CHAPTER VIII

Trial by combat curiously interlinked with common law—References among Ashmolean, Harleian and Cottonian MSS.—Introduced into England by the Normans—Unknown to the Anglo-Saxons—Principle involved—Earlier forms of ordeal—Found among the laws of nearly all the German tribes, the Swedes and Lombards—Flourished greatly in France—The Grand Assize—Enclosures or lists—The custom never took deep root in England—Civil cases usually connected with disputes concerning land—Actual number of judicial duels small in England—Persons excused from battle—Women not exempt—Early ordinances—Trial by combat in civil cases—Trial by combat in criminal cases—Picture of a legal duel, _temp._ Henry III—Rules and ordinances for conducting judicial combats in France, temp. Philip IV—The lists—Judicial duels defined—Singular duel between two Jews—Reported duel between a man and a dog—Knightly duel in 1380—Legal duel _temp._ Richard II—Duel between Jean de Carouge and Jacques le Gris in 1386, as described by Froissart and others—Duel, in 1398, between the Dukes of Hereford and Norfolk—Trial by combat in Germany—Rules of procedure there—Duels in Germany between men and their wives—Duel with spiked shields—Duel with spiked clubs—With shields, swords and daggers—With _bec de faucons_—With two-handed swords—Rules and regulations, _temp._ Richard II, by Thomas Duke of Gloucester, Constable of England—Rules for judicial combats in the reign of Richard III—Judicial duel at Quesnoy in 1405—An English duel in 1415—Knightly trial by combat at Arras in 1431—Duel stayed in 1446—Fight at Smithfields same year—Interesting duel fought at Valenciennes, in 1455, with knotted clubs—Course of procedure, _temp._ Henry VIII—Picture of a judicial duel—Duel in France in 1547—The “coup de Jarnac”—Judicial duel in 1548—Irregular duel in the lists at Sedan—Catalogue of judicial duels in England—Trial by combat became rare _temp._ Elizabeth—Strong influences brought to bear against the practice—Treatises against duels—A duel ordered in 1571, which proved abortive—Reports of duels in 1602 and 1631—The king’s declaration against duels in 1658—The law for judicial combats practically in abeyance until early in the nineteenth century—Duel ordered in 1817, which proved abortive—The law repealed in 1818 146

APPENDICES A. THE ASHMOLEAN MSS. RELATING TO THE TOURNEY 169 B. THE HARLEIAN MSS. ” ” ” 173 C. THE COTTONIAN MSS. ” ” ” 177 D. THE INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN BY THE EMPEROR MAXIMILIAN I AS TO THE SELECTION OF PLATES FOR ”FREYDAL” 178 E. THE ASHMOLEAN MSS. RELATING TO JUDICIAL COMBATS 179 F. THE HARLEIAN MSS. ” ” ” 181 G. THE COTTONIAN MSS. ” ” ” 182 H. LETTER FROM THOMAS DUKE OF GLOUCESTER 184 INDEX 189

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

A Course of German _Gestech_ _Frontispiece_ PLATE FACING PAGE I. Combat on Foot between Sir Richard Beauchamp } and Sir Pandolf Malatesta (1) } 52 The Tapestry at Valenciennes (2) } II. The Beauchamp Effigy 66 III. Maximilian I engaged in _Hohenzeuggestech_ 90 IV. Two Harnesses for the German Joust or _Gestech_. At Paris 94 V. Harness for _Scharfrennen_. At Dresden 98 VI. Maximilian II armed for _Scharfrennen_. At Paris 102 VII. _Geschifttartscherennen_ 106 VIII. A _Scharfrennen_ at Minden in 1545 (1) } } 110 A Joust at the Tilt at Augsburg in 1510 (2) } IX. A Harness for the German Joust. Wallace Collection (1) } Suit in the Wallace Collection for Jousting } 116 at the Tilt (2) } X. German Armour for Jousting at the Tilt. At Dresden (1) } } 120 An Armour for _Freiturnier_. At Dresden (2) } XI. Harnesses for Jousting at the Tilt. At Paris (1) } } 128 Field Harness of Anne de Montmorency (2) } XII. The Comte de Charolais, as represented } at Brussels in 1905 (1) } 144 Jean de Clѐves, as represented at Brussels in 1905 (2) }

PAGE Scoring “Cheques.” In text 127 MS. Ashmole, No. 845, fol. 167 128 ” ” ” 166 132

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THE TOURNAMENT