," XVII. II. 4; XVIII. I. 3; "Vita," 38; "Talmud," Bab., "Sotah," fol. 22, recto.

[212] "From that time forth began Jesus to show unto his disciples, how that he must go unto Jerusalem, and suffer many things of the elders and chief priests and scribes." (Matt. xvi. 21.)

[213] "The Credibility of the Gospel History," in the chapter on "Testimonies of Ancient Heathens," vol. vi. p. 605 _et seq._

[214] "Origin of the Four Gospels," pp. 141-50.

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BAUR. The Church History of the First Three Centuries, by F. C. Baur. Translated from German by A. Mendies. London, 1878.

BENNY. The Criminal Code of the Jews, by Philip Berger Benny. Smith, Elder & Company, London, 1880.

BLACKSTONE. Commentaries on the Laws of England, by Sir William Blackstone. Edited and annotated by Thomas M. Cooley. Callaghan & Company, Chicago, 1884.

CICERO. M. Tullii Ciceronis orationes. Whittaker & Company, London, 1855.

DEUTSCH. The Talmud, by Emanuel Deutsch. The Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia, 1896.

DÖLLINGER. The Gentile and the Jew, by John J. I. Döllinger. Two volumes. Gibbings & Company, London, 1906.

EDERSHEIM. The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, by Alfred Edersheim. Two volumes. Longmans, Green & Company, New York, 1905.

FARRAR. The Life of Christ, by Frederic W. Farrar. E. P. Dutton & Company, New York, 1883.

FISHER. The Beginnings of Christianity, by George P. Fisher. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1906.

GEIB. Geschichte des römischen Criminalprocesses, von Dr. Gustav Geib. Weidmann'sche Buchhandlung. Leipzig, 1842.

GEIKIE. The Life and Words of Christ, by Cunningham Geikie. Two volumes. Henry S. King & Company. London, 1877.

GIBBON. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Edward Gibbon. With notes by Rev. H. H. Milman. Phillips, Sampson & Company, Boston, 1853.

GRAETZ. History of the Jews, by Heinrich Graetz. Six volumes. The Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia, 1891.

GREENLEAF. The Testimony of the Evangelists, by Simon Greenleaf. Soney & Sage, Newark, N. J., 1903.

GREENIDGE. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time, by A. H. J. Greenidge. Stevens & Sons, London, 1901.

HARNACK. Reden und Aufsätze, von Adolf Harnack. J. Ricker'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Giessen, 1904.

HIGGINS. Anacalypsis: An Enquiry into the Origin of Languages, Nations and Religions, by Godfrey Higgins. Longman, Brown & Longman, London, 1827.

HODGE. Systematic Theology, by Charles Hodge. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1892.

INNES. The Trial of Jesus Christ, by A. Taylor Innes. T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1905.

JOSEPHUS. The Works of Flavius Josephus, Whiston's Translation.

JOST. Geschichte des Judenthums, von I. M. Jost. Dörffling und Francke, Leipzig, 1857.

JUVENAL. The Satires of Juvenal. George Bell & Sons, London, 1904.

KEIM. Jesus of Nazara, by Theodor Keim. Six volumes. Williams & Norgate, London, 1883.

LARDNER. Works of Nathaniel Lardner. Ten volumes. William Ball, London, 1838.

LÉMANN. Valeur de l'assemblée qui prononça la peine de mort contre Jésus-Christ, par MM. Lémann. Translated from the French into English under the title "Jesus Before the Sanhedrin," by Prof. Julius Magath, of Oxford, Ga., in 1899.

LIVY. The History of Rome, by Titus Livius. George Bell & Sons, London, 1906.

LOISY. Les Évangiles Synoptiques, par Alfred Loisy. Librairie Fishbacher, Paris, 1907.

MENDELSOHN. The Criminal Jurisprudence of the Ancient Hebrews, by S. Mendelsohn. M. Curlander, Baltimore, 1891.

MOMMSEN. The Provinces of the Roman Empire, by Theodor Mommsen. Two volumes. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1899.

MONTESQUIEU. De l'Esprit Des Lois, par Montesquieu. Garnier Frères, Paris, 1905.

PALEY. Evidences of Christianity, by William Paley. The Religious Tract Society, London, 1794.

RABBINOWICZ. Législation Criminelle du Talmud, par I. J. M. Rabbinowicz. Chez l'auteur, Paris, 1876.

RENAN. Histoire des origines du christianisme, par Joseph Ernest Renan. Paris, 1863. Livres 1-6: 1. Vie de Jésus. 2. Les apôtres. 3. Saint Paul. 4. L'Antichrist. 5. Les évangiles et la seconde génération chrétienne. 6. L'église chrétienne.

ROSADI. The Trial of Jesus by Giovanni Rosadi. Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1905.

SALVADOR. Histoire des Institutions de Moïse, par J. Salvador. Michel Lévy-Frères, Paris, 1862.

SCHÜRER. The Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ, by Emil Schürer. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1906.

STEPHEN. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, by James Fitzjames Stephen. Henry Holt & Company, New York, 1873.

SUETONIUS. The Lives of the Twelve Cæsars, by C. Suetonius Tranquillus. George Bell & Sons, London, 1906.

TACITUS. The Works of Tacitus. American Book Company, New York, 1904.

WISE. The Martyrdom of Jesus, by Isaac M. Wise. The Bloch Publishing and Printing Company, Cincinnati & Chicago, 1888.

In addition to the above, many other authorities have been consulted in the preparation of the two volumes of this work. Quotations from them are frequently found in the text, and citations are given in the notes. The author, in closing the article, entitled "Bibliography," wishes to express his sense of great indebtedness and appreciation to the numerous very valuable encyclopedias that adorn the shelves of the various libraries of New York City; and especially to The Jewish Encyclopedia, published by Funk & Wagnalls, New York and London, 1901.

