Part 8

A name for the primitive languages of N.E. Africa and S.W. Asia, including the EGYPTIAN, ETHIOPIC, S. ARABIAN, AKKADIAN, or early BABYLONIAN, &c. The root of this word is supposed by some to survive in AMHARIC and AMAZIG, names for Abyssinian and Berber dialects; “Ham” or “Cham,” _quasi_ “dark.” _See_ HEBRÆO-AFRICAN.

HAMPSHIRE, HANTS.

A provincial dialect of ENGLISH. Vocaby. in “Warner’s Collec.,” 1795.

HANAU.

A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN.

HANDURI.

A dialect of PUNJABI.

HANOVER.

A dialect of LOW-GERMAN.

HARAFORA, _see_ ALFUROS.

HARAYA.

MALAYAN: a dialect of the Philippine Is. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila, 1841.

HARPA.

BHOT: a dialect of N. and S.E. Thibet.

HARROTI.

A dialect of HINDI, spoken in the State of Kotah, Rajpootana, N.W. India.

HARZ _or_ HARTZ.

A dialect of LOW-GERMAN. Schulze: “Harzgedichte,” Clausthal, 1833.

HATIGOR.

A dialect of Assamese, classed as SINGHPO.

HATUSUA.

MALAYAN: dialect of Ceram.

HAUSSA, HOUSSA, _or_ HAWSA.

A native dialect of African, largely infused with ARABIC, vernacular along the R. Chadda, a tributary of the Niger. See Schön: “Grammar,” London, 1862; “Vocaby.,” London, 1843; “Primer,” Berlin, 1857.

⁂ BODO, &c., are related to HAUSSA; this language has vocalic euphony. H. C.

HAVAIIAN, HAWAIIAN, HAWAIAN.

A dialect of E. POLYNESIAN, spoken by natives of Owhyhee and other of the Sandwich Is., in the N. Pacific Ocean; it is similar in form and construction to TAHITIAN, and the MAORI of New Zealand. It is now a written language. See Dicty. by Andrews, Honolulu, 1865. R. G. L. (2.)

HAYU, _see_ VAYU.

HEBRÆO-AFRICAN.

An epithet invented by Dr. J. Cowles Prichard, in imitation of Indo-European, to include a group of African languages which have definite relations to the HEBREW. These are especially the Abyssinian languages, the GALLA, the COPTIC, and the LIBYAN. Within the limits of an article we cannot state all the points of relationship, but we may note the remarkable similarity of the first and second pronouns, the mode of conjugating, the principal tense of the verb, the facility of forming derivative verbs from a primary (but the languages connected with Turkish have this), the inaptitude in compounding words, even so far as not even to prefix prepositions to verbs. The Abyssinian languages come nearest to Hebrew, and next the Libyan. Tutscheh notes the singular approximation of the Galla to the Arabic in the syntax used with the plural of nouns. The Coptic is of all the most distant from Hebrew. F. W. N.

HEBREW.

SEMITIC: closely allied to ARAMAIC and PHŒNICIAN. It is an extinct dialect spoken by the ancient Jews of Palestine, and preserved to us in their sacred writings known as the Old Testament Scriptures. The old Hebrew character, as found on coins, &c., has much resemblance to Phœnician. The Biblical alphabet, called Square Hebrew, has been traced by some to the captivity at Babylon, B.C. 603-536, but is regarded by others as much more recent. The Rabbinic characters are of a more cursive form, and the modern Jews of Germany and Poland used running hands of somewhat differing forms. For LATER HEBREW, _see_ TALMUDIC, and for MODERN HEBREW, _see_ JEWEY. Lexicons by Fürst; Gesenius: Grammar, Lex.; Thesaurus, &c.

HEBRIDES, NEW, _see_ MALLICOLLO.

HEILBRONN.

A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN.

HELEBI.

A name for the Gipsies of Egypt; perhaps from Heleb or Halib, the ARABIC form of Aleppo, in N. Syria. W. E.

HELIGOLAND.

A sub-dialect of FRISIAN. See Oelrich’s “Kleines Wörterb.” 1846.

HELLENIC.

