The Travels of Marco Polo — Volume 2
Chapter 4
_Journey Southward through Eastern Provinces of Cathay and Manzi._
LX.—CONCERNING THE CITIES OF CACANFU AND CHANGLU 132
NOTES.—1. _Pauthier’s Identifications._ 2. _Changlu. The Burning of the Dead ascribed to the Chinese._
LXI.—CONCERNING THE CITY OF CHINANGLI, AND THAT OF TADINFU, AND THE REBELLION OF LITAN 135
NOTES.—1. _T’si-nan fu._ 2. _Silk of Shan-tung._ 3. _Title |Sangon|._ 4. _Agul and Mangkutai._ 5. _History of Litan’s Revolt._
LXII.—CONCERNING THE NOBLE CITY OF SINJUMATU 138
NOTE.—_The City intended. The Great Canal._
LXIII.—CONCERNING THE CITIES OF LINJU AND PIJU 140
NOTES.—1. _Linju._ 2. _Piju._
LXIV.—CONCERNING THE CITY OF SIJU, AND THE GREAT RIVER CARAMORAN 141
NOTES.—1. _Siju._ 2. _The Hwang-Ho and its changes._ 3. _Entrance to Manzi; that name for Southern China._
LXV.—HOW THE GREAT KAAN CONQUERED THE PROVINCE OF MANZI 144
NOTES.—1. _Meaning and application of the title |Faghfur|._ 2. _Chinese self-devotion._ 3. _Bayan the Great Captain._ 4. _His lines of Operation._ 5. _The Juggling Prophecy._ 6. _The Fall of the Sung Dynasty._ 7. _Exposure of Infants, and Foundling Hospitals._
LXVI.—CONCERNING THE CITY OF COIGANJU 151
NOTE.—_Hwai-ngan fu._
LXVII.—OF THE CITIES OF PAUKIN AND CAYU 152
NOTE.—_Pao-yng and Kao-yu._
LXVIII.—OF THE CITIES OF TIJU, TINJU, AND YANJU 153
NOTES.—1. _Cities between the Canal and the Sea._ 2. _Yang-chau._ 3. _Marco Polo’s Employment at this City._
LXIX.—CONCERNING THE CITY OF NANGHIN 157
NOTE.—_Ngan-king._
LXX.—CONCERNING THE VERY NOBLE CITY OF SAIANFU, AND HOW ITS CAPTURE WAS EFFECTED 158
NOTES.—1. and 2. _Various Readings._ 3. _Digression on the Military Engines of the Middle Ages._ 4. _Mangonels of Cœur de Lion._ 5. _Difficulties connected with Polo’s Account of this Siege._
LXXI.—CONCERNING THE CITY OF SINJU AND THE GREAT RIVER KIAN 170
NOTES.—1. _I-chin hien._ 2. _The Great Kiang._ 3. _Vast amount of tonnage on Chinese Waters._ 4. _Size of River Vessels._ 5. _Bamboo Tow-lines._ 6. _Picturesque Island Monasteries._
LXXII.—CONCERNING THE CITY OF CAIJU 174
NOTES.—1. _Kwa-chau._ 2. _The Grand Canal and Rice-Transport._ 3. _The Golden Island._
LXXIII.—OF THE CITY OF CHINGHIANFU 176
NOTE.—_Chin-kiang fu. Mar Sarghis, the Christian Governor._
LXXIV.—OF THE CITY OF CHINGINJU AND THE SLAUGHTER OF CERTAIN ALANS THERE 178
NOTES.—1. _Chang-chau._ 2. _Employment of Alans in the Mongol Service._ 3. _The Chang-chau Massacre. Mongol Cruelties._
LXXV.—OF THE NOBLE CITY OF SUJU 181
NOTES.—1. _Su-chau._ 2. _Bridges of that part of China._ 3. _Rhubarb; its mention here seems erroneous._ 4. _The Cities of Heaven and Earth. Ancient incised Plan of Su-chau._ 5. _Hu-chau, Wu-kiang, and Kya-hing._
LXXVI.—DESCRIPTION OF THE GREAT CITY OF KINSAY, WHICH IS THE CAPITAL OF THE WHOLE COUNTRY OF MANZI 185
NOTES.—1. _King-szé now Hang-chau._ 2. _The circuit ascribed to the City; the Bridges._ 3. _Hereditary Trades._ 4. _The Si-hu or Western Lake._ 5. _Dressiness of the People._ 6. _Charitable Establishments._ 7. _Paved roads._ 8. _Hot and Cold Baths._ 9. _Kanp’u, and the Hang-chau Estuary._ 10. _The Nine Provinces of Manzi._ 11. _The Kaan’s Garrisons in Manzi._ 12. _Mourning costume._ 13. 14. _Tickets recording inmates of houses._
LXXVII.—[FURTHER PARTICULARS CONCERNING THE GREAT CITY OF KINSAY.] 200
(From Ramusio only.)
NOTES.—1. _Remarks on these supplementary details._ 2. _Tides in the Hang-chau Estuary._ 3. _Want of a good Survey of Hang-chau. The Squares._ 4. _Marco ignores pork._ 5. _Great Pears: Peaches._ 6. _Textual._ 7. _Chinese use of Pepper._ 8. _Chinese claims to a character for Good Faith._ 9. _Pleasure-parties on the Lake._ 10. _Chinese Carriages._ 11. _The Sung Emperor._ 12. _The Sung Palace. Extracts regarding this Great City from other mediæval writers, European and Asiatic. Martini’s Description._
LXXVIII.—TREATING OF THE YEARLY REVENUE THAT THE GREAT KAAN HATH FROM KINSAY 215
NOTES.—1. _Textual._ 2. _Calculations as to the values spoken of._
LXXIX.—OF THE CITY OF TANPIJU AND OTHERS 218
NOTES.—1. _Route from Hang-chau southward._ 2. _Bamboos._ 3. _Identification of places. Chang-shan the key to the route._
LXXX.—CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF FUJU 224
NOTES.—1. “_Fruit like Saffron._” 2. 3. _Cannibalism ascribed to Mountain Tribes on this route._ 4. _Kien-ning fu._ 5. _Galingale._ 6. _Fleecy Fowls._ 7. _Details of the Journey in Fo-kien and various readings._ 8. _Unken. Introduction of Sugar-refining into China._
LXXXI.—CONCERNING THE GREATNESS OF THE CITY OF FUJU 231
NOTES.—1. _The name |Chonka|, applied to Fo-kien here. |Cayton| or |Zayton|._ 2. _Objections that have been made to identity of |Fuju| and Fu-chau._ 3. _The Min River._
LXXXII.—OF THE CITY AND GREAT HAVEN OF ZAYTON 234
NOTES.—1. _The Camphor Laurel._ 2. _The Port of Zayton or T’swan-chau; Recent objections to this identity. Probable origin of the word_ Satin. 3. _Chinese Consumption of Pepper._ 4. _Artists in Tattooing._ 5. _Position of the Porcelain manufacture spoken of. Notions regarding the |Great River| of China._ 6. _Fo-kien dialects and variety of spoken language in China._ 7. _From Ramusio._
BOOK THIRD.