INDEX

A

Abarbanel, Isaac, on the Sanhedrin, I, 106

Ab-beth-din, vice-president of the Sanhedrin, I, 112

Abbott, Lyman, on the scribes of the Sanhedrin, I, 158

Acts of Pilate, the Apocryphal, modern criticism of, II, 327 discovery of, II, 327 Lardner on the authenticity of, II, 328 _seq._ Tischendorf on the authenticity of, II, 345 _seq._ antiquity of, II, 351 text of, II, 351 _seq._

Æbutius, Publius, part of, in the exposure of Bacchanalian orgies, II, 271 _seq._

Ædile, Roman, judicial powers of, II, 36

Æsculapius, Græco-Roman divinity, II, 198

Akiba, Jewish rabbi, Mishna systematized by, I, 79

Albanus, Roman governor, his deposition of Albanus, II, 296

Alcmene, myth of Zeus and, II, 265

Alexander, Jewish Alabarch, biographical note on, II, 299

Alexander III, pope, genuineness of "true cross" attested by bull of, II, 63

Alexandrian MS. of the Bible, I, 67

Ananias ben Nebedeus, Jewish priest, biographical note on, II, 299 family of, cursed in Talmud, II, 302

Ananos. See Annas

Ananus, son of Annas, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 296

Anathemas, Jewish, against the Christians, II, 307, 308

Anaxagoras, Greek philosopher, on the deification of natural forces, II, 225 his exposure of the divination of Lampon, II, 226

Annanias, author of "Acts of Pilate," II, 351

Annas (Ananos), Jewish high priest, examination of Christ before, I, 238-247 deposition of, by Gratus, I, 244; II, 20 Christ examined in house of, I, 256 biographical note on, II, 295 legendary examination of Joseph of Arimathea, II, 374, 376

Antecedent Warning, peculiar provision of Hebrew Criminal Law regarding, I, 147-152

Antistius, L., Roman tribune, impeachment of Julius Cæsar by, II, 46

Antoninus Pius, Roman emperor, persecution of Christians by, II, 78

Aphrodisia, rites of, II, 265

Aphrodite, Greek divinity, patroness of prostitutes, II, 265

Aquillius, Manlius, Roman governor, trial of, before the Comitia, II, 40

Antonius, Marcus, Roman advocate, defense of, of Manlius Aquillius, II, 40

Aristotle, Greek philosopher, on the licentiousness of Sparta, II, 241

Arnold, Matthew, on despair of Roman people, II, 286

Arnobius, Numidian writer, on the familiar treatment of Roman gods, II, 218 on the lewdness of the Roman drama, II, 267

Art, effect of, in corruption of Roman and Greek morals, II, 268

Aspasia, mistress of Pericles, II, 242

Athens, domestic licentiousness of, II, 240, 241

Athronges, Jewish peasant, revolt of, II, 110

Atticus, Numerius, Roman senator, attests ascent of Augustus to heaven, II, 234

Atys, myth of, represented on Greek and Roman stage, II, 267

Augurs, Roman priests, II, 204 spectators at licentious dramas, II, 267

Augury, modes of, II, 211

Augustus Cæsar, Roman emperor, reign and policy of, II, 25, 26 care of profligate daughter Julia, II, 83 belief of, in omens, II, 215 his chastisement of Neptune, II, 222 deification of, II, 233

Aurelius Antoninus, Marcus, Roman emperor and philosopher, persecution of Christianity by, II, 78 adoration of Serapis by, II, 217 on suicide, II, 232

B

Bacchanalian orgies, Livy's account of, II, 270-283

Bacchus, Roman deity, licentious festivals of, II, 265

Barabbas (Bar Abbas) released by Pilate, II, 131, 138, 363

Baring-Gould, S., on the symbolism of the Cross, II, 66

Baths, Roman, splendor of, II, 247

Beheading of criminals under Hebrew Law, I, 91, 99

Benny, on the Talmud, I, 75 on internment in Jewish Cities of Refuge, I, 98, 99

Bernhardt, Sarah, insulted in Quebec, II, 182

Bernice (Berenice), Jewish queen, a suppliant before Florus, II, 100

Bible, the manuscripts of, I, 67 purity of text of, I, 69 anthropomorphism of, I, 336-338 influence of, II, 4, 5 "Birchath Hamminim" Jewish imprecation against Christians, II, 308

Blasphemy, discussion of charge against Christ of, I, 193-209 Hebrew definition of, I, 199-201 classification of, I, 203

Boethus, family of, cursed in Talmud, II, 301. See also Simon

Bossuet, Jacques B., French divine, on the citizenship of Christ, II, 108

Brothels, Roman, dedication of, to Venus, II, 265

Burning of criminals under Hebrew Law, I, 92, 99

C

Cæsar, Caius Julius, 10th legion cowed by, II, 169 superstition of, II, 205 disbelief of, in immortality, II, 229 deification of, II, 233 divorces of, II, 238 profligacy of, II, 238, 239 unnatural practices attributed to, II, 263

Caiaphas, Jewish high priest, accusation of, against Christ, before Sanhedrin, I, 190 erratic conduct of, at trial of Christ, I, 290 rôle of, in trial of Jesus before Pilate, II, 101 biographical note on, II, 295 legendary examination of Joseph of Arimathea by, II, 374, 376

Caligula, Roman emperor, deifies his sister Drusilla, II, 234 depravity of, II, 234

Cantharus, family of, cursed in Talmud, II, 301

Capital Crimes under Hebrew Criminal Law, classification and punishments of, I, 91-101

Carlyle, Thomas, on the life of Christ, II, 187

Cassius, Dion, on the labeling of Roman criminals, I, 57

Cato, Marcus Porcius, contempt of, for the haruspices, II, 228 suicide of, II, 232 divorces of, II, 237 contempt of, for Lucullus, II, 246 merciless treatment of slaves, II, 251