INDO-EUROPEAN: class name for the Greek language and its dialects.

HELSINGA.

A sub-dialect of SWEDISH. See Lenström: “Ordbok,” Upsala, 1841. _See_ HELSINGIC.

HENNEBERG.

A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See Brücker: “Beitrag,” Meiningen, 1843.

HEREFORDSHIRE.

A provincial dialect of ENGLISH. “Glossary” by Sir G. C. Lewis, London. 1839. W. W. S.

HERERO.

African: classed by Barth and Bleek as S.W. BANTU, with BENGA, BENGUELA, and BUNDA. The name of the language is “O Tyi-hereró,” that of the speakers is “O Va-hereró”; it is now nearly extinct. See Hahn: “Grammatik,” Berlin, 1857; Kolbe: “Vowels,” 1868; specimens collected by Dr. Rath.

HEREVI, HETZVI.

An extinct dialect of OLD PERSIAN, formerly vernacular at Herat.

HERZEGOVINIC.

SLAVONIC: a sub-dialect of SERVIAN.

HESSIAN.

A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN.

HEUMA, _see_ SHENDU.

HEVE.

A native dialect of the aborigines of Central America, vernacular in Mexico; it is also called EUDEVE, and closely allied to PIMA. See Smith’s “Grammatical Sketch,” 1862.

HHAMARA, _see_ WAAG.

HIANG-YAN.

A name for the common colloquial language of CHINESE.

HIAQUI.

AMERICAN: spoken in Sonora and Sinaloa; also called IBEQUI and YAQUI.

HIERATIC.

GREEK name for the cursive alphabet used by the ancient priestly caste of Egypt; it is from the word “hieros,” “sacred.” ☞

HIEROGLYPHIC.

Greek name for the symbolic alphabet or figure painting which constituted the most formal writing of ancient Egyptians, from “hieros” and “grapho.” The Aztecs of Mexico also had a system of hieroglyphic writing. Brugsch: “Hierog. Demot. Wörterb.,” 4 vols., Leipsig, 1867-8. _See_ NAHUATL.

HIERONYMIC.

SLAVONIC: name for the Glagolitic characters.

HIGHLAND.

HIGHLAND-SCOTTISH: name sometimes used for GAELIC.

HILDESHEIM.

A sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN.

HILIGUEINA.

MALAYAN: a dialect of the Philippine Is. _See_ ILOCANA.

HIMALAYAN.

Name for a class of native aboriginal languages of Hindostan, comprising KOOCH, DHIMAL, BODO, all closely allied to NIPALESE and BHOT. See “Essays by Hodgson,” Calcutta, 1847.

HIMYARITIC _or_ HIMJARITE.

Name for the characters used in some early inscriptions of S. Arabia in a dialect allied to the MAHARI of Abyssinia. Mr. Palgrave, “Central and E. Arabia,” vol ii., p. 240, states that the modern Himyarites, who speak a dialect of modern Arabic, are called the “reds”: “ahmar” in Arabic; but it seems more probable that they are the Hi or Hy-Mahari: “Hy” being a tribal prefix in Africa as in Ireland. Compare the Hi-breasail, the Hy-Many, or O’Kelly people; the Hy-Fiachrach or O’Dowdy people. The use of the same prefix in Africa is proved by the Ki-Suaheli, the Hi or Ki-Kamba, Ki-Sambala; cf. the Heb. ‏ה‎; ‏ח‎; which gives the transition from “h” to “ch” or “k”; thus also we may have Ki-Afer for the people of Africa, the original Kaffirs: indeed we have the mature word in Ke-Kuafi, _see under_ U. Hy-mahari would mean “the shore-people.” _See_ EKHKILI.

HINANTSHI _or_ HINA.

African: assigned by Barth to HAMARUA.

HINDI _or_ HINDUWI.

The vernacular language of native Hindoos; it is derived from SANSKRIT, and closely adhered to by all the Brahmin castes. It was probably the court tongue of Canaug or Kanoj, a chief city of Hindostan when Alexander the Great crossed the Indus and defeated Porus, B.C. 327. The language has many branches or sub-dialects, and is written in the Devanagri, or sacred alphabet used in the Vedas; also in Kyt’hí, a sort of running hand. Ballantyne: “Elements,” London, 1869; “Chrestomathie,” Garcin de Tassy, Paris, 1849.

