Part 21

Laban and Jacob agreeing about landmark, 171. Lachish, Tell el-Hesy, site of ancient, 58. Lacouperie, Terrien de: cited, 185, 231. Ladder, Jacob’s, probably stepped-temple structure, 112. “Lady of the great land,”–Beltis Allat, 113. Lakshmi, wife of Vishnoo, represented as seated on serpent, 235. Lamb: sacrificed at door for guest, in Egypt, 4, in Syria, 4, 26; outpoured blood of, in hospitality among Arabs, 23; sacrificed at foundation-laying in Greece, 53; buried under altar in first Christian churches in Swedish tradition, 56; sacrificed on Arab joining another tribe, 58 f.; sacrificed at door of new house of Jew or Muhammadan in Palestine, 76 f. Lamberton, Prof. W.A.: cited, 132, 134. Lamps and laurels on gates in Tertullian’s time, 97 f. Lanciani, Dr. Rodolfo: cited, 56, 257 f. Landmark: sacred boundary of private, 166; local, in form of phallus, 166; in Babylonia, 166; in laws of Hebrews, 169; in India, 169; fixing and honoring of, origin of, 175. Landor, A. Henry Savage-: cited, 24, 94. Lane, Edward William: cited, 26, 37, 129, 245; references to, 123, 244. Lane-Poole, Stanley: cited, 129, 200. Lantevit Major Church, wedding customs at, 141. Lapland, significance of stepping over threshold in, 12. Lares and Penates in Cicero’s time, 41. Latins, marriage custom among, 29. Launching custom of “christening” in England and America, 8. Laurel: wreaths hung in doorway at marriage among Romans, 73; Christians warned against placing, on their gates, 97. Laurie, Dr. Thomas: cited, 124. Law of doorway, 5-10. Laws of Manu, reference to, 6. Layard, Sir Austen H.: cited, 68, 109, 111, 190, 201, 234 f.; his discovery of sculptured image of Assyrian king, 115 f. “Laying on of hands, the,” as symbol of imparting power, 85. Lazarus at gate of Dives, 64. Leaping over threshold, 117. Lebanon, Mt., region receiving European prince, 191. Legend and fact as contributors to proof of custom among Orientals, 77. Legends: of Dumuzi, Tammuz, Osiris, and Adonis, correspondences in, 115; and symbols employed concerning boundary lines, 171 f. Leland, Charles Godfrey: cited, 17 f., 233. _Lèlè_, name for altar, 150 f. Lemm, Oscar von: cited, 128. Lenormant, François: cited, 109. Levites and priests assigned to threshold and foundation, 120. Levitical laws concerning sacrifice not made at “door of tent of meeting,” 118 f. Levy, Rabbi Jacob: cited, 208. Libation of water offered on threshold, 16 f., 29. Liberia: fowl sacrificed to welcome guest in, 9; nuptial customs of, 196. Liberian clergyman’s testimony regarding threshold custom, 39. Liddell and Scott: cited, 208. Liebenstein, castle of, made fast by burying child, 49. Life: new, outgrowth of truth of primal threshold covenant, 226; tree of, symbol of feminine nature, 230; goddess of, in Egypt and Assyria, 234. Lifting bride over threshold: among Towkas, 35; in Abyssinia, Egypt, Syria, 38; in Greece, Rome, and West Africa. 39; in Russia, England, Scotland, Ireland, and United States, 44; in Central America, 45. _Limen_, Jerome’s word for _saph_, 207. Limentinus, threshold god of Romans, 97. Lindisfarne Abbey, marriage customs at, 141. _Linga in yoni_, symbol of Siva’s worship, 198, 236. Lintel: hand in dough impressed on, in Upper Syria, 28 f.; smeared with honey and water, 30; blood on, 66, 68; inscriptions as to sacredness of, 66, 68; blood stains above, 67; symbolic figures on, 70; sentences written on, in China, 71; Romans affixing spoils of battle on, 73; red hand on, 74; red hand on, in Babylonia, 75; ornamentation of, in ancient Egypt, 100; image of Horus on, 127; kissed by pious in Abyssinia, 131; decorations on, and above, 146; blood on, as protection for house, 206; and two side-posts, God passing over, 210. Lithuania, wooden cross placed under threshold in, 18. Littleton, Sir Thomas: cited, 140. London, horseshoes on threshold of houses in ancient, 74. Loong-moo, sacrifice of fowl in honor of divinity, among Chinese, 71 f. “Lord of the great city,” god Nergal as, 113. Lot welcoming angels, 211. Lotus flower: in religious symbolisms, 230; reference to, 234; symbol of fecundity, 257. “Louping stone,” 142. Lowell, Percival: cited, 104, 126, 201. _Lubare_, offering to, in Uganda, 15. Lubbock, Sir John: cited, 39. Luncz, A.M., quotations from, 67, 76. Lund’s Every-day Life in Scandinavia: reference to, 7, 12. Lystra, temple of Jupiter at, reference to, 135.