Catulus, Quintus, dream of, presaging accession of Augustus, II, 214

Chanania, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 314

Chanania ben Chiskia, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 309

Charles IX, king of France, bloody sweat of, I, 59, 60

Christianity, conflict of, with Roman paganism, I, 16; II, 76-79

Chrysostom, St. John, on the legendary desire of Tiberius to deify Christ, II, 344

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, dream of, presaging accession of Augustus, II, 215 on Roman superstition, II, 221 on Roman skepticism, II, 227 his divorce of his wife, II, 237 witticism of, upon Cæsar's gallantries, II, 239

Cities of Refuge, Jewish, internment in, I, 96-99

Claudia, granddaughter of Augustus, marriage of, to Pilate, II, 82 dream of, regarding Jesus, II, 133, 355

Claudius, Roman commander, throws sacred pullets into the sea, II, 222

Clement V, pope, and the Talmud, I, 88, 89

Coliseum, the, description of, II, 260

Comitia Centuriata, public criminal trials in, II, 37-43 miscarriage of justice in, II, 38-42

Commodus, Roman emperor, deification of, II, 234

Consul, Roman, judicial powers of, II, 36

Coke, Sir Edward, contrast between Pilate and, II, 170-172

Cornelius, son of Ceron, the elder, biographical note on, II, 321

Cross, Roman instrument of death, erroneous representations of, II, 56 forms of, II, 62 use of, by various races as religious symbol, II, 64-67

"Cross, the True," legends of, II, 62, 63

Crucifixion, Plutarch on, I, 56 history of, II, 54, 55 mode of, II, 55 pathology of, II, 58, 59 Roman citizens exempt from, II, 54 of Jesus, II, 365

Cybele, Roman deity, importation of, from Phrygia, II, 199

D

Deification of Roman emperors, ceremony of, II, 234

Dembowski, Bishop, and the Talmud, I, 88

Demosthenes, on the women of Athens, II, 242

Dérembourg, Joseph, on the Jewish priestly families, II, 294

Deutsch, Emanuel, on the Talmud, I, 74, 80 on the existence of the Great Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, 179, 181

Diocletian, Roman emperor, deification of, II, 233

Divination, Roman modes of, II, 211

Divorce, among the Romans, II, 236-239 trivial pretexts for, II, 237, 238

Döllinger, on the Roman view of Christianity and high treason, II, 77 on divorce, and the profligacy of Roman matrons, II, 236 on the effect of art in corrupting Greek and Roman manners, II, 268

Domitian, Roman emperor, self-deification of, II, 235

Doras, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 321

Dorotheas, son of Nathanael, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 321

Drama, the, licentiousness of, among Greeks and Romans, II, 266

Dreams, interpretation of, among Romans and Greeks, II, 213, 214

Druidism, annihilation of, II, 73

Drusilla, deified by Caligula, II, 234

Dysmas, legendary name of one of the thieves crucified with Jesus, II, 364

E

Edersheim, Alfred, on the existence of the Great Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, 177

Elders, Jewish chamber of. See Sanhedrin

Eleazar ben Partah, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 314

Eleazar, son of Annas, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 295

Eleazar, son of Simon Boethus, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 297

Eliezer, Jewish rabbi, Mishna amplified by, I, 79

Ellicott, Dr., on the character of Pilate, II, 91

Epicurus, Greek philosopher, II, 229

Epicureanism, degradation of, among Romans, II, 230

Epitaphs, irreligious Roman, II, 222, 285

Epulos, Roman priests, II, 204

Etruria, importation of haruspices from, II, 210

Eusebius, reference of, to the "Acts of Pilate," II, 329, 333, 344

Evhemere, on the Greek gods, II, 225

Evangelists, honesty of, I, 12 character of, I, 13, 14 motives of, I, 15 ability of, I, 18 candor of, I, 20-24 discrepancies of, I, 29-33 corroborative elements of narrative of, I, 34-39 impossibility of collusion among, I, 38 conformity of narrative of, with human experience, I, 39 coincidence of testimony of, with collateral circumstances, I, 52-67 narrative of, confirmed by profane historians, I, 56, 57

Evidence, rules of, under Hebrew Law, I, 144, 145

F

False swearing under Hebrew Criminal Law, I, 93

Fathers, Church, writings of the, I, 68

Fecenia, Hispala, part of, in exposure of Bacchanalian orgies, II, 271 _seq._

Felix, Minucius, Christian father, controversy of, with pagans on adoration of the cross, II, 64

Flagellation, under Hebrew Criminal, I, 94

Flamens, Roman priests, II, 204 spectators at licentious dramas, II, 267

G

Gallio, pro-consul of Achaia, attitude of, toward Jewish clamors, II, 107

Gamaliel, Jewish rabbi, biographical note on, II, 304

Ganymede, depraving influence of myth of rape of, II, 262

Gavazzi, Alessandro, sermons of, in Coliseum, II, 262

Geib, on the status of Judea, II, 16 on the courts of the Roman Provinces, II, 32

Geikie, Cunningham, on the non-existence of the Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, 181 on the character of the trial of Jesus before Sanhedrin, I, 184

Gemara, the Jerusalem and Babylonian recensions of, I, 81 relation of, to Mishna, I, 83. See also Talmud and Mishna

Germanicus, Cæsar temples profaned on death of, II, 222 exposure of children born on day of death of, II, 254

Gestas, legendary name of one of thieves crucified with Jesus, II, 364

Golden House of Nero, II, 246

Gibbon, Edward, on the jurisdiction of the great Sanhedrin, I, 120 on the laws of the Twelve Tables, II, 53 on the extent of the Roman Empire, II, 196

Gladiatorial games, origin of, II, 256 gigantic scale of, in Rome, II, 256, 257 conduct of, II, 258

Gospels, the, admissibility of, as legal evidence, I, 5-12

Governors, Roman, powers of, II, 24, 27, 28, 29 forbidden to take wives to their provinces, II, 84, 85

Graetz, Heinrich, on the existence of the Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, 181