HINDOO.

Class name for the INDIAN branch of the ARYAN family of languages, derived, according to some, from “Hapta Hendu,” “Seven Rivers,” old name for the Punjaub.

HINDOSTANI _or_ URDU.

The vernacular tongue of the Indian Moslemim, or Mussulmen; first originated by the Muhammadan invaders, _circa_ A.D. 1004. It is a compound of ARABIC and PERSIAN with SANSKRIT, called URDU-ZABAN, or “camp lingo,” and written in a cursive character, called Taghlik, derived from Arabic; also in uncial letters formed from Sanskrit. N.B.—Hindu-stan means the “land of the Hindoos.” Forbes: “Dicty. H. and Eng.,” 1859; “Grammar,” 1849.

HINZUAN.

African: a KAFFIR form of speech; language of the Comorn Is., off the E. coast.

HITCHITTEE.

AMERICAN: spoken by a division of the Creeks. “Arch. Amer.,” vol. ii., p. 377.

HOCH-DEUTSCH, _see_ GERMAN.

HOCHELAGA.

American: sub-dialect of MOHAWK, formerly spoken in the locality now known as Montreal, Canada.

HOCHUNGORAH.

AMERICAN: native name for the Winnebagos.

HOHEN-LOHE, HOHEN-SCHWANGAU, HOHEN-STEIN.

Sub-dialects of HIGH-GERMAN.

HOK-KEEN.

Dialect of CHINESE. Dicty. by Medhurst, Macao, 1832-9.

HOLLAND _or_ HOLLANDISH.

(1) A name for the NETHERLANDISH, a dialect of PLATT-DEUTSCH.

(2) For provincial Dialects. See Latham’s “Opuscula,” London, 1860.

HOLOPHRASIS.

Grammatical term; mode of analysis; reducing whole sentences into words. _See_ POLYSYNTHETIC.

HOLSTEIN.

Sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Schütze: “Holsteinisches Idiotikon,” Hamburgh, 1800-6. W. W. S.

HONDURAS.

American: geographical term for the LENCA class.

⁂ The languages are allied to the KOUMA, LEGBA, &c., of W. Africa. H. C.

HOOPAH.

American: a variety of ATHABASKAN, spoken so far S. as U. California.

HOR _or_ HORPA.

THIBETAN: a local dialect of BHOT, called also (1) KHACHE: Chinese KOATSE; (2) IGUR, the native name, which appears to be the same as UIGHUR, a Turkish dialect. The affix “pa” in “Horpa” is Bhot, as quoted by Mr. Hodgson, who gives W. Thibet along with Dzungaria and Chinese Turkestan as the area over which it is spoken. R. G. L.

HOTONTALO.

Polynesian; a sub-dialect of MENADU.

HOTTENTOT.

African: name for a large number of S. dialects, spoken by the Quaiquai or K’hoè Khoep, and distinguished by a peculiar sound in utterance, known as the Hottentot “click.”

⁂ According to Dr. Bleek they are a widely different class from the KAFFIR. R. G. L.

HOVA.

Native term “ank′ova”; used for the central tribes of Madagascar, said to be a fair race. It is, apparently, of African origin, as under HERERO. _See_ MALAGASY.

HOYA.

Malayan: a dialect of CERAM, allied to TELUTI.

HUACHI, HUANCAS.

AMERICAN: Indians of Bolivia.

HUASTECA.

American: dialect of Mexico, and apparently the same word as “Aztec.” It is spoken in the province of Tamaulipas, and is a language of the MAYA class. See De Olmoz: “Grammatica,” &c., Mexico, 1560.

HUECO _or_ WACO.

American: name for the TALLEWITSUS. It is vernacular in Texas, and allied to KECHAI, PAWNEE, &c.

HUILLICHE.

AMERICAN: name for tribes of Araucans, the aborigines of Chili. The “che” here means “men,” being a Chileno word, so we have “men of the south.” It is applied also to the Patagonians. _See_ VUTA. R. G. L.