_Japan, the Archipelago, Southern India, and the Coasts and Islands of the Indian Sea._
CHAP. PAGE I.—OF THE MERCHANT SHIPS OF MANZI THAT SAIL UPON THE INDIAN SEAS 249
NOTES.—1. _Pine Timber._ 2. _Rudder and Masts._ 3. _Watertight Compartments._ 4. _Chinese substitute for Pitch._ 5. _Oars used by Junks._ 6. _Descriptions of Chinese Junks from other Mediæval Writers._
II.—DESCRIPTION OF THE ISLAND OF CHIPANGU, AND THE GREAT KAAN’S DESPATCH OF A HOST AGAINST IT 253
NOTES.—1. _Chipangu or Japan._ 2. _Abundance of Gold._ 3. _The Golden Palace._ 4. _Japanese Pearls. Red Pearls._
III.—WHAT FURTHER CAME OF THE GREAT KAAN’S EXPEDITION AGAINST CHIPANGU 258
NOTES.—1. _Kúblái’s attempts against Japan. Japanese Narrative of the Expedition here spoken of._ (See App. L. 9.) 2. _Species of Torture._ 3. _Devices to procure Invulnerability._
IV.—CONCERNING THE FASHION OF THE IDOLS 263
NOTES.—1. _Many-limbed Idols._ 2. _The Philippines and Moluccas._ 3. _The name |Chin| or |China|._ 4. _The Gulf of Cheinan._
V.—OF THE GREAT COUNTRY CALLED CHAMBA 266
NOTES.—1. _Champa, and Kúblái’s dealings with it._ (See App. L. 10). 2. _Chronology._ 3. _Eagle-wood and Ebony. Polo’s use of Persian words._
VI.—CONCERNING THE GREAT ISLAND OF JAVA 272
NOTE.—_Java; its supposed vast extent. Kúblái’s expedition against it and failure._
VII.—WHEREIN THE ISLES OF SONDUR AND CONDUR ARE SPOKEN OF; AND THE KINGDOM OF LOCAC 276
NOTES.—1. _Textual._ 2. _Pulo Condore._ 3. _The Kingdom of Locac, Southern Siam._
VIII.—OF THE ISLAND CALLED PENTAM, AND THE CITY MALAIUR 280
NOTES.—1. _Bintang._ 2. _The Straits of Singapore._ 3. _Remarks on the Malay Chronology. Malaiur probably Palembang._
IX.—CONCERNING THE ISLAND OF JAVA THE LESS. THE KINGDOMS OF FERLEC AND BASMA 284
NOTES.—1. _The Island of Sumatra: application of the term |Java|._ 2. _Products of Sumatra. The six kingdoms._ 3. _Ferlec or Parlák. The Battas._ 4. _Basma, Pacem, or Pasei._ 5. _The Elephant and the Rhinoceros. The Legend of Monoceros and the Virgin._ 6. _Black Falcon._
X.—THE KINGDOMS OF SAMARA AND DAGROIAN 292
NOTES.—1. _Samara, Sumatra Proper._ 2. _The Tramontaine and the Mestre._ 3. _The Malay Toddy-Palm._ 4. _Dagroian._ 5. _Alleged custom of eating dead relatives._
XI.—OF THE KINGDOMS OF LAMBRI AND FANSUR 299
NOTES.—1. _Lambri._ 2. _Hairy and Tailed Men._ 3. _Fansur and Camphor Fansuri. Sumatran Camphor._ 4. _The Sago-Palm._ 5. _Remarks on Polo’s Sumatran Kingdoms._
XII.—CONCERNING THE ISLAND OF NECUVERAN 306
NOTE.—_Gauenispola, and the Nicobar Islands._
XIII.—CONCERNING THE ISLAND OF ANGAMANAIN 309
NOTE.—_The Andaman Islands._
XIV.—CONCERNING THE ISLAND OF SEILAN 312
NOTES.—1. _Chinese Chart._ 2. _Exaggeration of Dimensions. The Name._ 3. _Sovereigns then ruling Ceylon._ 4. _Brazil Wood and Cinnamon._ 5. _The Great Ruby._
XV.—THE SAME CONTINUED. THE HISTORY OF SAGAMONI BORCAN AND THE BEGINNING OF IDOLATRY 316
NOTES.—1. _Adam’s Peak, and the Foot thereon._ 2. _The Story of Sakya-Muni Buddha. The History of Saints Barlaam and Josaphat; a Christianised version thereof._ 3. _High Estimate of Buddha’s Character._ 4. _Curious Parallel Passages._ 5. _Pilgrimages to the Peak._ 6. _The Pâtra of Buddha, and the Tooth-Relic._ 7. _Miraculous endowments of the Pâtra; it is the Holy Grail of Buddhism._
XVI.—CONCERNING THE GREAT PROVINCE OF MAABAR, WHICH IS CALLED INDIA THE GREATER, AND IS ON THE MAINLAND 331
NOTES.—1. _Ma’bar, its definition, and notes on its Mediæval History._ 2. _The Pearl Fishery._
XVII.—CONTINUES TO SPEAK OF THE PROVINCE OF MAABAR 338
NOTES.—1. _Costume._ 2. _Hindu Royal Necklace._ 3. _Hindu use of the Rosary._ 4. _The Saggio._ 5. _Companions in Death; the word |Amok|._ 6. _Accumulated Wealth of Southern India at this time._ 7. _Horse Importation from the Persian Gulf._ 8. _Religious Suicides._ 9. _Suttees._ 10. _Worship of the Ox. The Govis_. 11. _Verbal._ 12. _The Thomacides._ 13. _Ill-success of Horse-breeding in S. India._ 14. _Curious Mode of Arrest for Debt._ 15. _The Rainy Seasons._ 16. _Omens of the Hindus._ 17. _Strange treatment of Horses._ 18. _The Devadásis._ 19. _Textual._
XVIII.—DISCOURSING OF THE PLACE WHERE LIETH THE BODY OF ST. THOMAS THE APOSTLE; AND OF THE MIRACLES THEREOF 353
NOTES.—1. _Mailapúr._ 2. _The word |Avarian|._ 3. _Miraculous Earth._ 4. _The Traditions of St. Thomas in India. The ancient Church at his Tomb; the ancient Cross preserved on St. Thomas’s Mount._ 5. _White Devils._ 6. _The Yak’s Tail._