McDowell, Henry B.: cited, 96. McLennan, Dr. John F.: cited, 39. Mackay, Alexander: cited, 15. Mackenzie, Capt. J.S.F., quotation from, 258 f. Maçoudi’s _Les Prairies d’Or_, reference to, 200. _Madaa_, place of prayer, 164. Madagascar, importance of right foot in, 38; circumcision in, 149. Mafkat, land of, 184. Magharah, Wady, boundary marks in, 179. Magyars: stepping over threshold among, 12; custom to win love, 19 f. Mahabharata: cited, 6; on responsibility of heralds, 62; Hindoo epic, 157. _Mal occhis_, or evil eye, 79. Male represented by stone or pole, 258. Man, origin and development of, 223. Manoli in “Monastery of Argis,” story of, 52 f. _Mantra_, meaning of word, 15. Manu, Laws of, reference to, 6. _Maras_ kept off by cross on threshold, 18. “Marches,” reference to, 183. Marduk, reference to, 235. _Margosa_, reference to, 259. Margrave, origin of, 183. Mariette Bey, references to, 111, 126, 128. Market-places as boundaries, 178. “Markgraf,” meaning of, 183. “Marks,” reference to, 183. Marquardt, Joachim: cited, 30, 39, 41. “Marque, Letters of,” meaning of, 183. “Marquee,” meaning of, 183. Marquises, origin of, 183. Marriage: threshold covenanting in, 25-35; by outpoured blood at threshold, 26; customs among Somalis in Central Africa, 27, among Wallachians, 29, in Egypt, 243, 245, in China, Dahomey, 245, in Syria, 246, in Asia and Africa, in Krasnoslobodsk, among Mordvins, in Pensa, 249, in Samoa, 251; not “by capture,” 36; celebrated at church door in Abyssinia, 131; where solemnized, 138; Pre-Reformation rule of, 139; services in Protestant Episcopal churches, 148; covenant, primitive certificate of, 196; primitive rite of, 214, 225; sacrament of, in Roman Catholic Church, 222; torch, origin of, 226; certificate in Syria, 245, in Upper Egypt, 245; ceremonies among Muhammedans, 247; ceremonies among Christians at Haleb, 248; ceremonies in Darfour, 249. See, also, _Wedding ceremonies_. “Mary’s Hand, Virgin,” among Christians of Syria, 77. Masjid: bridegroom’s visit to, in Central Africa, 27; place of prostration, 163. Mask marked with hand among Jicarilla Apaches, 89. Mason, William Shaw: cited, 21, 81. “Mason and Dixon’s line,” 182. Maspero, Prof. G.: cited, 14, 39, 85; references to, 95, 102, 105 f., 113 f., 126, 169, 201, 235. Massachusetts, beating bounds in, 176. Mastabahs, false doors in ancient Egypt, 106 f. Matthews, Washington, reference to, 87. Maundrell, Henry, reference to, 222. Maui, Island of, ancient god of, 150. Maurice, Thomas: cited, 122; references to, 123, 236 f. Maya people, sacrifices among, 145. Meccah: black stone of, reference to, 10; prayer niche toward, 108; mosk of, image thrown down at gate of, 123; mosk at, reference to, 163; Hajj procession from, 186. Medals showing altar at threshold, 121. Medicine taken on threshold in Tuscany, 17 f. Medina, mosk of, pieces of idol thrown down at gate of, 123. Mediterranean, boundary marks on shores of, 178. Medusa and serpents, 237. Memorials in door form, in various lands, 107. Mercury: reference to, concerning boundary lines, 171; image of, as boundary landmark, 172. Merodach: god of left side of gate, 95; temple of, threshold plated with