HUMMING-BIRD INDIANS.

AMERICAN: name for the Uaenambeu tribe in the province of Rio Negro, Brasil.

HUNGARIAN _or_ MAGYAR.

UGRIAN: dialect of an Asiatic race, derived from the OSTIAK of the R. Ob or Oby in Siberia, and closely allied to FINNISH. The Magyars are now the dominant race in the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, which they subdued about A.D. 900. It has a copious modern literature. See Ballagi: “Wörterbuk,” Pesth, 1864; Ollendorff: “Newe Methode,” Pesth, 1869. _See_ UNGARN.

HUNGARIAN-WENDISH.

Slavonic: a local dialect of Hungary, allied to the WENDISH of Lusatia.

HUNZA, _see_ KHAJUNA.

HURON.

American: classed as IROQUOIS; language of the Huron Indians, spoken on the shores of the lake so named.

HURRIANA.

A dialect of HINDI spoken in a fertile district of N.W. India, an oasis on the Jumna, near Delhi. The word “Hurya” signifies “green.”

HURUR.

Abyssinian, dialect of AMHARIC. See Salt’s “Voyage,” appendix, vol. i., p. 6.

HUZVARESH.

IRANIC: same as PEHLEVI. See Spiegel: “Grammatik,” Wien, 1856.

HYMIARITIC, _see under_ HI.

HYPERBOREAN.

Dr. Latham’s class-name at one time proposed for the DZHUKAGHIR, SAMOYED, and YENISEIAN group of languages.

ADDENDA.

HADAREB, HADAREM, _under_ A.

HADENDOA.

AFRICAN: a dialect of Nubia.

HALHA.

Same as HAILHA, also written GALGAI.

HALLANDIC, HELSINGIC.

SCANDINAVIAN: dialects of Sweden, cited in Ihre’s “Svenskt Dialect-Lex.,” Upsal, 1766. W. W. S.

HALLE.

Germanic: sub-dialect of SWABIAN, see “Mundartliche Sprache,” 1814.

HALLENGA.

AFRICAN: a dialect of Nubia.

HAMBURG-INDIANS.

AMERICAN: ENGLISH name for the T-ka’s of Scott’s River; they speak a dialect of SHASTA.

HARAR, HARRER, HARRARGIE, _see_ HURUR.

HATTAQUAHE.

Caucasian: a dialect of ADIGE or CHERKESS. H. C.

HAWSTEAD (HALSTEAD).

Suffolk dialect of ENGLISH. See Cullum’s “History,” &c., 1784.

HAZORTA.

African: same as SHIHO, a dialect of DANAKIL.

HELSINGIC, _see_ HALLANDIC.

HENNEGA.

American: KOLUSCH dialect of P. Wales’s Is.

HERVEY ARCH., _see_ RAROTONGAN.

HIGH-GERMAN.

English form of HOCH-DEUTSCHEN.

HILLUNA, _see_ ILOCANA.

HINDELOPIAN.

Germanic: a sub-dialect of FRIESIC. See specimen in Bosworth’s “A. S. Dicty.,” p. 74. W. W. S.

HINDMARSH LAKE.

Dialect of AUSTRALIAN. See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

HIO, _see_ EYO.

HIONG-NU.

Alatyan: dialect of TURKISH. It is the name used by Chinese, and by them applied to the mediæval Huns.

HLASSA, _under_ L.

HO.

(1) African: BOMBA dialect of Guinea. _See_ SALA.

(2) INDIAN: native name for the KOL of Kolehan. It means “man.” _See_ SINGHBHUM.

HOLLAND (NEW), _see_ AUSTRALIAN.

HONIMOA.

MALAYAN: dialect of the Moluccas, closely allied to SARAPUA.

HONIN.

Negritic: dialect of PAPUAN.

HOOD-SUNHOO.

American: KOLUSCH dialect of Hood’s Bay.

HORDE.

That is “herd,” a body, tribe, family, or clan, applied to nomade Tatars. It is the same word as Urdu, “a camp,” in URDU-ZABAN. _See_ HINDOSTANI.