XIX.—CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF MUTFILI 359
NOTES.—1. _Motapallé. The Widow Queen of Telingana._ 2. _The Diamond Mines, and the Legend of the Diamond Gathering._ 3. _Buckram._
XX.—CONCERNING THE PROVINCE OF LAR WHENCE THE BRAHMANS COME 363
NOTES.—1. _Abraiaman. The Country of Lar. Hindu Character._ 2. _The Kingdom of Soli or Chola._ 3. _Lucky and Unlucky Days and Hours. The Canonical Hours of the Church._ 4. _Omens._ 5. _Jogis. The Ox-emblem._ 6. _Verbal._ 7. _Recurrence of Human Eccentricities._
XXI.—CONCERNING THE CITY OF CAIL 370
NOTES.—1. _Káyal; its true position. |Kolkhoi| identified._ 2. _The King Ashar or As-char._ 3. _Correa, Note._ 4. _Betel-chewing._ 5. _Duels._
XXII.—OF THE KINGDOM OF COILUM 375
NOTES.—1. _Coilum, Coilon, Kaulam, Columbum, Quilon. Ancient Christian Churches._ 2. _Brazil Wood: notes on the name._ 3. _Columbine Ginger and other kinds._ 4. _Indigo._ 5. _Black Lions._ 6. _Marriage Customs._
XXIII.—OF THE COUNTRY CALLED COMARI 382
NOTES.—1. _Cape Comorin._ 2. _The word |Gat-paul|._
XXIV.—CONCERNING THE KINGDOM ELI 385
NOTES.—1. _Mount D’Ely, and the City of Hili-Máráwi._ 2. _Textual._ 3. _Produce._ 4. _Piratical custom._ 5. _Wooden Anchors._
XXV.—CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF MELIBAR 389
NOTES.—1. _Dislocation of Polo’s Indian Geography. The name of Malabar._ 2. _Verbal._ 3. _Pirates._ 4. _Cassia: Turbit: Cubebs._ 5. _Cessation of direct Chinese trade with Malabar._
XXVI.—CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF GOZURAT 392
NOTES.—1. _Topographical Confusion._ 2. _Tamarina._ 3. _Tall Cotton Trees._ 4. _Embroidered Leather-work._
XXVII.—CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF TANA 395
NOTES.—1. _Tana, and the Konkan._ 2. _Incense of Western India._
XXVIII.—CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF CAMBAET 397
NOTE.—_Cambay._
XXIX.—CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF SEMENAT 398
NOTE.—_Somnath, and the so-called Gates of Somnath._
XXX.—CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF KESMACORAN 401
NOTES.—1. _Kij-Mekrán. Limit of India._ 2. _Recapitulation of Polo’s Indian Kingdoms._
XXXI.—DISCOURSETH OF THE TWO ISLANDS CALLED MALE AND FEMALE, AND WHY THEY ARE SO CALLED 404
NOTE.—_The Legend and its diffusion._
XXXII.—CONCERNING THE ISLAND OF SCOTRA 406
NOTES.—1. _Whales of the Indian Seas._ 2. _Socotra and its former Christianity._ 3. _Piracy at Socotra._ 4. _Sorcerers._
XXXIII.—CONCERNING THE ISLAND OF MADEIGASCAR 411
NOTES.—1. _Madagascar; some confusion here with Magadoxo._ 2. _Sandalwood._ 3. _Whale-killing. The |Capidoglio| or Sperm-Whale._ 4. _The Currents towards the South._ 5. _The Rukh_ (and see Appendix L. 11). 6. _More on the dimensions assigned thereto._ 7. _Hippopotamus Teeth._
XXXIV.—CONCERNING THE ISLAND OF ZANGHIBAR. A WORD ON INDIA IN GENERAL 422
NOTES.—1. _Zangibar; Negroes._ 2. _Ethiopian Sheep._ 3. _Giraffes._ 4. _Ivory trade._ 5. _Error about Elephant-taming._ 6. _Number of Islands assigned to the Indian Sea._ 7. _The Three Indies, and various distributions thereof. Polo’s Indian Geography._
XXXV.—TREATING OF THE GREAT PROVINCE OF ABASH, WHICH IS MIDDLE INDIA, AND IS ON THE MAINLAND 427
NOTES.—1. _Ḥabash or Abyssinia. Application of the name India to it._ 2. _Fire Baptism ascribed to the Abyssinian Christians._ 3. _Polo’s idea of the position of Aden._ 4. _Taming of the African Elephant for War._ 5. _Marco’s Story of the Abyssinian Invasion of the Mahomedan Low-Country, and Review of Abyssinian Chronology in connection therewith._ 6. _Textual._
XXXVI.—CONCERNING THE PROVINCE OF ADEN 438
NOTES.—1. _The Trade to Alexandria from India |viâ| Aden._ 2. “Roncins à deux selles.” 3. _The Sultan of Aden. The City and its Great Tanks._ 4. _The Loss of Acre._
XXXVII.—CONCERNING THE CITY OF ESHER 442
NOTES.—1. _Shihr._ 2. _Frankincense._ 3. _Four-horned Sheep._ 4. _Cattle fed on Fish._ 5. _Parallel passage._
XXXVIII.—CONCERNING THE CITY OF DUFAR 444
NOTES.—1. _Dhofar._ 2. _Notes on Frankincense._
XXXIX.—CONCERNING THE GULF OF CALATU, AND THE CITY SO CALLED 449
NOTES.—1. _Kalhát._ 2. “En fra terre.” 3. _Maskat._
XL.—RETURNS TO THE CITY OF HORMOS WHEREOF WE SPOKE FORMERLY 451
NOTES.—1. _Polo’s distances and bearings in these latter chapters._ 2. _Persian |Bád-gírs| or wind-catching chimneys._ 3. _Island of Kish._
BOOK FOURTH.