Greeks, superstition of, II, 223 philosophy of, II, 229 depraving effect on Romans of art, literature, and manners of, II, 240-244, 268, 284 Bacchanalian orgies introduced by, II, 270 invective of Juvenal against, II, 284

Greenidge, on the interpretation of native law by Roman proprætors, II, 31

Greenleaf, Simon, American jurist, on the admissibility of the Scriptures as legal evidence, I, 6-9 on the testimony of the Evangelists, I, 10, 11 on the legal justice of the conviction of Christ for blasphemy, I, 209

H

Hacksab ben Tzitzith, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 320

"Hall of Hewn Stones," sessions of Sanhedrin in, I, 117

Haruspices, Roman, account of, II, 210

Helcias, Jewish treasurer, biographical note on, II, 300

Helena, Empress, legendary discovery of "true cross" by, II, 62

Hercules, Greek divinity, burning of, represented on Greek and Roman stage, II, 267

Herder, Johann, on the character of Christ, II, 187

Herod Antipas, character of, II, 120 his treatment of Jesus, II, 122-127

Herod I, the Great, last will of, II, 119, 120 arbitrary changes of, in high priesthood, II, 293

Hetairai, status of, in Athens, II, 242, 243

High priest, Jewish, vestments of, I, 158 abuses in appointment of, II, 293

Hillel, Jewish doctor, inspiration of, I, 84

Hillel, School of, and the Mishna, I, 79 dissensions of, with School of Shammai, II, 309

Homer, the bible of the Greeks, II, 264

Honorius IV, pope, and the Talmud, I, 87

Horatius, trial of, before the Comitia Centuriata, II, 40

I

Ignatius, St., martyrdom of, in Coliseum, II, 261

Impalement, death by, II, 61

Infanticide, among Romans, II, 254

Inkerman, story of soldier killed at battle of, II, 191

Innes, on the trials of Jesus before the Sanhedrin, I, 185; II, 10 on the cowardice of Pilate, II, 138

Interpreters, not allowed in Jewish courts, I, 107

Imprisonment. See Law, Hebrew Criminal, I, 93

Ishmael, Jewish rabbi, and the Mishna, I, 79

Ismael ben Eliza, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 309

Ismael ben Phabi, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 298 family of, cursed in Talmud, II, 301

Isis, Egyptian deity, rites of, established in Rome, II, 217 Roman temples of, a resort of vice, II, 269

Issachar ben Keifar Barchi, Jewish priest, cursed in Talmud, II, 302

J

James, brother of Jesus, condemnation of, by Ananus, II, 296

Janus, Roman god, invocations of, II, 207

Jehovah, appearances of, in human form, I, 343-349

Jerome, St., on the Jewish anathema against Christians, II, 308

Jesus, the Christ, human perfection of, I, 14; II, 186 scourging of, I, 56, 57 breaking of legs of, by soldiers, I, 57 bloody sweat of, I, 59, 60 physical cause of death of, I, 61, 62 watery issue of, I, 60-62 devotion of women to, I, 66 resurrection of, I, 211; II, 368 divinity of, I, 211, 212 celebrates the Paschal feast, I, 220-224 at Gethsemane, I, 224-226 arrest of, I, 225 private examination of, before high priest, I, 238-247 charged with sedition and blasphemy I, 250 annnounces his Messiahship before Sanhedrin, I, 273, 274 Messianic prophecies fulfilled in Him, I, 323-328, 341, 342 miracles of, I, 350-355 at morning session of Sanhedrin, I, 356-362 condemned to death by Sanhedrin, I, 365 His teachings treasonable under Roman law, II, 72 before Pilate, II, 96 _seq._ charged with high treason before Pilate, II, 106, 352 indictment of, before Pilate, II, 107-109 acquitted by Pilate, II, 116 sent by Pilate to Herod, II, 118 before Herod, II, 119 _seq._ mocked, and sent back to Pilate by Herod, II, 127 second appearance of, before Pilate, II, 129 _seq._ delivered to Jews by Pilate, II, 138 mocked by mob, II, 139 tributes of skeptics to, II, 187 Napoleon's tribute to, II, 189, 190 charged by Jews with illegitimacy, II, 356 crucifixion of, II, 365 See also trial of Jesus, Hebrew, and trial of Jesus, Roman

Jesus ben Sie, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 298

Jews, the political state of, at time of Jesus, II, 11-23 discussion of their responsibility for Christ's death, II, 174-180 prejudices against, II, 180-187 distinguished, II, 185, 186

Joazar, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 296

Jochanan ben Zakai, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 311

John, St., at the sepulcher, I, 37 at the crucifixion of Christ, I, 65

John, St., Gospel of, style of, I, 19

John, Jewish priest, biographical note on, II, 299

Jonathan, son of Annas, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 295

Jonathan ben Uziel, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 306

John, son of John, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 321

Joseph of Arimathea, presence of, at trials of Christ, I, 282-286, 364 biographical note on, II, 318 receives body of Jesus from Pilate, II, 366 apocryphal account of escape of, from Jews, II, 367, 373-376

Josephus, Flavius, on the character of Pilate, I, 21 on scourging I, 56 on the Pharisees, I, 87 on the existence of the great Sanhedrin at time of Christ, I, 176 on the loss, by Jews, of power of life and death, II, 19 on the rapacity of the high priests, II, 301

Jowett, Benjamin, upon the corruption of Rome, II, 240

Judah, the Holy, Jewish rabbi, and the composition of the Mishna, I, 79, 80

Judas, son of Hezekiah, Jewish rebel, put to death by Herod, II, 109

Judas Iscariot, his betrayal of Christ, I, 227-235

Julia, daughter of Augustus, profligacy of, II, 82 marriages of, II, 83

Julian, Roman emperor, his defiance of Mars, II, 222

Juno, Roman divinity, sacrifices to, II, 208

Jupiter, Roman deity, multitudinous forms of, II, 203 sacrifices to, II, 208

Justin Martyr, reference of, to "Acts of Pilate," II, 331, 346, 348

Juvenal, Satires of, on Roman social depravity, II, 240, 244, 248

K

Keim, Theodor, on the existence of the Great Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, 178 on the character of Christ, II, 188, 189