HORN IS.

POLYNESIAN: dialect of the Friendly group.

HOROJE.

AMERICAN: a name for the Winnebags.

HO-TE-DAY.

AMERICAN: native name of the Yeka or Shasta-butte Indians of California.

HOUSSA.

African: German form of HAUSSA.

HUAHINE.

EASTERN POLYNESIAN: same as TAHITIAN. W. G.

HUDSON’S-BAY INDIANS.

AMERICAN: tribes of Chepewyans.

HUME R., _see_ MURRUMBIDGEE.

HURN-PARDEE.

INDIAN: also called BAORI; a nomadic tribe who subsist by catching antelope and the hunting-cheetah; they speak a peculiar dialect of HINDI. W. E. _See_ BOWRI.

HUZZAW, _see_ OSAGE.

I.

IAIAN.

A Polynesian dialect, allied to LIFU.

IAKON, _under_ J.

IAPYGIAN.

A language spoken in the S. of ancient Italy; it was allied to OSCAN, but containing a large number of Greek words. See Mommsen: “Unteritalischen Dialekte,” Leipsig, 1851. G. R.

IBAREKAB.

African: a dialect of BEJA. See Salt’s “Voyage.”

IBBIBBY.

African: a name for the QUA or CALEBAR.

IBEQUI, _see_ HIAQUI.

IBERIAN _or_ IBERIC.

A name for the pre-Roman dialects of Spain, and sometimes used as a synonym for BASQUE, which is supposed to have been derived from it. _See_ CELT-IBERIAN.

IBO _or_ EBOE.

AFRICAN: dialect of the W. coast, at the delta of the Niger.

ICELANDIC.

Old Icelandic is the same as OLD NORSE, and the modern dialect differs from it but slightly. A language of Teutonic origin, belonging to the SCANDINAVIAN branch, planted in Iceland by Norwegian settlers, _circa_ A.D. 874. Rask’s Grammar, translated by Dasent, London, 1843; Möbius: “Altnordisches Glossar,” Leipsig, 1866; Egilsson: “Dicty. of the Poetical Language,” Copenhagen, 1860; Cleasby and Vigfusson: “Dicty. of the Prose Language,” Oxford, 1869-71, completed as far as “R.” W. W. S.

IDEOGRAPHIC.

Name for writing in which single characters express ideas; the hieroglyphics or picture writing of Egypt, and the languages of ancient Babylonia and Assyria are partly ideographic. G. R.

IDIOM.

A native peculiarity of speech.

IGARRA.

African: dialect of the YORUBA.

IGBIRA.

African: a dialect of the YORUBA. _See_ IGALA.

IGBIRA-HIMA, IGBIRA-PANDA.

African: dialects of the NUFI.

IGHUR, _see_ UIGUR.

IKA.

AMERICAN: dialect of L. California.

ILLINOIS.

American: the ALGONKIN of the State so named after the original tribes, “Illeni,” “the men.” Vocab., “Trans. Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 112.

ILLYRIAN.

Slavonic: a written dialect of SERVIAN, closely allied to WENDISH. See “Grammatik.,” by Babukic, Wien, 1839; Dicty. by Fröhlich, “Ill-Dutch,” Wien, 1853-4.

ILLYRIC _or_ THRACO-ILLYRIC.

Name for a class of ARYAN languages, of which the SKIPETAR or ALBANIAN is the only modern representative. _See_ PELASGIC.

ILMORMO.

African: a dialect of GALLA.

⁂ It is a name for the GALLA proper, by some alleged to be Semitic or Sub-Semitic, but the relations are very remote. H. C.

ILOCANA _or_ ILOCO.

MALAYAN: a dialect of the Philippines. Vocaby. by Carro, Manila, 1849.

INBASK _or_ INBAZK.

Moghol: a dialect of YENISEIAN or OSTIAK, somewhat allied to ARINI. Klaproth: “Asia Pol.,” p. 171.

INCA.

American: a name given to the QUICHUA language, after a dynasty of Peru. _See_ QUICHUA.

INCORPORATING.

A name for the agglutinative languages of America. _See_ POLYSYNTHETIC.