_Wars among the Tartar Princes, and some Account of the Northern Countries._
CHAP. PAGE I.—CONCERNING GREAT TURKEY 457
NOTES.—1. _Kaidu Khan._ 2. _His frontier towards the Great Kaan._
II.—OF CERTAIN BATTLES THAT WERE FOUGHT BY KING CAIDU AGAINST THE ARMIES OF HIS UNCLE THE GREAT KAAN 459
NOTES.—1. _Textual._ 2. “Araines.” 3. _Chronology in connection with the events described._
III.—†WHAT THE GREAT KAAN SAID TO THE MISCHIEF DONE BY CAIDU HIS NEPHEW 463
IV.—OF THE EXPLOITS OF KING CAIDU’S VALIANT DAUGHTER 463
NOTE.—_Her name explained. Remarks on the story._
V.—HOW ABAGA SENT HIS SON ARGON IN COMMAND AGAINST KING CAIDU 466
(Extract and Substance.)
NOTES.—1. _Government of the Khorasan frontier._ 2. _The Historical Events._
VI.—HOW ARGON AFTER THE BATTLE HEARD THAT HIS FATHER WAS DEAD AND WENT TO ASSUME THE SOVEREIGNTY AS WAS HIS RIGHT 467
NOTES.—1. _Death of Ábáká._ 2. _Textual._ 3. _Ahmad Tigudar._
VII.—†HOW ACOMAT SOLDAN SET OUT WITH HIS HOST AGAINST HIS NEPHEW WHO WAS COMING TO CLAIM THE THRONE THAT BELONGED TO HIM 468
VIII.—†HOW ARGON TOOK COUNSEL WITH HIS FOLLOWERS ABOUT ATTACKING HIS UNCLE ACOMAT SOLDAN 468
IX.—†HOW THE BARONS OF ARGON ANSWERED HIS ADDRESS 469
X.—†THE MESSAGE SENT BY ARGON TO ACOMAT 469
XI.—HOW ACOMAT REPLIED TO ARGON’S MESSAGE 469
XII.—OF THE BATTLE BETWEEN ARGON AND ACOMAT, AND THE CAPTIVITY OF ARGON 470
NOTES.—1. _Verbal._ 2. _Historical._
XIII.—HOW ARGON WAS DELIVERED FROM PRISON 471
XIV.—HOW ARGON GOT THE SOVEREIGNTY AT LAST 472
XV.—†HOW ACOMAT WAS TAKEN PRISONER 473
XVI.—HOW ACOMAT WAS SLAIN BY ORDER OF HIS NEPHEW 473
XVII.—HOW ARGON WAS RECOGNISED AS SOVEREIGN 473
NOTES.—1. _The historical circumstances and persons named in these chapters._ 2. _Arghún’s accession and death._
XVIII.—HOW KIACATU SEIZED THE SOVEREIGNTY AFTER ARGON’S DEATH 475
NOTE.—_The reign and character of Kaikhátú._
XIX.—HOW BAIDU SEIZED THE SOVEREIGNTY AFTER THE DEATH OF KIACATU 476
NOTES.—1. _Baidu’s alleged Christianity._ 2. _Gházán Khan._
XX.—CONCERNING KING CONCHI WHO RULES THE FAR NORTH 479
NOTES.—1. _Kaunchi Khan._ 2. _Siberia._ 3. _Dog-sledges._ 4. _The animal here styled |Erculin|. The Vair._ 5. _Yugria._
XXI.—CONCERNING THE LAND OF DARKNESS 484
NOTES.—1. _The Land of Darkness._ 2. _The Legend of the Mares and their Foals._ 3. _Dumb Trade with the People of the Darkness._
XXII.—DESCRIPTION OF ROSIA AND ITS PEOPLE. PROVINCE OF LAC 486
NOTES.—1. _Old Accounts of Russia. Russian Silver and Rubles._ 2. _Lac, or Wallachia._ 3. _Oroech, Norway (?) or the Waraeg Country (?)_
XXIII.—HE BEGINS TO SPEAK OF THE STRAITS OF CONSTANTINOPLE, BUT DECIDES TO LEAVE THAT MATTER 490
XXIV.—CONCERNING THE TARTARS OF THE PONENT AND THEIR LORDS 490
NOTES.—1. _The Comanians; the Alans; Majar; Zic; the Goths of the Crimea; Gazaria._ 2. _The Khans of Kipchak or the Golden Horde; errors in Polo’s list. Extent of their Empire._
XXV.—OF THE WAR THAT AROSE BETWEEN ALAU AND BARCA, AND THE BATTLES THAT THEY FOUGHT 494
(Extracts and Substance.)