gold, 110. Metâwileh, hen sacrificed at building of house among, 45. Metempsychosis connected with threshold covenant, 226. Mexico: Indians of ancient, reference to, 21; sacrificial stone of temple of, 56; ancient, altar in doorway, 108; earliest form of temple in, 144; religions of, and serpent as symbol, 235. Meydoom, stepped pyramid of, in Egypt, 126. “Mezuza,” covenant record at door-way, 69 f. Middle Empire of Egypt: disappearance of door form in, 106; temples of, 155. “Midsummer Day” festival in Russia, 42. “Mihrab,” or prayer niche, probable origin of its form, 108. Mile-posts as landmarks, 176. Min, Egyptian god of generative force, 234. Mineptah I., memorial stone of, 180. Minnesota, threshold custom among Scandinavians in, 259. Mississippi, lower, religious ceremonies among Indians along, 147. “Mizpah,” memorial of covenant, 171. Mnesikles, architect, plan of, 158. Moksha, wooing custom among, 42. “Monastery of Argis,” foundation sacrifice in, 52 f. Monier-Williams, Sir Monier: cited, 156, 198 f., 230, 236. Monoliths in front of door of temple at Yeha, 131. Montezuma: his consecration of altar by blood of captives, 56. Moon-god Sin: Ur-Gur with uplifted hands before, 80; reference to, 161. Mordevins. See _Mordvins_. Mordvins: threshold as altar among, 32; marriage customs of, 41, 249. Morea, threshold custom in, 30. Morier, James: cited, 11 f., 78, 123; quotation from, 189 f. Morlacchi custom of kissing threshold, 31. Morocco, survival of sacrificing at door-way in, 62. Mosaic law, appeal to altar in covenant in, 65. Moses: at gate of camp, 63; meeting Jehovah at doorway, 119; in wilderness of Sinai, 160 f. “Moses, Hand of,” red hand called, 77. Mosk of St. Sophia, stamp of red hand in, 77. Mostur, temple of Thor in, 160. Mt. Lebanon region, European prince received in, 191. Mt. Moriah: temple on, reference to, 161; and Abraham’s offering, 161. Mt. Sinai, reference to, 94. Mountain peaks as boundaries, 178. Muhammad: certificate of protection signed with impression of open hand of, 94; throne of, reached only by kissing threshold, 124. Muhammad II.: his victory over Christians sealed by bloody hand, 77. Muhammad Issoof, letter from king of Mysore to, 94. Muhammadan: substitute for “blood of the grape,” 5; conquest of India, reference to, 123. Muhammadans: to place right foot first in crossing threshold, 36; inscribe gates, fountains, bridges, and houses, 70; sacred inscriptions placed above doorways by, 71; sign of hand among, 76; lamb sacrificed at door of new house of, 76 f.; “Hand of the Prophet” on houses of, 77; sultan as father of faithful, 103; prayer niche among, 108; treading on idol at gate, 123; threshold of mosks counted sacred among, 123; their estimate of first foundations, 162; marriage customs of, 247; reticent on matters concerning women, 247 f. Muir, Sir William, reference to, 164. Mülhau and Volck, reference to, 255. Müller, Ivan V., reference to, 172. Müller, Prof. W. Max: cited, 127, 234. Muslims. See _Muhammadans_. Mussulmans. See _Muhammadans_. Mysore: king of, hand-print on back of letter written by, 94; ancient religious custom at, 258. Mysoreans, hand-print equivalent to oath among, 94.