INDENI.

A dialect of PAPUAN, also called NITENDI.

INDIA.

Name for HINDOSTAN: land of the Indus, or of the Hindoos, who inhabit it.

⁂ For aboriginal languages see Hunter’s “Comparative Vocabulary of the Non-Aryan Languages of India”; Caldwell’s “Comp. Gr.”; Papers by Dr. Seth Stevenson, &c. _See_ WEST INDIES.

INDIAN.

A name given to many dialects of the aborigines of New England and other parts of America. ☞

INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO.

Languages POLYNESIAN: classed as Malayan and Negritic.

INDIAN, OLD.

A name for SANSKRIT.

INDIANS.

N. AMERICAN: The Nova Scotia Indians have all decayed away. They were a people who in their habits more especially used the sea-coast, banks of lakes, rivers, &c.; the mountaineer is the country Indian, solely engaged in hunting spoils for trade and subsistence. The E. States have still a sprinkling of mongrel races, so intermixed as to leave but a slight trace of the old N. American sons of the forest. The Red Indian of Newfoundland was cannibal in his habits, and the race is utterly extinct. I have not met, on the Labrador, any mixture between the Esquimaux and the mountaineer and Mic-mac tribes, but frequently children of English and Esquimaux. J. T.

INDIC.

A name for the HINDOO branch of the great ARYAN family of languages, comprising SANSKRIT, PRAKRIT, PALI, MAHRATTA, HINDI, BENGALI, &c. The country N. of the Indus was called Arya-âvarta, “abode of the Aryas.”

⁂ A S.W. branch of the great ARYAN family, who in pre-historic times were settled to the N. and N.W. of Kâbul, became in the end the Brahmanic Aryans of India, and the Zoroastrian Aryans of Iran (Persia). There is no doubt that the Indian Aryans travelled mainly to the S.W., crossing first, and settling in the Land of the Seven Rivers—the Indus, Punjâb (or Five Rivers), and the Sarasvâti—and that they proceeded thence gradually along the Jumna and Ganges, till they reached the Bay of Bengal. Ultimately, under the name of Hindûs (whence Hindûstan), they occupied all the district around and in connection with this great river system, displacing and driving to the south an earlier race, who still inhabit the S.E. and S. of the Deccan (Dakshina, so called as on the right hand—dexter—of the invading Hindû race), and who are allied to the Moghols of Central Asia. The dialect of the earlier, as of the existing populations to the S. and E., is of Turanian or Nishada origin. The principal Aryan dialects at present are BENGALI, HINDI, and MAHRATTA, all of them lineal descendants of the Devanagari or Sanskrit, which is no longer a spoken language. HINDUSTANI, though mainly Aryan in its vocabulary, and wholly so in its structure, is rather the language of general communication than a distinct dialect. See “Comparative Grammar of the Aryan Languages of India,” by Beames. W. S. W. V. _See_ DRAVIDIAN.

INDO-CHINESE.

A collective term for a class of languages embracing ANAMITE, SIAMESE, and allied dialects. See Leyden in “Asiatic Researches,” vol. x.; Brown’s “Comparative Table” in the “Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,” 1837.

INDO-EUROPEAN, _see_ ARYAN.

Bopp’s “Comparative Grammar”; “Vergleichende Grammatik des Sansk., Zend., Griech., Lat., Lithau., Altslav., Gothischen und Deutschen,” 4 vols., Berlin, 1833-42; English translation by Eastwick, 3 vols., London, 1862.

INDO-GERMANIC.

Same as INDO-EUROPEAN. See Schleicher: “Indo-Germanische Chrestomathie,” Weimar, 1869; Fick: “Wörterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen,” Göttingen, 1871. W. W. S.

INDO-PARTHIAN.

Name for an early dynasty of Kabulistan, then probably of much greater extent; their coins are found over the whole of the Punjab and into India. W. S. W. V.

INDO-PORTUGUESE.

Mixed dialect used at the seaports of Ceylon, formed by a combination of PORTUGUESE with DUTCH and SANSKRIT.

INDO-SCYTHIAN, INDO-SCYTHIC.