Knight, R. P., on the symbolism of the Cross, II, 65

Koran, the, I, 77

L

Lamartine, Alphonse, on the death of Christ, II, 3

Lampon, Greek diviner, exposed by Anaxagoras, II, 226

Lardner, on the authenticity of the "Acts of Pilate," II, 328 _seq._

Law, Hebrew Criminal, administration of, I, 153, 154 basis of, I, 73, 84, 85 burial of bodies after execution under, I, 101, 171 capital punishments under, I, 91-93, 99-101 circumstantial evidence under, I, 144 Cities of Refuge under, I, 96 courts and judges, I, 102-126 execution under, I, 170, 171 false swearing under, I, 93 flagellation under, I, 94 imprisonment under, I, 93 peculiarities of, I, 125, 132, 147, 167, 168 slavery under, I, 95 tenderness of, for human life, I, 154, 155, 310 testimony under, I, 144-147 witnesses under, I, 127-144 written and documentary evidence irrelevant, I, 133, 145

Laws, Roman, lex Appuleia, II, 69 Cornelia, II, 69 Julia Majestatis, II, 69, 80 Memmia, II, 46 Porcia, II, 54 Remmia, II, 49 Talionis, II, 53 Valeria, II, 37, 54 Varia, II, 69

Lazarus, raising of, from the dead, I, 352

Lectisternia, Roman banquets to the gods, slaves released at, II, 130 indecencies of, II, 218

Lémann, extract from work of, on Sanhedrin, II, 291

Lepidus, Marcus, Roman patrician, magnificence of, II, 246

Livy, on scourging, I, 57 account of Bacchanalian orgies, II, 270-283

Longinus, legendary name of soldier who pierced Christ, II, 379

Lucullus, Roman patrician, luxury of, II, 244

Luke, St., occupation of, I, 19

Luke, St., Gospel of, style of, I, 19

Lupercals, Roman priests, II, 204

Luxury of the Romans, II, 244

Lycurgus, code of, II, 241

M

Macarius, identification of "true cross" by, II, 63

Macaulay, Lord, speech of, on Jewish disabilities, II, 184

Mahomet, character of, I, 14

Malchus, ear of, cut off by Peter, I, 36, 226

Magath, Julius, extract from work of, II, 291

Maimonides, on Hebrew Capital Crimes, I, 91 on the prohibition of nocturnal trials, I, 255, 256

Manlius, Marcus, trial of, before the Comitia Centuriata, II, 40

Marius, Caius, assassin cowed by, I, 62

Mark, St., Jesus arrested at home of, I, 220

Marriage, among the Romans, II, 236 among the Greeks, II, 240-243

Marcius, Quintus, Roman consul, motion of, on the suppression of the Bacchanalian orgies, II, 282

Mars, Roman deity, II, 208

Messiah, the, prophecies regarding, and their fulfillment in Jesus, I, 322-328 varying expectations of Jews regarding, I, 319-322; II, 110 conception of Pharisees of, II, 324 conception of Sadducees of, II, 325

Matthew, St., occupation of, I, 19

Matthias, son of Annas, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 296

Mendelssohn, on the Talmud, I, 75

Messalina, Roman empress, lewdness of, II, 244

Messalinus, Cotta, prosecuted for treason, II, 70

Metrodorus on the Greek gods, II, 226

Mezeray, de, on the bloody sweat of Charles IX, I, 60

Minerva, Roman deity, II, 208

Miracles, probability of, I, 40-51 Spinoza on, I, 40-43 Renan on, I, 44 of Christ, I, 351-354

Mishna, the, E. Deutsch on, I, 80 subdivisions of, I, 80 relation of Talmud to, I, 83 traditional view of, I, 84 on capital and pecuniary cases, I, 155, 156. See also Gemara and Talmud.

Mommsen, Theodor, on the jurisdiction of native courts of Roman subject peoples, II, 15 on Roman marital looseness, II, 243 on Roman extravagance, II, 247

Montefiore, Sir Moses, anecdote of, II, 180

Mosaic Code, the, a basis of Hebrew Criminal Law, I, 73, 84, 85

Müller, Johannes, explodes legend of Pilate and Lake Lucerne, II, 95

N

Nachum Halbalar, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 314

Nævius, Marcus, accusation of Scipio Africanus by, II, 41

Napoleon I, fickleness of populace toward, I, 63, 64 tribute of, to Jesus, II, 189 religious faith of, II, 190, 191

Nasi, prince of the Sanhedrin, I, 112

Nathan, Jewish rabbi, note on, II, 315, note

Neptune, Roman deity, II, 208

Nero, Roman emperor, deification of, II, 234 Golden House of, II, 246

Ney, Michel, French marshal, compared with St. Peter, I, 64

Nicodemus, Jewish elder, presence of, at trial of Christ, I, 282-286 defense of Christ before Sanhedrin, I, 305 presence and conduct of, at second trial of Jesus by Sanhedrin, I, 364 biographical note on, II, 319 apocryphal account of pleading of, for Jesus before Pilate, II, 360 Gospel of. See "Acts of Pilate"

Nordau, Max, on Jewish pride in Jesus, II, 188

O

Oaths, not administered to witnesses, under Jewish law, I, 134

Octavian. See Augustus

Omens, belief of Romans in, II, 215

Onkelos, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 305

Oracle, Delphic, consulted by Romans, II, 210

Osiris, Egyptian deity, the cross a symbol of, II, 66

Ovid, Roman poet, on unnatural practices in temples, II, 269

P

Paganism, Græco-Roman, conflict of, with Christianity, I, 16; II, 76-79 Hellenization of Roman religion, II, 199 importation of foreign gods, II, 200 origin and multiplicity of Roman gods, II, 198-204 Roman priesthood, II, 204, 205 Roman forms of worship, II, 205-209 perplexity of worshipers regarding deities, II, 207 prayer, II, 207, 208-210 augury and divination, II, 210-215 omens, II, 215, 216 decay of Roman faith, II, 217-220 Roman skepticism, II, 220-229 sacrilege among Romans, II, 221 disbelief of Romans in immortality, II, 228, 229 Epicureanism among the Romans, II, 229-231 stoicism, II, 231-233 deification of Roman emperors, II, 233-235 base deities of Romans, II, 265 effect of religion in Greek and Roman social corruption, II, 269