Naaman, reference to, 161. Nabob of Arcot, banners of, inscribed with hand, 78. Nabonidus, king of Babylon, 153. Nabunaʾid, king of Babylon, 154. Nahr-el-Kelb: as gateway of nations, 105; boundary marks at, 178. Nahuas, marriage ceremonies of, 246. Nakishbend, tomb of, threshold stone at, 124 f. Naomi, reference to, 64. Napier, James: cited, 44. Naples, pine cone among Pompeian relics at, 257. Narâm-Sin, reference to, 154. _Nasa_, meaning of Hebrew word, 83. Natchez Indians, religious ceremonies among, 147. Nations or states, boundaries of, 177. Neapolitan Museum, information concerning threshold at, 258. Nebo: shrine of, 110; references to, 177, 188. Nebuchadrezzar I.: meaning of name, 177; his empire boundary, 188. Nebuchadrezzar II.: inscriptions of, 109; his description of building walls of Babylon, 109-111; reference to, 154. Negeb: reference to, 160; boundary dispute on borders of, 170. Neoptolemus and Orestes in temple at Delphi, 134. Nephthys, guardian of gateway of Egyptian temple, 127. Nergal, threshold god among Assyrians, 95, 113, 235. Nestorians kissing threshold on entering church, 124. Nevius, Rev. J.W.: cited, 24. New Empire of Egypt: religious pictures on stele in tombs of, 107; buildings of, 155. New England: door at corner of house in, 55; “beating the bounds” in, 176. “New Fire, Festival of,” 147. New Testament, symbols of Old Testament explained in, 215. New Year: threshold custom in Aberdeenshire, 20 f.; of Hebrews, 212; Easter beginning new Ecclesiastical, 221. New Zealand, sacred image as gateway in, 107 f. Niche: as shrine in Egypt, 106; survival of tomb doorways, 108; prominence of, in Egypt, 106 f., in New Zealand, 107 f., in Muhammadan and Christian lands and in China, 108. Niebuhr, C.: cited, 248. Nikkō, shrines of, 126. Nile, Gen Grant on Upper, 7 f. Nimb tree, reference to, 259. Nimitti-Bel, gate of, in walls of Babylon, 110. Nimroud, blood-stained slabs at entrance to palace of, 68. Nineveh: sanctity of doorway in, 108 f.; sculpture of Assyrian king with uplifted arm found at, 115. Ni-o, prints of gods placed over doors in Japan, 95. Nippur: sanctity of doorway in, 108 f.; altar found between temples in, 111. _Nish_, Assyrian word for swearing, 83. Noetling, Dr., reference to, 77. Northly, Hen., reference to, 140. Norway, Thorolf of, removing to Iceland, 160. “Not by door,” entering house, 6. Notre Dame, marriage at door of church of, 130. November 11 as sacrifice day in Ireland, 21. Nubia: ancient map of gold districts in, 180; reference to, 185. Numa, directions of, concerning boundaries, 173. Nuptial torch in marriage ceremony, 41. Nurshivan and Hormuz, reference to, 11. Nuts presented to bride at threshold in Dalmatia, 31.