An early dynasty of Kabulistan founded about B.C. 80, by a nomadic people called Yue-tchi by the Thibetans.

⁂ The language used by these monarchs on their coins is two-fold; Aryan and Greek. See Wilson’s “Ariana Antiqua,” pp. 347-381. G. R.

INFLECTIONAL.

Same as polysyllabic; name for the highest class of speech yet known to man. It is specially applied to the Aryan family of languages, which express the “moods, tenses, cases, and all other modifications of meaning in verbs and nouns by means of suffixes ... mutilated fragments of words.”—_Farrar._

INGANOS.

AMERICAN: Indians of N. Granada. See “Vocabulario,” “Los Indios del Andaqui,” pp. 20-21.

INGUSH.

Lesgian: a dialect of TSHETSH, spoken by the Lamur, hill-men of Georgia and Circassia.

INHAMBANE.

African: a dialect of the MOZAMBIQUE.

INKALAIT, INKILIK, INKULUKHLUAIT, INGELMUT.

American: dialects of ATHABASCAN, spoken at the Eskimo frontier in the N.W.; belonging to the KENAI stock. ☞

INKRA, _see_ ACCRA.

INNIUT _or_ INNUIT.

Native name for the ESKIMO. It means “the people.”

INONGO.

African: dialect of YARRIBA, vernacular on the W. Coast.

INSAM.

A PAPUAN dialect of New Guinea.

INSCRIPTIONS.

The most durable means of preserving individual records of written speech. They are termed, variously, “incised,” “impressed,” “lapidary,” “monumental,” “numismatic,” “painted.” The famous Rosetta and Carpentras stones, and the decree of Canopus from Egypt, and the Behistun rock inscriptions, are examples of bilingual records, that serve, by means of comparison, to facilitate decipherment. The Assyrian cuneiform writing and the Egyptian hieroglyphs have thus been explained, and the Chinese have in use extensive libraries of stone inscriptions at the present day. See Gesenius: “Scripturæ Linguæque Phœniciæ Monumenta,” 2 vols., Leipsig, 1837.

INTIBUCA.

American: one of the four native languages of HONDURAS.

IONIC _or_ IONIAN.

A sub-dialect of classical GREEK; the original Ionians are said to have been PELASGOI. It was largely cultivated in Asia Minor, and is the dialect of Homer and Herodotus. For some time before the rise of the Attic school, _circa_ B.C. 400, it was the established language of prose literature. See Portus: “Dict.: Ionicum-Græc.-Lat.” London, 1825.

IOWA.

American: a dialect of DACOTA or SIOUX. Iowa, a State admitted in 1846, is derived from the PAHOJA, or “Grey-snow,” Indians, who now reside N. of the R. Des-Moines. Schoolcraft: “History ... of the I. Tribes,” Philadelphia, vol. iv., p. 307.

IQUITO.

American: a dialect of CARIB.

IRANIC _or_ IRANIAN.

Class name for the PERSIAN branch of the ARYAN family of languages. It includes BACTRIAN or ZEND, ancient PERSIAN, PEHLEVI, PAZEND, and modern PERSIAN. The word “Iranian” is from “Arya.” _See under_ ARYAN.

IRELAND, NEW, _under_ N.

IRISH _or_ ERSE (FENIC).

CELTIC: the native dialect of Ireland, and closely allied to GAELIC. In writing it an alphabet is still in use, formed from the Latin, and closely resembling the old Anglo-Saxon characters, which were in fact borrowed from it. See Dicty. by O’Reilly, Dublin, 1864; “Old Irish Glosses,” by Stokes and others. W. W. S.

IROFA.

JAPANESE alphabet, taken from the first three letters.

IRON, IRUN, IRAN.

A dialect of the Caucasus. _See_ OSSET.

IROQUOIS, IROKESE.

AMERICAN: it has a double import—1. As the special name of a tribe or nation, of the State of New York. 2. As a general name for the class, the most important members of which, the Iroquois themselves, the Onondagas, the Senecas, the formidable Mohawks, and others are, probably, the most familiar representatives of the traditional Red Indian, especially in his capacity of hero and warrior. R. G. L.