NOTES.—1. _Verbal._ 2. _The Sea of Sarai._ 3._ The War here spoken of. Wassáf’s rigmarole._
XXVI.—†HOW BARCA AND HIS ARMY ADVANCED TO MEET ALAU 495
XXVII.—†HOW ALAU ADDRESSED HIS FOLLOWERS 495
XXVIII.—†OF THE GREAT BATTLE BETWEEN ALAU AND BARCA 496
XXIX.—HOW TOTAMANGU WAS LORD OF THE TARTARS OF THE PONENT; AND AFTER HIM TOCTAI 496
NOTE.—_Confusions in the Text. Historical circumstances connected with the Persons spoken of. Toctai and Noghai Khan. Symbolic Messages._
XXX.—†OF THE SECOND MESSAGE THAT TOCTAI SENT TO NOGAI 498
XXXI.—†HOW TOCTAI MARCHED AGAINST NOGAI 499
XXXII.—†HOW TOCTAI AND NOGAI ADDRESS THEIR PEOPLE, AND THE NEXT DAY JOIN BATTLE 499
XXXIII.—†THE VALIANT FEATS AND VICTORY OF KING NOGAI 499
XXXIV.—AND LAST. CONCLUSION 500
† Of chapters so marked nothing is given but the substance in brief.
APPENDICES.
A. Genealogy of the House of Chinghiz to the End of the Thirteenth Century 505
B. The Polo Families:— (I.) Genealogy of the Family of Marco Polo the Traveller 506 (II.) The Polos of San Geremia 507
C. Calendar of Documents relating to Marco Polo and his Family 510
D. Comparative Specimens of the Different Recensions of Polo’s Text 522
E. Preface to Pipino’s Latin Version 525
F. Note of MSS. of Marco Polo’s Book, so far as known: General Distribution of MSS. 526 List of Miniatures in two of the finer MSS. 527 List of MSS. of Marco Polo’s Book, so far as they are known 530
G. Diagram showing Filiation of Chief MSS. and Editions of Marco Polo 552
H. Bibliography:— (I.) Principal Editions of Marco Polo’s Book 553 (II.) Bibliography of Printed Editions 554 (III.) Titles of Sundry Books and Papers treating of Marco Polo and his Book 574
I. Titles of Works quoted by Abbreviated References in this Book 582
K. Values of Certain Moneys, Weights, and Measures occurring in this Book 590
L. Supplementary Notes to the Book of Marco Polo 593 1. The Polos at Acre. 8. La Couvade. 2. Sorcery in Kashmir. 9. Alacan. 3. PAONANO PAO. 10. Champa. 4. Pamir. 11. Ruck Quills. 5. Number of Pamirs. 12. A Spanish Marco Polo. 6. Site of Pein. 13. Sir John Mandeville. 7. Fire-arms.
INDEX 607
EXPLANATORY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME II.
INSERTED PLATES AND MAPS.
_To face page_ _Title_. Portrait bearing the inscription “MARCUS POLVS VENETVS TOTIVS ORBIS ET INDIE PEREGRATOR PRIMVS.” In the Gallery of Monsignor _Badia_ at Rome; copied by Sign. GIUSEPPE GNOLI, Rome.
xxiv. Medallion, representing _Marco Polo_ in the PRISON of GENOA, dictating his story to Master RUSTICIAN of PISA, drawn by Signor QUINTO CENNI from a rough design by Sir HENRY YULE.
29. The celebrated CHRISTIAN INSCRIPTION OF SI-NGAN FU. Photolithographed by Mr. W. GRIGG, from a Rubbing of the original monument, given to the Editor by the _Baron F. von Richthofen_.
This rubbing is more complete than that used in the first edition, for which the Editor was indebted to the kindness of _William Lockhart, Esq._
79. The LAKE of TALI (CARAJAN of Polo) from the Northern End. Woodcut after Lieut. DELAPORTE, borrowed from Lieut. GARNIER’S Narrative in the _Tour du Monde_.
79. Suspension Bridge, neighbourhood of TALI. From a photograph by M. Tannant.
111. The CITY of MIEN, with the Gold and Silver Towers. From a drawing by the Editor, based upon his sketches of the remains of the City so called by Marco Polo, viz., PAGÁN, the mediæval capital of Burma.
131. Itineraries of Marco Polo. No. V. The INDO-CHINESE COUNTRIES. With a small sketch extracted from a Chinese Map in the possession of _Baron von Richthofen_, showing the position of KIEN-CH’ANG, the _Caindu_ of Marco Polo.
143. Sketch Map exhibiting the VARIATIONS of the TWO GREAT RIVERS of China, within the Period of History.
182. The CITY of SU-CHAU. Reduced by the Editor from a Rubbing of a Plan incised on Marble, and preserved in the Great Confucian Temple in the City.
The date of the original set of Maps, of which this was one, is uncertain, owing to the partial illegibility of the Inscription; but it is subsequent to A.D. 1000. They were engraved on the Marble A.D. 1247. Many of the names have been obliterated, and a few of those given in the copy are filled up from modern information, as the Editor learns from _Mr. Wylie_, to whom he owes this valuable illustration.
193. Map of HANG-CHAU FU and its LAKE, from Chinese Sources.
The Map as published in the former edition was based on a Chinese Map in the possession of _Dr. W. Lockhart_, with some particulars from Maps in a copy of the Local Topography, _Hang-Chau-fu-chi_, in the B. Museum Library. In the second edition the Map has been entirely redrawn by the Editor, with many corrections, and with the aid of new materials, supplied by the kindness of the _Rev. G. Moule_ of the Church Mission at Hang-chau. These materials embrace a Paper read by Mr. Moule before the N. China Branch of the R. As. Soc. at Shang-hai; a modern engraved Map of the City on a large scale; and a large MS. Map of the City and Lake, compiled by _John Shing_, Tailor, a Chinese Christian and Catechist;
The small Side-plan is the City of SI-NGAN FU, from a plan published during the Mongol rule, in the 14th century, a tracing of which was sent by _Mr. Wylie_. The following references could not be introduced in lettering for want of space:—
1. Yuen-Tu-Kwan (Tauist Monastery). 2. Chapel of Hien-ning Prince. 3. Leih-Ching Square (_Fang_). 4. Tauist Monastery. 5. Kie-lin General Court. 6. Ancestral Chapel of Yang-Wan-Kang. 7. Chapel of the Mid-year Genius. 8. Temple of the Martial Peaceful King. 9. Stone where officers are selected. 10. Mews. 11. Jasper-Waves Square (_Fang_). 12. Court of Enquiry. 13. Gate of the Făng-Yuen Circuit. 14. Bright Gate. 15. Northern Tribunal. 16. Refectory. 17. Chapel of the Făng-Yuen Prince. 18. Embroidery manufactory. 19. Hwa-li Temple. 20. Old Superintendency of Investigations. 21. Superintendent of Works. 22. Ka-yuen Monastery. 23. Prefectural Confucian Temple. 24. Benevolent Institution. 25. Temple of Tu-Ke-King. 26. Balustrade enclosure. 27. Medicine-Bazar Street. 28. Tsin and Ching States Chapel. 29. Square of the Double Cassia Tree.