Oath, uplifted hand in judicial, 83. Obelisk, symbol of Baal, 214. Oberea, queen of Otaheite, 250 f. Offerings: at threshold, 28, 118 f.; to local divinity at threshold-laying, 95; for dead pictured on stele of Middle Empire of Egypt, 106. _Ohel_, applied to private tent and to sacred tabernacle, 101. Ohnefalach-Richter, reference to, 231. Old Empire of Egypt: false door in early tombs of, 106; temples of, 155. Old Testament and New: waters of life in, 115; rites and symbols of, 215. Oldest member of household first to enter new house, 54. Olympian games, references to, 7, 263. Olympus, House of Zeus, 132. _Om mani padme Hūm_, 199. Omaha chief, burial of, 85 f. Ophites, teaching of, 239. Oracle at Delphi, 236. Oran buried alive in foundation of cathedral in Iona, 50. Orestes and Neoptolemus at Delphi, 134. Oriental: sovereigns and boundaries, 177; Christians, covenanting at threshold among, 221; figures of speech obscured by literalism of Western mind, 238. Orissa, importance of threshold in marriage in, 39. Orme, R.: cited, 94. Osiris: annual feast in honor of, 14 f.; references to, 106, 115, 128 f., 179; door of gateway, 127. “_Ostium_” defined, 200. Otaheite, primitive threshold in, 250. Ovid: cited, 172 f. Owens, J.G.: cited, 21. Oxford, Penn., stone landmark at, 183.

Palestine: spilling water on threshold in, 29; sacrifice at beginning railroad in, 57; blood on lintel, 67; red hand in, 75; hand printed in blue in houses of, 76. Palgrave, William G.: cited, 10. Palm cone, symbolism of, 231. Palmer, Prof. E.H., quotation from, 26. Pan, threshold of grotto of, 115. Pan-kăng, emperor of China, reference to, 157. Paper sprinkled with blood in China, 72. “Parting-stool,” reference to, 142. _Pāsăkha_, meaning of, 208, 210, 266. Paul: with Barnabas at Lystra, 135; his reference to foundations, 162; to Corinthian Christians, 215; on Christian passover, 217; on relation between Christ and his church, 219. Pausanias: cited, 135. Pecos, red-hand symbol in ancient Pueblos of, 87 f. Peepul tree, in Upper India, 156, 259. Peloponnesus and Attica, boundary between, 180. Penates: reference to, 19; of Romans at threshold, 23; appeased by bread and salt, 32; and Lares in Cicero’s time, 41. Pennsylvania: threshold custom in, 21; corner-stone at door in, 55; horseshoes as doorway guards in, 74; stone landmark in, 183. Pennsylvania Magazine of History, reference to, 183. Pensa, marriage customs in, 249. “_Per-ao_” (Pharaoh), meaning of, 103. Pericles building new Propylæa, 158. Perrot and Chipiez: cited, 71, 78, 80, 85, 100, 103, 105, 111, 201, 231, 235; quotation from, 106 f. Persea, reference to, 180. Persepolis, justice at palace gate of, 60. Persia: sacredness of threshold in, 11 f.; sacred passages inscribed over doorways in, 71; banners and prayer-rugs inscribed with open hand in, 78; no temples in ancient, 100; fire-altar on uplifted threshold as place of worship in, 100, 102; veneration for threshold of mosks in, 123 f.; border sacrifices in, 188; shah of, entering Teheran, 189; reverence for phallic emblems in, 230; marriage customs in, 249; phallus represented by boundary posts, 258. Peru: blood smeared on doorway in, 73; stepped pyramid temples in, 111; religions of, and serpent as symbol, 235. _Pesakh_. See _Pāsăkh_. Petrie, Dr. W.M. Flinders: his discovery of ornamental door-jams, 58; reference to, 126. “Petting stone,” at Lindisfarne Abbey, 141. Phallus, reverence for, in Babylonia, Assyria, India, China, Japan, Persia, Phrygia, Phenicia, Egypt, Abyssinia, Greece, Rome, Germany, Scandinavia, France, Spain, Great Britain, North and South America, Islands of the Sea, 230. “Pharaoh,” meaning of, 103. Phenicia: uplifted hand of deities of, 79 f.; prominence of door in, 107; altar at threshold in, 121; indications of presence of deity in, 201; reverence for