Palace of Herod, description of, II, 96, 97

Paley, William, on the discrepancies of the Gospels, I, 32, 33

Pan, Græco-Roman divinity, feasts of, II, 265

Paul, St., on the depravity of Rome, II, 284 delivery of, to Felix, II, 299

Pericles, Greek tyrant, and the divination of Lampon, II, 226

Pentateuch, the, a basis of Hebrew jurisprudence, I, 73

Permanent Tribunals (quæstiones perpetuæ), mode of trials before, at Rome, II, 43-52

Peter, St., at the sepulcher, I, 37 compared with Marshal Ney, I, 64 and Malchus, I, 36, 226

Pharisees, and the Talmud, I, 87 attitude of, toward the law, I, 338 dominant in priestly order, II, 302 their conception of the Messiah, II, 324 characteristics of, II, 324

Philip, St., and the feeding of the five thousand, I, 35

Phillips, Wendell, on Hindu swordsmanship, I, 48

Philo, Jewish philosopher, on the character of Pilate, I, 21; II, 89-91

Phryne, mistress of Praxiteles anecdote of, II, 242

Pilate, Pontius, powers of, as procurator of Judea, II, 27-31 name and origin of, II, 81, 82 marriage of, II, 82 becomes procurator of Judea, II, 84 provokes the Jews, II, 85 appropriates funds from Corban, II, 86 hangs shields in Herod's palace, II, 88 slays Galileans, II, 88 character of, I, 21; II, 88 canonization of, II, 89 ordered to Rome by Vitellius, II, 92 legends regarding death of, II, 92-94 interrogation of Jesus, II, 112-115 talents of, II, 115 his opinion of Jesus, II, 115 acquits Jesus, II, 116 sends Jesus to Herod, II, 117 reconciled with Herod, II, 128 offers to release Barabbas, II, 130 warned by wife's dream of Jesus, II, 133, 355 washes his hands of Christ's death, II, 137, 364 releases Barabbas, II, 138, 363 summary of his conduct of Christ's trial, II, 168 conduct of, compared with Cæsar, II, 169; with Sir Edward Coke, II, 170-172

Pindar, Greek poet, denunciation of, of vulgar superstitions, II, 224

Plato, Greek philosopher, unnatural love of, II, 263 reprobation of Homeric myths, II, 264

Pliny, the Younger, correspondence of, with Trajan, II, 78 disbelief of, in immortality, II, 229 on slavery, II, 203

Plutarch, on crucifixion, I, 56 anecdotes of Lucullus, II, 244-246

Polybius, on Roman pederasty, II, 263

Pompeia divorced by Cæsar, II, 238

Pompey, Cneius, the Great, conquest of Palestine by, II, 11 defeated at Pharsalia, II, 25 divorce of his wife Mucia, II, 238

Pontiffs, Roman, II, 204

Poppæa, wife of Nero, deification of, II, 77

Postumius, Spurius, Roman consul, suppression of Bacchanalians by, II, 270-283

Prætor, Roman, judicial powers of, II, 36

Priesthood, Roman. See Roman religion

Priests, Jewish Chamber of. See Sanhedrin

Procurator, Roman, jurisdiction of, II, 27, 28

Provinces, Roman, classification of, by Augustus, II, 27

Q

Quetzalcoatle, crucified Savior, worshiped by Mexicans, II, 66

R

Rabbi, origin of Jewish title of, II, 315

Rabbis, Jewish, arrogance of, II, 316

Raphall, Morris, on the origin of the Sanhedrin, I, 104

Rawlinson, George, on the political state of Judea at the time of Christ, II, 11

Religions, policy of Romans toward foreign, and of conquered peoples, II, 72-74

Renan, Ernest, on miracles, I, 44-47 on the "judicial ambush" of blasphemers, I, 235 on the character of Pilate, II, 90 on the character of Christ, II, 187, 188

Richard III, King of England, contest of, with Saladin, I, 48

Richter on the pathology of crucifixion, II, 58, 59

Rosadi, on the confession of the accused under Hebrew law, I, 143 on the hatred of Pilate toward the Jews, II, 98 on the order of criminal trials in Roman provinces, II, 32

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, on the death of Christ, II, 187

Romans, laws of, the basis of modern jurisprudence, II, 5 policy of, toward subject peoples, II, 13-15 responsibility of, for Christ's death, II, 174-176 religion of. See Paganism

Ruga, Carvilius, first Roman to procure a divorce, II, 236

S

Sacrifice, human, among the Romans, II, 209

Sadducees, attitude of, toward the law, I, 338 attitude of, toward anthropomorphism of Pentateuch, I, 338 dominant in the Sanhedrin, I, 339 disbelief of, in immortality, II, 322 wealth and rank of, II, 322

Saladin, Saracen Sultan, contest of, with Richard III, I, 48

Salians, Roman priests, II, 204

Sallust, Roman historian, on the conspiracy of Cataline, II, 229

Salvador, Joseph, on the existence of the Great Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, 177