N.B.—The shaded spaces are marked in the original _Min-Keu_ “Dwellings of the People.”
213. Plan of SOUTHERN PART of the CITY of KING-SZÉ (or Hang-chau), with the PALACE of the SUNG EMPERORS. From a Chinese Plan forming part of a Reprint of the official Topography of the City during the period _Hien-Shun_ (1265–1274) of the Sung Dynasty, _i.e._ the period terminated by the Mongol conquest of the City and Empire. Mr. Moule, who possesses the Chinese plan (with others of the same set), has come to the conclusion that it is a copy at second-hand. Names that are underlined are such as are preserved in the modern Map of Hang-chau. I am indebted for the use of the original plan to _Mr. Moule_; for the photographic copy and rendering of the names to _Mr. Wylie_.
241. Sketch Map of the GREAT PORTS of FO-KIEN, to illustrate the identity of Marco Polo’s ZAYTON. Besides the Admiralty Charts and other well-known sources the Editor has used in forming this a “Missionary Map of Amoy and the Neighbouring Country,” on a large scale, sent him by the _Rev. Carstairs Douglas_, LL.D., of Amoy. This contains some points not to be found in the others.
246. Itineraries of MARCO POLO, No. VI. The Journey through KIANG-NAN, CHE-KIANG, and FO-KIEN.
313. {1. Map to illustrate Marco Polo’s Chapters on the MALAY { COUNTRIES. {2. Map to illustrate his Chapters on SOUTHERN INDIA.
375. {1. Sketch showing the Position of KÁYAL in Tinnevelly. {2. Map showing the Position of the Kingdom of ELY in MALABAR.
440. ADEN, with the attempted Escalade under Alboquerque in 1513, being the Reduced Facsimile of a large contemporary Wood Engraving in the Map Department of the British Museum. (Size of the original 42½ inches by 19⅛ inches.) Photolithographic Reduction by Mr. G. B. PRAETORIUS, through the assistance of _R. H. Major_, Esq.
474. Facsimile of the Letters sent to PHILIP the FAIR, King of France, by ARGHÚN KHAN, in A.D. 1289, and by OLJAÏTU, in A.D. 1305, preserved in the Archives of France, and reproduced from the _Recueil des Documents de l’Époque Mongole_ by kind permission of H.H. Prince ROLAND BONAPARTE.
594. Some of the objects found by Dr. M. A. Stein, in Central Asia. From a photograph kindly lent by the Traveller.
WOODCUTS PRINTED WITH THE TEXT.
BOOK SECOND.—PART SECOND.
_Page_ 4. The BRIDGE of PULISANGHIN, the _Lu-ku-k’iao_ of the Chinese, reduced from a large Chinese Engraving in the Geographical work called _Ki-fu-thung-chi_ in the Paris Library. I owe the indication of this, and of the Portrait of Kúblái Kaan in vol. i. to notes in M. Pauthier’s edition.
5. The BRIDGE of PULISANGHIN. From the _Livre des Merveilles_.
8. BRIDGE of LU-KU-K’IAO. From a photograph by Count de SEMALLÉ.
9. BRIDGE of LU-KU-K’IAO. From a photograph by Count de SEMALLÉ.
19. The ROI D’OR. Professed Portrait of the Last of the _Altun Khans_ or Kin Emperors of Cathay, from the (fragmentary) Arabic Manuscript of _Rashiduddin’s History_ in the Library of the Royal Asiatic Society. This Manuscript is supposed to have been transcribed under the eye of Rashiduddin, and the drawings were probably derived from Chinese originals.
26. Plan of Ki-chau, after Duhalde.
30. The CROSS incised at the head of the GREAT CHRISTIAN INSCRIPTION of SI-NGAN FU (A.D. 781); actual size, from copy of a pencil rubbing made on the original by the _Rev. J. Lees_. Received from _Mr. A. Wylie_.
38. Diagram to elucidate the cities of Ch’êng-tu fu.
39. Plan of Ch’êng-tu. From MARCEL MONNIER’S _Tour d’Asie_, by kind permission of M. PLON.
41. Bridge near Kwan-hsien (Ch’êng-tu). From MARCEL MONNIER’S _Tour d’Asie_, by kind permission of M. PLON.
47. MOUNTAINEERS on the Borders of SZE-CH’WAN and TIBET, from one of the illustrations to Lieut. Garnier’s Narrative (see p. 48). From _Tour du Monde_.
50. VILLAGE of EASTERN TIBET on Sze-ch’wan Frontier. From _Mr. Cooper’s Travels of a Pioneer of Commerce_.
52. Example of ROADS on the TIBETAN FRONTIER of China (being actually a view of the Gorge of the Lan t’sang Kiang). From _Mr. Cooper’s Travels of a Pioneer of Commerce_.
55. The VALLEY of the KIN-SHA KIANG, near the lower end of the CAINDU of Marco Polo. From Lieut. Garnier in the _Tour du Monde_.
58. SALT PANS in Yun-nan. _From the same._
61. Black Lolo.
62. White Lolo. From DEVÉRIA’S _Frontière Sino-annamite_.
66. _Pa-y_ Script. From the _T’oung-Pao_.
68. Garden-House on the LAKE of YUN-NAN-FU, YACHI of Polo. From _Lieut. Garnier_ in the _Tour du Monde_.
72. Road descending from the Table-Land of YUN-NAN into the VALLEY of the KIN-SHA KIANG (the BRIUS of Polo). _From the same._
73. “A SARACEN of CARAJAN,” being the portrait of a Mahomedan Mullah in Western Yun-nan. _From the same._
75. The Canal at YUN-NAN FU. From a photograph by M. TANNANT.
78. “Riding long like FRENCHMEN,” exemplified from the Bayeux Tapestry. After Lacroix, _Vie Militaire du Moyen Age_.