phallic emblems in, 230; religions of, and serpent as symbol, 235; pine cone symbol in, 257. Philip II. of Spain, reference to, 139. Philistines, sacredness of threshold among, 11 f. Philo Judæus: cited, 208, 238; reference to, 239. _Philos_, _Phleō_, and _Phliē_, meanings and uses of, 255 f. Phœbus Apollo, reference to, 133. Phrygia: threshold altar in, 121; reverence for phallic emblems in, 230. Pig: sacrifice of black, in Russia, 19; blood of, sprinkled at door in Borneo, 20; buried alive under houses, 56; as sacrifice, 148. Pigeon-poult’s blood in Arabia, 248. Pigeons sacrificed at door, 4. Pilgrims at threshold in Japan, in Korea, in Shinto and Booddhist temple, 125. Pillar: of cloud at doorway of tent of meeting, 119; of Baal, 214; and tree in religious symbolism, 232; command to Israelites concerning, 233. “Pillars of Herculus,” 181. Pine cone: in ancient Assyrian sculptures, in Grecian and Phenician cults, and in ancient Rome, 257. Pinkerton, John: cited, 39. Pipal tree. See _Peepul tree_. Pipiles, sacrifices among, 146. “Plain of Kuru,” 156. Pliny, reference to, 93. Ploss, H., reference to, 93. Plutarch: cited, 25, 39, 41, 180 f., 263, 265. Pole, brush-topped, symbolism of, 214, 258. Polynesia: survival of foundation-laying in blood in, 51 f.; uplifted hand found in stepped-pyramid temples of, 83; boundary lines in, 174. Pomegranate: on threshold in Morea, 30, in Rhodes, 30 f.; in religious symbolisms, 230. Pompeian relics at Naples, 257. Ponce de Leon and fountain of life, 148. Poole. See _Lane-Poole_. _Poros_, derivation of, 265. _Porta_ and _Porto_, derivation of, 265. _Porta di morti_ in Italian houses for corpse, 24. Porter, Sir Robert Kerr: cited, 9, 71. Porter, twofold use of word, 263-265. Portuguese navigators and boundary pillars, 180 f. _Postliminium_, a recrossing of threshold, 181. _Pôth_: uses of Hebrew word, 253; as hinge or socket, 254. Prabhus of Bombay, birth custom among, 17. Prague, open hand above graves in, 79. Prayer: on burying articles under threshold, 20; offered to “goddess of the homestead” in betrothal in Russia, 32; for dead at door of Egyptian tombs, 106; Booddhist in Tibet, 199; meaning of, 228. Prayer-rug in Turkey and Persia, 78. Priest: house-father as earliest, 3; among Jicarilla Apaches, 89; as ruler, 165; of Dagon not to tread on threshold, 117. Primitive: altar of family, 3; threshold customs, 35; temple as rude door-way, 102; man and his knowledge, 224. Prisse’s Monuments of Egypt, reference to, 234. Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology, references to, 201, 231, 257. Propylon: of Egyptian temple, 127; of Greek temple on Acropolis, 158. _Pʾrosdôr_, rabbinical meaning of, 253. Prostitution, sacred, origin of, 229. Prostrating: at gate of palace in Bagdad, 10; at threshold of shrines of Egypt, 127 f. Protection: for enemy at home sanctuary, 57; at threshold among Afghans, 58. Protestant Episcopal churches: baptismal font in, 147; marriage ceremonies in, 148. Psalmist: his reference to lifting up hand, 82; to honorable position of doorkeeper, 120. Puberty celebrated among Jicarilla Apaches, 88-91. Pueblos: prominence of red hand among, 87; references to, 88, 92. Puhonuas, cities of refuge in Hawaii, 151. Purity of primitive threshold covenant, 233. “Put your right foot first,” 37 f. _Puthmēn_, meanings and uses of, 255. Pylon. See _Propylon_. Pyramid, stepped: many early temples in form of, 83, 111; of Meydoom, 126; references to, 144, 148, 229. Pythagoras: cited, 37. Pythagoreans, reverence for threshold among, 12 f.

Quarrels as result of shaking hands over threshold in Finland, 12. Quarterly Statement of Palestine Exploration Fund, reference to, 29. Queen of Heaven, statue of, in Carthage, 130. Qurân, sentences from: on gates, fountains, bridges, and houses, 70; on houses of worship, 163.