Samuel, Hakaton, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 307

Sanctuary, right of, among ancient peoples, I, 96

Sanhedrin, the Great, origin of, I, 103 history of, I, 104 organization of, I, 105 chamber of scribes, I, 105; II, 303 chamber of elders, I, 105; II, 318 chamber of priests, I, 105; II, 292 qualifications of members of, I, 106 disqualifications of judges of, I, 109 officers of, I, 112 compensation of officers of, I, 115 sessions of, I, 116 recruitment of personnel of, I, 117 quorum of, I, 119 jurisdiction of, I, 119 appeals to, from minor Sanhedrins, I, 120 morning sacrifice of, I, 157 assembling of judges of, I, 158 scribes of, I, 158, 159 examination of witnesses by, I, 159-162 debates and balloting of judges of, I, 162 procedure of, in cases of condemnation of accused, I, 165-167 method of counting votes, I, 167, 168 death march of, I, 169, 170 question of existence of, at time of Christ, I, 175-181 jurisdiction of, in capital cases at the time of Christ, I, 181-183 discussion of trial of Christ before, I, 183-186 procedure of, in trial of Christ before, I, 186 illegality of proceedings of, against Christ, I, 255-259, 260-262, 263-266, 267-270, 287-294 illegality of sentence of, against Christ, I, 271-278, 279-286 disqualifications of members of, who condemned Christ, I, 296-308 morning session of, at trial of Christ, I, 356-364 three sessions of, to discuss Christ, I, 305, 306 authority of, after Roman conquest, II, 12, 16, 21 deprived by Romans of power of capital punishment, II, 19, 20 biographical sketches of members of, who tried Jesus, II, 291-326

Sanhedrins, minor, appeals from, to Great Sanhedrin, I, 120 establishment of, I, 121 jurisdiction of, I, 121 superior rank of those of Jerusalem, I, 123, 124

Saul, Abba, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 313

Savonarola, Girolamo, Florentine reformer, burning of, I, 63

Scaurus, Manercus, prosecuted for treason, II, 70

Sceva, Jewish priest, biographical note on, II, 300

Schenck, account of, of the bloody sweat of a nun, I, 59

Schürer, on the existence of the Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, 176 on the jurisdiction of the Sanhedrin, II, 18 on the administration of civil law by Sanhedrin, II, 30

Scipio Africanus, trial of, before Comitia Centuriata, II, 41

Scott, Sir Walter, on the contest between Richard III and Saladin, I, 47, 48

Scourging, of Jesus, I, 56 mode of, among Romans, II, 55

Scribes, Jewish, Edersheim on, I, 302

Scribes, Jewish Chamber of. See Sanhedrin

Segnensis, Henricus, anecdote of, illustrative of mediæval ignorance regarding Talmud, II, 74

Semiramis, Assyrian queen, origin of crucifixion imputed to, II, 54

Seneca, anecdote from, regarding political informers, II, 71 on the patriotic observance of the national religion, II, 226 on suicide, II, 232 on slavery, II, 252 on Roman myths, II, 265

Septuagint, version of the Bible, paraphrasing of anthropomorphic passages in, I, 237

Sepulture, of crucified criminals forbidden, II, 58

Serapis, Egyptian deity, images of thrown down, II, 73 Marcus Aurelius an adorer of, II, 217

Servilia, mistress of Julius Cæsar, II, 239

Shammai, School of, and the Mishna, I, 79 dissensions of, with School of Hillel, II, 309

Shevuah ben Kalba, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 319

Shoterim of the Sanhedrin, I, 113

Sibylline Books, II, 199, 204

Sibyl, Erythræan, Virgil inspired by, II, 287

Simon, Jewish rebel, revolt of, II, 110

Simon, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 320

Simon Boethus, made high priest by Herod I, II, 296

Simon ben Camithus, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 298

Simon Cantharus, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 297

Simon, son of Gamaliel, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 305

Simon Hamizpah, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 314

Sinaitic MS. of the Bible, I, 67

Slavery, under Hebrew law, I, 95 account of, among Romans, II, 250, 251

Social life, Græco-Roman, marriage and divorce, II, 236-240 prostitution, II, 242-244 luxury and extravagance, II, 244-249 poverty of Roman masses, II, 249 slavery, II, 249-253 infanticide, II, 254 gladiatorial games, II, 255-262 depravity of, traceable to corrupt myths, II, 262-270 practice of Bacchanalian rites, II, 270-283 hopeless state of, at time of Christ, II, 284-287

Socrates, Greek philosopher, resemblance of charges against, to those against Jesus, II, 181 counsel of, to Hetairai, II, 243

Sodomy, prevalence of, among Greeks and Romans, II, 262-264 practiced in Roman temples, II, 269

Solomon ben Joseph, Jewish rabbi, on the Talmud, I, 90

Sonnenthal, Adolf von, Jewish actor, refused freedom of Vienna, II, 182

Sparta, licentiousness of, II, 241

Spartacus, Roman gladiator, revolt of, II, 259, 260

Spartans, marital looseness of, II, 241

Spinoza, Jewish philosopher, on miracles, I, 40-44

Standards, apocryphal miracle of, at trial of Christ, II, 354 _seq._

Starkie on the credibility of testimony, I, 12

Stephen, St., stoning of, I, 365

Stephen, Sir James F. J., on the Roman treatment of Christianity, II, 76 on Pilate's trial of Jesus, II, 159-164

Stoicism, among the Romans, II, 231 resemblance of, to Christian precepts, II, 331

Stoning of criminals under Hebrew law, I, 92, 99

Strangling of criminals under Hebrew law, I, 91, 99

Strauss, David, on the behavior of Jesus before Herod, II, 126 on the character of Christ, II, 187

Stroud on the physical cause of death of Christ, I, 61, 62

Suetonius, Roman historian, on the labeling of criminals before execution, I, 57 on divination, II, 213 narrative of, of dreams presaging reign of Augustus, II, 214 account of, of belief of Augustus in omens, II, 215

Suicide, attitude of Stoics toward, II, 232

Suspension, death by, II, 61, 62

Sweat, bloody, historical instances of, I, 59, 60

T

Tacitus, Roman historian, on slavery, II, 253

Talmud, the, definition of, I, 74 recensions of, I, 81 contents of, I, 82 relation of Mishna to, I, 83, to Gemara, I, 83; to Pentateuch, I, 83; to Mosaic Code, I, 84, 85 efforts of Christians to extirpate, I, 87, 88 message and mission of, I, 89 See also Gemara and Mishna

