CHAPTER III.

IMPERIALIST VICTORIES IN BOHEMIA AND THE PALATINATE

SECTION I.--_The Attack upon Frederick (November 1619-January 1621)._

1619 Maximilian of Bavaria prepares for war 39

Vienna fruitlessly attacked by Bethlen Gabor 40

Frederick finds no support in the Union 41

1620 The North German Princes agree to neutrality at Mar. Mühlhausen 42

June 3. Spinola, the Spanish General, prepares to attack the Palatinate, and the Union, being frightened, signs the treaty of Ulm, by which it agrees to observe neutrality towards the League 42

June 23. Maximilian, with Tilly in command of his army, enters Austria and compels the Austrian Estates to submit, whilst Spinola reduces the Western Palatinate 42

Maximilian joins Bucquoi, and enters Bohemia 43

Sep. 28. Frederick, having failed to organize resistance, joins the Bohemian army 44

Nov. 8. Defeat of Frederick at the Battle of the White Hill, 1619 and submission of Bohemia to the Emperor 45

Jan. 22. Frederick put to the Ban of the Empire 46

SECTION II.--_The War in the Upper Palatinate (January-October 1621)._

1621 Frederick does not abandon hope of regaining Bohemia 47 Jan.

Ap. 12. The Treaty of Mentz dissolves the Union 47

Bad character of Mansfeld's Army 48

May Mansfeld takes the offensive 49

Aug. Recommencement of the War in the Lower Palatinate 50

Oct. Mansfeld unable to hold out in the Upper Palatinate 50

Oct. 10. Signs an engagement to disband his forces, but escapes with them to Alsace 50

SECTION III.--_Frederick's Allies (October 1621-May 1622)._

1621 James I. of England proposes to take Mansfeld into his pay, but he cannot agree with the House of Commons, and is therefore in want of money 50

1622 He then tries to obtain a settlement of the German disputes with the aid of Spain 51

May A conference for the pacification of Germany held at Brussels 52

Frederick prepares for War, with the help of Mansfeld, the Margrave of Baden, and Christian of Brunswick, the latter being a Protestant Administrator of the Bishopric of Halberstadt 53

He ravages the diocese of Paderborn 55

SECTION IV.--_The Fight for the Lower Palatinate (April-July 1622)._

Ap. 12. Frederick joins Mansfeld. Tilly defeats the Margrave May 6. of Baden at Wimpfen 57

June Frederick, hopeful of success, refuses to consent to a treaty, and seizes the Landgrave of Darmstadt 58

But is driven by Tilly to retreat 59

June 30. Defeat of Christian of Brunswick at Höchst 59

July Mansfeld abandons the Palatinate, and Frederick, after taking refuge at Sedan, retires to the Hague 60