83. The SANG-MIAU tribe of KWEI-CHAU, with the Cross-bow. From a coloured drawing in a Chinese work on the Aboriginal Tribes, belonging to _W. Lockhart, Esq._
90. Portraits of a KAKHYEN man and woman. Drawn by Q. CENNI from a photograph (anonymous).
108. Temple called GAUDAPALÉN in the city of MIEN (_i.e._ Pagán in Burma), erected _circa_ A.D. 1160. Engraving after a sketch by the first Editor, from _Fergusson’s History of Architecture_.
111. The PALACE of the KING of MIEN in modern times (viz., the Palace at Amarapura). From the same, being partly from a sketch by the first Editor.
118. Script _Pa-pe_. From the _T’oung-Pao_.
122. HO-NHI and other Tribes in the Department of Lin-ngan in S. Yun-nan, supposed to be the _Anin_ country of Marco Polo. From _Garnier_ in the _Tour du Monde_.
125. The KOLOMAN tribe, on borders of Kwei-chau and Yun-nan. From coloured drawing in _Mr. Lockhart’s_ book as above (under p. 83).
129. Script _thaï_ of Xieng-hung. From the _T’oung-Pao_.
130. Iron SUSPENSION BRIDGE at Lowatong. From _Garnier_ in _Tour du Monde_.
131. FORTIFIED VILLAGES on Western Frontier of KWEI-CHAU. _From the same._
BOOK SECOND.—PART THIRD.
_Page_ 155. YANG-CHAU: the three Cities under the Sung.
156. YANG-CHAU: the Great City under the Sung. From Chinese Plans kindly sent to the present Editor by the late Father H. Havret, S.J., Zi-ka-wei.
162. MEDIÆVAL ARTILLERY ENGINES. Figs, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, are CHINESE. The first four are from the Encyclopædia _San-Thsai-Thou-hoei_ (Paris Library), the last from _Amyot_, vol. viii.
Figs. 6, 7, 8 are SARACEN, 6 and 7 are taken from the work of _Reinaud and Favé, Du Feu Grégeois_, and by them from the Arabic MS. of _Hassan al Raumah_ (_Arab Anc. Fonds_, No. 1127). Fig. 8 is from _Lord Munster’s Arabic Catalogue_ of Military Works, and by him from a MS. of _Rashiduddin’s History_.
The remainder are EUROPEAN. Fig. 9 is from _Pertz, Scriptores_, vol. xviii., and by him from a figure of the Siege of Arbicella, 1227, in a MS. of _Genoese Annals_ (No. 773, _Supp. Lat._ of _Bib. Imp._). Fig. 10 from _Shaw’s Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages_, vol. i., No. 21, after _B. Mus. MS. Reg._ 16, _G._ vi. Fig. 11 from _Pertz_ as above, under A.D. 1182. Fig. 12, from _Valturius de Re Militari_, Verona, 1483. Figs. 13 and 14 from the _Poliorceticon_ of _Justus Lipsius_. Fig. 15 is after the Bodleian MS. of the Romance of Alexander (A.D. 1338), but is taken from the _Gentleman’s Magazine_, 3rd ser. vol. vii. p. 467. Fig. 16 from Lacroix’s _Art au Moyen Age_, after a miniature of 13th cent. in the Paris Library. Figs. 17 and 18 from the Emperor Napoleon’s _Études de l’Artillerie_, and by him taken from the MS. of _Paulus Santinus_ (Lat. MS. 7329 in Paris Library). Fig. 19 from Professor Moseley’s restoration of a Trebuchet, after the data in the Mediæval Note-book of _Villars de Honcourt_, in _Gentleman’s Magazine_ as above. Figs. 20 and 21 from the Emperor’s Book. Fig. 22 from a German MS. in the Bern Library, the _Chronicle of Justinger and Schilling_.
169. COIN from a treasure hidden during the siege of SIANG-YANG in 1268–73, and lately discovered in that city.
172. Island MONASTERIES on the YANG-TZŬ KIANG; viz.:—
1. _Uppermost_. The “Little Orphan Rock,” after a cut in _Oliphant’s Narrative_.
2. _Middle_. The “Golden Island” near Chin-kiang fu, after _Fisher’s China_. (This has been accidentally reversed in the drawing.)
3. _Lower_. The “_Silver Island_,” below the last, after Mr. Lindley’s book on the T’ai-P’ings.
177. The West Gate of CHIN-KIANG FU. From an engraving in _Fisher’s China_ after a sketch made by _Admiral Stoddart_, R.N., in 1842.
183. South-West Gate and Water Gate of SU-CHAU; facsimile on half scale from the incised Map of 1247. (See List of Inserted Plates preceding, under p. 182.)
193. The old LUH-HO-TA or Pagoda of Six Harmonies near HANG-CHAU, and anciently marking the extreme S.W. angle of the city. Drawn by Q. CENNI from an anonymous photograph received from the _Rev. G. Moule_.
196. Imperial City of HANG-CHAU in the 13th Century.
197. Metropolitan City of HANG-CHAU in the 13th Century. From the Notes of the Right Rev. _G. E. Moule_.
209. _Fang_ of SI-NGAN FU. Communicated by _A. Wylie_.
212. Stone _Chwang_ or UMBRELLA COLUMN, one of two which still mark the site of the ancient Buddhist Monastery called _Fan-T’ien-Sze_ or “Brahma’s Temple” at Hang-chau. Reduced from a pen-and-ink sketch by _Mr. Moule_.
223. Mr. PHILLIPS’ Theory of Marco Polo’s Route through Fo-Kien.
228. Scene in the BOHEA MOUNTAINS, on Polo’s route between Kiang-Si and Fo-Kien. From _Fortune’s Three Years’ Wanderings_.