Telemachus, St., death of, in arena, II, 261

Temples, a resort of immorality in Rome, II, 269

Tertullian, Latin father, on the character of Pilate, II, 89 on the resort of vice to temple precincts, II, 269 reference of, to the "Acts of Pilate," II, 329, 333 _seq._, 347, 348

Tertullus, his prosecution of Paul, II, 299

Testimony, under Hebrew Criminal Law, of each witness required to cover entire case, I, 132 vain, I, 145 standing, I, 146 adequate, I, 147 of accomplices, I, 228-230, 235, 236

Theodota, the courtesan, counseled by Socrates, II, 243

Theophilus, son of Annas, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 296

Theresa, Maria, Austrian empress, codex of, II, 54

Three, Jewish Courts of, jurisdiction of, I, 124

Tiberius Cæsar, Roman emperor, sway of, II, 27 character of, II, 70 prosecutions of, for treason, II, 70, 71 marriage of, to Julia, II, 83 legendary desire of, to deify Christ, II, 329, 330 _seq._

Tischendorf, Constantine, on the authenticity of the "Acts of Pilate," II, 345 _seq._

Tissot, account of, of the bloody sweat of a sailor, I, 59

Trajan, Roman emperor, correspondence of, with Pliny, II, 78

Trials, Roman criminal, right of appeal, II, 28 during the regal period, II, 35 Roman, mode of, in the Comitia Centuriata, II, 37-43 mode of, in the Permanent Tribunals, II, 43-52 prosecutor, rôle and selection of, II, 43, 44, 49

Trial of Jesus, Hebrew, nature of charge against Jesus before Sanhedrin, I, 187 procedure of, before Sanhedrin, I, 188 discussion of charge of blasphemy against Jesus, I, 193-209 illegality of arrest of Jesus, I, 219-237 illegality of private examination of Jesus before high priest, I, 238-247 illegality of indictment of Jesus, I, 248-254 illegality of nocturnal proceedings against Jesus, I, 255-259 illegality of the meeting of the Sanhedrin before morning sacrifice, I, 260-262 illegality of proceedings against Christ, because held on the eve of the Sabbath, and of a feast, I, 263-266 illegality of trial, because concluded in one day, I, 267-270 condemnation of Jesus founded on uncorroborated evidence, I, 271-278 Jesus illegally condemned by unanimous verdict, I, 279-286 condemnation of Jesus pronounced in place forbidden by law, I, 288-292 irregular balloting of judges of Jesus, I, 292-294 condemnation of Jesus illegal, because of unlawful conduct of high priest, I, 290, 291 disqualifications of judges of Jesus, I, 296-308 Jesus condemned without defense, I, 309 second trial of Jesus by Sanhedrin, I, 356-366

Trial of Jesus, Roman, discussion of Roman and Hebrew jurisdiction, II, 3-23 Roman law applicable to, II, 68-80 as conducted by Pilate, II, 96-118, 129-139 legal analysis of, II, 141-168

Tribune, Roman, judicial powers of, II, 36

Tryphon, son of Theudion, Jewish elder; biographical note on, II, 321

Twelve Tables, laws of the, II, 53, 208

U

Ulpian, Roman jurist, his definition of treason, II, 69

V

Vatican, MS. of the Bible, I, 67

Venus, Roman deity, sacrifices to, II, 208 impersonated by Phryne, II, 243 worshiped by harlots, II, 266

Veronica, St., legend of, II, 93

Vestals, Roman priestesses, guardians of sacred fire, II, 204 spectators at licentious dramas, II, 267

Vinicius, Lucius, Roman patrician, letter of Augustus to, II, 83

Virgil, poem of, on advent of heaven-born child, I, 321; II, 287

Virginia, legend of, II, 236

Vitellius, legate of Syria, spares Jewish prejudices, II, 85 orders Pilate to Rome, II, 92

Vitia, Roman matron, executed for treason, II, 71

Voltaire, François de, account of, of the bloody sweat of Charles IX, I, 59 on character of Christ, II, 187

Vulgate, version of the Bible, I, 68

W

Witnesses, under Hebrew Criminal Law, competency and incompetency of, I, 127-129 number of, required to convict, I, 129 agreement of, I, 131 adjuration to, I, 134 examination of, I, 136, 138 false, I, 140 the accused as, I, 141 separation of, I, 137

Wise, Rabbi, on the non-existence of the Great Sanhedrin at time of Christ, I, 175, 179 on the "martyrdom of Jesus," I, 330

X

Xenophanes, ridicule of, of Greek religion, II, 224

Z

Zadok, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 310

Zeno, Greek philosopher, originator of Stoicism, II, 229

Zeus, Greek divinity, character of, I, 14 myth of rape of Ganymede by, II, 262

Corrections

The first line indicates the original, the second the correction:

p. 61: Describing the punishments used in Madasgascar Describing the punishments used in Madagascar.

p. 151: and that he recognized and that He recognized.

p. 174: as did S. Michael as did St. Michael.

p. 392: Dysmas, legendary name of one of thieves crucified with Jesus, II, 364

Dysmas, legendary name of one of the thieves crucified with Jesus, II, 364

Derembourg, Joseph, on the Jewish priestly families, II, 294 Dérembourg, Joseph, on the Jewish priestly families, II, 294

p. 397: Lemann, extract from work of, on Sanhedrin, II, 291 Lémann, extract from work of, on Sanhedrin, II, 291

p. 402: Scipio Africanus, trial of, before Comitia Centuriata Scipio Africanus, trial of, before Comitia Centuriata, II, 41

Footnote 15: Geschichte des römischen criminalprocesses Geschichte des römischen Criminalprocesses

Footnote 152: Renan, "Les Apotres." Renan, "Les Apôtres."