233. Scene on the MIN RIVER below Fu-chau. _From the same._
245. The KAAN’S FLEET leaving the Port of ZAYTON. The scenery is taken from an engraving in _Fisher’s China_, purporting to represent the mouth of the Chinchew River (or River of Tswan-chau), after a sketch by _Capt._ (now Adm.) _Stoddart_. But the Rev. Dr. Douglas, having pointed out that this cut really supported _his_ view of the identity of Zayton, being a view of the _Chang-chau_ River, reference was made to Admiral Stoddart, and Dr. Douglas proves to be quite right. The View was really one of the Chang-chau River; but the Editor has not been able to procure material for one of the Tswan-chau River, and so he leaves it.
BOOK THIRD
_Page_ 248. The KAAN’S FLEET passing through the Indian ARCHIPELAGO. From a drawing by the Editor.
254. Ancient JAPANESE EMPEROR, after a Native Drawing. From the _Tour du Monde_.
257. Ancient JAPANESE ARCHER, after a native drawing. _From the same._
261. The JAPANESE engaged in combat with the CHINESE, after an ancient native drawing. From _Charton, Voyageurs Anciens et Modernes_.
273. JAVA. A view in the interior. From a sketch of the slopes of the Gedéh Volcano, taken by the Editor in 1860.
274. Bas Relief of one of the VESSELS frequenting the Ports of JAVA in the Middle Ages. From one of the sculptures of the BORO BODOR, after a photograph.
289. The three Asiatic RHINOCEROSES. Adapted from a proof of a woodcut given to the Editor for the purpose by the late eminent zoologist, _Edward Blyth_. It is not known to the Editor whether the cut appeared in any other publication.
291. MONOCEROS and the MAIDEN. From a mediæval drawing engraved in _Cahier et Martin, Mélanges d’Archéologie_, II. Pl. 30.
310. The BORÚS. From a manuscript belonging to the late CHARLES SCHEFER, now in the _Bibliothèque Nationale_, Paris.
311. The CYNOCEPHALI. From the _Livre des Merveilles_.
321. ADAM’S PEAK from the Sea.
327. SAKYA MUNI as a Saint of the Roman Martyrology. Facsimile from an old German version of the story of Barlaam and Josaphat (_circa_ 1477), printed by Zainer at Augsburg, in the British Museum.
330. TOOTH Reliques of BUDDHA. 1. At Kandy, after Emerson Tennent. 2. At Fu-chau, after Fortune.
336. “CHINESE PAGODA” (so called) at Negapatam. From a sketch taken by _Sir Walter Elliot_, K.C.S.I., in 1846.
352. PAGODA at TANJORE. From _Fergusson’s History of Architecture_.
353. Ancient CROSS with Pehlvi Inscription, preserved in the church on ST. THOMAS’S MOUNT near Madras. From a photograph, the gift of A. Burnell, Esq., of the Madras Civil Service, assisted by a lithographic drawing in his unpublished pamphlet on Pehlvi Crosses in South India. _N.B._—The lithograph has now appeared in the _Indian Antiquary_, November, 1874.
356. The Little MOUNT of ST. THOMAS, near Madras. After _Daniel_.
358. Small Map of the ST. THOMAS localities at Madras.
378. Ancient Christian CHURCH at PARÚR or Palúr, on the Malabar Coast; from an engraving in Pearson’s _Life of Claudius Buchanan_, after a sketch by the latter.
379. SYRIAN CHURCH at Caranyachirra, showing the quasi-Jesuit Façade generally adopted in modern times. From the _Life of Bishop Daniel Wilson_.
379. INTERIOR of Syrian CHURCH at Kötteiyam. _From the same._
384. CAPE COMORIN. From an original sketch by Mr. FOOTE of the Geological Survey of India.
387. MOUNT D’ELY. From a _nautical sketch of last century_.
393. Mediæval ARCHITECTURE in GUZERAT, being a view of Gateway at Jinjawára, given in Forbes’s _Ras Mala_. From _Fergusson’s History of Architecture_.
399. The GATES of SOMNATH (so called), as preserved in the British Arsenal at Agra. From a photograph by Messrs. SHEPHERD and BOURNE, converted into an elevation.
415. The RUKH, after a Persian drawing. From _Lane’s Arabian Nights_.
416. Frontispiece of A. Müller’s _Marco Polo_, showing the Bird _Rukh_.
425. The ETHIOPIAN SHEEP. From a sketch by _Miss Catherine Frere_.
441. View of ADEN in 1840. From a sketch by Dr. R. KIRK in the Map-room of the Royal Geographical Society.
447. The Harvest of FRANKINCENSE in Arabia. Facsimile of an engraving in _Thevet’s Cosmographie Universelle_ (1575). Reproduced from _Cassell’s Bible Educator_, by the courtesy of the publishers.
448. BOSWELLIA FREREANA, from a drawing by Mr. W. H. FITCH. The use of this engraving is granted by the India Museum through the kindness of _Sir George Birdwood_.
453. A Persian BÁD-GÍR, or Wind-Catcher. From a drawing in the Atlas to _Hommaire de Hell’s Persia_. Engraved by ADENEY.
BOOK FOURTH.
_Page_ 478. Tomb of OLJAITU KHAN, the brother of Polo’s CASAN, at Sultaniah. From _Fergusson’s History of Architecture_.
483. The Siberian DOG-SLEDGE. From the _Tour du Monde_.
489. Mediæval RUSSIAN Church. From _Fergusson’s History of Architecture_.
493. Figure of a TARTAR under the Feet of Henry Duke of Silesia, Cracow, and Poland, from the tomb at Breslau of that Prince, killed in battle with the Tartar host, 9th April, 1241. After a plate in _Schlesische Fürstenbilder des Mittelalters_, Breslau, 1868.
501. Asiatic WARRIORS of Polo’s Age. From the MS. of Rashiduddin’s History, noticed under cut at p. 19. Engraved by ADENEY.
APPENDICES.
_Page_ 555. FIGURE of MARCO POLO, from the first printed edition of his Book, published in German at Nuremberg 1477. Traced from a copy in the Berlin Library. (This tracing was the gift of _Mr. Samuel D. Horton_, of Cincinnati, through Mr. Marsh.)
595. Marco Polo’s rectified Itinerary from Khotan to Nia.
THE BOOK OF MARCO POLO